Amendment: SEC Form S-3/A filed by T Stamp Inc.

As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 6, 2024

Registration No. 333-280884

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

PRE-EFFECTIVE AMENDMENT NO. 2

TO

FORM S-3

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

T Stamp Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

3017 Bolling Way NE, Floor 2,

Atlanta, Georgia, 30305, USA

(404) 806-9906

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Gareth Genner

c/o T Stamp Inc.

3017 Bolling Way NE, Floor 2,

Atlanta, Georgia, 30305, USA

(404) 806-9906

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

With a copy to:

CrowdCheck Law LLP

700 12th Street NW, Suite 700

Washington, DC 20005

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: From time to time after the effective date of this registration statement.

If the only securities being registered on this form are being offered pursuant to dividend or interest reinvestment plans, please check the following box. ¨

If any of the securities being registered on this form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, other than securities offered only in connection with dividend or interest reinvestment plans, check the following box. x

If this form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ¨

If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ¨

If this form is a registration statement pursuant to General Instruction I.D. or a post-effective amendment thereto that shall become effective upon filing with the Commission pursuant to Rule 462(e) under the Securities Act, check the following box. ¨

If this form is a post-effective amendment to a registration statement filed pursuant to General Instruction I.D. filed to register additional securities or additional classes of securities pursuant to Rule 413(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ¨

The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act, or until this registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to such Section 8(a), may determine.

The information contained in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and offers to buy these securities are not being solicited in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED SEPTEMBER 6, 2024

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS

T Stamp Inc.

Up to 4,597,701 Shares of Class A Common Stock

This prospectus relates to the resale from time to time of up to an aggregate of 4,597,701 shares of our Class A Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share sold to a certain investor (the “Selling Stockholder”) in a private placement offering consummated on July 13, 2024 (the “Shares”). We are registering these Shares as required by the Securities Purchase Agreement (and related Registration Rights Agreement) that we entered into with the Selling Stockholder on July 13, 2024 (the “SPA”). The Selling Stockholder may offer and sell the Shares in public or private transactions, or both. These sales may occur at fixed prices, at market prices prevailing at the time of sale, at prices related to the prevailing market price, or at negotiated prices.

As provided by Rule 416 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this prospectus also covers any additional shares of Class A Common Stock that may become issuable upon any anti-dilution adjustment pursuant to the terms of the SPA by reason of stock splits, stock dividends, and other events described therein.

The Selling Stockholder may sell all or a portion of Shares through underwriters, broker-dealers, or agents, who may receive compensation in the form of discounts, concessions, or commissions from the Selling Stockholder, the purchasers of the Shares, or both. See “Plan of Distribution” for a more complete description of the ways in which the Shares may be sold. We did not receive cash proceeds from the sale of the Shares at the closing of the SPA. Instead, as consideration for the sale of the Shares, the Selling Stockholder issued us three promissory notes in the total principal amount of $2,000,000, reflecting a purchase price of $0.435 per share, which was the closing price of our Class A Common Stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market on July 11, 2024.We will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of any of the 4,597,701 shares by the Selling Stockholder. We have agreed to bear the expenses (other than underwriting discounts, commissions, or agent’s commissions and legal expenses of the Selling Stockholder) in connection with the registration of the Shares being offered under this prospectus by the Selling Stockholder.

We will pay the expenses of registering the Shares, but all selling and other expenses incurred by the Selling Stockholder will be paid by the Selling Stockholder. See “Plan of Distribution.”

This prospectus provides you with a general description of the securities that may be resold by the Selling Stockholder. In certain circumstances, we may provide a prospectus supplement that will contain specific information about the terms of a particular offering by the Selling Stockholder. Such supplements may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus. You should carefully read this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement before you invest in any of our securities.

Our Class A Common Stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “IDAI.” On September 5, 2024, the last reported sale price of our Class A Common Stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market was $0.241 per share.

As of September 4, 2024, the aggregate market value of our outstanding Class A Common Stock held by non-affiliates was approximately $3.25 million based on 13,501,000 shares of Class A Common Stock held by non-affiliates on such date, and based on the last reported sale price of our Class A Common Stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market on such date of $0.241 per share. As of the date of this prospectus, we have not sold any securities, pursuant to General Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3 during the prior 12-calendar month period ending on, and including, the date of this prospectus.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and are subject to reduced public company reporting requirements.

INVESTING IN OUR SECURITIES INVOLVES A HIGH DEGREE OF RISK. SEE “RISK FACTORS” ON PAGE 8 OF THIS PROSPECTUS AND ANY SIMILAR SECTION CONTAINED IN THE APPLICABLE PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT CONCERNING FACTORS YOU SHOULD CONSIDER BEFORE INVESTING IN OUR SECURITIES.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The date of this prospectus is                , 2024.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

This prospectus provides you with a general description of the Class A Common Stock that may be resold by the Selling Stockholder, which is not meant to be a complete description of the Class A Common Stock.

To the extent required by applicable law, each time the Selling Stockholder sells securities, we will provide you with this prospectus and, to the extent required, a prospectus supplement that will contain more information about the specific terms of the offering. We may also authorize one or more free writing prospectuses to be provided to you that may contain material information relating to these offerings. The prospectus supplement may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus with respect to that offering. If there is any inconsistency between the information in this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement, you should rely on the prospectus supplement. Before purchasing any securities, you should carefully read both this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement, together with the additional information described under the headings “Where You Can Find More Information” and “Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference.”

