SEC Form 10-K filed by Solidion Technology Inc.

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT UNDER SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from             to              

Commission file number: 001-41323

SOLIDION TECHNOLOGY, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (972) 918-5120

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C.7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

At June 30, 2024, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the common stock of the registrant held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $9,339,999.

As of April 1, 2025, there were 135,845,569 shares of common stock of the Company issued and outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

EXPLANATORY NOTE

On February 2, 2024 (the “Closing Date”), Nubia Brand International Corp., a Delaware corporation (“Nubia” and after the Transactions described herein, the “Combined Company” or “Solidion Technology, Inc.”), consummated the previously announced business combination (the “Closing”) pursuant to a Merger Agreement (as amended on August 25, 2023, the “Merger Agreement”), by and among Nubia, Honeycomb Battery Company, an Ohio corporation (“HBC”), and Nubia Merger Sub, Inc., an Ohio corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of Nubia (“Merger Sub”). Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub merged with and into HBC (the “Merger,” and the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the “Transactions”), with HBC surviving such merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Nubia, which was renamed “Solidion Technology, Inc.” upon Closing.

Unless the context otherwise requires, the “registrant” and the “Company” refer to Nubia prior to the Closing and to the Combined Company and its subsidiaries following the Closing and “HBC” and “Honeycomb” refers to Honeycomb Battery Company and its subsidiaries prior to the Closing and the business of the Combined Company and its subsidiaries following the Closing.

The Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Common Stock”), is now listed on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“NASDAQ Global”) under the symbol “STI”. The Company’s Public Warrants to purchase Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share, previously listed under ticker “NUBIW”, were delisted from the Nasdaq and pending listing on The OTC Markets under the symbol “STIWW”. The audited financial statements for the fiscal year ended and as of December 31, 2023 included herein reflect the operations of HBC, as HBC is the accounting acquirer and predecessor. Until the Merger, Nubia neither engaged in any operations nor generated any revenue, and based on its business activities, Nubia was a “shell company” as defined under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”).

SOLIDION TECHNOLOGY, INC.

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024

FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act. The statements contained in this report that are not purely historical are forward-looking statements. Our forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding our or our management’s expectations, hopes, beliefs, intentions or strategies regarding the future. In addition, any statements that refer to projections, forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipates,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “would” and similar expressions may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking. Forward-looking statements in this report may include, for example, statements about our:

The forward-looking statements contained in this report are based on our current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on us. There can be no assurance that future developments affecting us will be those that we have anticipated. These forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties (some of which are beyond our control) or other assumptions that may cause actual results or performance to be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those factors described under the heading “Risk Factors.” Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any of our assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary in material respects from those projected in these forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable laws.

As a result of a number of known and unknown risks and uncertainties, our actual results or performance may be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Some factors that could cause actual results to differ include:

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

In this Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “Form 10-K”), references to the “Company” and to “Solidion” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Solidion Technology, Inc.

Corporate History and Background

We were originally incorporated in Delaware on June 14, 2021 under the name “Nubia Brand International Corp.” as a special purpose acquisition company, formed for the purpose of effecting an initial business combination with one or more target businesses. On March 14, 2022 (the “IPO Closing Date”), we consummated our initial public offering (the “IPO”). On February 2, 2024, we consummated the previously announced business combination (the “Closing”) pursuant to a Merger Agreement, dated February 16, 2023 (as amended on August 25, 2023, the “Merger Agreement”), by and among Nubia, Honeycomb Battery Company, an Ohio corporation (“HBC”), and Nubia Merger Sub, Inc., an Ohio corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of Nubia (“Merger Sub”). Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub merged with and into HBC (the “Merger,” and the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the “Transactions”), with HBC surviving such merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Nubia, which was renamed “Solidion Technology, Inc.” upon Closing and we became the owner, directly or indirectly, of all of the equity interests of Honeycomb Battery Company and its subsidiaries.

Overview

Solidion Technology, Inc. is an advanced battery technology company focused on the development and commercialization of next-generation battery materials, components, and energy storage solutions. Headquartered in Dallas, Texas, with research and development (R&D) and manufacturing operations in Dayton, Ohio, Solidion is dedicated to transforming the energy storage landscape by addressing key limitations in current lithium-ion and emerging battery technologies.

The Company specializes in high-performance silicon-rich anode materials, solid-state battery technology, and fire-retardant electrolytes, aiming to enhance the energy density, safety, and cost-effectiveness of lithium-ion batteries. Solidion’s proprietary innovations include graphene-enabled batteries, elastomer-protected electrodes, quasi-solid and solid-state electrolytes, and biochar-derived anode materials, providing sustainable and scalable solutions for the electric vehicle (EV), energy storage system (ESS), and consumer electronics markets.

Solidion holds an extensive intellectual property (IP) portfolio with over 525 active patents (pending and granted) globally, positioning the Company as a leader in silicon anode and solid-state battery technology. Its innovative silane-free production processes for silicon-based anode materials allow for lower manufacturing costs and improved scalability. Additionally, its fire-retardant and polymer-based electrolytes enable safer, high-energy-density batteries compatible with existing lithium-ion cell production infrastructure.

A key milestone in Solidion’s technological advancements is the successful development of a high-energy cylindrical cell, which achieves an exceptional energy density of 305 Wh/kg, significantly higher than conventional lithium-ion batteries, which typically range between 240-260 Wh/kg. This innovation not only enhances the range and performance of EVs but also underscores Solidion’s ability to deliver cutting-edge solutions for high-energy and high-power applications.

The Company has established strategic partnerships with leading industry players, including Giga Solar Materials Corp. and Bluestar Materials Company, to advance the production and commercialization of silicon oxide (SiOx) anode materials in the U.S. These collaborations, along with Solidion’s ongoing engagement with EV original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and toll-manufacturing partners, position the Company to accelerate the adoption of its next-generation battery solutions.

On November 14, 2024, we adopted a strategic Bitcoin allocation policy for our Corporate Treasury. As part of this strategy, Solidion is committed to leveraging Bitcoin as a long-term store of value. The Company will allocate excess cash from operations toward Bitcoin purchases, subject to board approval. Additionally, interest earnings from cash held in money market accounts will be converted into Bitcoin. The Company also plans to allocate a portion of future capital raises to Bitcoin acquisitions, demonstrating a sustained commitment to integrating Bitcoin into its financial strategy. For fiscal year 2024, the Company did not identify excess cash from operations for Bitcoin purchases. Additionally, $13,806 generated in interest income earnings during fiscal year 2024 have been designated for Bitcoin purchases in fiscal year 2025 as part of the ongoing treasury strategy. The Company did not conduct any capital raise activities between the date of its announcement and the end of the reporting period and, as a result, did not allocate any proceeds toward Bitcoin purchases. Looking ahead, during fiscal year 2025, Solidion anticipates capital raises that will include allocation of a portion of proceeds to Bitcoin acquisitions.

