SEC Form 10-K filed by Loop Industries Inc.

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

or

Commission File No. 000-54768

480 Fernand-Poitras Terrebonne, Québec, Canada J6Y 1Y4

(Address of principal executive offices zip code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (450) 951-8555

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐   No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐   No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes ☒   No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒   No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b).  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes ☐    No ☒

As at August 30, 2024, the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant (without admitting that any person whose shares are not included in such calculation is an affiliate) was approximately $38,219,401. As at May 28, 2025, there were 47,718,350 shares of the Registrant’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, outstanding.

Documents incorporated by reference:

The information required by Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is incorporated herein by reference from the registrant’s proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with the solicitation of proxies for the registrant’s 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

LOOP INDUSTRIES, INC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CAUTIONARY STATEMENTS REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K of Loop Industries, Inc., a Nevada corporation (the “Company,” “Loop,” “Loop Industries,” “we,” or “our”), contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) and as defined in the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “expects,” “plans,” “intends,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential,” or “continue,” or the negative of such terms and other comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements about our market opportunity, our strategies, ability to improve and expand our capabilities, competition, expected activities and expenditures as we pursue our business plan, the adequacy of our available cash resources, regulatory compliance, plans for future growth and future operations, the size of our addressable market, and market and industry trends. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance, or achievements. Actual results may differ materially from the projections discussed in these forward-looking statements. The economic environment within which we operate could materially affect our actual results. Forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified. These risks and other factors include, but are not limited to, those listed under “Risk Factors.” Additional factors that could materially affect these forward-looking statements and/or projections include, among other things: (i) our ability to commercialize our technology and products, (ii) the status of our relationships with our partners, (iii) development and protection of our intellectual property and products, (iv) industry competition, (v) our need for and ability to obtain additional funding relative to our current and future financial commitments, (vi) our ability to continue as a going concern, (vii) engineering, contracting, and building our manufacturing facilities, (viii) our ability to scale, manufacture, and sell our products and to license our technology in order to generate revenues, (ix) our proposed business model and our ability to execute it, (x) our ability to obtain the necessary approvals or satisfy any closing conditions in respect of any of our proposed partnerships, (xi) our joint venture projects and our ability to recover certain expenditures in connection to them, (xii) adverse effects on the Company’s business and operations as a result of increased regulatory, media, or financial reporting scrutiny, practices, rumors, or otherwise, (xiii) public health issues, such as disease epidemics, which may lead to reduced access to capital markets, supply chain disruptions, and government-imposed business closures, (xiv) war, regional tensions, and economic or other conflicts including trade disputes and increasing protectionist measures that could impact market stability and our business; (xv) the effect of the continuing worldwide macroeconomic uncertainty and its impacts, including inflation, market volatility and fluctuations in foreign currency exchange and interest rates, (xvi) the outcome of any SEC investigations or class action litigation filed against us, (xvii) our ability to hire and/or retain qualified employees and consultants, (xviii) other events or circumstances over which we have little or no control, and (xix) other factors discussed in our subsequent filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).

Management has included projections and estimates in this Form 10-K, which are based primarily on management’s experience in the industry, assessments of our results of operations, discussions and negotiations with third parties, and a review of information filed by our competitors with the SEC or otherwise publicly available.

In addition, statements that “we believe” and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as at the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain, and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.

We caution readers not to place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements, which speak only as at the date made. Except as required by law, we disclaim any obligation subsequently to revise any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements or to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events.

PART I

General

As used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the following terms are being provided so investors can better understand our business:

Depolymerization refers to the chemical process of breaking down a polymer molecule into its constituent monomers or smaller subunits. Depolymerization is the opposite of polymerization.

DMT is an acronym for dimethyl terephthalate, which is a monomer used in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (“PET”), as well as other products.

MEG is an acronym for monoethylene glycol, which is a monomer used in the production of PET, as well as other products.

Polymerization refers to a process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form polymer chains or three-dimensional networks.

PET is an acronym for polyethylene terephthalate, which is a thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family showing excellent tensile and impact strength, chemical resistance, clarity, and processability, and reasonable thermal stability. It is typically produced through the reaction of terephthalic acid or DMT and MEG. PET is the material which is most commonly used for the production of plastic packaging, including plastic bottles for water and carbonated soft drinks, containers for food and other consumer products; it is commonly identified by the number “1”, often inside an image of a triangle, on the packaging. PET is also the specific type of polyester most commonly used to produce polyester fiber for a variety of applications including textiles, clothing and apparel.

rPET, rDMT and rMEG are acronyms for recycled PET, DMT and MEG.

$ refers to U.S. dollars unless otherwise indicated.

Industry and Market Data

We obtained the industry and market data relating to our business included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K from our own internal estimates and research, as well as publications, research, surveys, and studies conducted by independent third parties not affiliated with us.

Industry publications, studies, and surveys generally state that they were prepared based on sources believed to be reliable, although there is no guarantee of accuracy. While we believe that each of these studies and publications is reliable, we have not independently verified the market and industry data provided by third-party sources. In addition, while we believe our internal research is reliable, not all such research has been verified by an independent source. We note that assumptions underlying industry and market data are subject to risks and uncertainties, including those discussed under “Cautionary Statements Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and Item 1A. Risk Factors of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Overview

Loop Industries is a technology company whose mission is to accelerate the world’s shift toward sustainable PET plastic and polyester fiber and away from our dependence on fossil fuels. Loop Industries owns patented and proprietary technology that depolymerizes no and low-value waste PET plastic and polyester fiber, including plastic bottles, packaging, and textiles such as carpets and clothing, into its base building block monomers, DMT and MEG. The monomers are separated, purified and polymerized to create virgin-quality Loop™ branded PET resin suitable for use in food-grade packaging and polyester fiber, thus enabling our customers to meet their sustainability objectives. Loop™ PET plastic and polyester fiber can be recycled infinitely without degradation of quality, helping to close the plastic loop. Loop Industries is committed to contributing to the global movement towards a circular economy by reducing plastic waste and recovering waste plastic for a sustainable future.

Loop plans to commercialize the Infinite Loop™ technology through a combination of direct investments with strategic partners to own and operate commercial facilities and the licensing of its technology.

As the initial phase of our plan for the commercialization of future Infinite Loop™ manufacturing facilities, we constructed and have successfully operated our Terrebonne, Québec depolymerization production facility (the “Terrebonne Facility”) for the past five years, demonstrating the effectiveness of our technology and supplying Loop PET resin and polyester fiber to customers. The facility is also used for research and development activities.

Loop is currently executing on its commercialization strategy through two key strategic partnerships. The Company is advancing towards the construction of an Infinite Loop™ manufacturing facility in India through its 50/50 joint venture in India with Ester Industries Ltd. (“Ester”). The facility’s planned production capacity is 70,000 tons per year of Loop branded PET resin and polyester fiber. In addition, the Company sold its first technology license to Reed Management SAS, known as Reed Societe Generale Group, for one Infinite Loop™ manufacturing facility in Europe for an initial down payment of €10 million with additional milestone payments to be received by Loop as the project advances. Infinite Loop Europe, an entity to be owned 10% by Loop and 90% by Reed Societe Generale Group, was formed with the purpose of developing Infinite Loop™ manufacturing facilities in Europe. These initiatives represent key steps in implementing the Company's plan to deploy its proprietary depolymerization technology in global markets.

Background

Industry Background and Competitive Landscape

PET resin is primarily derived from fossil fuel-based monomers and is referred to as “virgin PET” when used for packaging and “virgin polyester” when used for fibers. PET is widely used in packaging, especially for beverage bottles and food containers, due to its excellent barrier properties, durability, and food safety profile. Virgin polyester fiber is also the dominant synthetic fiber in the textile industry, valued for its strength, durability, wrinkle resistance, and versatility in apparel, home furnishings, and industrial applications.

Despite growing regulatory and consumer pressure for sustainable alternatives, most of the PET and polyester fiber used globally today is still comprised of fossil fuel-based monomers. In many applications, virgin material is still preferred or required, either alone or blended with recycled content, in order to meet quality specifications. As a result, the global markets for both PET packaging and polyester fiber remain heavily dependent on fossil fuels, underscoring the need for scalable, cost-effective recycling technologies that can produce high-quality PET and polyester fiber from waste plastic.

Mechanical recycling is the most common method for recycling PET waste. This multi-step physical process transforms waste PET into reusable materials. The process begins with the collection of waste PET bottles and packaging through various systems, such as curbside programs and deposit returns. The waste is sorted at materials recovery facilities to separate PET from other plastics or materials, then compressed into bales.

The bales are broken down and the waste PET shredded into flakes after removal of contaminants like stones, sand, metals, labels, and bottle caps. These flakes undergo rigorous washing and cleaning stages, often using hot water and detergents, to remove dirt, adhesives, and residues. Separation techniques like flotation and air classification are then used to eliminate remaining impurities, and the flakes are dried. Next, the flakes may go through optical color sorting to produce rPET for higher value uses such as clear beverage bottles. The cleaned flakes are then melted at high temperatures, extruded, and cut into uniform pellets. For applications like food-grade packaging, the rPET pellets typically undergo further processing to ensure compliance with safety and quality standards for direct food contact.

We believe mechanically recycled PET faces significant challenges in meeting the quality specifications and increasing volume requirements driven by brand commitments and regulatory pressures. Impurities like labels, adhesives, and other types of plastic contained in the waste feedstock compromise the purity of the rPET. While sorting and cleaning technologies help, they are not always effective enough to produce consistently high-quality recycled material. Feedstock limitations also exist because certain PET products, such as colored or multi-layered packaging, are challenging to process mechanically while maintaining quality and consistency, leading to them being sent to landfill or incineration.

A key challenge in mechanical recycling is the degradation of PET’s physical properties with each recycling cycle. Processes like shredding, washing, and melting can break down polymer chains, reducing strength and clarity, often leading to “downcycling” where the rPET is limited to lower-value applications rather than being recycled back into bottles or food packaging. Due to the progressive degradation of material properties and the accumulation of impurities, PET can typically only be mechanically recycled a limited number of times before its quality is too poor for further processing or valuable applications. The quality of mechanically recycled PET can vary considerably and often require blending with virgin PET to meet performance standards. This inconsistency poses difficulties for manufacturers aiming to incorporate rPET into products, particularly for demanding applications like food packaging.

Mechanical recycling does not effectively handle polyester fiber waste. A substantial portion of polyester fiber waste consists of polyester blended with other fibers like cotton or spandex, which mechanical processes are largely ineffective at separating. Additionally, waste polyester fiber often contains dyes, finishes, and other chemicals that cannot be removed through mechanical recycling. Today, most recycled polyester on the market is produced from recycled PET bottles and packaging. A significant portion of PET bottles collected for recycling is diverted into polyester fiber production for textile applications, rather than being recycled back into new bottles.

We believe these inherent limitations of mechanical recycling further re-enforce the need for depolymerization technologies capable of processing a wider range of PET and polyester fiber waste while yielding high-quality material. Depolymerization is a process in which plastics are broken down into their base monomers through chemical reactions, rather than being physically melted down and reprocessed as in mechanical recycling.

Among existing depolymerization technologies, we believe that Loop’s process offers advantages in handling more contaminated feedstock and in its scalability, which differentiates it from other available methods. This belief is supported by available technical information and due diligence on Loop’s technology carried out by multiple industry sources. To our knowledge, other existing depolymerization technologies often require high temperatures and pressures, resulting in substantial energy consumption and potential unwanted chemical reactions which can reduce the yield and purity of the recovered monomers.

Infinite Loop™ Technology

Our depolymerization technology breaks down waste PET and polyester fiber into its base monomers DMT and MEG. The monomers are purified and then recombined into virgin quality PET resin suitable for use in food-grade packaging and polyester fiber made from 100% recycled content. Our depolymerization operates at low temperature with no added pressure which enables a wider range of PET and polyester fiber to be recycled. Our technology can recycle a wide range of waste PET plastic bottles and packaging of any color, transparency or condition, as well as polyester textiles such as carpet and clothing that contain dyes, additives, or other textiles blended into the fabrics. We believe that our ability to use contaminated feedstocks that other recycling methods cannot process is an important advantage of our technology.

Loop’s depolymerization technology has the potential to create a closed-loop system for PET plastic and polyester fiber waste, whereby they can be recycled an infinite number of times without degrading the quality of the material, unlike mechanical recycling. This is because the DMT and MEG monomers  are purified back to their original state prior to being repolymerized.

The Infinite Loop™ Technology is also designed to provide a solution for recycling polyester textile waste, regardless of color or contamination, into 100% recycled virgin-quality polyester. Loop branded polyester fiber can be seamlessly integrated into existing supply chains and manufacturing processes. This closed-loop approach aims to offer a sustainable alternative for the textile industry, addressing the growing issue of textile waste while maintaining high quality and performance.

Loop has been operating its Terrebonne Facility for the past five years producing DMT and MEG. The facility has been achieving consistent monomer recovery, demonstrating the effectiveness of our technology and supplying customers with virgin quality PET resin for packaging and polyester fiber for textiles.

Agreements with Reed Societe Generale Group

On December 12, 2024, the Company entered into an Amended and Restated Share Purchase Agreement (the “Amended Agreement”) with Reed Societe Generale Group, a European investment firm focused on high impact and technology-enabled infrastructure majority-owned by the bank Societe Generale. The Amended Agreement amends the original Share Purchase Agreement dated May 30, 2024 previously reported by the Company in a current report on Form 8-K filed on June 4, 2024. A joint entity, which under French Law is referred to as a simplified joint-stock company, was incorporated (“Infinite Loop Europe”), to be owned 90% by Reed Societe Generale Group and 10% by Loop, with the purpose of developing Infinite Loop™ manufacturing facilities in Europe. Pursuant to the Amended Agreement, the Company will enter into a Securityholders Agreement with RCE to establish the framework for the governance, ownership, and operations of Infinite Loop Europe.

On December 23, 2024, the Company received total cash proceeds of $20.8 million (€20.0 million) upon closing of the financing and licensing transactions contemplated by the Amended Agreement. The Company entered into a license agreement with RCE, acting on behalf of Infinite Loop Europe, granting a license to use Loop’s proprietary depolymerization technology for one facility within Europe. Pursuant to the terms of the license agreement, the Company received an initial upfront royalty payment of $10.4 million (€10.0 million), with additional milestone-based payments from Reed Societe Generale Group to follow. Additionally, the Company issued and sold 1,044,430 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series B CPS”) at $10.00 per share to Reed Circular Economy (“RCE”), an affiliate of Reed Societe Generale Group for cash proceeds of $10.4 million (€10.0 million).