We have not authorized anyone to provide you with any information or to make any representations other than those contained in this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any free writing prospectuses prepared by or on behalf of us or to which we have referred you. We take no responsibility for and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of any other information that others may give you. You should assume that the information appearing in this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement to this prospectus is accurate as of the date on its respective cover, and that any information incorporated by reference is accurate only as of the date of the document incorporated by reference, unless we indicate otherwise. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since those dates.

Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this prospectus to the “Company,” “T Stamp”, “Trust Stamp”, “we,” “us” and “our” refer to T Stamp Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its consolidated subsidiaries.

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

This summary highlights selected information appearing elsewhere in this prospectus or incorporated by reference in this prospectus and does not contain all of the information that you need to consider in making your investment decision. You should carefully read the entire prospectus, the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, including the risks of investing in our securities discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” contained in the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, and under similar headings in the other documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus. You should also carefully read the information incorporated by reference into this prospectus, including our consolidated financial statements, and the exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.

Overview

Trust Stamp was incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware on April 11, 2016 as “T Stamp Inc.” T Stamp Inc. and its subsidiaries develop and market identity authentication software for enterprise and government partners and peer-to-peer markets.

Trust Stamp develops proprietary artificial intelligence-powered identity and trust solutions at the intersection of biometrics, privacy, and cybersecurity. These solutions enable organizations to protect themselves and their users while empowering individuals to retain ownership of their identity data and prevent fraudulent activity using their identity.

Trust Stamp tackles industry challenges including data protection, regulatory compliance, and financial accessibility, with cutting edge technology including biometric science, cryptography, and machine learning. Our core technology irreversibly transforms identity information to create tokenized identifiers that enable accurate authentication without the storing or sharing sensitive data. By retaining the usefulness of biometric-derived data while minimizing the risk, we allow businesses to adopt biometrics and other anti-fraud initiatives while protecting personal information from hacks and leaks.

Trust Stamp’s key sub-markets are identity authentication for account opening, access and fraud detection, tokenized digital identities to facilitate financial and societal inclusion, and in-community case management software for alternatives to detention and other governmental uses.

As biometric solutions proliferate, so does the need to protect biometric data. Stored biometric images and templates represent a growing and unquantified financial, security and PR liability and are the subject of governmental, media and public scrutiny, since biometric data cannot be “changed” once they are hacked, as they are directly linked to the user’s physical features and/or behaviors. Privacy concerns around biometric technology have led to close attention from regulators, with multiple jurisdictions placing biometrics in a special or sensitive category of personal data and demanding much stronger safeguards around collection and safekeeping.

To address this unprecedented danger and increased cross-industry need to establish trust quickly and securely in virtual environments, Trust Stamp has developed its Irreversibly Transformed Identity Token, or IT^{2 TM}, solutions. These solutions replace biometric templates with a cryptographic hash that can never be rebuilt into the original data and cannot be used to identify the subject outside the environment for which it is designed.

Trust Stamp’s data transformation and comparison technology is vendor and modality-agnostic, allowing organizations including other biometric services providers to benefit from our proprietary tokenization process’s increased protection, efficiency, and utility. With online and offline functionality, Trust Stamp technology is effective in even the most remote locations in the world.

Markets

Trust Stamp has evaluated the market potential for its services in part by reviewing the following reports, articles, and data sources, none of which were commissioned by the Company, and none of which are to be incorporated by reference:

Data Security and Fraud

Trust Stamp addresses this market with biometric identity verification and biometric authentication solutions. These solutions offer Trust Stamp’s proprietary irreversible identity token to perform biometric-based matching in a secure and tokenized domain, matching tokenized personally identifiable information while implementing liveness detection.

The Company recently announced the development of a biometric authentication process for wire transfers and other high value transactions, a product of particular and immediate relevance to financial institutions concerned about the potential of deep fake attacks on existing authentication systems. The Company currently has three new banking clients who have indicated willingness to participate in a trial of the product scheduled for Q3 of 2024.

Biometric authentication

Trust Stamp addresses this market through its biometric authentication and liveness detection products. These products offer our IT² token to perform biometric matching in a secure and tokenized domain. This permits biometric authentication without the risk of storing pictures and biometric templates.

In addition to identity authentication, the Company’s deep learning algorithms can be used to identify specific criteria from facial biometric captures and it has been developing and testing age-estimation software for the rapidly growing age verification market. The new age estimation software is expected to go live with a first commercial client in Q3 of 2024.

Financial and societal inclusion

Trust Stamp’s biometric authentication, liveness detection, and information tokenization enable individuals to verify and establish their identities using data derived from biometrics. While individuals in this market lack traditional means of identity verification, Trust Stamp provides a means to authenticate identity that preserves an individual’s privacy and control over that identity.

Alternatives to Detention (“ATD”)

Other Markets

The Company is developing products and working with partners and industry organizations in other sectors that offer significant market opportunities and has entered into go-to-market or licensing agreements, including global data location services, healthcare, IoT, automotive dealer services, and computer vision for UAV operations. We anticipate licensing our technology in numerous fields, typically through established partners who will integrate our technology into field-specific applications.

