UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ________ to__________

Commission file number: 0-30351

SPI ENERGY CO., LTD.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Cayman Islands

20-4956638

(State or Other Jurisdiction of

Incorporation or Organization)

(I.R.S. Employer

Identification No.)

4803 Urbani Ave., Mc Clellan Park, CA		95652
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)		(Zip Code)

(408) 919-8000

(Registrant's Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class		Trading Symbol(s)		Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Ordinary Shares, par value $0.0001 per share		SPI		NASDAQ Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer ☐	Accelerated Filer ☐
Non-Accelerated Filer ☒	Smaller Reporting Company ☒
	Emerging Growth Company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of May 22, 2023, 30,292,960 ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 per share, were issued and outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
Part I.	Financial Information	3
	Item 1. Interim Financial Statements	3
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2023 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2022	3
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022	4
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022	5
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022	6
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022	7
	Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	8
	Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	20
	Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	27
	Item 4. Controls and Procedures	28
Part II.	Other Information	30
	Item 1. Legal Proceedings	30
	Item 1A. Risk Factors	31
	Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	31
	Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities	31
	Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures	31
	Item 5. Other Information	31
	Item 6. Exhibits	31
Signatures		32

PART I

Item 1. Financial Statements

SPI ENERGY CO., LTD.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except for share and per share data)


	March 31, 2023			December 31, 2022
	(Unaudited)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	2,659		$	3,533
Restricted cash		1,710			6,743
Accounts receivable, net		24,118			22,691
Contract asset		953			1,403
Inventories		33,346			28,987
Project assets held for sale		10,796			10,634
Prepaid expenses and other current assets, net		7,591			7,633
Amount due from related parties		332			332
Total current assets		81,505			81,956
Intangible assets, net		2,373			2,587
Goodwill		4,896			4,896
Restricted cash, noncurrent		646			711
Other receivable, noncurrent		234			234
Property and equipment, net		41,187			41,556
Project assets, noncurrent		15,169			14,918
Investment in affiliates		69,606			69,606
Net investment in leases		217			–
Operating lease right-of-use assets		13,574			14,152
Deferred tax assets, net		884			479
Total assets	$	230,291		$	231,095
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	37,068		$	30,405
Accrued liabilities		17,750			15,972
Income taxes payable		3,003			3,511
Advance from customers		7,527			8,634
Deferred income		493			503
Short-term borrowings and current portion of long-term borrowings		7,009			10,064
Amount due to an affiliate		10,563			10,548
Convertible bonds		44,493			42,676
Derivative liability		3,634			3,406
Accrued warranty reserve		856			754
Operating lease liabilities, current		1,649			1,607
Consideration payable		62,896			61,617
Total current liabilities		196,941			189,697
Long-term borrowings, excluding current portion		6,590			6,597
Deferred tax liabilities, net		2,589			2,673
Operating lease liabilities, non-current		13,670			14,256
Total liabilities		219,790			213,223
Equity:
Ordinary shares, par $0.0001, 500,000,000 shares authorized, 30,292,960 and 30,292,960 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively		3			3
Additional paid in capital		720,314			719,697
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(35,408	)		(36,697	)
Accumulated deficit		(680,219	)		(670,811	)
Total equity attributable to the shareholders of SPI Energy Co., Ltd.		4,690			12,192
Noncontrolling interests		5,811			5,680
Total equity		10,501			17,872
Total liabilities and equity	$	230,291		$	231,095

The accompany notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

SPI ENERGY CO., LTD.

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(In thousands, except for share and per share data)


	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023			2022
Net revenues	$	47,923		$	38,535
Cost of revenue		43,427			35,826
Gross profit		4,496			2,709
Operating expenses:
General and administrative		10,527			9,128
Sales, marketing and customer service		1,200			1,243
Provision (reversal) of credit losses		37			(683	)
Total operating expenses		11,764			9,688
Operating loss		(7,268	)		(6,979	)

Other(expense) income:
Interest expense, net		(1,989	)		(1,401	)
Change in fair value of derivative liability		(228	)		–
Net foreign exchange (loss) gain		(843	)		1,062
Gain on sales-type leases		99			–
Others		864			788
Total other (expense) income, net		(2,097	)		449
Net loss before income taxes		(9,365	)		(6,530	)
Income tax expense		384			256
Net loss	$	(9,749	)	$	(6,786	)
Less: Net (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interests		(341	)		59
Net loss attributable to shareholders of SPI Energy Co., Ltd.	$	(9,408	)	$	(6,845	)

Net loss per ordinary share: Basic and Diluted	$	(0.31	)	$	(0.27	)

Weighted average shares outstanding: Basic and Diluted		30,292,960			25,772,194

The accompany notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

SPI ENERGY CO., LTD.

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(In thousands)


	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023			2022
Net loss	$	(9,749	)	$	(6,786	)
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax of nil:
Foreign currency translation adjustments		606			65
Total comprehensive loss		(9,143	)		(6,721	)
Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interests		(1,024	)		(604	)
Comprehensive loss attributable to shareholder of SPI Energy Co., Ltd.	$	(8,119	)	$	(6,117	)

The accompany notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

SPIENERGY CO., LTD.

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY

(In thousands, except for share and per share data)


	Ordinary Shares				Additional Paid-In		Accumulated			Accumulated Other Comprehensive			Equity Attributable to Shareholders of SPI Energy			Noncontrolling			Total
	Shares		Amount		Capital		Deficit			Loss			Co., Ltd.			Interests			Equity
Balances at December 31, 2022		30,292,960	$	3	$	719,697	$	(670,811	)	$	(36,697	)	$	12,192		$	5,680		$	17,872
Net loss		–		–		–		(9,408	)		–			(9,408	)		(341	)		(9,749	)
Foreign currency translation adjustments		–		–		–		–			1,289			1,289			(683	)		606
Issuance of common stock of Phoenix for standby equity purchase agreement of Phoenix		–		–		–		–			–			–			1,155			1,155
Share-based compensation expense		–		–		617		–			–			617			–			617
Balances at March 31, 2023		30,292,960	$	3	$	720,314	$	(680,219	)	$	(35,408	)	$	4,690		$	5,811		$	10,501

	Ordinary Shares				Additional Paid-In		Accumulated			Accumulated Other Comprehensive			Equity Attributable to Shareholders of SPI Energy			Noncontrolling			Total
	Shares		Amount		Capital		Deficit			Loss			Co., Ltd.			Interests			Equity
Balances at December 31, 2021		25,352,060	$	3	$	695,073	$	(637,390	)	$	(35,257	)	$	22,429		$	3,521		$	25,950
Net loss		–		–		–	$	(6,845	)		–		$	(6,845	)		59			(6,786	)
Foreign currency translation adjustments		–		–		–		–			728			728			(663	)		65
Issuance of restricted share units to employees		229,888		–		623		–			–			623			–			623
Settlement of convertible debt with ordinary shares		752,393		–		1,750		–			–			1,750			–			1,750
Issuance of ordinary shares for settlement of consideration related to Acquisition of Phoenix		42,442		–		–		–			–			–			–			–
Share-based compensation expense		–		–		595		–			–			595			–			595
Balances at March 31, 2022		26,376,783	$	3	$	698,041	$	(644,235	)	$	(34,529	)	$	19,280		$	2,917		$	22,197

The accompany notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

SPI ENERGY CO., LTD.