Solidion is committed to advancing battery technology through continuous R&D efforts, expanding manufacturing capabilities, and optimizing supply chain sustainability. By integrating cutting-edge materials and scalable production methods, Solidion aims to deliver high-performance, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable battery solutions that address the increasing demand for electrified mobility and renewable energy storage.

Limitations of Current Battery Technology

Li-Ion Batteries Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are pivotal in climate change mitigation as they play a key role in electrifying the transport sector and enabling the integration of renewables. They are widely used in portable electronics and electric vehicles due to their high potential for providing efficient energy storage and environmental sustainability. NMC (nickel-manganese-cobalt oxides) and LFP (lithium iron phosphate) are common LIB cathode chemistries for electric vehicle applications. Graphite is typically used as the battery anode material (BAM).

Despite their importance, current LIB technology has limitations:

Our Technology

Solidion is leading the development of low-cost, high-performance silicon-rich (Si-rich) anode materials, pioneering multiple approaches to enhance the efficiency, scalability, and sustainability of next-generation lithium-ion batteries. One of Solidion’s most transformative innovations is its elastomer protection technology, which utilizes a flexible polymer to encapsulate silicon particles and protect the entire electrode. This design effectively addresses the mechanical stresses caused by silicon expansion during charge-discharge cycles, significantly improving battery longevity and stability. Unlike common silicon anode production methods that rely on silane gas and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes, Solidion’s approach is silane-free and CVD-free, utilizing low-cost metallurgical-grade or reclaimed silicon as a feedstock. This cost-effective and environmentally friendly method makes silicon anode technology more viable for mass adoption of suitable applications.

Solidion has also pioneered a method to produce high-capacity silicon anodes via CVD but without the use of toxic and explosive silane gas, thereby enhancing both the safety and sustainability of battery manufacturing. This breakthrough is part of Solidion’s extensive intellectual property portfolio, which encompasses over 525 active patents. By eliminating the need for silane gas in silicon anode production, the overall cost is expected to decrease, making the product more competitive, market-friendly, and potentially preventing the painful silane supply chain issue. These advancements are set to benefit a wide range of applications, including energy storage systems and electric vehicles across land, air, and sea. Beyond silicon anode innovation, Solidion is also advancing its graphene technology platform to enhance the electrical conductivity of Si-based anode materials. Integrating graphene into Si/C composite anodes has demonstrated a 17% increase in electrical conductivity, addressing the common challenge of poor power capability in Si/C or SiOx anode materials. This enhancement is achieved with minimal additional cost, making it a practical and scalable solution for improving battery performance.

Solidion is pioneering the introduction of biochar-derived anode materials to the battery industry, offering a sustainable solution to reduce CO₂ emissions while enhancing the battery industry value chain. Unlike conventional graphite anodes, which rely on petroleum coke and contribute significantly to carbon emissions, biochar provides an eco-friendly alternative. By utilizing biochar as a feedstock, atmospheric CO₂ can be partially offset, establishing a closed-loop carbon cycle. Additionally, CO₂ emissions per unit weight of product are projected to be 30% lower compared to petroleum-derived graphite. Solidion has successfully demonstrated a 200 mAh battery cell incorporating an NMC cathode and biochar-derived anode materials, achieving approximately 1,000 cycles at a 0.3C charge/discharge rate. While further optimization is required to enhance electrochemical performance and scalability, biochar-based anodes represent a low-carbon solution for next-generation lithium-ion batteries, accelerating the transition toward more sustainable energy storage technologies.

Solidion has developed a range of fire-retardant, quasi-solid, and hybrid solid electrolytes designed for scalability and compatibility with existing lithium-ion battery manufacturing processes and facilities. Our solvent-in-salt and solvent-in-polymer electrolytes address the common limitations of conventional fire-retardant formulations, such as high viscosity, poor wettability, and low ionic conductivity, which can hinder electrode infiltration, increase internal resistance, and reduce power capability. Compatibility issues with electrodes and separators, along with narrow electrochemical stability windows, have traditionally limited the adoption of fire-retardant electrolytes in high-voltage lithium-ion batteries.

Solidion’s FireShield™ electrolytes overcome these challenges with a process-friendly formulation that enables manufacturers to integrate solid-state or quasi-solid electrolyte-based lithium batteries without requiring significant changes to existing production lines. Unlike conventional fire-retardant electrolytes, which typically have a viscosity exceeding 47 mPa●s, Solidion’s formulations achieve approximately 3.7 mPa●s, an order of magnitude lower, ensuring efficient electrode wetting. Additionally, while traditional fire-retardant electrolytes exhibit ionic conductivity as low as 0.63 mS/cm, Solidion’s electrolytes demonstrate 1.74–1.98 mS/cm, significantly enhancing charge transport and overall battery performance.

These electrolytes have been successfully tested in 100 mAh pouch cells utilizing NMC811 cathodes and SiOx/graphite anodes, delivering 800–900 cycles, proving their compatibility and long-term stability. Additionally, Solidion has developed small prototype cells with quasi-solid electrolytes, derived from our fire-retardant formulations. These prototype cells demonstrate rate capabilities comparable to conventional carbonate-based electrolytes, while offering superior safety performance, significantly reducing thermal runaway risks.

Solidion’s next-generation battery technology is poised to deliver higher capacity, longer cycle life, enhanced safety, and fast-charging capability—all while minimizing costs. With graphene- and elastomer-protected lithium-metal anodes, Solidion is driving the transition toward a quasi-solid and solid-state battery industry, solidifying its leadership in safer, more efficient, and scalable energy storage solutions.

Our Competitive Strengths

Differentiated Battery Technology Solidion stands apart in next-generation battery technology by offering silicon anodes, biochar-based anodes, and innovative electrolytes that deliver higher energy density, lower costs, and greater sustainability than conventional solutions. Unlike most silicon anode manufacturers that rely on silane gas and chemical vapor deposition (CVD), Solidion has developed silane-free, CVD-free production methods using low-cost metallurgical-grade or reclaimed silicon, reducing both manufacturing costs and supply chain dependency. Our elastomer protection technology is a breakthrough in mitigating negative effects resulted from silicon expansion—a challenge that has hindered widespread adoption of silicon anodes. Solidion has also pioneered a silane-free CVD process to produce Si/C at a lower cost per our projection. Additionally, our graphene-enhanced Si-based anodes provide a 17% increase in electrical conductivity, a key differentiator that improves power output with minimal cost, addressing a common limitation in Si/C and SiOx composite anodes used by other manufacturers.