Principal Products and Services

Trust Stamp’s most important technology is the Irreversibly Transformed Identity Token, or IT^2 TM, which is combined with a data architecture that can use one or multiple sources of biometric or other identifying data. Once a “hash translation” algorithm is created, like-modality hashes are comparable regardless of their origin. The IT² protects against system and data redundancy, providing a lifelong “digital-DNA” that can store (or pivot to) any type of KYC or relationship data with fields individually hashed or (salted and) encrypted, facilitating selective data sharing. Products utilizing the IT² are Trust Stamp’s primary products, accounting for the majority of its revenues during the six months ended June 30, 2024.

We adhere to the best practices outlined in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”) and International Organization for Standardization (“ISO”) frameworks, and our policies and procedures in managing personally identifiable information (“PII”) comply with General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) requirements wherever such requirements are applicable.

Key Customers

The Company’s initial business consisted of developing proprietary privacy-first identity solutions and implementing them through custom applications built and maintained for a few key customers. In 2022, the Company added to its product offerings a modular and highly scalable SaaS model with low-code or no implementation (“the Orchestration Layer”). Although the Company remains open to significant opportunities to deliver custom solutions, sales of Orchestration Layer products are the primary focus of the Company’s sales and development initiatives. This strategic pivot in the Company’s go-to-market approach negatively impacted revenue in 2023 but we believe it will substantially increase potential revenue.

Historically, the Company generated most of its income through long-term partnerships, comprising a relationship with an S&P 500 bank with services provided pursuant to a Master Software Agreement entered into in 2017, together with a relationship with Mastercard International (“Mastercard”) with services provided under the terms of a five-year technology services agreement entered into in March 2019 and extended in March 2024 to April 2027 (the "TSA”). Both of those relationships remain strong, and the Company anticipates future revenue growth from the two relationships.

Under the TSA, IT^{2 TM} technology is being implemented by Mastercard for Humanitarian & Development purposes as a core element of its Community Pass and Inclusive Identity offerings. Use cases include financial services for individuals and businesses and empowering people and communities to meet basic needs, such as nutritious food, clean water, housing, education, and healthcare. The Company is paid to develop and host software solutions utilizing the IT² and to support Mastercard’s implementations. In addition, the Company is paid on a “per user per year” basis for all transactions utilizing its technology. In December of 2022, the Company entered into a modification of the agreed pricing schedule with Mastercard to move from a per-use to a per-user-year model to broaden the range of potential use cases. The TSA may be terminated by either party in the event of a material breach by the other party that remains uncured within thirty days after notice is received of such a breach. Either party may terminate the TSA if the other party becomes, including, but not limited to, insolvent, subject to bankruptcy, dissolved or liquidated. Unless the TSA is terminated, the TSA will automatically renew for additional one year-periods in perpetuity unless either party provides ninety days’ written notice of intent not to renew. To date, the Company has received guaranteed minimum annual payments on account of usage. According to the October 2023 interview of Mastercard Executive Vice President and Founder of the Community Pass from the article titled “Mastercard’s Community Pass founder says digital ID platform improving lives, digital inclusion” published by Biometric Update, Mastercard’s Community Pass program currently serves approximately 3.5 million users and is targeting 30 million users by 2027. Based upon information provided to us by Mastercard we anticipate user-based revenue starting in 2024 and growing year-on-year thereafter.

In 2022, the Company expanded its key customer base to include a relationship with Fidelity Information Services, LLC (“FIS”) which focused on implementing our Orchestration Layer and underlying technologies in FIS’ Global KYC product offering.

The Orchestration Layer is a low-code platform that is designed to be a one-stop shop for Trust Stamp services and provides easy integration to our products, which are chargeable on a per-user basis. The Orchestration Layer utilizes the Company’s next-generation identity package, offering rapid deployment across devices and platforms, with custom workflows that seamlessly orchestrate trust across the identity lifecycle for a consistent user experience in processes for onboarding and KYC/AML, multi-factor authentication, account recovery, fraud prevention, compliance, and more. The Orchestration Layer facilitates no-code and low-code implementations of the Company’s technology making adoption and updating faster and more cost-effective for a broader range of potential customers.

In the third quarter of 2022, the Company acquired its first 2 new customers on the Orchestration Layer through its partnership with FIS, and in the fourth quarter of 2022, 4 additional FIS customers onboarded. As of June 30, 2024, a total of 54 financial institutions with over $345 billion in assets have been onboarded via FIS, bringing the total number of (FIS and non-FIS) customers either fully implemented or are currently implementing the Orchestration Layer to 62. The first (non-FIS) client onboarded to the Orchestration Layer in the third quarter of 2022 has generated $343 thousand of revenue for the Company to date including $110 thousand during the six months ended June 30, 2024. Although each institution onboarded via FIS pays a small onboarding fee, given the typical time a financial institution takes to test, implement, and roll out any new technology, the Company does not anticipate significant revenue from the new FIS customers until late 2024.

Reinforced by the product-market fit indicated by the FIS rollout, the Company is building an internal direct sales force to offer the Orchestration Layer to non-FIS institutions. This expansion into direct sales is a work-in-progress and the Company is dynamically adapting its approach based on progress towards acceptable success metrics.

In Management's opinion, while the unanticipated loss of any one of our current customers, including our channel partnership with FIS, could adversely affect the Company’s financial position, it would not prevent us from continuing our operations.

