Number of markets where renters need to earn $100K to afford rent has doubled since 2020
Nationwide, the salary required to afford rent is $20K higher than it was five years ago
- Renters need to make six figures to comfortably afford rent in eight major markets, up from four markets five years ago.
- The most expensive rental markets, with the highest required income, are San Jose ($137K income), New York ($136K) and Boston ($127K).
- The most affordable rental markets, with the lowest required income, are Buffalo ($55K income), Oklahoma City ($56K) and Louisville ($57K).
SEATTLE, May 12, 2025 /PRNewswire/ -- The rising costs of living have impacted affordability for renters across the country. Nationwide, renters today need to earn more than $80,000 to comfortably afford the typical rental, up from $60,000 just five years ago. In eight major metro areas, renters now need to make six figures to comfortably afford rent, a new Zillow® analysis reveals.
Since April 2020, rent for a typical U.S. apartment has increased by 28.7%, to $1,858, while rent for a single-family home increased by 42.9%, to $2,256. Over that time, the median household income1 has only risen by 22.5% to about $82,000 — showing that wages have not kept up with rents.
"Housing costs have surged since pre-pandemic, with rents growing quite a bit faster than wages," said Orphe Divounguy, senior economist at Zillow. "This often leaves little room for other expenses, making it particularly difficult for those hoping to save for a down payment on a future home. High upfront costs are often overlooked, which can keep renters in their current homes."
A renter making the median income and leasing a typical U.S. rental is just on the right side of the 30% affordability line — the rent burden threshold — spending 29.6% of their income on rent. To stay below that 30% line, renters in San Jose, New York, Boston, San Diego, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Miami and Riverside, California, generally need to earn six figures. The typical rent in these markets is many hundreds of dollars above the national asking rent of $2,024.
In six of these eight markets, the median household would spend over 30% of its income on a typical rental. However, in San Jose and San Francisco, wages have been better at keeping pace with rent. A median San Jose household would spend 25% of its income on a typical rental, while in San Francisco, it would spend 28%.
Despite a significant jump in rents over the past five years, plenty of markets are still affordable for median earners. The most affordable rental markets are Buffalo ($55K income required), Oklahoma City ($56K) and Louisville ($57K). In these markets, the median renter would spend 23% of their income or less on rent, allowing more latitude in gaining financial freedom.
Beyond high monthly rent prices, large upfront costs can pose a barrier for renters looking to move. This is especially true in cities like New York and Boston, where broker fees — on top of security deposit and advance rent payments of one to two months — exacerbate rental affordability challenges. However, with the recent passage of the FARE Act by the New York City Council and ongoing legislative conversations around broker fees in the Massachusetts and New York state legislatures, renters may see a reprieve in the near future.
To help renters make informed choices, Zillow offers a rent affordability calculator that sheds light on housing budgets, ensuring that they know exactly what they can afford. Renters searching on Zillow can explore a wide range of rental options tailored to their needs. Whether they're looking for a one-bedroom apartment, a townhome, a single-family home or a room for rent, Zillow's listings make it easy to find a place that suits everyone's lifestyle.