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)


	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023			2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(4,873	)	$	(8,583	)

Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of property and equipment		(354	)		(222	)
Proceeds from disposal of property and equipment		–			1,318
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities		(354	)		1,096

Cash flows from financing activities:
Repayment of borrowings		(5,000	)		(33,820	)
Proceeds from borrowings		1,832			35,949
Proceeds received from standby equity purchase agreement of Phoenix		1,155			–
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(2,013	)		2,129

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash		1,268			370

Decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(5,972	)		(4,988	)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period		10,987			17,845
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	5,015		$	12,857

Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash to the consolidated balance sheets
Cash and cash equivalents		2,659			3,766
Restricted cash		2,356			9,091
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	5,015		$	12,857

Supplemental cash flow information:
Interest paid	$	6,687		$	644
Income tax paid		1,347			–
Non-cash activities:
Right of use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations	$	–		$	3,068
Inventories transferred to PPE		163			–
Settlement of convertible debt with ordinary shares	$	–		$	1,750

The accompany notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

SPI ENERGY CO., LTD.

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in US$ thousands, except share and per share data)

1.	Description of Business and Organization

Description of Business

SPI Energy Co., Ltd. (“SPI Energy” or the “Company”) and its subsidiaries (collectively the “Group”) is engaged in the provision of photovoltaic (“PV”), roofing and solar energy systems installation, and electric vehicle (“EV”) solutions for business, residential, government and utility customers and investors. The Group is also starting to assemble solar modules for sale in the United States in 2022.

Organization

The major subsidiaries of the Group as of March 31, 2023 are summarized as below:

Schedule of major subsidiaries
Major Subsidiaries	Abbreviation	Location
SolarJuice Co., Ltd	SJ Cayman	Cayman
Solar Juice Pty Ltd.	SJ Australia	Australia
Solarjuice American Inc.	SJ US	United States
Sloar4america Technology Inc. (formerly named Solarjuice Technology Inc.)	SJT	United States
Italsolar S.r.l.	SPI Italy	Italy
SPI Solar Japan G.K.	SPI Japan	Japan
Solar Power Inc UK Service Limited	SPI UK	United Kingdom
SPI Solar Inc.	SPI US	United States
Heliostixio S.A.	Heliostixio	Greece
Heliohrisi S.A.	Heliohrisi	Greece
Thermi Sun S.A.	Thermi Sun	Greece
Knight Holding Corporation	Knight	United States
Edisonfuture Inc.	Edisonfuture	United States
Phoenix Motor Inc.	Phoenix	United States
Phoenix Motorcars Leasing LLC	PML	United States

On January 1, 2017, the Group deconsolidated one of the major subsidiaries, Sinsin Renewable Investment Limited (“Sinsin”) due to loss of control and recognized the investment in Sinsin at the carrying amount of $69,606. Both the Group and the former shareholders of Sinsin, Sinsin Europe Solar Asset Limited Partnership and Sinsin Solar Capital Limited Partnership (collectively, the “Sinsin Group”), failed to fulfill the obligation under the share sale and purchase agreement of Sinsin, which led to that both parties filed petitions to each other. The petitions directly affected the Group’s ability to effectively control Sinsin and make any direct management decisions or have any direct impact on Sinsin’s polices, operations or assets without the agreement of Sinsin Group. On October 29, 2020, an arbitration decision was made in Malta that the Group will need to pay the unpaid consideration of EUR 38,054, together with interest at 6% accruing from November 20, 2015 on half of the unpaid consideration and from June 30, 2016 on the remaining half of the unpaid consideration to the date of eventual payment. The Group filed an application for appeals but was turned down by the court of Malta on November 12, 2021. The Group furtherly filed an application of retrial and suspension of the enforcement of the awards but was rejected by the court of Malta on March 30, 2022. On November 2, 2022, Sinsin filed an action to confirm these arbitral awards pursuant to the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of June 10, 1958 (“New York Convention”) as implemented by the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) before U.S. District Court Eastern District of California. On April 27, 2023, Sinsin filed amended petition to add a request for an award of attorneys’ fees incurred in connection with the petition, add detail on the allegedly owed costs and liabilities, and request that the court issue an injunction against asset dissipation pending satisfaction of the requested judgment. The Group has filed opposition to amended petition and motion to confirm arbitral award on May 11, 2023, and the hearing is set for June 1, 2023. (Note 8(b)). As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, investment in Sinsin was $69,606, and there was no impairment for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. Consideration payable, including accrued interest and litigation fees payable, was $62,896 and $61,617 as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The interest expense accrued on the unpaid consideration was $612 and $641 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

On June 10, 2022, Phoenix completed its initial public offering (“IPO”) and Phoenix’s shares have been listed on NASDAQ under the stock code “PEV” (“Phoenix IPO”). Phoenix issued 2,100,000 ordinary shares at $7.5 per share. Net proceeds from the Phoenix IPO after deducting underwriting commissions, share issuance costs and offering expenses approximately amounted to $13,438.

2.	Going concern

The Group’s condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of the business. The Group had recurring losses from operations. The Group has incurred a net loss of $9,749 during the three months ended March 31, 2023, and the cash flow used in operating activities was $4,873. As of March 31, 2023, there is net working capital deficit of $115,436 and accumulated deficit of $680,219. These factors raise substantial doubt as to the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern. The Group intends to continue implementing various measures to boost revenue and control the cost and expenses within an acceptable level and other measures including: 1) negotiate with potential buyers on PV solar projects; 2) negotiate for postponing of convertible bond payments; 3) improve the profitability of the business in US; 4) strictly control and reduce business, marketing and advertising expenses; 5) obtain equity financing from certain subsidiaries’ initial public offerings; and 6) seek for certain credit facilities. There is no assurance that the group will be successful in meeting its liquidity and cash flow requirements. The Group’s condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that may result from the outcome of these uncertainties.

3.	Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

(a)

Basis of Presentation

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and, therefore, certain information and disclosures normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) have been omitted.

In the opinion of management, the information reflects all adjustments necessary to make the results of operations for the interim periods a fair statement of such operations. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. Quarterly results are not necessarily indicative of results for the full year. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements at that date but does not include all information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

(b)

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires the Group to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant accounting estimates reflected in the Group’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the allowance for doubtful accounts receivable and other receivable, the impairment of goodwill and long-lived assets, fair value of derivative liability and share based compensation. Changes in facts and circumstances may result in revised estimates. The current economic environment has increased the degree of uncertainty inherent in those estimates and assumptions.

(c)

Revenue Recognition

The Group’s accounting practices under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) No. 606 are as followings:

The Group generates revenue from sales of PV components, sales of self-assembled solar modules, roofing and solar energy systems installation, electricity revenue with Power Purchase Agreements (“PPAs”), sales of PV project assets, sales and leasing of EV, and others for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

Sale of PV components

Revenue on sale of PV components includes one performance obligation of delivering the products and the revenue is recognized at a point in time following the transfer of control of such products to the customer, which typically occurs upon shipment or acceptance of the customer depending on the terms of the underlying contracts.