Recent Developments

Securities Purchase Agreement

On July 13, 2024, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”) with a certain investor (the “Selling Stockholder”). Pursuant to the terms of the SPA, the Selling Stockholder agreed, at the closing of the SPA (the “Closing”) and upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the SPA, to purchase from the Company 4,597,701 shares of Class A Common Stock, par value $0.01 of the Company (the “Class A Common Stock”) at $0.435 per share, which was equal to the closing price of the Company’s Class A Common Stock on the Nasdaq Stock Market on July 11, 2024. The total purchase price for the shares was agreed to be paid pursuant to three promissory notes issued by the Selling Stockholder to the Company comprised of (i) a $500,000 promissory note payable on July 31, 2024; (ii) a $500,000 promissory note payable on August 31, 2024; and (iii) a $1,000,000 promissory note payable within three (3) trading days of an effective resale registration statement as contemplated by the Registration Rights Agreement. None of the promissory notes accrue interest, and each may be repaid before their respective due dates. The first promissory note for $500,000 was paid on July 31, 2024. The Company has been informed that payment has been sent in regards to the $500,000 promissory note due on August 31, 2024. However, as of the date of this filing, the funds have not arrived in the Company’s accounts.  Based upon the Selling Stockholder’s statements, the Company has no reason to believe the payment for the $500,000 note has not been sent. The $1,000,000 promissory note is also still outstanding as of the date of this prospectus. The $1,000,000 promissory note is also still outstanding as of the date of this prospectus.

On July 13, 2024 (the “Closing Date”), the Closing of the SPA occurred, and the Company issued 4,597,701 shares of Class A Common Stock to the Selling Stockholder at $0.435 in exchange for the three promissory notes described above, totaling $2,000,000 in combined principal. The Closing of the SPA was subject to a number of customary closing conditions, including, but not limited to, the Company’s entry into a Registration Rights Agreement, the execution of which were conditions to the Closing of the SPA. Additionally, as part of the Closing of the SPA, the Selling Stockholder executed a Voting Limitation Agreement, described further below.

The shares of Class A Common Stock were offered and sold pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements of Section 5 of the Securities Act of 1933 contained in Regulation D promulgated thereunder.

The foregoing description of the SPA does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the SPA, a copy of which is filed as Exhibit 10.26 to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part and is incorporated herein by reference. Additionally, the foregoing description of the three promissory notes does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of each of the forms of these promissory notes, copies of which are filed as Exhibits 4.14, 4.15, and 4.16 to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

Registration Rights Agreement

Pursuant to the SPA, the Company agreed to enter into a registration rights agreement (the “Registration Rights Agreement”) with the Selling Stockholder, pursuant to which the Company must file a registration statement on Form S-3 (or, if the Company is ineligible to use a Form S-3, another appropriate form) with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) to register for resale by the Selling Stockholder of the 4,597,701 shares of Class A Common Stock purchased pursuant to the SPA, with such registration statement becoming effective within 45 days after the Closing, subject to adjustment in the event of a review by the SEC.

The Company entered into the Registration Rights Agreement with the Selling Stockholder on July 13, 2024.

The foregoing summary of the Registration Rights Agreement is not complete, and is qualified by reference to a copy of the Registration Rights Agreement included as Exhibit 10.27 to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

Voting Limitation Agreement

Also on July 13, 2024, the Company and the Selling Stockholder entered into a Voting Limitation Agreement, pursuant to which the Selling Stockholder agreed, unless approved by the stockholders of the Company, to not vote shares of the Company’s capital stock representing more than 19.99% of the issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock of the Company issued and outstanding at the time of such vote. The voting limitation applies to the Selling Stockholder, and not to any potential purchasers of the Selling Stockholder’s securities. The purpose of this voting limitation is to ensure that the sale stays within both the definitions of “Minimum Price” and “20% Issuance” under Nasdaq Rule 5635(d), and to provide the Company’s stockholders with meaningful participation in the financing and control of the Company, as the Company intends to hold a ratification vote of the stockholders prior to removing the voting limitation. While the 4,597,701 shares of Class A Common Stock issued to the Selling Stockholder was in excess of 20% of the outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock at the time of issuance, the voting limitation limits the Selling Stockholder’s voting power to 19.99%, until such time as the Company’s stockholders approve the transaction.

The Company agreed that, at its next annual or extraordinary general meeting of the Company’s stockholders, it will seek ratification of the SPA by its stockholders – and if the SPA is ratified at such a meeting, the Selling Stockholder will to be able to exercise full voting rights in respect of all Common Stock acquired under the SPA. If the Company’s stockholders do not ratify the SPA at such meeting, the Company will convene an extraordinary general meeting to seek ratification of the SPA every ninety (90) days thereafter until a stockholder vote ratifying the SPA has been obtained.

The Voting Limitation Agreement will terminate automatically if at any time the number of shares acquired pursuant to the SPA is less than 20% of the Company’s issued Common Stock.

The foregoing summary of the Voting Limitation Agreement does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Voting Limitation Agreement, a copy of which is filed as Exhibit 10.28 to this to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part and is incorporated herein by reference.