Metropolitan Area* | Income Needed | Change in Needed | Zillow Observed | Renter Affordability, April |
United States | $80,949 | 34.5 % | $2,024 | 29.6 % |
New York City** | $135,746 | 28.9 % | $3,394 | 40.0 % |
Los Angeles, CA | $118,958 | 28.3 % | $2,974 | 36.4 % |
Chicago, IL | $87,428 | 31.1 % | $2,186 | 28.3 % |
Dallas, TX | $71,413 | 28.6 % | $1,785 | 23.2 % |
Houston, TX | $67,731 | 23.4 % | $1,693 | 24.2 % |
Washington, DC | $97,179 | 24.4 % | $2,429 | 22.6 % |
Philadelphia, PA | $77,058 | 29.0 % | $1,926 | 25.2 % |
Miami, FL | $109,962 | 54.4 % | $2,749 | 40.4 % |
Atlanta, GA | $76,745 | 36.3 % | $1,919 | 25.0 % |
Boston, MA | $127,007 | 26.8 % | $3,175 | 32.5 % |
Phoenix, AZ | $74,101 | 35.9 % | $1,853 | 24.5 % |
San Francisco, CA | $124,267 | 9.3 % | $3,107 | 27.6 % |
Riverside, CA | $102,722 | 45.6 % | $2,568 | 32.8 % |
Detroit, MI | $59,873 | 38.5 % | $1,497 | 23.5 % |
Seattle, WA | $90,840 | 23.2 % | $2,271 | 23.1 % |
Minneapolis, MN | $67,714 | 17.6 % | $1,693 | 20.2 % |
San Diego, CA | $122,810 | 40.8 % | $3,070 | 33.2 % |
Tampa, FL | $86,301 | 52.0 % | $2,158 | 33.5 % |
Denver, CO | $78,862 | 22.8 % | $1,972 | 21.6 % |
Baltimore, MD | $75,158 | 29.6 % | $1,879 | 22.6 % |
St. Louis, MO | $57,104 | 37.4 % | $1,428 | 20.8 % |
Orlando, FL | $81,789 | 37.5 % | $2,045 | 29.6 % |
Charlotte, NC | $72,091 | 35.8 % | $1,802 | 25.0 % |
San Antonio, TX | $58,590 | 19.4 % | $1,465 | 22.7 % |
Portland, OR | $74,076 | 24.2 % | $1,852 | 22.0 % |
Sacramento, CA | $94,002 | 30.7 % | $2,350 | 27.8 % |
Pittsburgh, PA | $59,274 | 28.2 % | $1,482 | 23.2 % |
Cincinnati, OH | $63,444 | 39.5 % | $1,586 | 23.0 % |
Austin, TX | $68,840 | 17.6 % | $1,721 | 19.8 % |
Las Vegas, NV | $72,060 | 35.6 % | $1,801 | 26.8 % |
Kansas City, MO | $61,457 | 38.7 % | $1,536 | 21.9 % |
Columbus, OH | $62,493 | 36.9 % | $1,562 | 22.9 % |
Indianapolis, IN | $64,391 | 41.6 % | $1,610 | 23.3 % |
Cleveland, OH | $58,497 | 40.9 % | $1,462 | 24.4 % |
San Jose, CA | $136,532 | 13.0 % | $3,413 | 25.2 % |
Nashville, TN | $74,739 | 28.8 % | $1,868 | 24.7 % |
Virginia Beach, VA | $71,908 | 43.0 % | $1,798 | 25.5 % |
Providence, RI | $87,829 | 51.2 % | $2,196 | 29.7 % |
Jacksonville, FL | $69,670 | 36.7 % | $1,742 | 25.9 % |
Milwaukee, WI | $59,139 | 32.6 % | $1,478 | 21.6 % |
Oklahoma City, OK | $55,634 | 33.4 % | $1,391 | 22.5 % |
Raleigh, NC | $70,451 | 31.0 % | $1,761 | 20.6 % |
Memphis, TN | $58,761 | 37.7 % | $1,469 | 26.0 % |
Richmond, VA | $68,307 | 40.2 % | $1,708 | 22.7 % |
Louisville, KY | $56,549 | 35.7 % | $1,414 | 23.3 % |
New Orleans, LA | $66,141 | 28.7 % | $1,654 | 30.5 % |
Salt Lake City, UT | $69,881 | 34.2 % | $1,747 | 20.8 % |
Hartford, CT | $77,119 | 45.2 % | $1,928 | 23.6 % |
Buffalo, NY | $55,319 | 38.9 % | $1,383 | 22.3 % |
Birmingham, AL | $57,428 | 32.7 % | $1,436 | 23.4 % |
*Table ordered by market size
**Includes only New York City's five boroughs; based on StreetEasy's Rent Index
About Zillow Group
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1 Median household income is taken from the American Community Survey (ACS) through 2023. Present-day estimates combine changes in the Employment Cost Index provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to forecast current median household income. |
2 Smoothed and seasonally adjusted ZHVI. |
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SOURCE Zillow, Inc.