Beyond silicon anodes, Solidion is among the few companies pioneering biochar-derived anodes, providing a 30% lower CO₂ footprint compared to petroleum-based graphite, aligning with the industry’s push for low-carbon battery materials. While competitors focus on graphite from fossil-fuel sources, Solidion’s biochar-based approach establishes a closed-loop carbon cycle, reducing environmental impact while maintaining high electrochemical performance. Our 200 mAh prototype cell, integrating biochar anodes and an NMC cathode, has achieved 1,000 cycles at 0.3C, demonstrating its viability as a scalable, sustainable alternative to conventional anodes.

In battery safety and manufacturability, Solidion differentiates itself with its FireShield™ electrolyte technology, including solvent-in-salt and solvent-in-polymer electrolytes, designed for seamless integration into existing lithium-ion battery manufacturing lines. While many competitors require entirely new processes and equipment for solid-state battery production, Solidion’s electrolytes enable a cost-effective transition to quasi-solid and solid-state batteries without major infrastructure changes. Additionally, our graphene- and elastomer-protected lithium-metal anode technology is a key enabler for the widespread commercialization of lithium-metal batteries, offering both higher energy density and improved cycle life. By integrating breakthrough materials with scalable, production-friendly solutions, Solidion is setting a new industry standard, driving the battery sector toward safer, longer-lasting, and more environmentally responsible energy storage technologies.

Strong intellectual property and expertise in silicon, graphite, and safe electrolyte domains Solidion Technology boasts a robust IP portfolio of over 525 active patents, crucial for next-generation EV batteries. As a pioneer in disruptive battery innovations, including graphene-enabled, polymer-protected, and solid-state technologies, Solidion holds over 100 key U.S. patents for enhanced silicon materials, 35+ for fire-resistant electrolytes, and 70+ for advanced solid-state and lithium metal batteries. This IP enables cutting-edge solutions like high-performance silicon anodes, cobalt-free cathodes, and protected lithium metal anodes.

Solidion Technology has a robust and expansive intellectual property (IP) portfolio, comprising over 525 active and high-value patents, many of which are central to the next generation of electric vehicle (EV) battery technologies. The Company is a pioneer in disruptive battery innovations, including graphene-enabled batteries, elastic polymer-protected batteries, quasi-solid and solid-state electrolytes, as well as advanced hybrid electrolytes. Solidion’s portfolio includes over 100 key U.S. patents related to graphene- and polymer-enhanced silicon-based materials, more than 35 patents for fire-resistant electrolytes, and over 70 patents focused on next-generation solid-state and lithium metal battery technologies. This vast IP foundation provides the EV industry with cutting-edge solutions, such as silicon-rich anodes with superior performance-to-cost ratios, cobalt-free sulfur cathodes, process-friendly solid-state electrolytes, and protected lithium metal anodes. Additionally, Solidion’s innovations extend to advanced current collectors that enhance battery cycle life and performance under extreme conditions. With patent expirations ranging from 2028 to 2040, Solidion’s IP offers a long-term competitive advantage, with most of the patents owned outright by the Company, ensuring strategic flexibility and ongoing leadership in the battery technology sector.

Strategic Partnerships In November 2024, Solidion entered into strategic partnership with Taiwan-based Giga Solar Materials Corp. and Bluestar Materials Company, marking a significant step toward the advancement of SiOx anode materials production in the United States. This collaboration aims to develop high-quality SiOx anode solutions for lithium-ion batteries. With Bluestar’s design expertise, Giga Solar’s manufacturing experience, and Solidion’s cutting-edge technologies, the partnership is set to strengthen North America’s lithium battery materials supply chain, meeting the increasing demand for electric vehicle (EV) batteries and energy storage systems.

The alliance leverages Solidion’s expansive patent portfolio and R&D capabilities to optimize SiOx anode production, which offers a fivefold increase in specific capacity over traditional graphite. This innovation is key to enhancing battery energy density, thus improving EV range and durability. Solidion and Giga Solar, with a combined 100 Metric Tons per Annum (MTA) capacity in Taiwan, are exploring U.S.-based manufacturing opportunities to further their market share in the rapidly expanding EV and energy storage sectors.

Our Products

Anode Materials Our product portfolio includes graphite-based anode materials, distinguished by our commitment to utilizing raw materials from sustainable sources. As part of our efforts to contribute to the goal of net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, we are scrutinizing our entire supply chain to identify opportunities for reducing environmental impacts. Graphite, a critical component in rechargeable batteries due to its longevity and cost-efficiency, is traditionally derived from petroleum coke and pitch. Solidion’s innovative approach introduces biochar produced from waste biomass as an alternative feedstock. This sustainable process not only sequesters carbon but may also result in carbon-negative production. By leveraging biochar, Solidion aims to produce anode-grade graphite with exceptional performance. By the end of 2024, Solidion’s anode materials containing biochar-derived materials have achieved a capacity of over 340 mAh/g and comparable cycle life to conventional graphite anodes, marking a significant step towards more environmentally responsible battery manufacturing. Solidion has also developed a series of silicon and SiOx anode materials that enable a significantly higher energy density (for example, an expected 20-30% increase in the EV driving range) likely at a reduction in the cell cost in terms of U.S. dollars per kilowatt hour (“kWh”) when production in scale occurs. The specific capacity of these products range from 1,300 to 2,800 mAh/g aiming to suit different applications including EV, energy storage stations, drones, and consumer electronics.

Battery Cells To rigorously validate the performance of its innovative anode materials, Solidion is actively engaged in the development and testing of a diverse portfolio of battery cells. By the close of 2024, Solidion, in collaboration with strategic partners, has successfully constructed and evaluated over three distinct types of cylindrical cells, each featuring either our advanced silicon (Si) or graphite-based anodes. These cells showcase a wide range of capabilities, with capacities spanning from 4.6 to an impressive 5.5Ah.

Notably, our high-energy 5.5Ah 21700 cylindrical cell represents a significant leap forward in battery technology. This cell not only achieves an exceptional energy density of 305 Wh/kg, surpassing the typical 240-260 Wh/kg offered by established Asian manufacturers in the same high-energy category, but also delivers superior power performance. It boasts a continuous charging and discharging capability exceeding 2C, a substantial improvement over the performance less than 1C typically seen in competitor products. This combination of high energy density and robust power handling makes our 5.5Ah cell ideally suited for applications demanding both sustained energy delivery and moderate to high power output, such as advanced electric vehicles and high-performance portable electronics.