Corporate Information

Trust Stamp was incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware on April 11, 2016 as “T Stamp Inc.” Our principal executive offices are located at 3017 Bolling Way NE, Floor 2, Atlanta, GA 30305, and our telephone number is (404) 806-9906. Our website address is www.truststamp.ai. None of the information contained on, or that may be accessed through, our website is a prospectus or constitutes part of, or is otherwise incorporated into this prospectus.

The Offering

RISK FACTORS

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Before deciding whether to invest in our securities, you should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described under the heading “Risk Factors” contained in the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, and discussed under the section entitled “Risk Factors” contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, which is incorporated by reference into this prospectus in their entirety, together with other information in this prospectus, the documents incorporated by reference and any free writing prospectus that we may authorize for use in connection with this offering. The risks described in these documents are not the only ones we face, but those that we consider to be material. There may be other unknown or unpredictable economic, business, competitive, regulatory or other factors that could have material adverse effects on our future results. Past financial performance may not be a reliable indicator of future performance, and historical trends should not be used to anticipate results or trends in future periods. If any of these risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flow could be seriously harmed. This could cause the trading price of our securities to decline, resulting in a loss of all or part of your investment. Please also carefully read the section below entitled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus, each prospectus supplement and the information incorporated by reference in this prospectus and each prospectus supplement contain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), that involve risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions that, if they never materialize or prove incorrect, could cause our results to differ materially and adversely from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements may include, but are not limited to, statements relating to our outlook or expectations for earnings, revenues, expenses, asset quality or other future financial or business performance, strategies, expectations or business prospects, or the impact of legal, regulatory or supervisory matters on our business, results of operations, or financial condition. Specifically, forward-looking statements may include statements relating to our future business prospects, revenue, income, and financial condition.

Forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of words such as “estimate,” “plan,” “project,” “forecast,” “intend,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “seek,” “target,” or similar expressions. Forward-looking statements reflect our judgment based on currently available information and involve a number of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements.

Important factors could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations include, but are not limited to:

Forward-looking statements are based on assumptions we have made in light of our industry experience and our perceptions of historical trends, current conditions, expected future developments and other factors we believe are appropriate under the circumstances. You are cautioned that these statements are not guarantees of performance or results. They involve risks, uncertainties (many of which are beyond our control) and assumptions. Although we believe that these forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, you should be aware that many factors could affect our actual operating and financial performance and cause our performance to differ materially from the performance anticipated in the forward-looking statements. We discuss in greater detail many of these risks in the applicable prospectus supplement, in any free writing prospectuses we may authorize for use in connection with a specific offering, in our most recent annual report on Form 10-K, as well as any amendments thereto, and in our subsequent filings with the SEC, which are incorporated by reference into this prospectus in their entirety.

Unless required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect new information or future events or developments. Thus, you should not assume that actual events are bearing out as expressed or implied in such forward-looking statements. You should read this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement, together with the documents we have filed with the SEC that are incorporated by reference and any free writing prospectus that we may authorize for use in connection with this offering completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of the forward-looking statements in the foregoing documents by these cautionary statements.

USE OF PROCEEDS

We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of the Shares covered by this prospectus. All proceeds from the sale of the Shares will be for the account of the Selling Stockholder. However, we will receive the proceeds from repayment of the three (3) promissory notes totaling $2,000,000 in principal issued by the Selling Stockholder to us as consideration for the Shares. We intend to use the net proceeds from the promissory notes for general corporate purposes, which includes working capital, business and product development, potential acquisitions, and other business opportunities, but does not include satisfaction of the Company’s debt (other than payment of payables in the ordinary course of the Company’s business and prior practices) or redemption of any Common Stock. The timing and amount of our actual expenditures will be based on many factors; therefore, unless otherwise indicated in the prospectus supplement, our management will have broad discretion to allocate the net proceeds of our offerings.

We will bear all other costs, fees and expenses incurred in effecting the registration of the offering and sale of the Shares covered by this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement, including, without limitation, all registration and filing fees, Nasdaq listing fees and fees and expenses of our counsel and our accountants, in accordance with the terms of the SPA and Registration Rights Agreement. The Selling Stockholder will pay any discounts, commissions, and fees of underwriters, selling brokers, dealer managers or similar securities industry professionals incurred by the Selling Stockholder in disposing of the Shares covered by this prospectus.

THE SELLING STOCKHOLDER

The shares of Class A Common Stock (or Shares) being offered by the Selling Stockholder are those shares that were purchased by the Selling Stockholder pursuant to the SPA. For additional information on our Class A Common Stock, see the “Securities Being Registered and Description of Capital Stock” section of this prospectus. We are registering the 4,597,701 shares sold to the Selling Stockholder pursuant to the SPA in order to permit the Selling Stockholder to offer the shares for resale from time to time.

Prior to the Selling Stockholder and the Company entering into the SPA, the Selling Stockholder has not had any material relationship with the Company within the past three years. On July 13, 2024, in connection with closing of the SPA, the Company and the Selling Stockholder entered into a Voting Limitation Agreement, pursuant to which the Selling Stockholder agreed, unless approved by the stockholders of the Company, to not vote shares of the Company’s capital stock representing more than 19.99% of the issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock of the Company issued and outstanding at the time of such vote. See “Prospectus Summary – Recent Developments” for more information on this Voting Limitation Agreement.

The table below lists beneficial ownership information of the Selling Stockholder as of the date of this prospectus, as well as the expected beneficial ownership of the Selling Stockholder after the conclusion of this offering.