Sales of self-assembled solar modules

Revenue on sale of self-assembled solar modules includes one performance obligation of delivering the products and the revenue is recognized at a point in time following the transfer of control of such products to the customer, which typically occurs upon the delivery to the customer.

Revenue from roofing and solar energy systems installation

Revenue from roofing and solar energy system installation is recognized over time.

For revenue from solar energy system installation, the Group’s only performance obligation is to design and install a customized solar energy system, sometimes, reinstall the customer’s existing solar energy system. For revenue from roofing the Group’s only performance obligation is to design and build roof system per customer specifications.

The Group’s roofing projects involve the construction of a specific roof systems in accordance with each customer’s selection; the Group’s solar energy system installations involve solar modules being retrofitted to existing consumer roofs using rails, then connected to the utility using an inverter system. For both solar energy system installation and roofing, typically jobs are completed within three months, the specific timing depends on the size of the job and the complexity of the job site, and the contract price includes all material and labor needed, and payments are collected based on specific milestones.

The Group provides solar energy systems and roofing installation for various customers, such as homeowners and real estate developers, but the design and installation for each customer differs substantially on the basis of each customer’s needs and the type of shingle or roof that is placed with the solar energy system. The asset consequently has no alternative use to the Group because the customer specific design limits the Group’s practical ability to readily direct the solar energy system to another customer. As such the Group’s performance does not create an asset with an alternative use to the Group. Pursuant to the contract, the customers agree to pay for any costs, expenses and losses incurred by the Group upon termination, and therefore, revenue is recognized over time according to ASC 606-10-25-27(c).

For both solar energy system installation and roofing, all costs to obtain and fulfill contracts associated with system sales and other product sales are expensed to cost of revenue when the corresponding revenue is recognized.

The Group recognizes revenue using a cost-based input method that recognizes revenue and gross profit as work is performed based on the relationship between actual costs incurred compared to the total estimated cost of the contract, to determine the Group’s progress towards contract completion and to calculate the corresponding amount of revenue and gross profit to recognize. The total estimated cost of the contract constitutes of material cost and labor cost, and are developed based on the size and specific situation of different jobs. Changes in estimates are mainly due to: (i) unforeseen field conditions that impacts the estimated workload, and (ii) change of the unit price of material or labor cost.

If the estimated total costs on any contract are greater than the net contract revenues, the Group recognizes the entire estimated loss in the period the loss becomes known.

Electricity revenue with PPAs

The Group sells energy generated by PV solar power systems under PPAs. For energy sold under PPAs, the Group recognizes revenue each period based on the volume of energy delivered to the customer (i.e., the PPAs off-taker) and the price stated in the PPAs. The Group has determined that none of the PPAs contains a lease since (i) the purchaser does not have the rights to operate the PV solar power systems, (ii) the purchaser does not have the rights to control physical access to the PV solar power systems, and (iii) the price that the purchaser pays is at a fixed price per unit of output.

Sale of PV project asset

The Group’s sales arrangements for PV projects do not contain any forms of continuing involvement that may affect the revenue or profit recognition of the transactions, nor any variable considerations for energy performance guarantees, minimum electricity end subscription commitments. The Group therefore determined its single performance obligation to the customer is the sale of a completed solar project. The Group recognizes revenue for sales of solar projects at a point in time after the solar project has been grid connected and the customer obtains control of the solar project.

Revenue from sales and leasing of EV

The Group recognizes revenue from sales of EV at a point in time following the transfer of control of such products to the customer, which typically occurs upon the delivery to the customer for EV sales. The Group determined that the government grants related to sales of EV should be considered as part of the transaction price because it is granted to the EV buyer and the buyer remains liable for such amount in the event the grants were not received by the Group or returned due to the buyer violates the government grant terms and conditions.

EV leasing revenue includes revenue recognized under lease accounting guidance for direct leasing programs. The Group accounts for these leasing transactions as sales-type or operating leases under ASC 842 Leases, and selling profits are recognized at the commencement date and interest income from the lease is recognized over the lease term for sales-type leases, while revenues are recognized on a straight-line basis over the contractual term for operating leases.

Other revenue

Other revenue mainly consists of sales of self-assembled solar modules, sales of component and charging stations, sales of forklifts, engineering and maintenance service, shipping and delivery service, sales of pre-development solar projects and others. Other revenues are recognized at a point in time following the transfer of control of such service or products to the customer, which typically occurs upon shipment of product or acceptance of the customer depending on the terms of the underlying contracts.

Disaggregation of revenues

The following table illustrates the disaggregation of revenue by revenue stream and by geographical location for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

Schedule of disaggregation of revenues
By revenue stream	For the three months ended March 31, 2023 (Unaudited)
	Sales of PV components		Sales of self-assembled solar modules		Revenue from roofing and solar systems installation		Electricity revenue with PPAs		Automotive sales & leasing		Others		Total
Australia	$	34,997	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	284	$	35,281
United States		–		9,020		879		40		1,241		560		11,740
Japan		–		–		–		–		–		18		18
Italy		–		–		–		157		–		–		157
United Kingdom		–		–		–		244		–		–		244
Greece		–		–		–		483		–		–		483
Total	$	34,997	$	9,020	$	879	$	924	$	1,241	$	862	$	47,923

By revenue stream	For the three months ended March 31, 2022 (Unaudited)
	Sales of PV components		Revenue from roofing and solar systems installation		Electricity revenue with PPAs		Automotive sales & leasing		Others		Total
Australia	$	28,024	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	142	$	28,166
Italy		–		–		256		–		–		256
United States		–		8,789		–		525		141		9,455
United Kingdom		–		–		151		–		–		151
Greece		–		–		507		–		–		507
Total	$	28,024	$	8,789	$	914	$	525	$	283	$	38,535

Schedule of revenue by timing
By timing of revenue recognition	For the three months ended March 31, 2023 (Unaudited)
	Sales of PV components		Sales of self-assembled solar modules		Revenue from roofing and solar systems installation		Electricity revenue with PPAs		Automotive sales & leasing		Others		Total
Goods transferred at a point in time	$	34,997	$	9,020	$	–	$	924	$	1,151	$	862	$	46,954
Service transferred over time		–		–		879		–		–		–		879
On a straight-line basis under ASC 842		–		–		–		–		90		–		90
Total	$	34,997	$	9,020	$	879	$	924	$	1,241	$	862	$	47,923

By timing of revenue recognition	For the three months ended March 31, 2022 (Unaudited)
	Sales of PV components		Revenue from roofing and solar systems installation		Electricity revenue with PPAs		Automotive sales & leasing		Others		Total
Goods transferred at a point in time	$	28,024	$	–	$	914	$	388	$	283	$	29,609
Service transferred over time		–		8,789		–		137		–		8,926
On a straight-line basis under ASC 842		–		–		–		–		–		–
Total	$	28,024	$	8,789	$	914	$	525	$	283	$	38,535

Contract balance

The following table provides information about accounts receivable, contract assets and contract liabilities from contracts with customers:


	March 31, 2023 (Unaudited)		December 31, 2022
Accounts Receivable	$	24,118	$	22,691
Contract assets		953		1,403
Advance from customers		7,527		8,634

The contract assets primarily relate to the Group’s rights to consideration for work completed but not billed at the reporting date, primarily for the revenue from roofing and solar energy systems installation in the United States. The contract assets are transferred to receivables when the rights become unconditional after billing is issued.