Key terms of the Series B CPS include: 

We believe the licensing and financing transactions mark a pivotal step in Loop’s commercialization strategy, enabling the deployment of its patented recycling technology across Europe and supporting capital investment in cost-effective manufacturing regions, including its joint venture in India with strategic partner Ester. Proceeds from these transactions are being used to fund the India JV project and Loop’s operational cash flow needs.

We further believe the sale of our first license underscores the commercial readiness of Loop’s technology, which has been validated by five years of operations at its Terrebonne facility.

Under the agreed terms of the partnership with Reed Societe Generale Group, Loop retains the right to increase its equity stake in the European manufacturing facility, as well as potential future facilities, to a maximum of 50% for each facility. As the license is to build one Infinite Loop™ manufacturing facility in Europe, future facilities under this partnership would require the purchase of additional technology licenses from Loop.

Loop and Reed Societe Generale Group are actively assessing opportunities for the first Infinite Loop™ facility in Europe. Current activities include evaluating potential project locations, engaging with local and national governments to assess the availability of subsidies and incentives, and identifying potential strategic partners to support the execution of the project. In parallel, Loop is in the process of implementing a modular construction strategy, including the development of a standardized facility design and pre-fabrication approach aimed at reducing construction costs and timelines, with the objective of improving scalability for future projects across Europe and other regions with high construction costs.

Joint Venture with Ester

On May 1, 2024, Loop entered into an agreement with Ester, one of India’s leading manufacturers of polyester films and specialty polymers, to form a 50/50 India joint venture (“India JV”). The purpose of the India JV is to build and operate an Infinite Loop™ manufacturing facility in India which will produce 100% recycled Loop™ PET resin, using the Infinite Loop™ Technology, in order to meet growing demand from leading global brands in different sectors, including strong demand for textile-to-textile polyester fiber to enable circular fashion for apparel brands, a trend we have observed and anticipate to continue.

Loop and Ester have a well-established working relationship, with Ester producing Loop™ PET using monomers produced at Loop’s Terrebonne Facility for global brand companies over the last five years. The India JV intends to leverage the complementary skill sets of each partner by combining Loop’s innovative technology and global customer relationships with Ester’s nearly 40 years of specialized polymer production, operational proficiency, and local expertise, including sourcing of PET plastic and polyester fiber waste feedstocks. The India facility will leverage the Infinite Loop™ Technology and existing engineering package which should accelerate the lead-time towards groundbreaking.

The planned production capacity of the Infinite Loop™ India facility is 70,000 tons per year of Loop branded PET resin and polyester fiber.

We believe the India JV offers attractive projected economic returns without the need for substantial sustainability-linked premium pricing. Loop and Ester made the decision to incorporate a continuous polymerization line at the Infinite Loop™ India facility. By integrating polymerization assets within the Infinite Loop™ India facility, we expect improved efficiency and lower operating costs with a minimal impact on overall project cost.

Loop and Ester anticipate that the total funding required for the India JV for the purposes of construction, development and operationalization of the project, including the initial working capital requirements, will be financed by a combination of debt and equity capital. Ester and Loop are each contributing 50% of the equity capital of the India JV. As of February 28, 2025, Loop and Ester had each made total equity contributions of $1.9 million in cash to the India JV. The funds injected in the India JV are being used for preliminary project costs, which are mainly engineering fees.

Subject to the terms of the relevant governing documents, Ester will be the exclusive producer of specialty polymers for the India JV, and Loop will be the exclusive seller and marketing agent of the India JV’s products. Ester and Loop are working in collaboration on all financing activities for the India JV pursuant to the terms of the agreement.

The India JV will also enter into (i) a technology license agreement with Loop (the “Loop Technology License Agreement”), (ii) a service agreement with Ester, and (iii) a sales and marketing agreement with Loop, each on terms  mutually agreed upon by the parties. Pursuant to the Loop Technology License Agreement, the India JV will be granted an exclusive, subject to certain exceptions, license to exploit the Infinite Loop™ Technology in India at a royalty rate set forth in the Loop Technology License Agreement.

Loop has entered into an engineering services agreement with the India JV to provide engineering services and support the local engineering firm. This has resulted in Loop generating engineering services revenue of $0.4 million in the quarter ended February 28, 2025.

The development of the Infinite Loop™ India facility continues to progress towards groundbreaking. Following the completion of a detailed land study by an external engineering firm, the India JV partners have identified the Gujarat province of India as the optimal location for the facility based on several key requirements such as infrastructure, proximity to a seaport for exports, renewable energy for a reduction in CO2 emissions and proximity to waste PET and polyester feedstocks. Additionally, feedstock sourcing for the facility, of which there is abundant supply from textile waste in India, is well advanced.

Two globally recognized firms are currently executing two key mandates for the India JV. A leading global advisory firm is leading the debt syndication process, while a globally renowned engineering firm is performing the local engineering work, supported by Loop’s engineering team. Based on the engineering study completed in May 2025, the estimated total investment cost for the facility, including continuous polymerization, financing costs during construction and initial working capital requirements, is expected to be approximately $176 million. Groundbreaking for the Infinite Loop™ India facility is now expected to occur in the second half of calendar 2025, with commercial operations projected to commence in calendar 2027.

Recent Product Activations

Loop has collaborated with multiple customers and prospective customers in recent and upcoming launches for products and product packaging incorporating Loop^™ PET manufactured from monomers produced at the Terrebonne Facility. Most recently:

On February 23, 2025, Loop, Hyosung TNC (“Hyosung”), a complete sustainable textile solutions provider, and Pleatsmama, a sustainable fashion brand, announced a three-way collaboration to produce 100% recycled drawn textured yarn used in limited-edition handbags using Loop’s virgin-quality polyester produced using the Infinite Loop™ technology. Under this collaboration, Loop supplied 100% recycled, virgin-quality polyester chips, Hyosung transformed the Loop polyester chips into high-performance drawn textured yarn, and Pleatsmama crafted stylish, eco-friendly handbags emphasizing circular design principles.

Loop and On AG, the Swiss sportswear brand, collaborated to launch the Cloudeasy Cyclon shoe which was unveiled on May 21^st, 2024. The upper of the Cloudeasy shoe is crafted with 100% recycled and infinitely recyclable yarn, using monomers that were produced at our Terrebonne Facility with the Infinite Loop™ technology. On AG is the first footwear company to launch a shoe using the Infinite Loop™ technology which enables fiber-to-fiber recycling. The Cloudeasy Cyclon shoe is part of On AG’s monthly subscription service Cyclon™ where customers receive, wear, and then return Cylon™ products, which are then recycled.

Loop continues to pursue opportunities for new activations and marketing campaigns with additional consumer goods brand and apparel companies.

Termination of Partnership with SKGC

Effective January 14, 2025, Loop and SK Geo Centric (“SKGC”) have mutually agreed to terminate their joint venture agreement executed by the parties on April 27, 2023 to construct and operate an Infinite Loop™ manufacturing facility in Ulsan, South Korea. This joint decision reflected Loop’s strategy to focus capital deployment in low-cost jurisdictions and prioritize a licensing and engineering services model in higher cost countries, as well as a strategic restructuring and re-orientation within the SK Group.

Although SKGC continues to have the right to nominate a director on Loop’s Board of Directors (the “Board”), Mr. Jonghyuk Lee resigned from the Board on January 13, 2025 with immediate effect, due to a change in his role within the restructured SKGC organization.

Suspension of European partnership with Suez and SKGC

On September 10, 2020, we announced a strategic partnership with SUEZ Group (“Suez”), with the objective to build the first Infinite Loop™ manufacturing facility in Europe. On June 16, 2022, Loop, together with Suez and SKGC, announced that the three companies would become equal participants in the strategic partnership. The Company, Suez and SKGC have mutually agreed to suspend the project. Loop currently plans to deploy its technology in Europe through its partnership with Reed Societe Generale Group as discussed above.

Market Opportunity

In the past years, we have seen major consumer brands make significant commitments to close the loop on their plastic use by transitioning their packaging and textile applications to recyclable materials like PET, and by incorporating more recycled content into their products. We believe Loop™ PET resin and polyester fiber provides the ideal solution for these brands because it is recyclable and is made from 100% recycled PET and polyester fiber waste, while being virgin-quality and suitable for use in food-grade packaging, packaging applications in the pharmaceutical industry and polyester fiber.

Due to the commitments by large global consumer brands to incorporate more recycled content into their product packaging, the regulatory requirements for minimum recycled content in packaging imposed by governments, the virgin quality of Loop™ branded PET resin and its marketability to enhance the sustainability credentials of consumer brands that incorporate it, we believe we will be able to sell Loop™ branded PET resin at a premium price relative to virgin and mechanically recycled PET resin.

In 2023, global production of PET plastic and polyester fiber totaled an estimated 101 million metric tons. Supported by steady growth across the packaging and textile industries, total production volumes are expected to rise to approximately 135 million metric tons by 2032, reflecting a weighted average compound annual growth rate of 3.5%.

We believe plastic pollution and climate change continue to be the most persistently covered environmental issues by media and local and global environmental non-governmental organizations. Some of the main concerns associated with PET are the greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions associated with its production from non-renewable hydrocarbons and the length of time it persists in landfills and the natural environment. There is an increasing demand for action to address the global plastic crisis, as evidenced by the March 2022 endorsement by 175 nations of a historic resolution at the UN Environmental Assembly to end plastic pollution, which initiated the formation of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC), tasked with crafting a legally binding global treaty addressing the full lifecycle of plastics from production and design to disposal. In the last few years, governments in North America, Europe and Asia have been enacting and proposing laws and regulations mandating the use of minimum recycled content in packaging, which underlies the strength of this issue in the marketplace.

Consumer brands are actively addressing the challenges posed by plastic and polyester fiber waste. In recent years, many have made substantial commitments to advancing circularity by transitioning to recyclable packaging and products, while significantly increasing the use of recycled content in both materials and supply chains.

Global consumer packaged goods companies (“CPG companies”), apparel manufacturers, and retail brands have announced significant public commitments and targets to make the transition to a circular plastic economy, for example:

There is a growing regulatory and policy environment to encourage a reduction in the production of virgin fossil fuel-based plastic and for minimum recycled content in packaging imposed by various governments:

North America: 

Europe: 

Asia: 

The growing regulatory environment combined with global consumer goods companies, apparel manufacturers, and retail brand commitments for 2025 and beyond are expected to further increase the demand for rPET.

Closed-loop circularity and keeping materials within their own cycle (bottle-to-bottle and textile-to-textile) is gaining increasing attention as the focus on sustainability intensifies. Governments and regulators have considered or enacted heightened standards for recycled materials that discourage downcycling of bottles into polyester fiber. Additionally, it is becoming increasingly difficult to secure inventory of post-consumer bottles due to the increased demand from the bottle industry as they strive to achieve their own sustainability goals. A textile-to-textile recycling strategy addresses these problems and allows fashion brands and companies to secure volume and support the increasing demand of recycled polyester fiber in the textile industry.

The European Union is advancing a regulatory framework aimed at establishing a circular textile economy. Key measures include a prohibition on the destruction of unsold textiles, which has been enforced in France since 2022 and under consideration for EU-wide adoption by 2025, and a mandate for all member states to implement separate textile waste collection systems starting January 1, 2025 under the Waste Framework Directive. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) requirements are taking effect beginning in 2025, with full implementation anticipated by 2027. Further, the Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation (ESPR) will impose mandatory design standards focused on durability, recyclability, and minimum recycled content, alongside the introduction of Digital Product Passports for all textile products by 2030. In alignment with these developments, leading global brands are increasingly seeking to adopt textile-to-textile recycling technologies, which offer a compliant, closed-loop solution superior to mechanical recycling in both quality retention and scalability.

Commercialization Strategy

Our commercialization strategy to achieve global expansion of the Infinite Loop™ Technology is founded on a combination of direct investments with strategic partners to own and operate commercial facilities and the licensing of our technology.

The global expansion plan for our technology will allow our target customers, mostly comprised of apparel companies and CPG companies, to integrate Loop™ PET resin and polyester fiber into their products and packaging. As countries around the globe continue to impose sustainability targets and recycled content mandates, we observe that companies are increasingly seeking to incorporate sustainably produced materials into their products. Our market strategy is to assist global consumer goods and apparel companies in meeting these requirements as well as their own stated sustainability commitments by offering co-branded packaging or polyester fibers that are made with Loop 100% recycled, virgin-quality PET. We believe that Loop™ recycled PET resin and polyester fiber could command premium pricing over virgin, petroleum-based PET resin and provide attractive economic returns.

The Infinite Loop™ Technology is the key pillar of our commercialization strategy. We believe our technology is well positioned to respond to the global transition away from fossil fuels and petrochemicals and into the circular economy, where PET plastic and polyester fiber are produced by recycling waste polyester that would otherwise typically be destined for landfill or incineration, rather than relying on fossil-based resources.

We have completed our process design package for the Infinite Loop™ full-scale manufacturing facilities to be used as the base engineering platform for all future facilities. We believe this approach allows for quick execution, speed to market, and lends itself well to modular construction. The basic design package has a capacity of up to 70,000 tons of rDMT and 23,000 tons of rMEG, or 70,000 tons of Loop PET and polyester fiber output per year, subject to applicable site-specific permitting, site and regulatory considerations.

We are focused on direct investments in Infinite Loop™ commercial facilities located in low-cost manufacturing regions. By strategically selecting cost-efficient locations, we aim to optimize production costs and improve overall financial performance, while limiting our capital contributions.

This direct investment approach also includes leveraging partnerships to integrate Loop’s proprietary technology and sales and marketing expertise with the operational and construction capabilities of experienced partners. We believe this combination of complementary skill sets allows for more efficient project execution, accelerated market adoption, and scalable growth.

We expect that revenue generation from direct investments in commercial facilities will be driven by two key streams: (i) profits from the operation of commercial facilities, and (ii) royalties paid to Loop for licensing its technology and exclusive responsibility of sales and marketing. We believe these income sources will support long-term financial sustainability and growth.

This approach is currently being deployed through the Company’s 50/50 joint venture in India with Ester, which is advancing towards the construction of an Infinite Loop™ manufacturing facility. The facility’s planned production capacity is 70,000 tons per year of Loop branded PET resin and polyester fiber. The India JV intends to leverage the complementary skill sets of each partner by combining Loop’s innovative technology and global customer relationships with Ester’s nearly 40 years of specialized polymer production, operational proficiency, and local expertise, including sourcing of PET plastic and polyester fiber waste feedstocks. Loop will grant a royalty-bearing license to the India JV and will be the exclusive seller and marketing agent of the India JV’s products.

We also aim to accelerate the roll-out of the Infinite Loop™ technology through the sale of technology licenses for commercial facilities in which Loop may take limited or no ownership. We expect licensee-owned facilities to allow us to scale our technology efficiently, without requiring significant capital investment from Loop. Revenue generation through technology licensing is expected to come from a combination of up-front and recurring royalties.