Furthermore, Solidion is actively developing cell variants tailored for applications requiring even higher power capabilities. These cells have already demonstrated impressive fast-charging capabilities, exceeding 3C, enabling rapid replenishment of energy and minimizing downtime. This focus on high-power cells underscores our commitment to addressing the diverse needs of the evolving energy storage market.

Beyond anode advancements, Solidion is also pioneering the development of next-generation electrolytes. As previously mentioned, we have successfully formulated fire-retardant and quasi-solid electrolytes, demonstrating their performance through the construction of small prototype cells. These electrolytes represent a significant step towards enhancing battery safety, a critical consideration in today’s demanding applications. Looking ahead, Solidion intends to scale up production of these electrolyte-based cells, manufacturing larger format cells in common practical sizes. This initiative will not only validate the performance of our advanced electrolytes in real-world scenarios but also pave the way for the development of safer and more reliable energy storage solutions. By integrating our innovative anode materials with these advanced electrolytes, Solidion is poised to deliver a new generation of high-performance, safe, and sustainable batteries. The development of larger cells with advanced electrolytes is scheduled to conclude in 2025.

Our Growth Strategy

Battery Development for Customers Solidion’s core strategy revolves around the meticulous design and rigorous testing of advanced battery cells, tailored to meet the specific needs of our customers and the broader market. We are dedicated to developing a diverse array of cell types, encompassing both cylindrical and pouch formats, with varying dimensions to accommodate a wide range of applications. Our approach is deeply rooted in materials innovation, leveraging our proprietary silicon and graphite-based anodes, alongside our fire-retardant and quasi-solid electrolytes. This allows us to precisely engineer cell performance characteristics, focusing on achieving optimal energy density, power output, and safety. Each cell design undergoes exhaustive testing protocols, including cycle life analysis, rate capability assessments, and safety evaluations, to ensure it meets the highest standards of performance and reliability. We are committed to pushing the boundaries of battery technology, exploring novel electrode configurations and electrolyte formulations to unlock new levels of performance. Through close collaboration with our customers, we meticulously refine our designs, incorporating feedback and tailoring solutions to address unique application requirements. Whether a client seeks a high-energy cell for an extended runtime, a high-power cell for rapid discharge, or a cell with enhanced safety features, Solidion’s dedicated team of engineers and scientists is focused on delivering innovative and reliable battery solutions.

Leverage existing global toll manufacturing capacity to produce batteries Solidion’s growth strategy is strategically designed to capitalize on existing global toll manufacturing capabilities, enabling us to efficiently and cost-effectively meet the burgeoning demand for our advanced battery cells. Recognizing the critical need to provide customers with sample cells in larger, application-relevant formats, we are leveraging partnerships with established manufacturing facilities worldwide, including those within the United States. While Solidion’s current infrastructure for cell fabrication focuses on research and development, these collaborative relationships allow us to rapidly scale production and deliver customized cell prototypes without significant capital expenditure. By partnering with experienced toll manufacturers, we gain access to established production lines, quality control systems, and logistical expertise, ensuring consistent product quality and timely delivery. This approach not only facilitates the efficient production of sample cells for customer evaluation but also provides a robust pathway for Solidion to explore and penetrate the broader battery cell market. As we receive customer orders, we will continue to collaborate with our global network of toll manufacturing partners, ensuring seamless and scalable production. This strategic approach allows us to embrace the inherent low-cost advantages of toll manufacturing at mass-production scales, optimizing our operational efficiency and enabling us to offer competitive pricing. Furthermore, this model allows Solidion to remain agile, adapting quickly to market fluctuations and customer demands without the constraints of owning and operating large-scale manufacturing facilities. By fostering strong relationships with our toll manufacturing partners, we are building a resilient and adaptable supply chain, positioning Solidion for sustained growth and success in the rapidly evolving battery industry.

Partnership Development and Expansion Solidion remains committed to strengthening its strategic partnerships with Giga Solar and Bluestar to advance the development and commercialization of SiOx anode materials and innovative production processes. By leveraging the combined expertise and resources of these partnerships, Solidion aims to optimize manufacturing efficiency and accelerate market adoption. Additionally, the Company intends to collaborate closely with EV OEMs and toll-manufacturing partners to develop and scale the production of advanced battery materials and cells. The long-term objective is to integrate these next-generation energy storage solutions into EVs, drones, and other high-performance applications, supporting the broader transition to sustainable transportation and energy systems.

Advancing Battery Technologies Solidion is dedicated to advancing battery technologies to maintain its leadership in the dynamic energy storage sector. We understand that significant progress demands a comprehensive strategy, encompassing both material and cell-level innovations. Our persistent research efforts concentrate on refining and optimizing essential components, including anodes, cathodes, and electrolytes, to create integrated systems that achieve exceptional performance. We strive to seamlessly incorporate these advancements into battery cells designed to meet the diverse and evolving needs of our customers across various applications. Utilizing our extensive expertise, Solidion is committed to developing future products that not only feature cutting-edge technology but also emphasize manufacturability, ensuring efficient scalability and cost-effectiveness. To reinforce our position as a technological pioneer, we sustain a substantial investment in research and development, focusing on pivotal areas such as cell chemistry and architecture, next-generation battery materials, and advanced manufacturing techniques. This continuous investment enables us to expand and strengthen our intellectual property portfolio, securing our ability to deliver transformative battery solutions that address the energy storage demands of the future.

Expanding our end markets and applications Solidion’s strategy for growth includes a deliberate expansion of our end markets and applications. While our core focus remains on strengthening our battery material production capabilities, we recognize the significant opportunity presented by the cell business. By leveraging our established partnerships with global toll manufacturers, we plan to integrate our advanced material products and technologies into a diverse range of battery cells, tailored to meet the specific requirements of various end users. This strategic move allows us to extend our reach beyond material supply and directly address the needs of growing markets. Our target applications include, but are not limited to, EV vehicles, where foreign manufacturers are seeking U.S. partnerships to mitigate potential tariffs, production of silicon-based alloys, where domestic sourcing requirements demand U.S. entity control, consumer electronics, where demand for high-performance, compact batteries is increasing, residential energy storage systems, which require reliable and long-lasting solutions, and the rapidly expanding drone market, where lightweight, high-energy-density cells are crucial. By diversifying our offerings and entering these dynamic sectors, Solidion aims to solidify its position as a comprehensive provider of innovative energy storage solutions.