Advance from customers, which representing a contract liability, represents mostly unrecognized revenue amount received from customers. Advance from customers is recognized as (or when) the Group performs under the contract. During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Group recognized $8,634 and $4,924 as revenue that was included in the balance of advance from customers at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(d) Leases

Lessor Accounting

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Group amended agreements with the customers related to the leased EVs to renew the lease term. Since there was no grant of additional right-of-use assets, the Group did not account for the modified lease agreements as new leases but accounted for the original lease and the modified lease agreements as a combined lease. The Group reviewed the combined lease agreements and considered that (i) the lease term represents for the major part (greater than 75%) of the economic life of the underlying equipment; and (ii) the present value of the sum of lease payments and any residual value guaranteed by the lessee that has not already been included in lease payments equals or exceeds substantially (greater than 90%) all of the fair value of the underlying asset.

The modified EV lease agreements are thus accounted for as sales-type leases. Under sales-type lease accounting, at the commencement date, the lessor recognizes a net investment in the lease, based on the estimated fair value of the underlying leased assets at contract inception, and derecognizes the underlying assets with the difference recorded as selling profit or loss arising from the lease, and interest income from the lease is recognized over the lease term.

The net investment in leases was $295 as of March 31, 2023. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, gain on sales-type leases was $99.

Annual minimum undiscounted lease payments under the Group’s sales-type leases were as follows as of March 31, 2023:


	Sales-type
In Thousands	(Unaudited)
Years Ending December 31,
Remainder of 2023	$	74
2024		43
2025		43
2026		11
2027		–
2028 and thereafter		–
Total lease receipt payments		171
Less: Imputed interest		(14	)
Total lease receivables (1)		157
Unguaranteed residual assets		138
Net investment in leases	$	295
Net investment in leases - Current	$	78
Net investment in leases - Non-current	$	217

________________________________________

(1)	Current portion of $78 of total lease receivables was included in prepaid and other current assets on the balance sheet.

(e)

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently adopted accounting pronouncements

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers (“ASU 2021-08”), which requires entities to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). The update will generally result in an entity recognizing contract assets and contract liabilities at amounts consistent with those recorded by the acquiree immediately before the acquisition date rather than at fair value. ASU 2021-08 is effective on a prospective basis for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, with early adoption permitted. The Group adopted ASU 2021-08 effective January 1, 2023 and apply the guidance to subsequent acquisitions. The adoption of ASU 2021-08 will only impact the accounting for the Group’s future acquisitions.

Accounting Pronouncements Issued But Not Yet Adopted

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting (“ASU 2020-04”), which provides elective amendments for entities that have contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. These amendments were effective immediately and may be applied prospectively to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated on or before December 31, 2022. In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848), to expand and clarify the scope of Topic 848 to include derivative instruments on discounting transactions. The amendments in this ASU are effective in the same timeframe as ASU 2020-04. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, Reference Rate reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848, which deferred the sunset date of Topic 848, Reference Rate Reform to December 31, 2024. The Group is currently evaluating the impact this guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements.

The Group does not believe other recently issued but not yet effective accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material effect on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets, statements of operations and cash flows.

4.	Accounts Receivable, Net

The accounts receivable, net as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consisted of the following:

Schedule of accounts receivable
	March 31,			December 31,
	2023 (Unaudited)			2022
Accounts receivable		25,905			24,441
Less: Allowance for credit losses		(1,787	)		(1,750	)
Accounts receivable, net		24,118			22,691

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Group recorded additional credit losses with amount of $37. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Group reversed bad debt provision of $683.

5.	Inventories

Inventories as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consisted of the following:

Schedule of inventories
	March 31,		December 31,
	2023 (Unaudited)		2022
Finished goods		24,016		22,074
Goods in transit		1,961		737
Work in process		935		1,529
Raw materials		6,434		4,647
Total inventories		33,346		28,987

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Group recorded $948 and nil0 write-downs for inventories, respectively, to reflect the lower of cost or net realizable value.

6.	Share-based Compensation

The following table summarizes the consolidated share-based compensation expense, by type of awards:

Summary of consolidated stock-based compensation expense, by type of awards
	For the Three Months ended
	March 31,		March 31,
	2023		2022
Employee stock options	$	617	$	595
Restricted share grants		–		623
Total share-based compensation expense	$	617	$	1,218

The following table summarizes the consolidated share-based compensation by line items:

Summary of consolidated stock-based compensation by line items
	For the Three Months ended
	March 31,		March 31,
	2023		2022
General and administrative	$	612	$	1,211
Sales, marketing and customer service		5		7
Total share-based compensation expense, net of nil income taxes	$	617	$	1,218

7.	Net Loss Per Share

As a result of the net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, there is no dilutive impact to the net loss per share calculation for the period.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the following securities were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share as inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.

Schedule securities excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share
	For the Three Months ended
	March 31,		March 31,
	2023		2022
Share options and non-vested restricted stock	$	5,000	$	17,500
Convertible bonds		546,355		614,500
Total	$	551,355	$	632,000

8.	Commitments and Contingencies

(a)

Commitments

As of March 31, 2023, the Group had other commitments of approximately $1,596 These commitments were solely related to contracts signed with vendors for research and development by the Group and are expected to be paid in one year.

(b)

Contingencies

On January 26, 2018, Sinsin Group filed a complaint against the Group requesting the payment of outstanding purchase price and related interest of $43,595 (EUR 38,054). On June 25, 2018, an interim measures judgment was made which appointed an interim management of Sinsin, consisting of two members elected by Sinsin Group and one member elected by the Group. The interim management would manage the bank accounts of Sinsin and collect the proceeds of electric energy revenue. On October 29, 2020, an arbitration decision was made that the Group will need to pay the outstanding purchase price of $43,595 (EUR 38,054), together with interest at 6% accruing from November 20, 2015 on half of the outstanding purchase and from September 30, 2016 on the remaining half of the outstanding purchase price to the date of eventual payment. The Group filed an application for appeals in the court of Malta but was turned down by the court in November 2021. The Group furtherly filed an application of retrial and suspension of the enforcement of the awards. The application of retrial was rejected by the court on March 30, 2022. On November 2, 2022, Sinsin filed an action to confirm these arbitral awards pursuant to the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of June 10, 1958 (“New York Convention”) as implemented by the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) before U.S. District Court Eastern District of California. On April 27, 2023, Sinsin filed amended petition to add a request for an award of attorneys’ fees incurred in connection with the petition, add detail on the allegedly owed costs and liabilities, and request that the court issue an injunction against asset dissipation pending satisfaction of the requested judgment. The Group has filed opposition to amended petition and motion to confirm arbitral award on May 11, 2023, and the hearing is set for June 1, 2023.