This approach focused on licensing is currently being deployed in our European partnership with Reed Societe Generale Group. The Company sold its first technology license to Reed Societe Generale Group for one Infinite Loop™ manufacturing facility in Europe for an initial down payment of €10.0 million with additional milestone payments to be received by Loop as the project advances. Infinite Loop Europe was formed with the purpose of developing Infinite Loop™ manufacturing facilities in Europe to be owned 10% by Loop and 90% by Reed Societe Generale Group.

Additionally, we aim to generate income by providing engineering services throughout all phases of project development, construction, and startup for all Infinite Loop™ commercial facilities, supporting efficient project execution and creating a steady revenue stream prior to the startup of the facility.

Loop has entered into an engineering services agreement with the India JV to provide engineering services and support the completion of the engineering for the planned Infinite Loop™ manufacturing facility in India. This has resulted in Loop generating engineering services revenue of $0.4 million in the quarter ended February 28, 2025.

We are also in the process of implementing a modular construction strategy, in order to reduce overall capital expenditures and operating expenses, while improving project timelines and ensuring standardized design and quality, and providing a scalable solution for global expansion. This strategy envisages that we would manufacture plant modules in a low-cost country to be transported and assembled on site at global locations, and would potentially provide an additional income stream alongside returns from owned facilities and royalties.

The Company’s ability to move to the next stage of its strategic development, including the construction of manufacturing plants and the commercialization of its technology and products at scale, is dependent on, among other factors, its ability to obtain the necessary financing through a combination of the issuance of equity, project debt, and/or government incentive programs.

Proprietary Technology and Intellectual Property

We believe the power of the Infinite Loop™ technology lies in its ability to use post-industrial and post-consumer waste PET plastic and polyester fiber feedstocks, which could end up in landfills, rivers, oceans and natural areas, to create Loop^™ PET resin. We believe our technology can deliver high-purity profitable virgin-quality, 100% recycled PET resin suitable for use in food-grade packaging and polyester fiber.

The Infinite Loop™ technology is a methanolysis-based depolymerization technology that uses temperatures below 90 °C to depolymerize waste PET and polyester fiber. The low temperature offers several key advantages which the Company believes will improve its ability to commercialize our technology, including;

We believe that the Infinite Loop™ technology requires less energy and fewer resource inputs than conventional PET production processes. We also believe it is an environmentally sustainable method for producing virgin-quality food-grade PET plastic by decoupling PET manufacturing from the fossil fuel industry.

The Infinite Loop™ technology has been the subject of multiple due diligence exercises performed by independent experts mandated by third parties such as customers and strategic partners, which have all yielded positive results. Most recently, the Infinite Loop™ technology was validated by independent advisors hired by Reed Societe Generale Group, concurrent with their due diligence review performed in the context of the investment and technology licensing transactions closed in December 2024.

Also, our technology was validated in March 2023, when Loop and SKGC announced the successful completion of the technical due diligence conducted by SKGC. Key parameters of the Infinite Loop™ technology that were validated through SKGC’s comprehensive due diligence include the production yields, operational stability, quality of the output monomers and overall performance of Loop’s Terrebonne Facility. The technical due diligence validated that the PET resin and polyester fiber produced using Loop’s technology is of virgin quality.

As part of our intellectual property and commercialization strategy, we aim to expand the global deployment of the Infinite Loop™ technology through royalty-bearing licensing arrangements, allowing partners to establish and operate manufacturing facilities using our proprietary technology, while we retain full ownership of the underlying intellectual property, including any improvements. As demonstrated by the licensing agreement we entered into in December 2024 for our European joint venture with Reed Societe Generale Group, we plan to structure these arrangements to generate revenue through a combination of upfront fees and potential ongoing royalties, with licensees typically being granted a non-transferable, facility-specific license, and sublicensing permitted only under defined conditions and subject to our oversight. However, specific terms of each arrangement may vary depending on the negotiations in each transaction. This licensing model is a key component of our strategy to scale our technology efficiently and with limited capital investment, as further described under “Commercialization Strategy” in Item 1. Business.

To protect our technology and intellectual property rights, we rely on a combination of patents, trademarks, trade secrets, confidentiality agreements and provisions as well as other contractual provisions to protect our proprietary rights, which are primarily our patents, brand names, product designs and marks.

The Infinite Loop™ technology portfolio currently consists of four patent families:

Loop owns registrations for its trademarks in Cambodia, Canada, China, the European Union, Japan, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, Vietnam, and the U.S. Loop also has pending applications in South Korea and the U.S.

Government Regulation and Approvals

As we seek to further develop and commercialize our technology, we will be subject to extensive and frequently developing federal, state, provincial and local laws and regulations in the jurisdictions we operate or plan to operate. Compliance with current and future regulations, including those relating to chemical handling, environmental protection, and health and safety standards applicable to the operation of our Terrebonne Facility, as well as food packaging regulations applicable to our products, could increase our operational costs.  As we continue to enter into joint venture, licensing, financing, and service or product provision agreements with partners globally, currently focused primarily in the European Union and Asia, we will be subject to additional jurisdiction-specific requirements that may affect our existing and planned construction, manufacturing, licensing, and commercialization activities.

Our operations require various governmental permits and approvals. We need to maintain existing permits and obtain new ones required to support the operation and expansion of our business; however, any of these permits or approvals may be subject to denial, revocation or modification under various circumstances. Failure to obtain or comply with the conditions of permits and approvals or to have the necessary approvals in place may adversely affect our operations and may subject us to penalties. See “Risk Factors” below for additional information.

We believe that if we are successful in addressing food packaging regulations in various countries and economic regions, the regulatory environment may provide Loop^™ PET resin a competitive advantage relative to mechanically recycled alternative resins and virgin PET. Below is a summary of the certifications and regulatory confirmations we have obtained.

Loop’s PET resin was subjected to independent testing by an external and certified laboratory, which confirmed the PET complies with FDA Regulation 21 CFR § 177.1630 on August 26, 2021, as well as EU Commission Regulation No 10/2011 on July 27, 2021. These results attest that Loop’s PET is safe for use in food-contact applications, including but not limited to bottled water, carbonated drinks and food trays. Demonstration of compliance with food-contact requirements follows the No Objection Letter (“NOL”) from the FDA previously granted to Loop in March 2021. The NOL confirms that Loop’s monomers can produce PET of a purity suitable for food-contact use, provided it meets the applicable requirements of Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations. The monomers used in the PET resin submitted for testing were produced at the Terrebonne Facility.

We have received from the European Chemicals Agency a confirmation of registration for our MEG on November 17, 2020, and for our DMT on December 7, 2020. The registration under the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (“REACH”) Regulation (EC 1907/2006) confirms that our monomers are of a purity equal to what is currently recognized within Europe and entitles us to manufacture/import the monomers into Europe. It should be noted that MEG and DMT are on the positive list for plastic materials, which means that the two monomers can be used as food contact materials.

On August 31, 2021, Loop also received a NOL from Health Canada, which states that the PET produced by Loop’s recycling process is suitable for use in the manufacture of water bottles and articles for contact with all food types under all conditions of use.

On December 13, 2023, Loop announced that its Loop^™ branded PET resin has been tested and is compliant for use in packaging applications in the pharmaceutical industry. The rigorous requirements and standards outlined by the United States Pharmacopeia (USP <661.1>, Plastic Materials of Construction) and the European Pharmacopeia (Ph.Eur. 3.1.15, Polyethylene Terephthalate for Containers for Preparations not for Parenteral Uses) ensure that materials used in pharmaceutical packaging maintain the highest levels of integrity and do not compromise the safety and efficacy of the enclosed products. Test results executed by a worldwide leader in laboratory testing services confirm that Loop’s PET resin has successfully met these requirements, opening new possibilities for sustainable packaging solutions in the pharmaceutical industry.

Additional Information

Human Capital

Our employees are essential to our success, and we are committed to providing a safe, productive, discrimination-free and harassment-free work environment. All employees are responsible for compliance with our Code of Ethics as well as our health and safety, and anti-harassment policies. These policies and practices help us foster a workplace environment that promotes inclusion and diversity.

To attract and retain highly capable and innovative employees, we have developed competitive compensation packages and benefits programs. Our compensation packages include market-competitive pay, healthcare benefits, paid time off and family leave. We also offer equity awards with multi-year vesting provisions to incentivize and reward certain employees for long-term corporate performance and promote retention throughout the vesting period.

As of February 28, 2025, we had 49 employees of which 20 work in research and development, 18 in engineering and operations, and 11 in administrative functions. 

Corporate History

We were originally incorporated under the name Radikal Phones Inc. in Nevada in March 2010. Loop Holdings, Inc. (“Loop Holdings”) was originally incorporated in Nevada in October 2014. In June 2015 we completed a reverse acquisition of Loop Holdings and the depolymerization business of Loop Holdings became our sole operating business. In July 2015 we changed our name to Loop Industries, Inc.

On November 20, 2017, Loop Industries, Inc. commenced trading on the Nasdaq Global Market under the trading symbol, “LOOP.”

Corporate Information

Our principal executive offices are located at 480 Fernand-Poitras Street, Terrebonne, Québec, Canada J6Y 1Y4. Our telephone number is (450) 951-8555.

Available Information

Our website is www.loopindustries.com, and our investor relations web page can be found at https://loopindustries.com/investors/overview/. Copies of our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to these reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), are available, free of charge, on our investor relations website as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such material electronically with or furnish it to the SEC. The SEC also maintains a website that contains our SEC filings. The address of the site is www.sec.gov. The information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website shall not be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Exchange Act.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider the risks described below together with all of the other information included in this Form 10-K before making an investment decision with regard to our securities. The statements contained in or incorporated herein that are not historic facts are forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those set forth in or implied by forward-looking statements. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be harmed. In that case, you may lose all or part of your investment.

RISKS RELATING TO OUR BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY

We have incurred net losses since inception. We expect to continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future and may never achieve or maintain profitability.

Since our inception in 2010, we have incurred net losses. Our net loss for the year ended February 28, 2025 was $15.1 million and we have earned limited revenues to date. We have financed our operations primarily through sales of capital stock and incurrence of debt and have devoted substantial efforts to research and development, process engineering, as well as building our team and business partnerships. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future, and our net losses may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter. Although we believe that our business plan has significant profit potential, there is no assurance that we will attain profitable operations or that management will succeed in realizing our business objectives.

Our ability to generate revenue at scale depends on the successful commercialization of our technology and products, including the scale-up of our technology, obtaining and maintaining necessary regulatory approvals, attracting additional partners and customers, and securing financing to build and operate commercial facilities. With the development of our core technology substantially complete, our ability to advance to the next stage, including constructing manufacturing plants and commercializing our products at scale, is dependent on our ability to secure financing through a combination of debt, equity, joint ventures, government incentives, and/or customer contributions.

We expect to continue incurring operating losses, as our revenues are not yet sufficient to offset the costs of our business operations. While we have begun generating revenue, including a €10.0 million upfront licensing fee under our transactions with Reed and $0.4 million in engineering services revenue from our India JV in the quarter ended February 28, 2025, we may not generate material revenues from licensing or product sales for several years. If we are not able to develop our business as anticipated, the revenues we generate may not be sufficient to support our operations or achieve profitability. There can be no assurance that we will successfully generate sufficient revenues in the future, and failure to do so would prevent us from earning profits or continuing operations.

We may not be able to execute our business plan or stay in business without additional funding.

Our ability to successfully commercialize our business and generate future revenues depends on whether we can obtain the necessary financing to implement our business plan, on acceptable terms. We will require additional financing through a combination of the issuance of debt, equity, and/or joint ventures and/or government incentive programs in order to establish profitable operations, and such financing may not be forthcoming. We are pursuing financial incentives and financing for our proposed projects with several countries through multiple programs that involve various branches of government. There is no assurance that we will be able to attract government incentives and financing to our projects or investors to invest in our business, or acquire additional financing through debt or equity markets. Our failure to secure additional financing on acceptable terms when it becomes required would have an adverse effect on our ability to execute our business plan or remain in business.

Conditions in the financial markets and economic conditions in general may adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital, execute our business plan or remain in business.

The business environment in which we operate has been impacted by the effects of worldwide macroeconomic uncertainty. Economic activity improved slightly during 2024; however, economic concerns remain as a result of the cumulative weight of uncertainty regarding the economic conditions in the United States, where our securities are listed and in foreign countries, including global political hostilities and other financial disruptions. The imposition of broad tariffs by the United States in April 2025 has contributed to global market volatility. These protectionist measures have intensified trade tensions and heightened economic uncertainty, which may adversely impact investor confidence and constrain the availability of capital.  Inflationary pressures have persisted and may continue to rise, driven by supply-demand imbalances, ongoing supply chain disruptions, and broader pricing pressures. The near-term outlook for global markets remains uncertain, and strategic risks, including potentially rising interest rates and sluggish economic growth, continue to pose challenges to many business models.

It is difficult to predict the extent to which these challenging economic conditions will persist or whether recent progress in the economic recovery will instead shift to the potential for further decline. We are not directly affected by U.S. tariff policies, given the nature of our current business, including the fact that our principal operations are based in Canada and that the joint ventures we are focused on establishing and expanding are with non-U.S. partners. However, while we have begun to generate some revenue, our ability to scale operations and achieve profitability depends on continued access to external capital and execution of our business plan. If macroeconomic conditions worsen affecting market demand for our technology and products, and if capital becomes less available, it is uncertain how our business would be affected or whether we could successfully mitigate those impacts. Accordingly, these factors in the global economy could have an adverse effect on our ability to raise additional capital, execute our business plan or remain in business.

Our technology may not be successful in developing commercial products.

We and our collaborators may spend many years and dedicate significant financial and other resources to developing our technology that may never be successfully commercialized at scale. Our technology may never achieve widespread commercial success for, among others, any of the following reasons:

If any of these things were to occur, it could have an adverse effect on our ability to raise additional capital, execute our business plan, or remain in business.

We face business risks due to our relationships with strategic partners and other factors that may affect our joint venture endeavors.

We rely on our strategic partner relationships for the scaling, manufacturing and commercialization of our technology. We have arrangements with Ester and Reed Societe Generale Group to commercially scale our technology in India and Europe, respectively. Termination of any of these agreements could have an adverse effect on our business. Although we have not received any indication from our strategic partners of an intent to terminate and we expect these relationships to continue progressing, we cannot guarantee that our partners will not exercise their applicable termination rights, which are outside our control, or that other unforeseen factors will not affect the continuation of these collaborations.