In accordance with the terms of the SPA (and related Registration Rights Agreement), this prospectus generally covers the resale of the 4,597,701 shares sold to the Selling Stockholder pursuant to the SPA. The fourth column assumes the sale of all the Shares offered by the Selling Stockholder pursuant to this prospectus.

SECURITIES BEING REGISTERED AND DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK

We are registering for resale by the Selling Stockholder from time to time of up to an aggregate of 4,597,701 shares of Class A Common Stock issued to the Selling Stockholder in a private placement offering consummated on July 13, 2024.

General

The authorized capital stock of the Company consists of Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share. The total number of authorized shares of Common Stock of Trust Stamp is 50,000,000, all of which are designated as Class A Common Stock.

The following summary description of our capital stock is based on the provisions of our Third Amended & Restated Certificate of Incorporation, our amended and restated bylaws and the applicable provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”). This description is not complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by reference to our Third Amended & Restated Certificate of Incorporation (our “A&R Certificate of Incorporation”) and our amended and restated bylaws (our “Bylaws”), each of which is incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, and the DGCL. You should read our A&R Certificate of Incorporation our Bylaws and the applicable provisions of the DGCL for a complete statement of the provisions described below and for other provisions that may be important to you. For information on how to obtain copies of our A&R Certificate of Incorporation and our Bylaws, see “Where You Can Find Additional Information.”

Common Stock

Pursuant to the Company’s A&R Certificate of Incorporation, the Board of Directors of the Company has the right to designate shares of the Company’s Common Stock as either Class A or Class B Common Stock. As of the date of this prospectus, all shares of Common Stock of the Company have been designated as Class A Common Stock, and there is no issued (or designated) Class B Common Stock. The rights and preferences of each of the Class A and Class B classes of Common Stock are summarized below.

Class A Common Stock

Voting Rights

Holders of shares of Class A Common Stock are entitled to one vote for each on all matters submitted to a vote of the shareholders, including the election of directors.

Dividend Rights

Holders of each class of Common Stock are entitled to receive dividends, as may be declared from time to time by the Board of Directors out of legally available funds as detailed in our A&R Certificate of Incorporation. The Company has never declared or paid cash dividends on any of its capital stock and currently does not anticipate paying any cash dividends after this offering or in the foreseeable future.

Liquidation Rights

In the event of a voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution, or winding up of the Company, the holders of Class A Common Stock are entitled to share ratably in the net assets legally available for distribution to shareholders after the payment of all debts and other liabilities of the Company.

Exchange Rights

A holder of shares of Class A Common Stock shares that is a bank, savings association, or a holding company (or an affiliate thereof) may at any time choose to exchange all or any portion of shares of Class A Common Stock it holds for shares of Class B Common Stock. In the event of such an election, each Class A share for which the holder makes such election shall be exchanged for a Class B share on a one-for-one basis without the payment of any additional consideration. In the event of such an election, the Company will take all necessary corporate actions to affect such exchange, the holder will surrender its certificate or certificates representing the shares of Class A Common Stock for which it made such election, and such Shares of Class A Common Stock shall be cancelled.

Transfer Rights

There are no restrictions on the transfer of shares of Class A Common Stock of the Company.

Class B Common Stock

The rights and preferences of the Company’s Class B Common Stock are identical to those of the Class A Common Stock of the Company, except for as described below.

Voting Rights

Holders of shares of Class B Common Stock have no voting rights with respect to such shares; provided that the holders of Class B Common Stock shall be entitled to vote (one vote for each Class B share held) to the same extent that the holders of Shares of Class A Common Stock would be entitled to vote on matters as to which non-voting equity interests are permitted to vote pursuant to 12 C.F.R. § 225.2(q)(2) (or a successor provision thereto).

Transfer Rights

In the event a holder of shares of Class B Common Stock transfers all or any portion of his or her shares of Class B Common Stock to a “Permitted Transferee” (as defined below), such Permitted Transferee will be entitled to elect to exchange all or any portion of such Shares of Class B Common Stock for Shares of Class A Common Stock on a one-for-one basis without the payment of any additional consideration. No fractional shares may be so exchanged. In the event of such an election, the Company will take all necessary corporate actions to effect such exchange, the holder will surrender its certificate or certificates representing the Shares of Class B Common Stock for which it made such election, and such Shares of Class B Common Stock shall be cancelled. A “Permitted Transferee” is a person or entity who acquires Shares of Class B Common Stock from a bank, savings association, or a holding company (or an affiliate thereof) in any of the following transfers:

Warrants

The Company has various warrants outstanding that are exercisable for shares of its Class A Common Stock. See (i) the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 filed with the SEC on April 1, 2024; (ii) the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed with the SEC on April 11, 2024; (iii) the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-3/A filed with the SEC on April 15, 2024; (iv) the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2024 filed with the SEC on May 16, 2024; and (v) the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 filed with the SEC on August 13, 2024; and the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 5, 2024 for information on the outstanding warrants of the Company.

Anti-Takeover Effects of Our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws

Our A&R Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws contain certain provisions that could have the effect of delaying, deferring or discouraging another party from acquiring control of us. These provisions, which are summarized below, could discourage takeovers, coercive or otherwise. These provisions are also designed, in part, to encourage persons seeking to acquire control of us to negotiate first with our Board of Directors. We believe that the benefits of increased protection of our potential ability to negotiate with an unfriendly or unsolicited acquirer outweigh the disadvantages of discouraging a proposal to acquire us.