On February 16, 2023, Streeterville delivered a Redemption Notice to the Group to redeem $350 of the 2022 Note with a deadline to pay the Redemption Amount by February 22, 2023. The Group failed to pay the Redemption Amount on time and such failure to pay is an Event of Default under the 2022 Note. Due to this Event of Default, (i) the base interest of the 2022 Note was increased to 15% per annum; (ii) the outstanding balance of the 2022 Note was increased by 15%; and (iii) the entire outstanding balance of the 2022 Note was accelerated and due on March 3, 2023. The Group failed to pay the outstanding balance of the 2022 Note by March 3, 2023 and as a result, Streeterville filed a complaint in the third judicial district court of Salt Lake County, requesting for actual damages in an amount not less than $2,676, plus applicable interest, damages, charges, fees, attorney fees, and collection costs. On March 31, 2023, a hearing was held and the temporary restraining order requiring the Group to pay the 2022 Note in full from the proceeds of the IPO of its subsidiary, SolarJuice Co., Ltd.

From time to time, the Group is involved in various other legal and regulatory proceedings arising in the normal course of business. While the Group cannot predict the occurrence or outcome of these proceedings with certainty, it does not believe that an adverse result in any pending legal or regulatory proceeding, individually or in the aggregate, would be material to the Group’s consolidated financial condition or cash flows; however, an unfavorable outcome could have a material adverse effect on the Group’s results of operations.

9.	Concentration Risk

(a) Customers

A substantial percentage of the Group’s net revenue comes from sales made to a large number of customers at a small transaction amount, to whom sales are typically made on an open account basis.

There was no customer of which the revenue accounted for 10% or more of total net revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

As of March 31, 2023, there was one customer of which the accounts receivable accounted for 18% of total accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2022, there was one customer of which the accounts receivable accounted for 18% of total accounts receivable.

(b) Suppliers

As of March 31, 2023, there were two suppliers of which the accounts payable accounted for 18% and 10% of total accounts payable, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, there were two suppliers of which the accounts payable accounted for 14% and 11% of total accounts payable, respectively.

10.

Related Party Transactions

The amount due from related parties were $332 as of December 31, 2022 and remained unchanged as of March 31, 2023, represented the advance payment to management and another related party for business operation.

11.

Segment information

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, there are three operating segments: (1) EV business, (2) renewable energy solutions business and (3) solar projects development business. The Group’s CODM assess the performance of each segment based on revenue, cost of revenue and total assets. Other than the information provided below, the CODM does not use any other measures by segments.

Summarized information by segments for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:

Schedule of Segment information
	For the three months ended March 31, 2023 (Unaudited)
	Renewable energy solutions		PV stations constructions and operations		Electric vehicles		Others		Total
	USD		USD		USD		USD		USD
Revenues from external customers		45,179		943		1,781		20		47,923
Cost of revenue		41,184		627		1,608		8		43,427
Gross profit (loss)		3,995		316		173		12		4,496

	For the three months ended March 31, 2022 (Unaudited)
	Renewable energy solutions		PV stations constructions and operations		Electric vehicles		Others			Total
	USD		USD		USD		USD			USD
Revenues from external customers		36,955		909		671		–			38,535
Cost of revenue		34,488		427		551		360			35,826
Gross profit (loss)		2,467		482		120		(360	)		2,709

Summarized information by segments as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is as follows:

Schedule of Segment assets
	As of March 31, 2023 (Unaudited)		As of December 31, 2022
	USD		USD
Segment assets
Renewable energy solutions		77,099		71,260
Solar projects development		125,821		133,663
Electric vehicles		18,818		20,275
Others		8,553		5,897
Total segment assets		230,291		231,095

Total long-lived assets excluding financial instruments, intangible assets, long-term investment and goodwill by country were as follows:

Schedule of intangible assets, long-term investment and goodwill
	As of March 31, 2023 Unaudited		As of December 31, 2022
	USD		USD
Australia		370		398
United States		45,467		46,307
Japan		580		586
Italy		1,489		1,508
United Kingdom		8,111		7,945
Greece		13,913		13,882
Total long-lived assets		69,930		70,626

12.

Subsequent Events

Additional financing from the existing standby equity purchase agreement of Phoenix

On April 24, 2023, the Group obtained additional financing through the existing standby equity purchase agreement of Phoenix in a total amount of $72 with 110,000 Phoenix’s shares of common stock sold to the Investor.

The Group has evaluated subsequent events through the date of issuance of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, there were no other subsequent events occurred that would require recognition or disclosure in the consolidated financial statements.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Forward-Looking Statements

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this quarterly report. Our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The following discussion and analysis contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, including, without limitation, statements regarding our expectations, beliefs, intentions or future strategies that are signified by the words “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “believe,” or similar language. All forward-looking statements included in this document are based on information available to us on the date hereof, and we assume no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements. Our business and financial performance are subject to substantial risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. In evaluating our business, you should carefully consider the information set forth under the heading “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

Overview

We are a global provider of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) solutions for business, residential, government and utility customers and investors. We develop solar PV projects which are either sold to third party operators or owned and operated by us for selling of electricity to the grid in multiple countries in Asia, North America and Europe. In Australia, we primarily sell solar PV components to retail customers and solar project developers. We started to engage in sales and leasing of new zero-emission EVs in U.S. from 2020 and engage in roofing and solar energy systems installation in U.S. from 2021 and commenced pilot production of “Made-in-America” solar modules in US in the second quarter of 2022.

Our liquidity position has deteriorated since 2015. We suffered a net loss of $9.7 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023, and the cash flow used in operating activities was $4.9 million. For a detailed discussion, please see “Item 2 - Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources”.

On June 10, 2022, our wholly owned subsidiary, Phoenix Motor Inc., a Delaware corporation, closed its initial public offering of 2,100,000 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $7.50 per share, for aggregate gross proceeds of $15.75 million before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. The offering closed on June 10, 2022 and the common stock of Phoenix Motor Inc. began trading on June 8, 2022 on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the ticker symbol “PEV.”

Basis of presentation, management estimates and critical accounting policies

Our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and include the accounts of our company, and all of our subsidiaries. We prepare financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities on the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the financial reporting period. We continually evaluate these estimates and assumptions based on the most recently available information, our own historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, actual results could differ from those estimates. Some of our accounting policies require higher degrees of judgment than others in their application. In order to understand the significant accounting policies that we adopted for the preparation of our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, readers should refer to the information set forth in Note 3 “Summary of significant accounting policies” to our audited financial statements in our 2022 Form 10-K.

Principal Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

We believe that the following factors have had, and we expect that they will continue to have, a significant effect on the development of our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Market Demand

Our revenue and profitability depend substantially on the demand for our PV solutions, which is driven by the economics of PV systems, including the availability and size of government subsidies and other incentives, government support, cost improvements in solar power, as well as environmental concerns and energy demand. The world PV market in terms of new annual installations is expected to grow significantly in the next five years, providing engineering procurement construction (“EPC”) service providers and solar project developers like us with significant opportunities to grow our business.

In the long term, as PV technology advances and the average system costs of solar projects decrease, we expect the market for electricity in a growing number of countries to achieve grid parity. As the PV industry becomes more competitive against other energy industries and widespread grid parity strengthens demand for solar projects, we expect our costs of sales to decrease and our revenue and profitability to increase.