There are various reasons, whether operational, strategic, or external, that could lead either us or our partners to determine not to proceed with a joint venture project. For example, we and our partner SKGC mutually agreed in January 2025 to terminate our joint venture agreement to build an Infinite Loop™ facility in South Korea. This decision reflected our shift in strategy to focus on capital deployment in lower-cost jurisdictions and emphasized licensing and engineering services in higher-cost regions, while SKGC underwent a broader strategic restructuring. Similarly, a planned European partnership with SUEZ and SKGC was suspended in 2022 after the parties determined not to proceed. These decisions, while strategic, resulted in the suspension or winding down of planning efforts with associated sunk costs.

Joint ventures and strategic partnerships require significant time, financial investment, and management attention during early-stage planning, engineering, and feasibility activities, all of which may be incurred before a final investment decision is made. If a joint venture is suspended or terminated prior to commercialization, we may be unable to recover these investments. Moreover, strategic shifts by partners, changes in market or regulatory conditions, misalignment of commercial priorities, or challenges in achieving project economics could impact the long-term viability and expected benefits of such arrangements. Any failure of our strategic partners or us to meet our required commitments, whether financial or otherwise, could result in a termination of such agreements as described above, operational issues, increased expenditures, or damage to our reputation or loss of clients or customers, any of which could adversely affect our business and operations, financial performance, or prospects.

 If we are unable to successfully scale our manufacturing processes, we may not meet customer demand.

To be successful, we will need to scale our manufacturing processes in a cost-effective manner while maintaining high product quality and reliability. If we cannot maintain high product quality at a large scale and with an acceptable cost structure, our business will be adversely affected. We may encounter difficulties in scaling up production, including problems with the supply of key components, cost over-run, or quality control. Even if we are successful in developing our manufacturing capability including through joint ventures, we do not know whether we will do so quickly and efficiently enough to satisfy the requirements of our customers. Our current manufacturing facility is a small-scale plant with limited production capacity used principally for research and development, training, and customer marketing purposes. In order to fully implement our business plan, we will need to scale the operations to a larger industrial commercial facility, develop strategic partnerships, or find other means to produce greater volumes of finished product with cost efficiency. We, however, have not yet tested our technology at the scale that will be required for large commercial use nor at a scale and cost structure sufficient to conclude the commercial success of our technology.  

Disruption at, damage to, or destruction of our Terrebonne Facility could impede our ability to continue innovating and refining our technological process, and supporting our commercial projects, which would harm our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Our research and development activities are performed from a single location in Terrebonne, Québec. Our continued innovation activities rely on an uninterrupted and fully functioning plant. In addition to supporting innovation and process optimization, the Terrebonne Facility also serves as a technical reference point for our plans to deploy modular construction in lower-cost jurisdictions. Interruptions in operations at this location could result in our inability to provide the most efficient and effective technological solution to our partners and customers, as well as hinder continued validation of our technology. A number of factors could cause interruptions, including, but not limited to, equipment malfunctions or failures, technology malfunctions, work stoppages or slow-downs, damage to or destruction of the facility, or regional power shortages. As our equipment ages, it will need to be replaced. Any disruption that impedes our ability to optimize our process and provide support for our commercial projects in a timely manner could reduce our revenues and materially harm our business. Additionally, the repair or replacement of critical equipment, and the restoration of operations at the Terrebonne Facility if a disruption occurs, could result in substantial costs, operational delays, and the diversion of management’s time and resources.

Our joint venture with Ester to construct and operate a manufacturing facility in India involves significant risks, and any delays or disruptions could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and prospects.

We are currently advancing a joint venture with Ester to construct the Infinite Loop™ India manufacturing facility, which is expected to produce approximately 70,000 tons per year of Loop branded PET resin and polyester fiber. This project is in the early stages of development, with groundbreaking expected in the second half of calendar 2025 and commercial operations projected to begin in calendar 2027. The total initial funding requirement is estimated at approximately $176 million and is expected to be financed through a combination of debt and equity capital. The success of the facility depends on a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control.

Risks related to this joint venture and facility construction include, but are not limited to:

Although we and Ester have a well-established working relationship and have made initial equity contributions to support engineering work, the facility remains in the pre-construction phase. If we or our joint venture partner are unable to meet our respective obligations, secure financing, or complete the facility as planned, our commercialization strategy could be delayed, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We may not realize the expected benefits and may face risks associated with our licensing arrangements, and our ability to continue to generate significant revenue from technology licensing may be limited or delayed.

A key component of our commercialization strategy is the licensing of our proprietary depolymerization technology to third parties for the development and operation of Infinite Loop™ manufacturing facilities. Under the License Agreement entered with RCE, acting on behalf of Infinite Loop Europe SAS, we granted a non-transferable, royalty-bearing license to use our technology at a single facility in Europe, with the possibility of sublicensing to a third-party operator under certain conditions. While the agreement includes an upfront €10.0 million upfront licensing fee payment and provides for additional royalty payments upon satisfaction of certain conditions, future revenues are dependent on Infinite Loop Europe SAS’s ability and willingness to proceed with facility construction and commercialization activities.

Our ability to scale this model and generate meaningful revenue from licensing depends on a number of uncertain factors, including the relevant joint venture’s progress in executing the project, satisfaction of conditions that trigger payments, and our ability to enter into new license agreements with additional partners or for new facilities.

If a joint venture project is delayed, canceled, or otherwise fails to meet commercial expectations, or if we are unable to enter into additional license agreements on favorable terms, our ability to generate recurring revenue from licensing may be adversely affected. Furthermore, any termination of existing or future licensing agreements due to breach, failure to meet payment obligations, or other triggering events could materially impact our revenue streams and strategic growth plans.  There can be no assurance that our licensing model will be adopted at scale or that it will result in meaningful or sustained revenue.

Licensing arrangements also present legal and operational risks, including challenges in protecting our intellectual property, especially as our technology is deployed in multiple jurisdictions with differing enforcement standards. While we retain ownership of our technology and all related intellectual property rights under our license agreements, we rely on licensees to comply with confidentiality and use restrictions and to notify us of any potential infringement or misuse. Failure by a licensee to adequately safeguard our intellectual property or unauthorized use or disclosure of our proprietary technology could compromise our competitive advantage. In addition, sublicensing rights, where permitted, may create added complexity and limit our direct oversight over third-party operators.

We operate in a highly competitive and rapidly evolving industry, and increased competition or technological advances could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The plastics manufacturing industry is extremely price-competitive because of the commodity-like nature of virgin PET resin, and its correlation to the price of crude oil. If our cost to manufacture rPET is not competitive with virgin PET, or if the price of oil decreases significantly, it may adversely impact our ability to penetrate the market or be profitable.

The demand for rPET has historically fluctuated with the price of crude oil. Recent volatility in global financial markets and a resulting decline in oil prices have increased uncertainty in the pricing dynamics of the plastics industry.  If crude oil prices decline, the cost to manufacture rPET may become comparatively higher than the cost to manufacture virgin alternatives. This could reduce demand for recycled alternatives if customers prioritize cost over sustainability. Our ability to penetrate the market will depend in part on the cost of manufacturing of our products, and if we do not successfully distinguish our products from those of virgin manufacturers our entry into the market and our ability to secure customer contracts can be adversely affected.

In addition, we operate in a highly competitive market that is attracting increased interest from both industrial and environmental stakeholders, which may lead to greater competition, particularly from new entrants promoting circular economy solutions. The development of competing recycling technologies, especially those based on chemical depolymerization processes, has gained momentum in recent years and may benefit from greater financial, technical, or operational resources. While we believe our depolymerization process offers advantages in handling more contaminated feedstock and in its scalability, which is expected to differentiate it from other available methods, there can be no assurance that technically, environmentally, or economically superior solutions will not be developed and brought to market. If competing technologies offer better performance, cost advantages, or gain greater customer or regulatory acceptance, our competitive position could be materially impacted, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

We are vulnerable to fluctuations in the supply and price of raw materials.

We purchase raw materials and packaging supplies from several sources. While all such materials are available from independent suppliers, raw materials are subject to fluctuations in price and availability attributable to a number of factors, including general economic conditions, commodity price fluctuations, the demand by other industries for the same raw materials, and the availability of complementary and substitute materials. The profitability of our business also depends on the availability and proximity of these raw materials to our factories. The choice of raw materials to be used at our facility is determined primarily by the price and availability, yield loss of lower quality raw materials, and the capabilities of the producer’s production facility. Additionally, the cost of transportation could favor suppliers located in close proximity to our factories. If the quality of these raw materials is lower, the quality of our product may suffer. Economic and financial factors could impact our suppliers, thereby causing supply shortages. Increases in raw material costs could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations. Our feedstock supply strategy, including any hedging procedures, may be insufficient, and our results could be materially impacted if costs of materials increase.

The loss of the services of Mr. Daniel Solomita, our President and Chief Executive Officer, and Chairman of the Board of Directors, or our failure to timely identify and retain competent personnel could negatively impact our ability to develop our business.

The development of our business and the marketing of our products will continue to place a significant strain on our limited personnel, management, and other resources. Our future success depends upon the continued services of our executive officers who are developing our business, and on our ability to identify and retain competent consultants and employees with the skills required to execute our business objectives. The loss of the services of Mr. Daniel Solomita or our failure to timely identify and retain competent personnel could negatively impact our ability to develop our business, which could adversely affect our financial results and impair our growth plans.

We are subject to certain risks related to litigation filed by or against us and investigations we are subject to, and adverse results may harm our business.

We cannot predict with certainty the cost of defense, of prosecution, or of the ultimate outcome of litigation, investigations and other proceedings filed by or against us or individuals to whom we may have indemnity and/or advancement obligations, including penalties or other civil or criminal sanctions, or remedies or damage awards, and adverse results in any litigation and other proceedings may materially harm our business, including the subpoena we received from the SEC in October 2020 requesting certain information regarding testing, testing results and details of results from our GEN I and GEN II technologies and certain of our partnerships and agreements. In March 2022, we received a subpoena requesting additional information, including information concerning our reverse-merger in 2015, and communications with certain individuals and entities. There have been no further information requests relating to the Company’s business or technology. Litigation and other proceedings may include, but are not limited to, actions relating to intellectual property, international trade, commercial arrangements, product liability, environmental, health and safety, joint venture agreements, labor and employment, or other harms resulting from the actions of individuals or entities outside of our control. In the case of intellectual property litigation and proceedings, adverse outcomes could include the cancellation, invalidation or other loss of material intellectual property rights used in our business and injunctions prohibiting our use of business processes or technology that are subject to third-party patents or other third-party intellectual property rights. We expect to continue to incur legal fees in relation to litigation, investigations and other proceedings.

We are subject to an SEC Investigation which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operation, cash flows and reputation.

As described in “Item 3. Legal Proceedings—SEC Investigation,” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the SEC in October 2020 requested certain information regarding testing, testing results and details of results from our GEN I and GEN II technologies and certain of our partnerships and agreements. In March 2022, we received a subpoena requesting additional information, including information concerning our reverse-merger in 2015, and communications with certain individuals and entities. There have been no further information requests relating to the Company’s business or technology. We cannot predict or provide any assurance as to the timing, outcome or consequences of the SEC investigation. If the SEC were to conclude that enforcement action is appropriate, we could be required to pay civil penalties and fines, and the SEC could impose other sanctions against us or against our current and former officers and directors. We have incurred, and may continue to incur, significant expenses related to legal and other professional services in connection with matters relating to or arising from the SEC investigation. In addition, our Board of Directors, management, and employees may expend a substantial amount of time on the SEC investigation, diverting resources and attention that would otherwise be directed toward our operations and implementation of our business strategy, all of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Furthermore, while the SEC has informed us that the investigation should not be construed as an indication by the SEC or its staff that any violation of law has occurred, nor as a reflection upon any person, entity or security, publicity surrounding the foregoing, or any SEC enforcement action or settlement as a result of the SEC’s investigation, even if ultimately resolved favorably for us, could have an adverse impact on our reputation, business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Our Terrebonne Facility or other planned facilities must operate under policies, procedures, and controls for the operation of a chemical manufacturing facility as required under various federal, provincial and local regulations and codes. Failure to comply with such regulations and codes may lead to disruption of operations at the Terrebonne Facility or other planned facilities and the development of our technology, and financial sanctions.

We are subject to health and safety as well as environmental, zoning and any other regulatory requirements to operate our Terrebonne Facility and our other planned facilities, and as our business evolves, we, directly or indirectly through our partners or other related parties, may be subject to additional government regulations. Any failure to comply with ongoing regulatory requirements, as well as discovery of previously unknown problems, may result in, among other things, costly regulatory inspections, fines or remediation plans. If regulatory issues arise, the value of our business and our operating results may be adversely affected.

Additionally, applicable regulations may change, and additional government regulations may be enacted that could impact our business. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature, or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in Canada or in other jurisdictions where we or our partners will operate manufacturing facilities. If we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, are slow or unable to adopt new requirements or policies, or effect changes to existing requirements, our business may be adversely affected.

Our failure to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technology may significantly impair our competitive advantage.

Our success and ability to compete depend in large part upon protecting our proprietary technology. We rely on a combination of patent, trademark and trade secret protection, confidentiality, nondisclosure and non-use agreements to protect our proprietary rights. As we expand our business through licensing and joint venture arrangements, our intellectual property is increasingly exposed to third-party use and international enforcement environments.

The steps we have taken may not be sufficient to prevent the misappropriation of our intellectual property, particularly in foreign countries where the laws may not protect our proprietary rights as fully as in the United States or Canada. Moreover, as we allow third-party partners to access and implement our technology under license or through engineering collaboration, we rely on contractual safeguards and partner cooperation to ensure appropriate protection and restricted use of our intellectual property. Even with these measures in place, there is a risk that partners, sublicensees, contractors, or others may misappropriate our trade secrets or reverse-engineer our technology, knowingly or inadvertently, which could compromise our competitive position.

The patent and trademark law and trade secret protection may not be adequate to deter third party infringement or misappropriation of our patents, trademarks and similar proprietary rights. If we are unable to adequately protect our intellectual property or enforce our rights, our ability to generate licensing revenue, maintain strategic control over our technology, and preserve long-term value may be materially impaired. Additionally, we may be required to expend significant time and resources to monitor compliance, enforce our rights, or defend against claims of infringement, any of which could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

We may face costly intellectual property infringement claims, the result of which would decrease the amount of cash available to operate and complete our business plan.

We anticipate that, from time to time, we will receive communications from third parties asserting that we are infringing certain patents and other intellectual property rights of others or seeking indemnification against alleged infringement. If anticipated claims arise, we will evaluate their merits. Any claims of infringement brought forth by third parties could result in protracted and costly litigation, damages for infringement, and the necessity of obtaining a license relating to one or more of our products or current or future technologies, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Litigation, which could result in substantial costs to us and diversion of our resources, may be necessary to enforce our patents or other intellectual property rights or to defend us against claimed infringement of the rights of others. Any intellectual property litigation and the failure to obtain necessary licenses or other rights could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. 