Our Research and Development

Solidion is continuously advancing energy storage technologies, refining innovations for commercial applications while expanding research and development initiatives. Our focus is on enhancing key performance characteristics and broadening the applications of our battery technologies, including anode materials, electrolytes, and next-generation energy storage solutions beyond lithium-ion. Our ongoing R&D efforts include:

Advancing Material Structures and Manufacturing Processes: We are refining biochar-based, silicon-based, and SiOx-based anode materials by optimizing their structure and composition. Efforts include surface modifications, such as graphene and elastomer coatings, and production process enhancements. A key focus is the development of a silane-free production process for Si/C materials, which has the potential to significantly reduce manufacturing costs.

Enhancing Battery Life: We are working on a range of electrolyte additives and binders designed to improve the cycle life of silicon-based battery cells while maintaining critical performance characteristics, such as energy density.

Increasing Energy Density and Power Capability: We are actively exploring alternative cell designs and cathode materials to enhance energy storage capacity and power output.

Developing Larger Cell Form Factors: Currently, we produce 5Ah 21700 cylindrical cells and pouch cells up to approximately 1Ah. As we expand our customer base, we are developing larger-format batteries to support broader energy storage applications, including electric vehicles, drones, and consumer electronics. We also are working on building larger cells that incorporate our fire-retardant and quasi-solid electrolytes to provide safer battery cells to the market.

Supply

Solidion plans to become a supplier of solid-state cells (for the EV, energy storage systems and portable electronics markets) and certain battery components/materials (for example, graphite-, Si oxide-, and Si-rich anode materials and electrolytes) to select customers or strategic partners.

Our business is not raw-material-limited. As an example, 100,000 tons of graphite requires about 400,000 tons of biomass, which is just 0.015% of the total available source of 2,700 million tons available per year. 900 million tons of forest residues and wood processing residues combined are available, and an additional 1,800 million tons of biomass feedstock are available from the following species: distillers grains, orchard waste, almond shells, mixed paper, corn waste, saw dust, switch-grass, cane bagasse, wheat straw, timber, acacia wood waste, fruit bunch, cassava waste and palm kernel shell.

We plan to begin with the toll manufacturing/joint venture (“TM/JV”) model for commercializing the solid-state battery technologies. At a later stage, we may consider building our own facilities for producing certain specialty cells (such as bipolar or high-voltage cells) responsive to market demands. We expect the TM/JV partners to acquire silicon-rich anode materials and electrolyte formulations from us as part of the TM/JV agreement. We will also supply both graphite-dominant and silicon-rich anode materials to customers that choose to use liquid electrolytes in their lithium-ion cells.

Intellectual Property

Solidion has a portfolio of over 525 high-value active patents. This portfolio contains many key patents for next generation EV batteries. Solidion is the inventor of graphene-enabled batteries, elastic polymer-protected batteries, quasi-solid electrolytes, elastomeric solid-state electrolytes, advanced polymer/inorganic hybrid electrolytes, and numerous other disruptive battery technologies. This massive intellectual portfolio provides the EV industry with what we believe to be several key enabling battery technologies, such as silicon-rich anode having the highest performance/cost ratio, the highest-capacity sulfur cathode materials (free of cobalt, nickel and manganese), the most process-friendly solid-state electrolytes, protected lithium metal anode, fast chargeability, aluminum-ion cells and sodium-ion cells. Solidion holds more than 100 key U.S. patents on graphene- or polymer-enhanced silicon-based materials. It holds more than 35 key U.S. patents on fire-resistant electrolytes for lithium batteries. It holds more than 70 U.S. patents on key technologies for next-generation all-solid state or lithium metal batteries. It also holds advanced current collector patents; these technologies are capable of extending cycle life and improving operating temperatures and voltages. The year of expiration of these key U.S. patents generally ranges from as early as 2028 to as late as 2040. Most of the intellectual property to be utilized by Solidion is intellectual property that is owned by Solidion (having been transferred from G3 to Solidion via the Patent Assignment, dated as of February 8, 2023 (the “Patent Assignment”)). Solidion licenses a relatively small number of patents relating to graphene and graphite production from G3 pursuant to the Supply and License Agreement, under which there are no significant limitations. These patent rights are licensed on an irrevocable, non-exclusive, royalty-free basis.

The strong IP portfolio enables Solidion to become a market and technology leader in the battery space for decades to come.

Competition

We compete directly and indirectly with current battery manufacturers and with an increasing number of companies that are developing new battery technologies and chemistries to address the growing market for electrified mobility solutions. The EV battery industry is fast-growing and highly competitive. We primarily compete with other silicon anode materials companies globally, such as Sila Nanotechnologies Inc., Group 14 Technologies, Inc., Enovix Corporation, Enevate Corporation, Nexeon Ltd., Storedot Ltd., BTR New Energy Material Ltd., Shanshan Corporation, and Berzelius. Some competitors produce silicon anode materials via CVD, which is believed to be expensive and challenging to scale up, and require explosive gaseous raw materials. In contrast, our patented technologies are expected to allow us to produce highly scalable low-cost silicon-rich products that could be compatible with solid-state and liquid-state electrolytes and have greater energy density and lower cost per kilowatt hour.

We also compete with graphite anode materials companies globally, such as BTR New Energy Material Ltd., Shanshan Corporation, Kaijin New Energy Technology Co. Ltd., Zichen New Materials Technology Co., Ltd., XFH Technology Co., Ltd., Zhongke Shinzoom Technology Co., Ltd., POSCO Future M Co., Ltd., Resonac Holdings Corporation, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Sinuo Industrial Development Co., NOVONIX Limited, Anovion Technologies, etc. While the competitors produce synthetic graphite by using petroleum coke as a raw material, Solidion’s products contain biochar-derived anode materials which offset CO₂ from the atmosphere and reduce the overall CO₂ emissions considering raw materials.

Additionally, Solidion may be perceived to compete with certain other solid-state or lithium metal battery companies, such as QuantumScape, Solid Power and SES. However, we view these companies as potential strategic partners, not competitors. For instance, Solidion has complementary IP that can help each of these companies accelerate the commercialization of their lithium metal batteries (for example, by providing graphene/elastomer-protected Li metal anode technologies). Our lithium metal protection technologies are capable of addressing certain known issues associated with rigid inorganic solid electrolytes, such as large electrode/electrode interfacial impedance and the typically high stack-holding pressure. Solidion’s solid state batteries are expected to be produced at scale and cost-effectively using current lithium-ion cell production process and equipment, thus enabling fast time-to-market compared to all-solid-state batteries. This versatile platform technology could potentially transform the lithium-ion battery industry into producers of safe, solid-state batteries for EV, ESS, consumer electronics, and other power storage applications. As Solidion plans to extend its business to battery cells, Solidion competes with leading tier-one battery manufacturers, including Amperex Technology Limited (ATL), Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited (CATL), LG Chem Ltd., Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Panasonic Industry Co., Ltd., and Samsung SDI Co., Ltd. These companies possess significant financial resources, well-established supply chains, and strong relationships with automotive and electronics manufacturers.