In addition, the medium-duty EV market is expected to grow significantly over the next decade and there are many key factors are shaping the industry for accelerated growth over the next few years. Key factors driving this growth include government regulations requiring fleets to go electric, incentives and grant funding supporting commercial zero emission vehicle deployments, infrastructure deployments and corporate electrification mandates. Many large fleets who operate large truck and bus fleets have committed to go 100% electric over the next few years. This includes large delivery truck fleets like Amazon, FedEx, UPS, DHL, IKEA; also shuttle bus operators like transit agencies in Los Angeles, Orange County, and New York; and large corporate fleet owners like Genentech, Microsoft and Salesforce. All of the above factors, together with key technology catalysts, are expected to spur demand for medium-duty electric vehicles significantly over the next few years. Key technology drivers include reduction in battery costs and costs of other key components, making electric vehicles cheaper, and advances in EV drivetrain technology, including motor improvements that enable better performance and higher efficiencies; and refinements in high-voltage battery technology. The anticipated sales growth in this segment of the EV market is attributed both to new companies that started as electric vehicle manufacturers, as well as and conventional OEMs who are expected to start offering complete EV over the next few years.

As PV and energy storage technology advances and the average system costs decrease, in many cases the residential or small business owners of solar systems have effectively achieved grid parity for their systems. Aided by smart meter and virtual power plant technologies such systems can be an attractive alternative to electricity grid in many localities. We expect traditionally strong residential solar markets such as California and Australia to continue to grow . We anticipate capturing scale economies as the overall solar power market grows, and expect our costs of sales to decrease and our revenue and profitability to increase.

Government Subsidies and Incentive Policies

We believe that the growth of the solar power industry in the short term will continue to depend largely on the availability and effectiveness of government incentives for solar power products and the competitiveness of solar power in relation to conventional and other renewable energy resources in terms of cost. Countries in Europe, notably Italy, Germany, France, Belgium and Spain, certain countries in Asia, including Japan, India and South Korea, as well as Australia and the United States have adopted favorable renewable energy policies. Examples of government sponsored financial incentives to promote solar power include capital cost rebates, tax credits, net metering and other incentives to end users, distributors, project developers, system integrators and manufacturers of solar power products.

Governments may reduce or eliminate existing incentive programs for political, financial or other reasons, which will be difficult for us to predict. Electric utility companies or generators of electricity from fossil fuels or other renewable energy sources could also lobby for a change in the relevant legislation in their markets to protect their revenue streams. Government economic incentives could be reduced or eliminated altogether.

With growing emphasis on improving air quality around our communities, large states like California are mandating key end user segments to switch to zero emission transportation options. Some of the key regulations driving growth in our addressable market include:

	·	requiring all transit buses in California to be zero emissions by 2040;
	·	requiring all airport shuttles in California to be all electric by 2035,
	·	requiring at least 50% of all medium-duty trucks sold in California to electric by 2030,
	·	requiring specific end user segments like drayage and yard trucks to go electric.

Other states like New York, New Jersey and Massachusetts are also expected to bring in regulatory requirements for key end user segments like, transit agencies and school buses to switch to all electric transportation options. Fifteen other states including Connecticut, Colorado, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington have committed to follow California’s Advanced Clean Trucks Regulation. Primarily driven by the urgent need to meet carbon and greenhouse gas emission reduction targets, various state and federal agencies are also supporting the switch to zero emission transportation, providing a host of funding and incentive support to develop, demonstrate and deploy zero emission transportation solutions. Some of the key funding / incentives driving adoption of electric medium duty vehicles include:

	·	the California Hybrid and Zero-Emission Truck and Bus Voucher Incentive Project, which offers a minimum of $60,000 per vehicle as incentive for Class 4 electric vehicles registered and operating in the state;
	·	the New York Truck Voucher Incentive Program offering up to $100,000 per Class 4 electric vehicle;
	·	funding from federal agencies like the Federal Transit Administration, covering up to 80% of the cost of procuring electric transit buses and various funding options covering up to 100% of the cost of procuring all electric school buses across key states.
	·	Federal and various state agencies have established incentives for setting up both public and private charging infrastructure. Notably, the California Energy Commission and the California Public Utilities Commission have approved funding up to 100% of the cost of setting up chargers and related infrastructure. Large utilities like Southern California Edison, Pacific Gas & Electric and San Diego Gas & Electric have ‘Charge Ready’ programs that cover the entire cost of setting up charging infrastructure. Other states like New York, Chicago, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Ohio have also introduced programs to support fleets with their charging infrastructure requirements.

Our Solar Power Generation and Operations Capabilities

Our financial condition and results of operations depend on our ability to successfully continue to develop new solar projects and operate our existing solar projects. We expect to build and manage a greater number of solar projects, which we expect to present additional challenges to our internal processes, external construction management, working capital management and financing capabilities. Our financial condition, results of operations and future success depend, to a significant extent, on our ability to continue to identify suitable sites, expand our pipeline of projects with attractive returns, obtain required regulatory approvals, arrange necessary financing, manage the construction of our solar projects on time and within budget, and successfully operate solar projects.

Results of Operations for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022

The following table sets forth a summary, for the periods indicated, of our consolidated results of operations (in thousands) and each item expressed as a percentage of our total net sales. Our historical results presented below are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future period.

	For the Three Months Ended March 31,
In thousand US$	2023 (Unaudited)				2022 (Unaudited)
Net revenues	$	47,923		100.0%	$	38,535		100.0%
Cost of revenues		43,427		90.6%		35,826		93.0%
Gross profit		4,496		9.4%		2,709		7.0%
Operating expenses:
General and administrative		10,527		22.0%		9,128		23.7%
Sales, marketing and customer service		1,200		2.5%		1,243		3.2%
Provision (reversal) for credit losses		37		0.1%		(683	)	-1.8%
Total operating expenses		11,764		24.6%		9,688		25.1%
Operating loss		(7,268	)	-15.2%		(6,979	)	-18.1%
Other expense (income):
Interest expenses, net		1,989		4.1%		1,401		3.6%
Change in fair value of derivative liability		228		0.5%		–		–
Net foreign exchange loss (gain)		843		1.7%		(1,062	)	-2.8%
Gain on sales-type leases		(99	)	-0.2%		–		–
Others		(864	)	-1.8%		(788	)	-2.0%
Total other expenses (income), net		2,097		4.3%		(449	)	-1.2%
Net loss before income taxes		(9,365	)	-19.5%		(6,530	)	-16.9%
Income taxes expense		384		0.8%		256		0.7%
Net loss	$	(9,749	)	-20.3%	$	(6,786	)	-17.6%

Net revenues — Net revenues were $47.9 million and $38.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, representing an increase of $9.4 million or 24.4%. The increase in net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2023 over the comparative period was primarily due to the increase of revenue from sales of PV components of $7.0 million and $9.0 million from sales of solar modules, and was partially net off by the decrease of revenue from roofing and solar energy systems installation of $7.9 million.

Cost of revenues — Cost of revenues was $43.4 million (90.6% of net revenue) and $35.8 million (93.0% of net revenue) for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, representing an increase of $7.6 million or 21.2%. The increase in cost of goods sold was consistent with the increase of net revenues.