We rely in part on trade secrets to protect our technology, and our failure to obtain or maintain trade secret protection could harm our business.

We rely on trade secrets to protect some of our technology and proprietary information, especially where we believe patent protection is not appropriate or obtainable. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. Litigating a claim that a third party had illegally obtained and used our trade secrets would be expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome would be unpredictable. Moreover, if our competitors independently develop similar knowledge, methods and know-how, it will be difficult for us to enforce our rights and our business could be harmed.

If our information technology systems or data, or those of third parties upon which we rely, are or were compromised, we could experience material adverse effects on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Cyberattacks, malicious internet-based activity, and online and offline fraud are prevalent and continue to increase. These threats are becoming increasingly difficult to detect and pose a risk to the security of our systems and networks and the confidentiality, availability and integrity of data. Disruptions or failures in the physical infrastructure or operating systems that support our business, suppliers and other partners, or cyber-attacks or security breaches of our networks or systems or of third party suppliers and service providers, could result in the loss of customers and business opportunities, lawsuits, regulatory fines, penalties or intervention, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensatory costs, and additional compliance costs, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Increasing costs associated with cybersecurity protections may be costly and may also adversely affect our financial condition. While we attempt to mitigate these risks, our systems, data, networks, products, and technology remain potentially vulnerable to advanced and persistent cybersecurity threats.

In the ordinary course of our business, we may process proprietary, confidential, and sensitive data, including personal data, intellectual property, and trade secrets (collectively, sensitive information), that is subject to privacy and security laws and regulations. Despite our efforts to protect sensitive information, our facilities and systems, business partners, suppliers and third-party service providers may be vulnerable to cybersecurity incidents, theft, misplaced or loss of data, programming and/or human errors that could lead to the compromise of sensitive, confidential or personal data or information or unauthorized use or disruption of our systems and software.

While we have implemented security measures designed to protect against security incidents, there can be no assurance that these measures will be effective. We take steps to detect and remediate vulnerabilities, but we may not be able to detect and remediate all vulnerabilities because the threats and techniques used to exploit such vulnerabilities change frequently and are often sophisticated in nature. Therefore, such vulnerabilities could be exploited but may not be detected until after a security incident has occurred. These vulnerabilities pose material risks to our business.

Despite our efforts to identify and remediate vulnerabilities, if any, in our information technology systems, our efforts may not be successful. Further, we may experience delays in developing and deploying remedial measures designed to address any such identified vulnerabilities. Applicable data privacy and security obligations may require us to notify relevant stakeholders of security incidents. Such disclosures are costly, and the disclosures or the failure to comply with such requirements could lead to adverse consequences.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial condition or results of operations, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and the price of our common stock.

We are required to evaluate our internal control over financial reporting under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Section 404”). Section 404 requires us to include an internal control report with our Annual Report on Form 10-K. This report must include management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as at the end of the fiscal year. This report must also include disclosure of any material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting that we have identified. 

The process of designing and implementing internal control over financial reporting required to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act is time consuming, costly and complex. If, during the evaluation and testing process, we identify one or more material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting or determine that existing material weaknesses have not been remediated, our management will be unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective. Even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm may conclude that there are material weaknesses with respect to our internal controls or the level at which our internal controls are documented, designed, implemented or reviewed. As we remain a Smaller Reporting Company, our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. However, pursuant to Section 404, in the future, we may be required to furnish an attestation on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. Despite our efforts, our independent registered public accounting firm may determine we have a material weakness or significant deficiency in our internal controls over financial reporting once such firm begins its Section 404 reviews in the future. If we are unable to assert that our internal controls over financial reporting are effective, or when required in the future, if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting as required by Section 404, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our common stock could be adversely affected and we could become subject to litigation or investigations by the stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources.

We are subject to risks associated with currency fluctuations, and changes in foreign currency exchange rates could impact our results of operations.

We operate mainly through two entities, Loop Industries, Inc., which is a Nevada corporation and has a U.S. dollar functional currency, and our wholly-owned subsidiary, Loop Canada Inc. (“Loop Canada”), which is based in Terrebonne, Québec, Canada and has a Canadian dollar functional currency. Our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar.

We mainly finance our operations through the sale and issuance of shares of common stock of Loop Industries, Inc. in U.S. dollars while our operations are concentrated in our wholly-owned subsidiary, Loop Canada. Accordingly, we are exposed to foreign exchange risk as we maintain bank accounts in U.S. dollars and a significant portion of our operational costs (including payroll, site costs, costs of locally sourced supplies, and income taxes) are denominated in Canadian dollars.

Significant fluctuations in U.S. dollar to Canadian dollar exchange rates could materially affect our result of operations, cash position and funding requirements. In addition, as we expand internationally through joint ventures and other arrangements, including agreements entered into with strategic partners in Europe and India, we expect to become subject to additional foreign exchange risks related to local currencies, contract payments, and operating costs in other jurisdictions. Volatility in these regions could impact the financial performance of our joint ventures, the timing and value of payments, and the funding requirements of our global commercialization strategy. To the extent that fluctuations in currency exchange rates cause our results of operations to differ materially from our expectations or the expectations of our investors, the trading price of our common stock could be adversely affected.

From time to time, we may engage in exchange rate hedging activities in an effort to mitigate the impact of exchange rate fluctuations. As part of our risk management program, we may enter into foreign exchange forward contracts to lock in the exchange rates for future foreign currency transactions, which is intended to reduce the variability of our operating costs and future cash flows denominated in currencies that differ from our functional currencies. We do not enter into these contracts for trading purposes or speculation, and our management believes all such contracts are entered into as hedges of underlying transactions. Nonetheless, these instruments involve costs and have risks of their own in the form of transaction costs, credit requirements and counterparty risk. If our hedging program is not successful, or if we change our hedging activities in the future, we may experience significant unexpected expenses from fluctuations in exchange rates. Any hedging technique we implement may fail to be effective. If our hedging activities are not effective, changes in currency exchange rates may have a more significant impact on the trading price of our common stock.

We are subject to extensive and evolving domestic and global legal and regulatory requirements, and failure to obtain or maintain necessary approvals and comply with applicable laws could adversely affect our ability to commercialize our technology and operate our business.

As part of our commercialization strategy, we plan to expand the deployment of our proprietary Infinite Loop™ technology globally through a mix of owned facilities, joint ventures, licensing arrangements, and engineering services. This exposes us to a broad range of legal and regulatory regimes, including those related to environmental protection, chemical handling, health and safety, food and pharmaceutical packaging, land use, and foreign investment.

Our operations in Canada, including our Terrebonne Facility, are subject to federal and provincial regulations with which we are required to comply. While we have obtained relevant certifications for food and pharmaceutical packaging materials in Canada, the U.S., and the EU, maintaining these approvals requires ongoing compliance and may be affected by changes in laws or regulatory interpretations. As we expand internationally, including through current joint ventures in India and Europe, we will encounter additional permitting, compliance, and operational risks that vary by jurisdiction. Delays or failures in obtaining required approvals, or changes in regulatory requirements, could impact project timelines, increase costs, or limit our ability to operate. In addition, our reliance on third-party partners under licensing and joint venture structures adds complexity to compliance, particularly in jurisdictions with less predictable legal enforcement.  Failure to obtain or maintain required permits and approvals, or to ensure compliance by our partners, could result in penalties, project delays, increased costs, reputational damage, or other adverse effects on our business and financial condition.

RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH OUR SECURITIES

Our current arrangements contain certain restrictions and potential cash obligations, and raising additional funds may cause dilution to our existing stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies.

We currently have several financing arrangements in place that contain restrictions and potential cash obligations. For example, our Series B CPS issued to an affiliate of Reed carries voting rights and a 13% cumulative annual PIK dividend, and is redeemable by the holder on the fifth anniversary of issuance. Additionally, we have a $2.4 million (CDN $3.5 million) secured credit facility with a Canadian bank, which is secured by the Company’s Terrebonne, Québec property and is subject to a minimum equity covenant tested quarterly. These existing and potential obligations, together with any new financings we may pursue, could impact our future liquidity and operational flexibility.

If we raise additional funds through equity offerings or offerings of equity-linked securities, including warrants or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders may experience significant dilution, and the terms of such securities may include liquidation or other preferences that may adversely affect the rights of our stockholders. Debt financings, if available, may subject us to restrictive covenants that could limit our flexibility in conducting future business activities, including covenants limiting or restricting our ability to incur additional debt, dispose of assets or incur capital expenditures. We may also incur ongoing interest expenses and be required to grant a security interest in our assets in connection with any debt issuance. If we raise additional funds through strategic partnerships or licensing agreements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us.

Trading volume in our stock can fluctuate and an active trading market for our common stock may not be available on a consistent basis to provide stockholders with adequate liquidity. Our stock price may be volatile, and our stockholders could incur significant investment losses.

The trading price for our common stock will be affected by a number of factors, including:

As a result of these factors, our stockholders may not be able to resell their shares at, or above, their purchase price. In addition, the stock prices of many technology companies have experienced wide fluctuations that have often been unrelated to the operating performance of those companies. Any negative change in the public’s perception of the prospects of companies in our industry could depress our stock price regardless of our results of operations. These factors may have a material adverse effect on the market price and liquidity of our common stock and affect our ability to obtain the required financing.

Our President and Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors, Mr. Daniel Solomita, beneficially owns a majority of the total voting power of our capital stock, and accordingly, has control over stockholder matters, our business and management.

As at May 28, 2025, Mr. Daniel Solomita, our President and Chief Executive Officer, Chairman of the Board of Directors, and controlling stockholder, beneficially owns 19,108,722 shares of common stock, or 40.0% of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock and also holds one share of Series A Preferred Stock. The one share of Series A Preferred Stock issued to Mr. Solomita holds a majority of the total voting power so long as Mr. Solomita holds not less than 7.5% of the total number of outstanding shares of our common stock on February 12, 2016 (as adjusted for any stock splits and stock dividends effected after February 12, 2016), assuring Mr. Solomita of control of the Company in the event that his ownership of the issued and outstanding shares of our common stock is diluted to a level below a majority. Currently, Mr. Solomita’s beneficial ownership of 19,108,722 shares of common stock and one share of Series A Preferred Stock provides him with 74.1% of the voting control of the Company.

Additionally, the one share of Series A Preferred Stock issued to Mr. Solomita contains protective provisions, which preclude us from taking certain actions without Mr. Solomita’s (or that of any person to whom the one share of Series A Preferred Stock is transferred) approval. More specifically, so long as any shares of Series A Preferred Stock are outstanding, we are not permitted to take certain actions without first obtaining the approval (by vote or written consent, as provided by law) of the holders of at least a majority of the then outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock, voting as a separate class, including for example and without limitation, amending our articles of incorporation, changing or modifying the rights of the Series A Preferred Stock, including increasing or decreasing the number of authorized shares of Series A Preferred Stock, increasing or decreasing the size of the Board of Directors or removing the director appointed by the holders of our Series A Preferred Stock, replacing the President and/or Chief Executive Officer of the Company (unless approved by the Board of Directors, including the director appointed by the holders of our Series A Preferred Stock), and declaring or paying any dividend or other distribution.

As a result, Mr. Solomita has the ability to control the outcome of matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election of directors and any merger, consolidation, or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. In addition, under Nevada law and subject to certain exceptions, any director or one or more of the incumbent directors may be removed as a director only by the vote of stockholders representing not less than two-thirds of the voting power of the issued and outstanding stock entitled to vote. Mr. Solomita therefore has the voting power to remove directors who oppose actions or decisions he favors. This concentrated control could delay, defer, or prevent a change of control, merger, consolidation, or sale of all or substantially all of our assets that our other stockholders support, or conversely this concentrated control could result in the consummation of such a transaction that our other stockholders do not support. This concentrated control could also discourage a potential investor from acquiring our common stock due to the limited voting power of such stock relative to the Series A Preferred Stock and might harm the market price of our common stock. In addition, Mr. Solomita has the ability to control the management and major strategic investments of our company as a result of his position as our President, Chief Executive Officer, and Chairman of the Board of Directors and his ability to control the election or replacement of our directors. Because of this significant ownership position, new investors may not be able to effect a change in our business or management, and therefore, stockholders would have no recourse as a result of decisions made by management. As a board member and officer, Mr. Solomita owes a fiduciary duty to our stockholders and must act in good faith in a manner he reasonably believes to be in the best interests of our stockholders. As a stockholder, even a controlling stockholder, Mr. Solomita is entitled to vote his shares in his own interests, which may not always be in the interests of our stockholders generally.

In addition, sales of significant amounts of shares held by Mr. Solomita, or the prospect of these sales, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Management’s stock ownership may discourage a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us, which in turn could reduce our stock price or prevent our stockholders from realizing a premium over our stock price.

Anti-takeover effects of certain provisions of Nevada state law hinder a potential takeover of our company.

Though not now, we may in the future become subject to Nevada’s control share law. A corporation is subject to Nevada’s control share law if it has more than 200 stockholders, at least 100 of whom are stockholders of record and residents of Nevada, and it does business in Nevada or through an affiliated corporation. The law focuses on the acquisition of a “controlling interest,” which means the ownership of outstanding voting shares sufficient, but for the control share law, to enable the acquiring person to exercise the following proportions of the voting power of the company in the election of directors: (i) one-fifth or more but less than one-third, (ii) one-third or more but less than a majority, or (iii) a majority or more. The ability to exercise such voting power may be direct or indirect, as well as individual or in association with others.

The effect of the control share law is that the acquiring person, and those acting in association with it, obtains only such voting rights in the control shares as are conferred by a resolution of our stockholders, approved at a special or annual meeting of stockholders. The control share law contemplates that voting rights will be considered only once by the other stockholders. Thus, there is no authority to strip voting rights from the control shares of an acquiring person once those rights have been approved. If the stockholders do not grant voting rights to the control shares acquired by an acquiring person, those shares do not become permanent non-voting shares. The acquiring person is free to sell its shares to others. If the buyers of those shares themselves do not acquire a controlling interest, their shares do not become governed by the control share law.

If control shares are accorded full voting rights and the acquiring person has acquired control shares with a majority or more of the voting power, any stockholder of record, other than an acquiring person, who has not voted in favor of approval of voting rights, is entitled to demand fair value for such stockholder’s shares.

In addition to the control share law, Nevada has a business combination law that prohibits certain business combinations between Nevada corporations and “interested stockholders” for three years after the “interested stockholder” first becomes an “interested stockholder,” unless the company’s board of directors approves the combination in advance. For purposes of Nevada law, an “interested stockholder” is any person who is (i) the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of ten percent or more of the voting power of the outstanding voting shares of the company, or (ii) an affiliate or associate of the company and at any time within the two previous years was the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of ten percent or more of the voting power of the then outstanding shares of the company. The definition of the term “combination” is sufficiently broad to cover virtually any kind of transaction that would allow a potential acquirer to use the company’s assets to finance the acquisition or otherwise to benefit its own interests rather than the interests of the company and its other stockholders.