Human Capital

We believe that our success is driven by our team of technology innovators and experienced business leaders. We seek to hire and develop employees who are dedicated to our strategic mission. As of December 31, 2024, we employed 28 full time employees.

We are committed to maintaining equitable compensation programs including equity participation. We offer market-competitive salaries and strong equity compensation aimed at attracting and retaining team members capable of making exceptional contributions to our success. Our compensation decisions are guided by the external market, role criticality, and the contributions of each team member.

Facilities

Our corporate headquarters are located at 13355 Noel Rd., Suite 1100, Dallas, Texas, and our telephone number is (972) 918-5120.

Our Research and development and manufacturing operations are located in Dayton, Ohio, where we own a building of approximately 27,646 square feet and lease a building of approximately 7,097 square feet.

For more information, please visit www.solidiontech.com or contact Investor Relations.

Government Regulation and Compliance

There are government regulations pertaining to battery safety, transportation of batteries, use of batteries in vehicles, factory safety and disposal of hazardous materials. We will ultimately have to comply with these regulations to sell our battery products into market.

For example, we expect to become subject to federal and state environmental laws and regulations regarding the handling and disposal of hazardous substances and solid waste, to include electronic waste and battery cells. These laws regulate the generation, storage, treatment, transportation, and disposal of solid and hazardous waste and may impose strict, joint and several liability for the investigation and remediation of areas where hazardous substances may have been released or disposed. In the course of ordinary operations, we, through third parties and contractors, might in the future handle hazardous substances within the meaning of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (“CERCLA”) and similar state statutes and, as a result, may be jointly and severally liable for all or part of the costs required to clean up sites at which these hazardous substances have been released into the environment. We might also become subject to the strict requirements of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (“RCRA”) and comparable state statutes for the generation or disposal of solid waste, which may include hazardous waste.

Solidion expects to use existing factories to produce solid-state batteries. The Occupational Safety and Health Act (“OSHA”), and comparable laws in other jurisdictions, regulate the protection of the health and safety of workers in such factories. In addition, the OSHA hazard communication standard requires that information be maintained about any hazardous materials used or produced in operations and that this information be provided to employees, state and local government authorities, and the public.

The use, storage and disposal of battery packs is regulated under federal law. We expect any batteries we produce will be required to conform to mandatory regulations governing the transport of “dangerous goods” that may present a risk in transportation, which includes lithium-ion batteries, and are subject to regulations issued by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (“PHMSA”). These regulations are based on the UN Recommendations on the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods Model Regulations and related UN Manual Tests and Criteria. The regulations vary by mode of transportation when these items are shipped, such as by ocean vessel, rail, truck or air.

We expect that the EVs that would use our battery technology would be subject to numerous regulatory requirements established by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (“NHTSA”), including applicable U.S. federal motor vehicle safety standards (“FMVSS”). EV manufacturers must self-certify that the vehicles meet or are exempt from all applicable FMVSSs before a vehicle can be imported into or sold in the U.S. There are numerous FMVSSs that we expect would apply to vehicles that would use our battery technology. Examples of these requirements include:

These standards and regulations cover various aspects of battery safety, including electrical safety, mechanical safety, thermal safety, and environmental safety. They are developed by organizations such as the Society of Automotive Engineers (also known as SAE), Underwriters Laboratories (“UL”), and regulatory bodies such as NHTSA to ensure that batteries used in EVs meet specific safety requirements before being installed in a vehicle. There are significant similarities among these standards; different EV makers require the battery suppliers to follow different standards. We will work with UL and select EV makers to determine the required tests and to obtain the necessary safety certifications.

The United States Advanced Battery Consortium (also known as USABC) provides the Battery Abuse Testing Manual for Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Applications, which defines abuse tests for rechargeable energy storage systems (“RESSs”) used in electric vehicle applications. These tests evaluate the response of RESS technologies to conditions or events that are outside of normal use. The manual recommends tests such as controlled crush, penetration, thermal ramp, overcharge, and external short circuit tests across the cell, module, and pack levels (except for thermal ramp testing at the pack level due to practical limitations). We plan to conduct internal safety tests at the cell levels, including nail penetration, overcharging, and over-discharging at elevated temperatures, during the final research and development and prototyping stages. For the remaining safety tests at the cell level, we will rely on third parties, such as UL, for safety certification purposes. We will also collaborate with EV manufacturers to perform safety tests at the module and pack levels.

The timeline for conducting safety tests on batteries for EVs will vary depending on factors such as the battery type, required testing standards, and the availability of testing facilities. Typically, it takes several weeks to months to complete all the necessary safety tests at each level. Additionally, if any issues or failures are identified during the testing process, additional time may be required to address these issues and retest the battery.

For more information, see “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Compliance” discussing regulations and regulatory risks related to product liability, tax, employment, export controls, trade, data collection, privacy, environmental, health and safety, anti-corruption and anti-bribery compliance.

Legal Proceedings

There is no material litigation, arbitration or governmental proceeding currently pending against us or any members of our management team in their capacity as such.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Before making an investment decision, you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects could also be harmed by risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently do not believe are material. If any of the risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be adversely affected. In that event, the market price of our securities could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment.

Risks Related to Solidion’s Business and Operations

Risks Related to Development and Commercialization

If our batteries fail to perform as expected, our ability to develop, market and sell our batteries would be adversely affected.

Our batteries may contain defects in design and manufacture that may cause them to not perform as expected or that may require repairs, recalls and design changes. Our batteries are inherently complex and incorporate technology and components that have not been used for certain applications and that may contain defects and errors, particularly when first introduced to such applications. Although our batteries undergo quality control testing prior to release for shipment, there can be no assurance that we will be able to detect and fix all defects prior to shipment, and nonconformances, defects or errors could occur or be present in batteries that we release for shipment to customers. If our batteries fail to perform as expected, our customers may delay deliveries, our customer may terminate orders or we may initiate product recalls, each of which could adversely affect our sales and brand and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.