Gross profit — Our gross profit increased to $4.5 million in the three months ended March 31, 2023 from $2.7 million in the three months ended March 31, 2022. Gross margins were 9.4% and 7.0% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in gross margin was primarily due to the increase in gross margin of sales of solar modules and the decrease of total revenue from the low gross margin roofing and solar energy system installation and its percentage in the total revenue.

General and administrative expenses — General and administrative expenses were $10.5 million (22.0% of net revenue) and $9.1 million (23.7% of net revenue) for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, representing an increase of $1.4 million, or 15.3%. The increase of general and administrative expenses was mainly due to the increases in research and development expenses.

Sales, marketing and customer service expenses — Sales, marketing and customer service expenses were $1.2 million (2.5% of net revenue) and $1.2 million (3.2% of net revenue) for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The sales, marketing and customer service expenses kept stable in the two periods.

Provision (reversal) for credit losses — In the three months ended March 31, 2023, we accrued credit loss provision of $0.04 million which is mainly due to additional provision made for the accounts receivable from the business of sales of PV components in Australia. In the three months ended March 31, 2022, we reversed credit loss provision of $0.7 million, primarily due to the strengthening monitoring on accounts receivable collection.

Interest expense, net — Interest expense, net was $2.0 million (4.1% of net sales) and $1.4 million (3.6% of net sales) for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in interest expense was primarily due to interest accrued from convertible bonds.

Net foreign exchange loss (gain) — We had a net foreign exchange loss of $0.8 million (1.7% of net revenue) and a net foreign exchange gain of $1.1 million (2.8% of net revenue) for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The variance is mainly due the fluctuation of exchange rate for EUR/USD and AUD/USD.

Income tax expense — We had a provision for income taxes of $0.4 million (0.8% of net revenue) and $0.3 million (0.7% of net revenue) for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The income tax expense kept stable as there was no significant change in profit before tax of our subsidiary in Australia.

Net loss — For the foregoing reasons, we incurred a net loss of $9.7 million (20.3% of net revenue), for the three months ended March 31, 2023, representing an increase of net loss of $3.0 million compared to a net loss of $6.8 million (17.6% of net revenue) for the three months ended March 31, 2022.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Historically, we have financed our operations primarily through cash flows from bank borrowings, financing from issuance of convertible bonds, operating activities, and the proceeds from private placements and registered offerings.

As of March 31, 2023, we had $5.0 million in cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash.

We suffered a net loss of $9.7 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023, and the cash flow used in operating activities was $4.9 million. As of March 31, 2022, there is net working capital deficit of $115.4 million and accumulated deficit of $680.2 million. These factors raise substantial doubt as to the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern.

For the next 12 months from the issuance date of this report, we plan to continue implementing various measures to boost revenue and control the cost and expenses within an acceptable level. Such measures include: 1) negotiate with potential buyers on PV solar projects; 2) negotiate for postponing of convertible bond payments; 3) improve the profitability of the business in the United States ; 4) proactively implement a robust capital market strategy that includes both debt and equity offerings to meet the Group’s financing needs; 5) strictly control and reduce business, marketing and advertising expenses and 6) seek for certain credit facilities.

If we fail to achieve these goals, we may need additional financing to repay debt obligations and execute our business plan, and we may not be able to obtain the necessary additional capital on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all. In the event that financing sources are not available, or that we are unsuccessful in increasing our gross profit margin and reducing operating losses, we may be unable to implement our current plans for expansion, repay debt obligations or respond to competitive pressures, any of which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and may materially adversely affect our ability to continue as a going concern.

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments related to the recoverability and classification of recorded assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities or any other adjustments that might be necessary should we be unable to continue as a going concern.

A summary of the sources and uses of cash and cash equivalents is as follows (in thousands):

	For the three months ended March 31,
	2023 (Unaudited)			2022 (Unaudited)
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(4,873	)	$	(8,583	)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities		(354	)		1,096
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(2,013	)		2,129
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash		1,268			370
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	(5,972	)	$	(4,988	)

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $4.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily as a result of (i) net loss of $9.7 million, (ii) increase in inventories of $5.5million for purchasing raw materials for upcoming productions, (iii) decrease in advances from customers of $1.1 million, (iv) decrease in lease liability of $1.0 million, and (v) increase in accounts receivable of $1.0 million; the decrease was partially offset by (i) increase in accounts payable of $6.7 million, (ii) increase in accrued liabilities and other liabilities of $1.8 million, both due to slow payment of liabilities as a result of capital shortage, (iii) depreciation and amortization of $1.4 million, (iv) amortization of debt discount on convertible bond of $ 1.1 million, (v) amortization of right-of-use assets of $1.1 million, and (vi) stock-based compensation expense of $0.6 million.

Net cash used in operating activities was $8.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, primarily as a result of (i) net loss of $6.8 million, (ii) increase in inventories of $4.6 million, (iii) decrease in lease liability of $3.1 million, (iv) increase in accounts receivable of $2.0 million, and (v) increase in project assets of $2.0 million; the decrease was partially offset by (i) amortization of right-of-use assets of $2.7 million, (ii) increase in accrued liabilities and other liabilities of $1.8 million, (iii) increase in accounts payable of $1.7 million, (iv) decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets of $1.4 million, (v) stock-based compensation expense of $1.2 million, and (vi) depreciation and amortization of $0.7 million.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $0.4 million for three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily as a result of cash paid for purchase of property and equipment of $0.4 million.

Net cash provided by investing activities was $1.1 million for three months ended March 31, 2022, primarily as a result of proceeds from disposal of property and equipment of $1.3 million, partially offset by cash paid for purchase of property, plant and equipment of $0.2 million.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities was $2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, primarily consisted of (i) net repayment of borrowings of $5 million, partially offset by (i) proceeds from borrowings of $1.8 million, (ii) proceeds received from standby equity purchase agreement of Phoenix of $1.2 million.

Net cash provided by financing activities from financing activities was $2.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, primarily consisted of net proceeds received from borrowings.

Capital Expenditures

We incurred capital expenditures of $0.4 million and $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. There are no capital commitments as of March 31, 2023.

Trend information

Our operating results substantially depend on revenues derived from sales of PV project assets, provision of electricity, our Australian subsidiary’s trading of PV components, and our U.S. subsidiary’s business on roofing and solar energy systems installation and sales, leasing of EVs, sales of forklifts, and sale of solar modules, respectively. As the COVID-19 spread and impact of the outbreak of war in Ukraine continues, the measures implemented to curb the spread of the virus and the crisis in Ukraine have resulted in supply chain disruptions, insufficient work force and suspended manufacturing and construction works for solar industry. In light of the rapidly changing situation across different countries and regions, it remains difficult to estimate the duration and magnitude of the impact of COVID-19 and the crisis in Ukraine.

Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this quarterly report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events for the three months ended March 31, 2023 that are reasonably likely to have a material effect on our net revenues, income, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that would cause reported consolidated financial information not necessarily to be indicative of future operating results or financial conditions.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of March 31, 2023, we had no off-balance sheet arrangements that are or have been reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures, or capital resources that are material to investors. We have not entered into any derivative contracts that are indexed to our own shares and classified as shareholder’s equity, or that are not reflected in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. We do not have any retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity that serves as credit, liquidity or market risk support to such entity. We do not have any variable interest in any unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit support to us or engages in leasing, hedging or research and development services with us.