The effect of Nevada’s business combination law is to potentially discourage parties interested in taking control of us from doing so if it cannot obtain the approval of our Board of Directors.  

Because we do not intend to pay any cash dividends on our common stock, our stockholders will not be able to receive a return on their shares unless they sell them.

We intend to retain any future earnings to finance the development and expansion of our business. We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Unless we pay dividends, our stockholders will not be able to receive a return on their shares unless they sell them. Stockholders may not be able to sell shares when desired. Before you invest in our securities, you should be aware that there are various risks. You should consider carefully these risk factors, together with all of the other information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K before you decide to purchase our securities. If any of these risks and uncertainties develop into actual events, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Sales of a significant number of shares of our common stock in the public markets, or the perception that such sales could occur, could depress the market price of our common stock.

Sales of a significant number of shares of our common stock in the public markets, or the perception that such sales could occur could depress the market price of our common stock and impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities.

We currently have an effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-281883), declared effective by the SEC on September 10, 2024, which allows us to offer and sell up to $175 million in any combination of debt securities, common stock, preferred stock, depositary shares, warrants, subscription rights, and units. In addition, we have an effective resale registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-281224), declared effective by the SEC on August 14, 2024, covering up to 7,072,220 shares of common stock (including up to 4,714,813 shares of outstanding common stock and up to 2,357,407 shares issuable upon exercise of warrants which have since expired) held by a selling stockholder, which was filed pursuant to the Investor Rights Agreement with SKGC entered into in July 2021.

If a significant number of shares is sold in the public market, this could put downward pressure on our stock price. Moreover, we cannot in general predict the effect that future sales of our common stock, or the market perception that such sales may occur, would have on the market price of our common stock. Even the perception of potential dilution could adversely affect investor confidence and market value.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy

Assessment, identification and management of material risks from cybersecurity threats are integrated into the Company’s overall risk management processes to promote a company-wide culture of cybersecurity risk management. Our Chief Financial Officer is responsible for the evaluation of material risks from cybersecurity threats and reports to both the Company’s executive management team and the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors. We also regularly use third-party service providers to assist us to identify, assess, and manage material risks from cybersecurity threats, including cybersecurity consultants, as well as data backup and recovery providers.

The Chief Financial Officer is responsible, with the support of the Company’s internal IT staff and external service providers, for helping to identify, assess and manage the Company’s cybersecurity threats and risks, using internal resources as well as third-party service providers, by monitoring our threat environment using, among other things, manual processes, automated tools, internal audits, threat and vulnerability assessments, evaluating threats reported to us, evaluating our risk profile, and subscribing to reports and services that identify cybersecurity threats.

We implement and maintain various technical, physical, and organizational measures, processes, and policies designed to manage and mitigate material risks from cybersecurity threats to our Information Systems and Data. These include, amongst others, data encryption, risk assessments, network security and access controls, physical security, asset management, and systems monitoring. In addition, to oversee and identify any risks associated with our use of third-party service providers, we review Service Organization Controls reports of such third-party service providers when onboarding the provider and quarterly thereafter.

To protect our information systems from cybersecurity threats, we use various security tools that help prevent, identify, escalate, investigate, resolve and recover from identified vulnerabilities and security incidents in a timely manner. These include, but are not limited to, internal reporting, monitoring and detection tools, some of which are managed by a third-party service provider.

For a description of the risks from cybersecurity threats that may materially affect the Company and how they may do so, see our risk factors under Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Cybersecurity threats have not materially affected the Company, including its business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. The Company does not believe that cybersecurity threats resulting from any previous cybersecurity incidents of which it is aware are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company.

Cybersecurity Governance

Our Board of Directors oversees the Company’s risk management process, including cybersecurity risks, directly and through its committees. Pursuant to the Audit Committee Charter, the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors oversees management’s processes for identifying, monitoring and addressing enterprise risks. In addition, the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors discusses with management the adequacy and effectiveness of the Company’s policies and procedures regarding information technology risk management and internal controls related to cybersecurity.

Our cybersecurity risk assessment and management processes are implemented and maintained by certain members of the Company’s management. In particular, the Chief Financial Officer is responsible for hiring appropriate personnel and engaging external service providers with relevant cybersecurity expertise, helping to integrate cybersecurity risk considerations into the Company’s overall risk management strategy, and communicating key priorities to relevant personnel, helping prepare for cybersecurity incidents, approving cybersecurity processes and technologies, and reviewing security assessments and other security-related reports. In addition, the Chief Financial Officer provides reports to the Audit Committee concerning the Company’s cybersecurity posture and significant threats and risks and the processes to address them.

Our security incident response plan (“SIRP”) is designed to escalate certain cybersecurity incidents to members of the Company’s executive management team depending on the circumstances. The Chief Financial Officer and relevant department heads work with our incident response team to help the Company mitigate and remediate cybersecurity incidents of which they are notified. The SIRP provides for escalation of potentially material cybersecurity incidents to the Audit Committee.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Our Terrebonne Facility and corporate offices are located at 480 Fernand-Poitras, Terrebonne, Québec, Canada J6Y 1Y4. We own the facility, which comprises approximately 33 thousand square feet including 13 thousand square feet for our executive offices and 20 thousand square feet for our innovation and operational activities. We believe that our existing facilities are adequate for our current needs.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

SEC Investigation

As previously disclosed, we received a subpoena from the SEC in October 2020 requesting certain information from us, including information regarding testing, testing results and details of results from our GEN I and GEN II technologies, and certain of our partnerships and agreements. In March 2022, we received a second subpoena requesting additional information, including information concerning our reverse-merger in 2015, and communications with certain individuals and entities. There have been no additional information requests from the SEC relating to the Company’s business or technology.

The SEC informed us that its investigation does not mean that the SEC has concluded that anyone has violated the law and that the investigation does not mean that the SEC has a negative opinion of us. We cannot predict when this matter will be resolved or what, if any, action the SEC may take following the conclusion of the investigation.

On September 30, 2022, the SEC filed a complaint (the “SEC complaint”) against several named defendants (“Defendants”), and also identified as a relief defendant Daniel Solomita, our Chief Executive Officer. The SEC complaint does not allege wrongdoing by the Company or Mr. Solomita. The SEC complaint identifies Mr. Solomita and an entity he owns as relief defendants because they purportedly received monies from the Defendants in 2015 that the SEC alleges were derived from the Defendants’ fraud. The SEC complaint does not allege that Mr. Solomita was aware of the alleged wrongdoing by the Defendants and does not allege that he was aware that any alleged monies received were derived from fraud.

Litigation

From time to time, we may become involved in various lawsuits and legal proceedings or investigations that arise in the ordinary course of business. Except as noted above, we are not presently a party to any legal proceedings, government actions, administrative actions, investigations or claims that are pending against us or involve us that, in the opinion of our management, could reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or operating results. However, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, and an adverse result in these or other matters may arise from time to time that may harm our business.

It is possible that we may expend financial and managerial resources in the defense of our intellectual property rights in the future if we believe that our rights have been violated. It is also possible that we may expend financial and managerial resources to defend against claims that our products and services infringe upon the intellectual property rights of third parties.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information for Common Stock

Our common stock is currently traded on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “LOOP.”

Holders

As at May 28, 2025, there were 47,718,350 shares of common stock issued and outstanding (excluding shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of all of our currently outstanding Series A Preferred Stock or Series B CPS) held by approximately 44 stockholders of record. The actual number of stockholders is greater than this number of record holders, and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners, but whose shares are held in street name by brokers and other nominees. This number of holders of record also does not include stockholders whose shares may be held in trust by other entities.

Dividends

We have not declared any dividends and we do not plan to declare any dividends in the foreseeable future. There are no restrictions in our Articles of Incorporation or By-laws that prevent us from declaring dividends, except that we are not permitted to declare or pay any dividend or other distribution without first obtaining the approval (by vote or written consent, as provided by law) of the holders of at least a majority of the then outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock, voting as a separate class. The Nevada Revised Statutes, however, prohibit us from declaring dividends where, after giving effect to the distribution of the dividend:

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

During the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we have not sold any equity securities that were not registered under the Securities Act that were not previously reported in a quarterly report on Form 10-Q or in a current report on Form 8-K.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Registrant and Affiliated Purchasers

We did not purchase any of our shares of common stock or other securities during the year ended February 28, 2025.

ITEM 6. [Reserved]

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and any forward-looking statements should be read in conjunction with the “Cautionary Statements Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the Risk Factors section included in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K .

Overview

Loop Industries is a technology company whose mission is to accelerate the world’s shift toward sustainable PET plastic and polyester fiber and away from our dependence on fossil fuels. Loop Industries owns patented and proprietary technology that depolymerizes no and low-value waste PET plastic and polyester fiber, including plastic bottles, packaging, and textiles such as carpets and clothing, into its base building block monomers, DMT and MEG. The monomers are separated, purified and polymerized to create virgin-quality Loop™ branded PET resin suitable for use in food-grade packaging and polyester fiber, thus enabling our customers to meet their sustainability objectives. Loop™ PET plastic and polyester fiber can be recycled infinitely without degradation of quality, helping to close the plastic loop. Loop Industries is committed to contributing to the global movement towards a circular economy by reducing plastic waste and recovering waste plastic for a sustainable future.

Loop plans to commercialize the Infinite Loop™ technology through a combination of direct investments with strategic partners to own and operate commercial facilities and the licensing of its technology.

As the initial phase of our plan for the commercialization of future Infinite Loop™ manufacturing facilities, we constructed and have successfully operated our Terrebonne, Québec depolymerization production facility (the “Terrebonne Facility”) for the past five years, demonstrating the effectiveness of our technology and supplying Loop PET resin and polyester fiber to customers. The facility is also used for research and development activities.

Loop is currently executing on its commercialization strategy through two key strategic partnerships. The Company is advancing towards the construction of an Infinite Loop™ manufacturing facility in India through its 50/50 joint venture in India with Ester Industries Ltd. (“Ester”). The facility’s planned production capacity is 70,000 tons per year of Loop branded PET resin and polyester fiber. In addition, the Company sold its first technology license to Reed Societe Generale Group for one Infinite Loop™ manufacturing facility in Europe for an initial down payment of €10 million with additional milestone payments to be received by Loop as the project advances. Infinite Loop Europe, an entity to be owned 10% by Loop and 90% by Reed Societe Generale Group was formed with the purpose of developing Infinite Loop™ manufacturing facilities in Europe. These initiatives represent key steps in implementing the Company's plan to deploy its proprietary depolymerization technology in global markets.

Commercialization Plan and Progress

Our commercialization strategy to achieve global expansion of the Infinite Loop™ Technology is founded on a combination of direct investments with strategic partners to own and operate commercial facilities and the licensing of our technology.

The global expansion plan for our technology will allow our target customers, mostly comprised of apparel companies and CPG companies, to integrate Loop™ PET resin and polyester fiber into their products and packaging. As countries around the globe continue to impose sustainability targets and recycled content mandates, we observe that companies are increasingly seeking to incorporate sustainably produced materials into their products. Our market strategy is to assist global consumer goods and apparel companies in meeting these requirements as well as their own stated sustainability commitments by offering co-branded packaging or polyester fibers that are made with Loop 100% recycled, virgin-quality PET. We believe that Loop™ recycled PET resin and polyester fiber could command premium pricing over virgin, petroleum-based PET resin and provide attractive economic returns.

The Infinite Loop™ Technology is the key pillar of our commercialization strategy. We believe our technology is well positioned to respond to the global transition away from fossil fuels and petrochemicals and into the circular economy, where PET plastic and polyester fiber are produced by recycling waste polyester that would otherwise typically be destined for landfill or incineration, rather than relying on fossil-based resources.

We have completed our process design package for the Infinite Loop™ full-scale manufacturing facilities to be used as the base engineering platform for all future facilities. We believe this approach allows for quick execution, speed to market, and lends itself well to modular construction. The basic design package has a capacity of up to 70,000 tons of rDMT and 23,000 tons of rMEG, or 70,000 tons of Loop PET and polyester fiber output per year, subject to applicable site-specific permitting, site and regulatory considerations.

We are focused on direct investments in Infinite Loop™ commercial facilities located in low-cost manufacturing regions. By strategically selecting cost-efficient locations, we aim to optimize production costs and improve overall financial performance, while limiting our capital contributions.

This direct investment approach also includes leveraging partnerships to integrate Loop’s proprietary technology and sales and marketing expertise with the operational and construction capabilities of experienced partners. We believe this combination of complementary skill sets allows for more efficient project execution, accelerated market adoption, and scalable growth.

We expect that revenue generation from direct investments in commercial facilities will be driven by two key streams: (i) profits from the operation of commercial facilities, and (ii) royalties paid to Loop for licensing its technology and exclusive responsibility of sales and marketing. We believe these income sources will support long-term financial sustainability and growth.

This approach is currently being deployed through the Company’s 50/50 joint venture in India with Ester, which is advancing towards the construction of an Infinite Loop™ manufacturing facility. The facility’s planned production capacity is 70,000 tons per year of Loop branded PET resin and polyester fiber. The India JV intends to leverage the complementary skill sets of each partner by combining Loop’s innovative technology and global customer relationships with Ester’s nearly 40 years of specialized polymer production, operational proficiency, and local expertise, including sourcing of PET plastic and polyester fiber waste feedstocks. Loop will grant a royalty-bearing license to the India JV and will be the exclusive seller and marketing agent of the India JV’s products.

We also aim to accelerate the roll-out of the Infinite Loop™ technology through the sale of technology licenses for commercial facilities in which Loop may take limited or no ownership. We expect licensee-owned facilities to allow us to scale our technology efficiently, without requiring significant capital investment from Loop. Revenue generation through technology licensing is expected to come from a combination of up-front and recurring royalties.

This approach focused on licensing is currently being deployed in our European partnership with Reed Societe Generale Group. The Company sold its first technology license to Reed Societe Generale Group for one Infinite Loop™ manufacturing facility in Europe for an initial down payment of €10 million with additional milestone payments to be received by Loop as the project advances. Infinite Loop Europe was formed with the purpose of developing Infinite Loop™ manufacturing facilities in Europe to be owned 10% by Loop and 90% by Reed Societe Generale Group.

Additionally, we aim to generate income by providing engineering services throughout all phases of project development, construction, and startup for all Infinite Loop™ commercial facilities, supporting efficient project execution and creating a steady revenue stream prior to the startup of the facility.

Loop has entered into an engineering services agreement with the India JV to provide engineering services and support the completion of the engineering for the planned Infinite Loop™ manufacturing facility in India. This has resulted in Loop generating engineering services revenue of $0.4 million in the quarter ended February 28, 2025.