Our battery architecture is different from our peers’ and may behave differently in customer use applications, certain applications of which we have not yet evaluated. This could limit our ability to deliver to certain applications. In addition, our historical data on the performance and reliability of our batteries is limited, and therefore our batteries could fail unexpectedly in the field resulting in significant warranty costs or brand damage in the market. Further, the structure of our battery is different from traditional lithium-ion batteries and therefore our batteries could be susceptible to different and unknown failure modes leading our batteries to fail and cause a safety event in the field. Such an event could result in the failure of our end customers’ product as well as the loss of life or property, resulting in severe financial penalties for us, including the loss of revenue, cancelation of supply contracts and the inability to win new business due to reputational damage in the market. In addition, consistent with industry norms, we would anticipate that when we enter into agreements to supply our battery products to end product manufacturers, that the terms of these agreements may require us to bear certain costs relating to recalls and replacements of end products when such recalls and replacements are due to defects of our battery products that are incorporated in such end products.

OEMs may elect to pursue other battery cell technologies, which likely would impair our revenue generating ability.

OEMs are motivated to develop and commercialize improved battery cell technologies. To that end, OEMs partners have invested, and are likely to continue to invest in the future, in their own development efforts and, in certain cases, in joint development agreements with our current and future competitors. If other technology is developed more rapidly than our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology, or if such competing technologies are determined to be more efficient or effective than our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology, our partners may elect to adopt and install a competitor’s technology or products over ours, which could materially impact our business, financial results, and prospects.

We have only conducted preliminary safety testing on our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology, and our technology will require additional and extensive safety testing prior to being installed in electric vehicles.

To achieve acceptance by automotive OEMs, our anticipated commercial-sized our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology will have to undergo extensive safety testing. We cannot assure you such tests will be successful, and we may identify different or new safety issues in our development or the commercial cells that have not been present in our prototype cells. If we have to make design changes to address any safety issues, we may have to delay or suspend commercialization, which could materially damage our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and brand. 

We rely on complex equipment for our operations, and production involves a significant degree of risk and uncertainty in terms of operational performance and costs.

We rely heavily on complex equipment for our operations and the production of our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology. The work required to integrate this equipment into the production of our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology is time intensive and requires us to work closely with the equipment providers to ensure that it works properly with our proprietary technology. This integration involves a degree of uncertainty and risk and may result in the delay in the scaling up of production or result in additional cost to our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology.

Our current manufacturing facilities require, and we expect our future manufacturing facilities will require, large-scale machinery and equipment. Such machinery and equipment may unexpectedly malfunction and require repairs and spare parts to resume operations, which may not be available when needed. In addition, because this equipment has historically not been used to build our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state batteries, the operational performance and costs associated with this equipment is difficult to predict and may be influenced by factors outside of our control, such as, but not limited to, failures by suppliers to deliver necessary components of our products in a timely manner and at prices and volumes acceptable to us, environmental hazards and associated costs of remediation, difficulty or delays in obtaining governmental permits, damages or defects in systems, industrial accidents, fires, seismic activity and other natural disasters.

Problems with our manufacturing equipment could result in the personal injury to or death of workers, the loss of production equipment, damage to manufacturing facilities, monetary losses, delays and unanticipated fluctuations in production. In addition, in some cases operational problems may result in environmental damage, administrative fines, increased insurance costs and potential legal liabilities. Any of these operational problems, or a combination of them could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition or prospects.

We may obtain licenses on technology that has not been commercialized or has been commercialized only to a limited extent, and the success of our business may be adversely affected if such technology does not perform as expected.

From time to time, we may license from third parties technologies that have not been commercialized or which have been commercialized only to a limited extent. These technologies may not perform as expected within our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state batteries and related products. If the cost, performance characteristics, manufacturing process or other specifications of these licensed technologies fall short of our targets, our projected sales, costs, time to market, competitive advantage, future product pricing and potential operating margins may be adversely affected.

Substantial increases in the prices for our raw materials and components, some of which are obtained from a limited number of sources where demand may exceed supply, could materially and adversely affect our business.

We rely on third-party suppliers for components and equipment necessary to develop our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology. We face risks relating to the availability of these materials and components, including that we will be subject to demand shortages and supply chain challenges and generally may not have sufficient purchasing power to eliminate the risk of price increases for the raw materials and tools we need. To the extent that we are unable to enter into commercial agreements with our current suppliers or our replacement suppliers on favorable terms, or these suppliers experience difficulties meeting our requirements, the development and commercial progression of our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology and related technologies may be delayed.

Separately, we may become subject to various supply chain requirements regarding, among other things, conflict minerals and labor practices. We may be required to incur substantial costs to comply with these requirements, which may include locating new suppliers if certain issues are discovered. We may not be able to find any new suppliers for certain raw materials or components required for our operations, or such suppliers may be unwilling or unable to provide us with products.

Any disruption in the supply of components, equipment or materials could temporarily disrupt research and development activities or production of our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology until an alternative supplier is able to supply the required material. Changes in business conditions, unforeseen circumstances, governmental changes, and other factors beyond our control or which we do not presently anticipate, could also affect our suppliers’ ability to deliver components or equipment to us on a timely basis. Any of the foregoing could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

Currency fluctuations, trade barriers, tariffs or shortages and other general economic or political conditions may limit our ability to obtain key components or equipment for our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology or significantly increase freight charges, raw material costs and other expenses associated with our business, which could further materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

We may be unable to adequately control the costs associated with our operations and the components necessary to build our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state batteries, and, if we are unable to control these costs and achieve cost advantages in our production of our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state batteries at scale, our business will be adversely affected.

We require significant capital to develop our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology and expect to incur significant expenses, including those relating to research and development, raw material procurement, leases, sales and distribution as we build our brand and market our technologies, and general and administrative costs as we scale our operations. Our ability to become profitable in the future will not only depend on our ability to successfully develop and market our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology, but also to control our costs. If we are unable to efficiently design, appropriately price, sell and distribute our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology, our anticipated margins, profitability and prospects would be materially and adversely affected.

If we are unable to attract and retain key employees and qualified personnel, our ability to compete could be harmed.

Our success depends on our ability to attract and retain our executive officers, key employees and other qualified personnel, and our operations may be severely disrupted if we lost their services. As we build our brand and become more well known, there is increased risk that competitors or other companies will seek to hire our personnel. Our success also depends on our continuing ability to identify, hire, attract, train and develop other highly qualified personnel. Competition for these employees can be intense, and our ability to hire, attract and retain them depends on our ability to provide competitive compensation. We may not be able to attract, assimilate, develop or retain qualified personnel in the future, and our failure to do so could seriously harm our business and prospects.