For more information on our contractual obligations, commitments and contingencies, see Note 8 to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report Form 10-Q.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Not applicable to smaller reporting companies.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial and accounting officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2023, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial and accounting officer have concluded that during the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of such date to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in our Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial and accounting officer or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

In connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022, we identified following material weaknesses, in the design or operation of internal controls.

(1) Failure to maintain an effective control environment of internal control over financial reporting;

(2) Failure to develop an effective risk assessment process to identify and evaluate at a sufficient level of detail all relevant risks of material misstatement, including business, operational, and fraud risks;

(3) Ineffective monitoring activities to assess the operation of internal control over financial reporting;

(4) Ineffective process-level controls associated with the revenue, purchasing and inventory, treasury, property and equipment, tax, and payroll processes that (a) addressed relevant risks, (b) provided sufficient evidence of performance, and (c) established appropriate segregation of duties, during the financial reporting processes;

(5) Lack of sufficient controls designed and implemented for financial information processing and reporting and lacked resources with requisite skills for the financial reporting under U.S. GAAP; and

(6) Lack of sufficient controls designed and implemented in IT environment and IT general control activities, which mainly associated with areas of logical access security, system change, computer operation and service organization control monitoring activities. Certain process-level automated controls and manual controls that are dependent on the completeness and accuracy of information derived from the affected information technology systems were also ineffective.

We intend to implement measures designed to improve the Company’s internal control over financial reporting to address the underlying causes of these material weaknesses, including:

(1) Strengthen overview and monitoring from the Company’s governance, and set up the Company’s internal audit department who reports to the audit committee directly, to ensure enhanced oversight over the Company’s financial reporting function.

(2) Engage a professional adviser to review, test and optimize the Company’s internal control system, particularly focusing on the material weaknesses identified as above.

(3) Launch and improve the internal control execution plan to supervise and monitor the operational functions.

(4) Establish a formal and systematic risk assessment program and involve upper management to identify and analyze risks.

(5) Provide our accounting team and other relevant personnel with more comprehensive guidelines and training on the policies and controls over financial reporting under U.S. GAAP and SEC rules and requirements

(6) Strengthen the review controls on journal entries and accounting treatments and adjustment by providing our accounting team with more comprehensive guidelines on the policies and controls over financial reporting under U.S. GAAP and SEC rules and requirements.

(7) Enhance management monitoring and review of key processes with more comprehensive guidelines on the policies and controls over financial reporting.

(8) Strengthen the monitoring and evaluation of the independent and competent tax and accounting agencies.

(9) Strengthen the supervision and controls on the IT functions, including the enhancement of logical security and monitor service provider

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fiscal quarter of 2023 covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we are involved in various legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business. While we cannot predict the occurrence or outcome of these proceedings with certainty, we do not believe that an adverse result in any currently pending legal proceeding to which the Company is a party, individually or in the aggregate, would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, prospects, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations other than the following:

As previously disclosed, in June 2018, we, as claimant, filed arbitration proceedings in Malta against SINSIN Europe Solar Asset Limited Partnership and SINSIN Solar Capital Limited Partnership (hereinafter collectively, “SINSIN”), as respondents, for an alleged breach of a share sale and purchase agreement, dated September 6, 2014, entered into between the respondents, as sellers, and us, as purchaser, in relation to all of the shares in Sinsin Renewable Investment Limited, a Malta company (“SRIL”). On January 1, 2017, we had deconsolidated SRIL due to loss of control.

SINSIN filed separate arbitration proceedings in Malta against us, requesting payment of the balance of the purchase price due in terms of the share purchase agreement mentioned above (stated to be EUR38,054,000), together with interest. We contested these claims. Meanwhile, SINSIN has obtained the status of a precautionary garnishee order against us as security for its claims and has had the same order served on SRIL, with a view to freezing any payments that may be due by SRIL to us.

On October 29, 2020, awards were issued in both cases, pursuant to which the arbitration tribunal dismissed all of our claims and admitted SINSIN’s counterclaim for payment of the balance of the price of €38,054,000, with interest at 6% accruing from November 30, 2015, on half of this amount, and from June 20, 2016, on the other half. SINSIN’s claims for additional damages were rejected. All costs of case 5320/18 are to be borne by us, while the costs for case 5532/18 are to be borne 80% by us and 20% by SINSIN.

On November 13, 2020, we filed Appeal Applications to appeal the arbitration awards with the Malta Court of Appeal (Inferior Jurisdiction) (the “Malta Court”). On November 12, 2021, the Malta Court declared our appeals null and void and ordered us to pay costs. We then applied for new trials in each case before the Malta Court. On March 30, 2022, the Chief Justice of the Malta Court dismissed our requests in both actions. We are aware that on November 2, 2022, Sinsin filed an action to confirm these arbitral awards pursuant to the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of June 10, 1958 (“New York Convention”) as implemented by the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) before U.S. District Court Eastern District of California. On April 27, 2023, Sinsin filed amended petition to add a request for an award of attorneys’ fees incurred in connection with the petition, add detail on the allegedly owed costs and liabilities, and request that the court issue an injunction against asset dissipation pending satisfaction of the requested judgment. We has filed opposition to amended petition and motion to confirm arbitral award on May 11, 2023, and the hearing is set for June 1, 2023.

On February 16, 2023, we received a Redemption Notice from Streeterville to redeem $350 of the 2022 Note with a deadline to pay the Redemption Amount by February 22, 2023. We failed to pay the Redemption Amount on time and such failure to pay is an Event of Default under the 2022 Note. Due to this Event of Default, (i) the base interest of the 2022 Note was increased to 15% per annum; (ii) the outstanding balance of the 2022 Note was increased by 15%; and (iii) the entire outstanding balance of the 2022 Note was accelerated and due on March 3, 2023. We failed to pay the outstanding balance of the 2022 Note by March 3, 2023 and as a result, Streeterville filed a complaint in the third judicial district court of Salt Lake County, requesting for actual damages in an amount not less than $2,676, plus applicable interest, damages, charges, fees, attorney fees, and collection costs. On March 31, 2023, a hearing was held and the temporary restraining order requiring us to pay the 2022 Note in full from the proceeds of the IPO of our subsidiary, SolarJuice Co., Ltd.

Item 1A. Risk Factor

This information has been omitted based on the Company’s status as a smaller reporting company.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds from Registered Securities

None.

Item 3. Defaults upon senior securities

None.

Item 4. Mine safety disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other information

None.

Item 6. Exhibits.

Exhibit No.		Description

31.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14 and Rule 15d-14(a), promulgated under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
31.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14 and Rule 15d-14(a), promulgated under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
32		Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS		XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104.		Cover Page Interactive Data File

SIGNATURES

In accordance with the requirements of the Exchange Act, the registrant caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	SPI ENERGY CO., LTD.

	By:	/s/ Xiaofeng Peng
		Xiaofeng Peng
		Chief Executive Officer (Principal executive officer)

	By:	/s/ Janet Chen
		Janet Chen
		Chief Financial Officer (Principal financial and accounting officer)

Date: May 22, 2023.

SEC Form 10-Q filed by SPI Energy Co. Ltd.