We are also in the process of implementing a modular construction strategy, in order to reduce overall capital expenditures and operating expenses, while improving project timelines and ensuring standardized design and quality, and providing a scalable solution for global expansion. This strategy envisages that we would manufacture plant modules in a low-cost country to be transported and assembled on site at global locations, and would potentially provide an additional income stream alongside returns from owned facilities and royalties.

The Company’s ability to move to the next stage of its strategic development, including the construction of manufacturing plants and the commercialization of its technology and products at scale, is dependent on, among other factors, its ability to obtain the necessary financing through a combination of the issuance of equity, project debt, and/or government incentive programs.

Key Commercial Developments

Agreements with Reed Societe Generale Group

On December 12, 2024, the Company entered into an Amended and Restated Share Purchase Agreement (the “Amended Agreement”) with Reed Societe Generale Group, a European investment firm focused on high impact and technology-enabled infrastructure majority-owned by the bank Societe Generale. The Amended Agreement amends the original Share Purchase Agreement dated May 30, 2024 previously reported by the Company in a current report on Form 8-K filed on June 4, 2024. A joint entity, which under French Law is referred to as a simplified joint-stock company, was incorporated (“Infinite Loop Europe”), to be owned 90% by Reed Societe Generale Group and 10% by Loop, with the purpose of developing Infinite Loop™ manufacturing facilities in Europe. Pursuant to the Amended Agreement, the Company will enter into a Securityholders Agreement with RCE to establish the framework for the governance, ownership, and operations of Infinite Loop Europe.

On December 23, 2024, the Company received total cash proceeds of $20.8 million (€20.0 million) upon closing of the financing and licensing transactions contemplated by the Amended Agreement. The Company entered into a license agreement with RCE, acting on behalf of Infinite Loop Europe, granting a license to use Loop’s proprietary depolymerization technology for one facility within Europe. Pursuant to the terms of the license agreement, the Company received an initial upfront royalty payment of $10.4 million (€10.0 million), with additional milestone-based payments from Reed Societe Generale Group to follow. Additionally, the Company issued and sold 1,044,430 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series B CPS”) at $10.00 per share to Reed Circular Economy (“RCE”), an affiliate of Reed Societe Generale Group for cash proceeds of $10.4 million (€10.0 million).

Key terms of the Series B CPS include:

We believe the licensing and financing transactions mark a pivotal step in Loop’s commercialization strategy, enabling the deployment of its patented recycling technology across Europe and supporting capital investment in cost-effective manufacturing regions, including its joint venture in India with strategic partner Ester. Proceeds from these transactions are being used to fund the India JV project and Loop’s operational cash flow needs.

We further believe the sale of our first license underscores the commercial readiness of Loop’s technology, which has been validated by five years of operations at its Terrebonne facility.

Under the agreed terms of the partnership with Reed Societe Generale Group, Loop retains the right to increase its equity stake in the European manufacturing facility, as well as potential future facilities, to a maximum of 50% for each facility. As the license is to build one Infinite Loop™ manufacturing facility in Europe, future facilities under this partnership would require the purchase of additional technology licenses from Loop.

Loop and Reed Societe Generale Group are actively assessing opportunities for the first Infinite Loop™ facility in Europe. Current activities include evaluating potential project locations, engaging with local and national governments to assess the availability of subsidies and incentives, and identifying potential strategic partners to support the execution of the project. In parallel, Loop is in the process of implementing a modular construction strategy, including the development of a standardized facility design and pre-fabrication approach aimed at reducing construction costs and timelines, with the objective of improving scalability for future projects across Europe and other regions with high construction costs.

Joint Venture with Ester

On May 1, 2024 Loop entered into an agreement with Ester, one of India’s leading manufacturers of polyester films and specialty polymers, to form a 50/50 India joint venture (“India JV”). The purpose of the India JV is to build and operate an Infinite Loop™ manufacturing facility in India which will produce 100% recycled Loop™ PET resin, using the Infinite Loop™ Technology, in order to meet growing demand from leading global brands in different sectors, including strong demand for textile-to-textile polyester fiber to enable circular fashion for apparel brands, a trend we have observed and anticipate to continue.

Loop and Ester have a well-established working relationship, with Ester producing Loop™ PET using monomers produced at Loop’s Terrebonne Facility for global brand companies over the last five years. The India JV intends to leverage the complementary skill sets of each partner by combining Loop’s innovative technology and global customer relationships with Ester’s nearly 40 years of specialized polymer production, operational proficiency, and local expertise, including sourcing of PET plastic and polyester fiber waste feedstocks. The India facility will leverage the Infinite Loop™ Technology and existing engineering package which should accelerate the lead-time towards groundbreaking.

The planned production capacity of the Infinite Loop™ India facility is 70,000 tons per year of Loop branded PET resin and polyester fiber.

We believe the India JV offers attractive projected economic returns without the need for substantial sustainability-linked premium pricing. Loop and Ester made the decision to incorporate a continuous polymerization line at the Infinite Loop™ India facility. By integrating polymerization assets within the Infinite Loop™ India facility, we expect improved efficiency and lower operating costs with a minimal impact on overall project cost.

Loop and Ester anticipate that the total funding required for the India JV for the purposes of construction, development and operationalization of the project, including the initial working capital requirements, will be financed by a combination of debt and equity capital. Ester and Loop are each contributing 50% of the equity capital of the India JV. As of February 28, 2025, Loop and Ester had each made total equity contributions of $1.9 million in cash to the India JV. The funds injected in the India JV are being used for preliminary project costs, which are mainly engineering fees.

Subject to the terms of the relevant governing documents, Ester will be the exclusive producer of specialty polymers for the India JV, and Loop will be the exclusive seller and marketing agent of the India JV’s products. Ester and Loop are working in collaboration on all financing activities for the India JV pursuant to the terms of the agreement.

The India JV will also enter into (i) a technology license agreement with Loop (the “Loop Technology License Agreement”), (ii) a service agreement with Ester, and (iii) a sales and marketing agreement with Loop, each on terms mutually agreed upon by the parties. Pursuant to the Loop Technology License Agreement, the India JV will be granted an exclusive, subject to certain exceptions, license to exploit the Infinite Loop™ Technology in India at a royalty rate set forth in the Loop Technology License Agreement.

Loop has entered into an engineering services agreement with the India JV to provide engineering services and support the local engineering firm. This has resulted in Loop generating engineering services revenue of $0.4 million in the quarter ended February 28, 2025.

The development of the Infinite Loop™ India facility continues to progress towards groundbreaking. Following the completion of a detailed land study by an external engineering firm, the India JV partners have identified the Gujarat province of India as the optimal location for the facility based on several key requirements such as infrastructure, proximity to a seaport for exports, renewable energy for a reduction in CO2 emissions and proximity to waste PET and polyester feedstocks. Additionally, feedstock sourcing for the facility, of which there is abundant supply from textile waste in India, is well advanced.

Two globally recognized firms are currently executing two key mandates for the India JV. A leading global advisory firm is leading the debt syndication process, while a globally renowned engineering firm is performing the local engineering work, supported by Loop’s engineering team. Based on the engineering study completed in May 2025, the estimated total investment cost for the facility, including continuous polymerization, financing costs during construction and initial working capital requirements, is expected to be approximately $176 million. Groundbreaking for the Infinite Loop™ India facility is now expected to occur in the second half of calendar 2025, with commercial operations projected to commence in calendar 2027.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

All monetary amounts are in thousands of U.S. dollars unless otherwise specified.

Fourth Quarter Ended February 28, 2025

The following table summarizes our operating results for the three-month periods ended February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024, in thousands of U.S. Dollars.

Revenues

Revenues for the three-month period ended February 28, 2025 increased $10,764 to $10,809 as compared to $45 for the same period in 2024. The revenues for the three-month period ended February 28, 2025 resulted from $10,395 in licensing revenue from the up-front royalty received from Reed Societe Generale Group, $368 in engineering fees and $46 from sales of Loop^™ PET resin produced using monomers manufactured at the Terrebonne Facility. The revenues of $45 for the three-month period ended February 29, 2024 resulted from sales of Loop^™ PET resin.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses for the three-month period ended February 28, 2025 decreased $1,712 to $1,306, as compared to $3,018 for the same period in 2024. The decrease was primarily attributable to a $888 decrease in plant and laboratory operating expenses, which included an inventory write-down of $817 on finished goods and work in process inventories in the three-month period ended February 29, 2024, a $657 decrease in external engineering expenses, and a $310 decrease in employee compensation expenses.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses for the three-month period ended February 28, 2025 decreased $647 to $1,574, as compared to $2,221 for the same period in 2024. The decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease of $342 in employee compensation expenses including stock-based compensation, a decrease of $173 in insurance expenses, and a decrease of $107 in professional fees.

Loss on equity accounted investment

Loss on equity accounted investment increased by $687 for the three-month period ended February 28, 2025. This loss relates to the Company’s 50% portion of the loss incurred by the India JV for the three-month period ended February 28, 2025, during which the India JV incurred preliminary project costs for the planned Infinite Loop™ facility in India, which are mainly engineering fees.

Net Loss

The net income for the three-month period ended February 28, 2025 increased $11,973 to $6,882 in the period, as compared to a net loss of $5,091 for the same period in 2024. The increase was primarily due to the increase of $10,764 in revenues, the decrease of $1,712 in research and development expenses, and the decrease of $647 in general and administrative expenses, which were partially offset by an increase in $687 in loss on equity accounted investment and an increase in $511 in interest and other financial expenses.

Fiscal Year Ended February 28, 2025

The following table summarizes our operating results for the years ended February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024, in thousands of U.S. Dollars.

Revenues

Revenues for the year ended February 28, 2025 increased $10,736 to $10,889, as compared to $153 for the same period in 2024. The revenues for the year ended February 28, 2025 resulted from $10,395 in licensing revenue from the up-front royalty received from Reed Societe Generale Group, $368 in engineering fees and $126 from sales of Loop^™ PET resin produced using monomers manufactured at the Terrebonne Facility. The revenues of $153 for the year ended February 29, 2024 resulted from sales of Loop^™ PET resin.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses for the year ended February 28, 2025 decreased significantly by $4,515 to $6,864, as compared to $11,379 for the same period in 2024 as we believe we have established to our satisfaction that Loop’s technology can be successfully scaled up, and are now focusing on the development of large-scale commercial manufacturing facilities. The decrease was primarily attributable to a $1,448 decrease in plant and laboratory operating expenses, which included an inventory write-down of $817 on finished goods and work in process inventories in the year ended February 29, 2024, a $1,345 decrease in employee compensation expenses including stock-based compensation, a $1,078 decrease in purchases of machinery and equipment for the Terrebonne Facility, and a $860 decrease in external engineering expenses.  

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses for the year ended February 28, 2025 decreased $760 to $9,228, as compared to $9,988 for the same period in 2024. The decrease was primarily attributable to a $809 decrease in insurance expenses, and a decrease of $401 in employee compensation expenses, which were partially offset by a $500 increase in professional fees.

Impairment of equipment

Impairment of equipment expense increased by $8,460 for the year ended February 28, 2025, reflecting an impairment loss for equipment of $8,460. This impairment was due to the termination of the joint venture agreement between the Company and SKGC under which they had intended to construct and operate an Infinite Loop™ manufacturing facility in Ulsan, South Korea. While the Company plans to utilize the equipment in a future commercial production facility, the deployment plans for the use of this equipment are not fully developed at this time, therefore the recoverability of the carrying value of the equipment was tested for impairment, resulting in an impairment loss of $8,460 being recognized in the year ended February 28, 2025.

Loss on equity accounted investment

Loss on equity accounted investment increased by $687 for the year ended February 28, 2025. This loss relates to the Company’s 50% portion of the loss incurred by the India JV for the year ended February 28, 2025, during which the India JV incurred preliminary project costs for the planned Infinite Loop™ facility in India, which are mainly engineering fees.

Net Loss

The net loss for the year ended February 28, 2025 decreased $6,030 to $15,057, as compared to $21,087 for the same period in 2024. The decrease was primarily due to the $10,736 increase in revenues, the $4,515 decrease in research and development expenses, and the $760 decrease in general and administrative expenses. The decrease in net loss was partially offset by the impairment of equipment of $8,460, an increase in $687 in loss on equity accounted investment, and an increase in $659 in interest and other financial expenses.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

All monetary amounts are in thousands of U.S. dollars unless otherwise specified.

Since its inception, the Company has been in the pre-commercialization stage with its ongoing operations and commercialization plans financed primarily by raising equity. The Company has incurred net losses and negative cash flow from operating and investing activities since its inception and expects to incur additional net losses while it continues to advance its commercialization efforts. As at February 28, 2025, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $12,973. Our liquidity position is subject to risks and uncertainties, including those discussed under “Cautionary Statements Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the Risk Factors section included in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Management continuously monitors the Company’s cash resources against its short-term cash commitments to ensure there is sufficient liquidity to fund its costs for at least twelve months from the financial statements issuance date. It evaluates the Company’s liquidity to determine if there is substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. In preparing this liquidity assessment, management applies significant judgment in estimating future cash flow requirements of the Company based on budgets and forecasts, which includes developing assumptions related to: (i) the estimation of amount and timing of future cash outflows and inflows, and (ii) determining what future expenditures are committed and what could be considered discretionary. Based on this assessment, management believes that current available liquidity will be sufficient to meet the Company’s obligations, commitments and budgeted expenditures for at least twelve months from the issuance date of the consolidated financial statements.

The Company’s ability to move to the next stage of its strategic development and construct manufacturing facilities is dependent on, among other factors, whether the Company can obtain the necessary financing through a combination of further technology licensing arrangements, government incentive programs, and/or the issuance of debt and/or equity. In particular, the Company will require capital sufficient to fund its equity contributions to the India JV for the construction of the planned Infinite Loop™ facility in India, as well as its ongoing cash requirements until Loop begins receiving returns from the India JV. 

There is no assurance that the Company will be successful in attracting additional funding. Even if additional financing is available, it may not be available on terms favorable to the Company. Failure to secure additional financing on favorable terms when it becomes required would have an adverse effect on the Company’s financial position and on its ability to execute its business plan.

Sale and issuance of Series B CPS

On December 23, 2024 (the “Issuance Date”), the Company issued and sold 1,044,430 shares of Series B CPS at $10.00 per share to Reed Circular Economy (the “Holder”), an affiliate of Reed Societe Generale Group, for cash proceeds of $10,395 (€10,000). The main features of the Series B CPS are as follows:

Investissement Québec financing facility

We have a long-term debt obligation to Investissement Québec in connection with a financing facility (the “Financing Facility”) for the expansion of the Terrebonne Facility up to a maximum of $3,390. We received the first disbursement in the amount of $1,628 on February 21, 2020 and the second disbursement in the amount of $1,762 on August 26, 2021. The loan can be repaid at any time by us without penalty. The loan’s interest rate was initially set at 2.36% and there was a 36-month moratorium on both capital and interest repayments as of the first disbursement date. Under the original terms of the financing facility, at the end of the 36-month moratorium, capital and interest was repayable in 84 monthly installments. There is no remaining amount available under the Financing Facility after the second disbursement.