Authorized but Unissued Capital Stock

We have authorized but unissued shares of Common Stock, and our Board of Directors may authorize the issuance of one or more series of preferred stock without stockholder approval. These shares could be used by our Board of Directors to make it more difficult or to discourage an attempt to obtain control of us through a merger, tender offer, proxy contest or otherwise.

Limits on Stockholder Action to Call a Special Meeting

Our Bylaws provide that special meetings of the stockholders may be called only by our Board of Directors. A stockholder may not call a special meeting, which may delay the ability of our stockholders to force consideration of a proposal or for holders controlling a majority of our capital stock to take any action, including the removal of directors.

Our A&R Certificate of Incorporation authorizes our Board of Directors to fill vacancies or newly created directorships.

If there is a vacancy on our Board of Directors, the majority of the directors then in office may elect a successor to fill any vacancies or newly created directorships. This may also discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect their own slate of directors or otherwise attempt to obtain control of our Company.

Classified Board of Directors

The A&R Certificate of Incorporation provides for a classified board of directors of the Company, with the board divided into three classes. Class I will hold office for a term expiring at the 2023 annual meeting of stockholders; Class II will hold office initially for a term expiring at the 2024 annual meeting of stockholders; and Class III will hold office initially for a term expiring at the 2025 annual meeting of stockholders. At each annual meeting following this initial classification and election, the successors to the class of directors whose terms expire at that meeting would be elected for a term of office to expire at the third succeeding annual meeting after their election and until their successors have been duly elected and qualified.

The Class I directors were elected at the 2023 annual meeting for a term of office for a term expiring at the 2026 annual meeting.

PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

The Selling Stockholder, which as used herein includes certain donees, pledgees, transferees, or other successors-in-interest selling Shares or interests in Shares received after the date of this prospectus from the Selling Stockholder as a gift, pledge, partnership distribution or other transfer, may, from time to time, sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of any or all of their Shares on any stock exchange, market or trading facility on which the shares are traded or in private transactions. These dispositions may be at fixed prices, at prevailing market prices at the time of sale, at prices related to the prevailing market price, at varying prices determined at the time of sale, or at negotiated prices.

The Selling Stockholder may use any one or more of the following methods when disposing of shares or interests therein:

The Selling Stockholder may transfer the Shares in other circumstances, in which case the transferees, pledgees, or other successors in interest will be the selling beneficial owners for purposes of this prospectus.

In connection with the sale of our Class A Common Stock or interests therein, the Selling Stockholder may enter into hedging transactions with broker-dealers or other financial institutions, which may in turn engage in short sales of the Class A Common Stock in the course of hedging the positions they assume. The Selling Stockholder may also sell shares of our Class A Common Stock short and deliver these securities to close out its short positions, or loan or pledge the Class A Common Stock to broker-dealers that in turn may sell these securities. The Selling Stockholder may also enter into option or other transactions with broker-dealers or other financial institutions or the creation of one or more derivative securities which require the delivery to such broker-dealer or other financial institution of shares offered by this prospectus, which shares such broker-dealer or other financial institution may resell pursuant to this prospectus (as supplemented or amended to reflect such transaction).

The aggregate proceeds to the Selling Stockholder from the sale of the Shares offered by them will be the sale price of the Shares less discounts or commissions, if any. The Selling Stockholder reserves the right to accept and, together with its agents from time to time, to reject, in whole or in part, any proposed purchase of Shares to be made directly or through agents. We will not receive any of the proceeds from sales of the Shares by the Selling Stockholder in this offering.

The Selling Stockholder also may resell all or a portion of the shares in open market transactions in reliance upon Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933, provided that it meets the criteria and conforms to the requirements of that rule.

The Selling Stockholder and any underwriters, broker-dealers or agents that participate in the sale of the Class A Common Stock or interests therein may be “underwriters” within the meaning of Section 2(11) of the Securities Act. Any discounts, commissions, concessions, or profit they earn on any resale of the shares may be underwriting discounts and commissions under the Securities Act. If any of the Selling Stockholder is an “underwriter” within the meaning of Section 2(11) of the Securities Act, it will be subject to the prospectus delivery requirements of the Securities Act.

To the extent required, the shares of our Class A Common Stock to be sold, the names of the Selling Stockholder, the respective purchase prices and public offering prices, the names of any agents, dealer, or underwriter, any applicable commissions or discounts with respect to a particular offer will be set forth in an accompanying prospectus supplement or, if appropriate, a post-effective amendment to the registration statement that includes this prospectus.

In order to comply with the securities laws of some states, if applicable, the Shares may be sold in these jurisdictions only through registered or licensed brokers or dealers. In addition, in some states the Shares may not be sold unless it has been registered or qualified for sale or an exemption from registration or qualification requirements is available and is complied with.

We have advised the Selling Stockholder that the anti-manipulation rules of Regulation M under the Exchange Act may apply to sales of shares in the market and to the activities of the Selling Stockholder and their affiliates. In addition, to the extent applicable we will make copies of this prospectus (as it may be supplemented or amended from time to time) available to the Selling Stockholder for the purpose of satisfying the prospectus delivery requirements of the Securities Act. The Selling Stockholder may indemnify any broker-dealer that participates in transactions involving the sale of the shares against certain liabilities, including liabilities arising under the Securities Act.