On November 21, 2022, the Company and Investissement Québec entered into an agreement to amend the existing Financing Facility which modifies the repayments of the principal amount (the “Financing Facility Amendment”). As per the Financing Facility Amendment, a total of $37 (CDN $50) of the principal amount was repayable in monthly installments in the fiscal year ended February 29, 2024, with the remainder of the principal amount being repayable in 72 monthly installments.

On February 28, 2024, the Company and Investissement Québec entered into an agreement to amend the existing Financing Facility which modifies the repayments of the principal amount (the “Second Financing Facility Amendment”). As per the Second Financing Facility Amendment, a total of $74 (CDN $100) of the principal amount was repayable in monthly installments in the fiscal year ended February 28, 2025, with the remainder of the principal amount being repayable in 60 monthly installments. Pursuant to the Second Financing Facility Amendment the interest rate of the Financing Facility was increased from 2.36% to 3.36%.

On February 5, 2025, the Company and Investissement Québec entered into an agreement to amend the existing Financing Facility which modifies the repayments of the principal amount (the “Third Financing Facility Amendment”). As per the Second Financing Facility Amendment, total annual principal repayments in monthly installments are of $287 (CDN $414) for the fiscal year ending February 28, 2026 and $495 (CDN $714) for the fiscal year ending February 28, 2027, with the remainder of the principal amount being repayable in 36 monthly installments. Pursuant to the Third Financing Facility Amendment the interest rate of the Financing Facility was increased from 3.36% to 4.36%.

Under the original terms of the Financing Facility, the principal amount was repayable in 84 monthly installments beginning in March of 2023. The amendments do not modify the repayment terms of accrued interest or any of the other terms of the Financing Facility that are not mentioned above. The amendments did not meet the criteria of ASC 470, Debt for an extinguishment of debt as the amendments did not substantially modify the terms of the Financing Facility. The Company therefore applied modification accounting and no immediate gain or loss was recognized related to the amendments.

Credit facility from a Canadian bank

On July 26, 2022, Loop Canada, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into an Operating Credit Facility (the “Credit Facility”) with a Canadian bank. The Credit Facility allows for borrowings of up to $2,424 (CDN $3,500) in aggregate principal amount. The Credit Facility is secured by the Company’s Terrebonne, Québec property and is subject to a minimum equity covenant, tested quarterly with which the Company was not in compliance as at February 28, 2025. All borrowings under the Credit Facility will bear interest at an annual rate equal to the bank’s Canadian prime rate plus 1.0%. As at February 28, 2025, the $2,424 (CDN $3,500) Credit Facility was available and undrawn.

From time to time, we may engage in exchange rate hedging activities in an effort to mitigate the impact of exchange rate fluctuations. As part of our risk management program, we may enter into foreign exchange forward contracts to lock in the exchange rates for future foreign currency transactions, which is intended to reduce the variability of our operating costs and future cash flows denominated in currencies that differs from our functional currencies. We do not enter into these contracts for trading purposes or speculation, and our management believes all such contracts are entered into as hedges of underlying transactions.

Due to customer

In October 2022, the Company received a cash deposit from a customer of $1,000 in relation to an executed capacity reservation agreement. The deposit was intended to be credited against any future sales of Loop^™ PET resin over a five-year period, commencing two years after the first delivery of Loop^™ PET resin to the customer. Upon mutual agreement, the capacity reservation agreement with the customer was terminated on January 18, 2024. The customer and the Company agreed for the deposit to be refunded in full on July 1, 2027, with no restriction on the Company’s use of the funds. The amount bears no interest. The cause of the termination is related to the customer’s decision to abandon its plans to incorporate recycled PET in its products for technical reasons.

The following table summarizes the exchange rates used:

Expenditures are translated at the average exchange rate for the period presented.

Flow of Funds

Summary of Cash Flows

A summary of cash flows for the years ended February 28, 2025, and February 29, 2024 in U.S. dollars was as follows:

Net Cash Used in Operating Activities

During the year ended February 28, 2025, we used $2,121 in operations compared to $18,046 during the year ended February 28, 2025. As discussed above in the Results of Operations, the year-over-year decrease was mainly due to increased revenues and decreased operating expenses as we have completed the upgrade of the Terrebonne Facility and our basic design package for the Infinite Loop^™ full-scale manufacturing facilities, in addition to decreased general and administrative expenses.

Net Cash Used in Investing Activities

During the year ended February 28, 2025, we used $2,036 in investing activities compared to $5,644 during the year ended February 29, 2024. During the year ended February 28, 2025, we invested $1,954 in our joint venture in India and received a distribution of $368 from our joint venture with Indorama. During the year ended February 29, 2024, cash used for the purchase of long-lead equipment amounted to $5,065.

During the year ended February 28, 2025, we made investments in intangible assets of $450, as compared to $482 during the year ended February 29, 2024, particularly to file patents for the Infinite Loop™ technology in the United States and around the world.

Net Cash Used in Financing Activities

During the year ended February 28, 2025, we received cash proceeds of $10,395 for the sale and issuance of Series B CPS.

In the year ended February 28, 2025, we made repayments of long-term debt of $77 as compared to $63 in the year ended February 29, 2024.

OUTLOOK

In connection with the upcoming fiscal year ending February 28, 2026, we intend to continue to execute our corporate strategy. We believe we must execute on several areas of our operational strategic plan, namely:

Risks that may affect our ability to execute on this strategy include, but are not limited to, those listed under “Risk Factors” elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to use its judgment to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. We believe that the accounting policies discussed below are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving management’s judgments and estimates.

Liquidity Assessment

Since its inception, the Company has been in the pre-commercialization stage with its ongoing operations and commercialization plans financed primarily by raising equity. The Company has incurred net losses and negative cash flow from operating and investing activities since its inception and expects to incur additional net losses while it continues to advance its commercialization efforts. As at February 28, 2025, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $12,973.

Management continuously monitors the Company’s cash resources against its short-term cash commitments to ensure there is sufficient liquidity to fund its costs for at least twelve months from the financial statements issuance date. It evaluates the Company’s liquidity to determine if there is substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. In preparing this liquidity assessment, management applies significant judgment in estimating future cash flow requirements of the Company based on budgets and forecasts, which includes developing assumptions related to: (i) the estimation of amount and timing of future cash outflows and inflows, and (ii) determining what future expenditures are committed and what could be considered discretionary. Based on this assessment, management believes that current available liquidity will be sufficient to meet the Company’s obligations, commitments and budgeted expenditures for at least twelve months from the issuance date of the consolidated financial statements.

The Company’s ability to move to the next stage of its strategic development and construct manufacturing facilities is dependent on, among other factors, whether the Company can obtain the necessary financing through a combination of further technology licensing arrangements, government incentive programs, and/or the issuance of debt and/or equity. In particular, the Company will require capital sufficient to fund its equity contributions to the India JV for the construction of the planned Infinite Loop™ facility in India, as well as its ongoing cash requirements until Loop begins receiving returns from the India JV. 

There is no assurance that the Company will be successful in attracting additional funding. Even if additional financing is available, it may not be available on terms favorable to the Company. Failure to secure additional financing on favorable terms when it becomes required would have an adverse effect on the Company’s financial position and on its ability to execute its business plan.

Revenue recognition

The Company recognizes revenue with customers in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). This standard applies to all contracts with customers, except for contracts with customers that are within the scope of other standards, such as leases, insurance, collaboration arrangements and financial instruments. Under ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that the Company determines are within the scope of ASC 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the Company will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract and determines those that are performance obligations and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied.

The Company enters into contracts with customers to sell Loop^™ PET resin. These contracts include a single performance obligation, which is the delivery of Loop^™ PET resin, and the transaction price is a fixed rate per delivered volume. Revenue is recognized when control of the product transfers to the customer, which is when product is delivered to the customer location.  Shipping and handling costs are accounted for as a fulfillment cost.

The Company enters into licensing agreements with customers, or licensees, for the use of the Company’s proprietary technology. Licensing agreements may include various types of payments, including upfront fees, milestone payments, and royalties. Upfront licensing fees are generally recognized at a point in time, when the license is made available for the customer’s benefit and the customer can benefit from the technology independently. Milestone payments are recognized when the milestone is achieved and the payment is no longer subject to reversal. Royalties are recognized when the underlying transactions occur.

The Company also enters into agreements to provide engineering services for Infinite Loop™ facilities. Engineering fees are recognized over time, as services are performed.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company periodically issues stock options, warrants and restricted stock units to employees and non-employees in non-capital raising transactions for services and financing expenses. The Company accounts for stock options granted to employees based on the authoritative guidance provided by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) wherein the fair value of the award is measured on the grant date and recognized as compensation expense on the straight-line basis over the vesting period. When performance conditions exist, the Company recognizes compensation expense when it becomes probable that the performance condition will be met. Forfeitures on share-based payments are recognized as they occur.

The Company accounts for stock options and warrants granted to non-employees in accordance with the authoritative guidance of the FASB wherein the fair value of the stock compensation is based upon the measurement date determined as the earlier of the date at which either a) a commitment is reached with the counterparty for performance or b) the counterparty completes its performance.

The Company estimates the fair value of restricted stock unit awards to employees and directors based on the closing market price of its common stock on the date of grant.

The fair value of the stock options granted is estimated using the Black-Scholes model, which uses certain assumptions related to risk-free interest rates, expected volatility, expected life of the stock options, and future dividends. Stock-based compensation expense is recorded based on the value derived from the Black-Scholes model and on actual experience. The assumptions used in the Black-Scholes model could materially affect stock-based compensation expenses recorded in the current and future periods.

Convertible Preferred Stock

The accounting for convertible preferred stock involves significant management judgment and estimation, particularly when determining the appropriate classification and measurement under applicable U.S. GAAP, including ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, ASC 470, Debt, and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging. These instruments may exhibit characteristics of both debt and equity, and the assessment of classification and subsequent measurement depends on contractual terms such as redemption rights, dividend features, and conversion mechanisms.

Convertible preferred stock is classified as a liability when it contains features such as mandatory redemption provisions or holder-initiated redemption rights that are outside the Company’s control. These features create an obligation that may require settlement in cash or other financial assets, regardless of whether the instrument ultimately converts into equity securities. Instruments classified as liabilities are initially recorded at fair value, net of issuance costs, and subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method. Periodic accretion of the carrying value, including the impact of any fixed paid-in-kind (PIK) dividends, is recognized as interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations.

In addition, the Company evaluates all convertible instruments to determine whether they contain embedded features requiring separate accounting as derivatives under ASC 815. This evaluation involves assessing the economic characteristics and risks of the embedded terms relative to the host instrument. If bifurcation is required, the embedded derivative is measured at fair value with subsequent changes in value recognized through earnings. The determination of whether bifurcation is required and the valuation of embedded derivatives, if present, require the use of complex valuation models and significant judgment regarding assumptions such as volatility, discount rates, and the probability of various settlement outcomes.

Because of the complexity and subjectivity involved in evaluating classification, estimating fair value, and determining accretion and derivative valuation, accounting for convertible preferred stock is considered a critical accounting estimate. Changes in assumptions or interpretations could have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.

Impairment of Property, Plant and Equipment

The Company reviews its property, plant and equipment (“PP&E”) for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or asset group may not be recoverable. This analysis requires significant management judgment and is therefore considered a critical accounting estimate.

Indicators of potential impairment may include, but are not limited to, significant adverse changes in the business climate, legal or regulatory environment, technological developments, business strategy or operating performance compared to expectations. If such indicators are identified, the Company performs a recoverability test by comparing the carrying value of the asset group to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated over the asset group’s remaining useful life.

If the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds the estimated undiscounted future cash flows, an impairment loss is recognized equal to the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value. Fair value is typically determined using either a discounted cash flow analysis or market-based approaches, both of which require management to make estimates and assumptions regarding future revenue, operating costs, useful lives, discount rates, and residual values. These estimates are inherently uncertain and may change over time based on evolving market conditions, operational results, and technological developments.

Due to the significance of the assumptions involved and the potential material impact on the financial statements, the assessment of impairment for PP&E is considered a critical accounting estimate. Actual results may differ materially from those assumed in the Company’s impairment analysis, which could result in future impairments or changes in depreciation expense.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Pursuant to SEC Release No. 33-8876, we are permitted to use the scaled disclosure requirements applicable to a “smaller reporting company,” as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act, and therefore, we are not required to provide the information called for by this Item.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

Loop Industries, Inc.

February 28, 2025

Index to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Loop Industries, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Loop Industries, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the Company) as of February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, of changes in stockholders’ equity and of cash flows for the years then ended, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Liquidity risk assessment

As described in Note 1 and 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, as management has assessed and determined that the Company will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of business as they become due for at least twelve months from the issuance date of these consolidated financial statements. For the year ended February 28, 2025, the Company incurred a net loss of $15.1 million and net cash used in operating activities was $2.1 million. As of February 28, 2025, the accumulated deficit amounted to $192.0 million. Management evaluates the Company’s liquidity to determine if there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. In preparing this liquidity assessment, management applies significant judgment in estimating future cash flow requirements of the Company based on budgets and forecasts, which includes developing assumptions related to (i) the estimation of amount and timing of future cash outflows and cash inflows; and (ii) determining what future expenditures are committed and what could be considered discretionary.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the liquidity risk assessment is a critical audit matter are the significant judgments made by management in estimating the future cash flow requirements of the Company based on budgets and forecasts and in developing the related assumptions. This in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity and effort in performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence related to management’s liquidity risk assessment and the development of assumptions included in the estimated future cash flows.

Additionally, these procedures included evaluating the sufficiency of the Company’s liquidity risk disclosure.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included, among others, (i) evaluating management’s assessment of whether the Company has sufficient cash resources for at least twelve months from the issuance date of the consolidated financial statements; (ii) testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used in management’s estimation of future cash flow requirements; (iii) evaluating the reasonableness of management’s assumptions related to the estimation of the amount and timing of future cash outflows and cash inflows; and (iv) determining what future expenditures are committed and what could be considered discretionary. The evaluation of these assumptions considered (i) management’s historical accuracy in forecasting cash flows and setting budgets; and (ii) whether these assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit.

/s/PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Montréal, Canada

May 29, 2025

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2017.

Loop Industries, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Loop Industries, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Loop Industries, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity

For the Years Ended February 28, 2025 and February 29, 2024

(in United States dollars)