We have agreed to indemnify the Selling Stockholder against liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, relating to the registration of the shares offered by this prospectus.

We have agreed with the Selling Stockholder to keep the registration statement of which this prospectus constitutes a part effective at all times until the Selling Stockholder no longer holds any of the Shares sold to the Selling Stockholder pursuant to the SPA.

Our Class A Common Stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “IDAI.”

LEGAL MATTERS

The validity of the securities being offered hereby will be passed upon for us by CrowdCheck Law, LLP. Additional legal matters may be passed upon for us or any underwriters, dealers or agents, by counsel named in the applicable prospectus supplement.

EXPERTS

The consolidated financial statements of T Stamp Inc. and its subsidiaries as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and for the fiscal years then ended, have been audited by Marcum LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as set forth in their reports thereon, included in T Stamp Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. The report of Marcum LLP includes an explanatory paragraph related to the substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Such consolidated financial statements have been incorporated herein by reference in reliance upon such report given on the authority of such firms as experts in accounting and auditing.

WHERE YOU CAN FIND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information about issuers, such as us, who file electronically with the SEC. The address of that website is http://www.sec.gov.

This prospectus and any prospectus supplement are part of a registration statement that we filed with the SEC and do not contain all of the information in the registration statement. The full registration statement may be obtained from the SEC or us, as provided below. Other documents establishing the terms of the offered securities are or may be filed as exhibits to the registration statement. Statements in this prospectus or any prospectus supplement about these documents are summaries and each statement is qualified in all respects by reference to the document to which it refers. You should refer to the actual documents for a more complete description of the relevant matters. You may obtain a copy of the registration statement through the SEC’s website, as provided above.

We maintain a website at www.truststamp.ai. None of the information contained on, or that may be accessed through, our website is a prospectus or constitutes part of, or is otherwise incorporated into, this prospectus.

INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE

The SEC’s rules allow us to “incorporate by reference” information into this prospectus, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to another document filed separately with the SEC. The information incorporated by reference is deemed to be part of this prospectus. Any statement contained in this prospectus or a previously filed document incorporated by reference will be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this prospectus to the extent that a statement contained in this prospectus or a subsequently filed document incorporated by reference modifies or replaces that statement.

This prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement incorporate by reference the documents set forth below that have previously been filed with the SEC, other than portions of these documents that are furnished under Item 2.02 or Item 7.01 of a Current Report on Form 8-K:

In addition, all reports and other documents we subsequently file pursuant to Section 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act will also be deemed to be incorporated by reference into this prospectus and deemed to be part of this prospectus from the date of the filing of such reports and documents. In addition, all reports and other documents filed by us pursuant to the Exchange Act after the date of the initial registration statement and prior to effectiveness of the registration statement shall be deemed to be incorporated by reference into this prospectus.

Any statement contained in a document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference herein shall be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this prospectus to the extent that a statement contained herein or in any subsequently filed document that also is or is deemed to be incorporated by reference herein, as the case may be, modifies or supersedes such statement. Any such statement so modified or superseded shall not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part of this prospectus.

We will furnish without charge to each person, including any beneficial owner, to whom a prospectus is delivered, upon written or oral request, a copy of any or all of the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus but not delivered with the prospectus, including exhibits that are specifically incorporated by reference into such documents. You should direct any requests for documents to:

T Stamp Inc.

3017 Bolling Way NE, Floor 2, Atlanta, Georgia, 30305

Attention: Corporate Secretary

(404) 806-9906

PART II

INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS

Item 14. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution

The following table sets forth an estimate of the fees and expenses, other than the underwriting discounts and commissions, payable by the registrant in connection with the issuance and distribution of the securities being registered. All the amounts shown are estimates, except for the SEC registration fee.

Item 15. Indemnification of Directors and Officers

Our A&R Certificate of Incorporation contains provisions limiting the liability of directors to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law and provides that we will indemnify each of our directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted under Delaware law. Our A&R Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws also provide our Board of Directors with the discretion to indemnify our employees and other agents when determined appropriate by the Board. In addition, each employment agreement entered into between the Company and its officers and/or directors contains certain indemnification provisions, which require us to indemnify them in certain circumstances.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers, or persons controlling our Company pursuant to the foregoing provision, we have been informed that in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.

Item 16. Exhibits

* Filed herewith.

** Previously filed

Item 17. Undertakings

(a) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:

(1) To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:

provided, however, that paragraphs (1)(i), (1)(ii) and (1)(iii) do not apply if the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in reports filed with or furnished to the Commission by the registrant pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that are incorporated by reference in the registration statement, or is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) that is part of the registration statement.

(2) That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

(3) To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.

(4) That, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser:

(5) That, for the purpose of determining liability of the registrant under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities, the undersigned registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser:

(b) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each filing of the registrant’s annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan’s annual report pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) that is incorporated by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

(c) Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

(d) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that:

(1) For purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b) (1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective.

(2) For the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form S-3 and has duly caused this Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2 to the Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Atlanta, State of Georgia, on September 6, 2024.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this registration statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.