In addition, we are highly dependent on the services of our senior technical and management personnel, including our executive officers, who would be difficult to replace. Further, our Executive Chairman and Chief Science Officer will continue to be employed by G3 following the closing of the business combination, and his time and attention may be diverted from Solidion’s business, which may have an impact on our business. If we do not succeed in attracting, hiring, and integrating excellent personnel, or retaining and motivating existing personnel, we may be unable to grow effectively and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be adversely affected.

Our insurance coverage may not be adequate to protect us from all business risks.

We may be subject, in the ordinary course of business, to losses resulting from products liability, accidents, acts of God, and other claims against us, for which we may have no insurance coverage. As a general matter, the policies that we do have may include significant deductibles, and we cannot be certain that our insurance coverage will be sufficient to cover all future losses or claims against us. A loss that is uninsured or which exceeds policy limits may require us to pay substantial amounts, which could adversely affect our financial condition and operating results. Furthermore, although we plan to obtain and maintain insurance for damage to our property and the disruption of our business, this insurance may be challenging to obtain and maintain on terms acceptable to us and may not be sufficient to cover all of our potential losses.

Our facilities or operations could be damaged or adversely affected as a result of natural disasters and other catastrophic events, including fire and explosions.

We currently conduct our operations in two facilities in Dayton, Ohio. Our current and future development and manufacturing facilities or operations could be adversely affected by events outside of our control, such as natural disasters, wars, health pandemics and epidemics such as potential virus pandemics, and other calamities. We cannot assure you that any backup systems will be adequate to protect us from the effects of fire, explosions, floods, cyber-attacks (including ransomware attacks), typhoons, earthquakes, power loss, telecommunications failures, break-ins, war, riots, terrorist attacks or similar events. Any of the foregoing events may give rise to interruptions, breakdowns, system failures, technology platform failures or internet failures, which could cause the loss or corruption of data or malfunctions of software or hardware as well as adversely affect our ability to conduct our research and development activities as and on the timeline currently contemplated. 

Risks Related to Industry and Market Trends

The battery cell market continues to evolve and is highly competitive, and we may not be successful in competing in this market or establishing and maintaining confidence in our long-term business prospects among current and future partners and customers.

The battery cell market in which we compete continues to evolve and is highly competitive. To date, we have focused our efforts on our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology, a promising alternative to conventional lithium-ion battery cell technology. However, lithium-ion battery cell technology has been widely adopted and our current competitors have, and future competitors may have, greater resources than we do and may also be able to devote greater resources to the development of their current and future technologies. These competitors also may have greater access to customers and may be able to establish cooperative or strategic relationships amongst themselves or with third parties that may further enhance their resources and competitive positioning. In addition, traditional lithium-ion battery cell manufacturers may continue to reduce cost and expand supply of conventional batteries and, therefore, reduce the prospects for our business or negatively impact the ability for us to sell our products at a market-competitive price and yet at sufficient margins.

Many automotive OEMs are researching and investing in solid-state battery cell efforts and, in some cases, in battery cell development and production. We do not have exclusive relationships with any OEM to provide their future battery cell technologies, and it is possible that the investments made by these OEMs might result in technological advances earlier than, or superior in certain respect to, the high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology we are developing. There are a number of companies seeking to develop alternative approaches to high-capacity anodes and solid-state battery cells. We expect competition in battery cell technology and electric vehicles to intensify due to increased demand for these vehicles and a regulatory push for electric vehicles, continuing globalization, and consolidation in the worldwide automotive industry. As new companies and larger, existing vehicle and battery cell manufacturers enter the high-capacity anode and solid-state battery cell space, we may lose any perceived or actual technological advantage we may have in the marketplace and suffer a decline in our position in the market.

Furthermore, the battery cell industry also competes with other emerging or evolving technologies, such as natural gas, advanced diesel and hydrogen-based fuel cell powered vehicles. Developments in alternative technologies or improvements in batteries technology made by competitors may materially adversely affect the sales, pricing and gross margins of our products. As technologies change, we will attempt to upgrade or adapt our products to continue to provide products with the latest technology. However, our products may become obsolete, or our research and development efforts may not be sufficient to adapt to changes in or to create the necessary technology to effectively compete. If we are unable to keep up with competitive developments, including if such technologies achieve lower prices or enjoy greater policy support than the lithium-ion battery cell industry, our competitive position and growth prospects may be harmed. Similarly, if we fail to accurately predict and ensure that our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology can address customers’ changing needs or emerging technological trends, or if our customers fail to achieve the benefits expected from our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology, our business will be harmed.

We must continue to commit significant resources to develop our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology in order to establish a competitive position, and these commitments must be made without knowing whether our investments will result in products potential customers will accept. There is no assurance we will successfully identify new customer requirements, develop and bring our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology to market on a timely basis, or that products and technologies developed by others will not render our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology obsolete or noncompetitive, any of which would adversely affect our business and operating results.

We expect that automotive OEMs and top tier battery cell suppliers will be less likely to license our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology if they are not convinced that our business will succeed in the long term. Similarly, suppliers and other third parties will be less likely to invest time and resources in developing business relationships with us if they are not convinced that our business will succeed in the long term. Accordingly, in order to build and maintain our business, we must instill and maintain confidence among current and future partners, customers, suppliers, analysts, ratings agencies and other parties in our long-term financial viability and business prospects. Maintaining such confidence may be particularly complicated by certain factors including those that are largely outside of our control, such as:

Our future growth and success are dependent upon consumers’ willingness to adopt electric vehicles.

Our growth and future demand for our products is highly dependent upon the adoption by consumers of alternative fuel vehicles in general and electric vehicles in particular. The market for new energy vehicles is still rapidly evolving, characterized by rapidly changing technologies, competitive pricing and factors, evolving government regulation and industry standards, and changing consumer demands and behaviors. If the market for electric vehicles in general does not develop as expected, or develops more slowly than expected, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results could be harmed.

The unavailability, reduction or elimination of, or uncertainty regarding, government and economic incentives or subsidies available to us, end-users or OEMs could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results and prospects.

The availability of government incentives and subsidies available to end-users and OEMs is an important factor considered by customers when purchasing EVs, and growth in the battery market will depend in part on the availability and amounts of these subsidies and incentives for EVs. Currently, government programs, including in China and Europe, favor the purchase of EVs, including through disincentives that discourage the use of gasoline-powered vehicles. In the United States, the Inflation Reduction Act provides tax credits for the purchase of electric vehicles, and many U.S. states have banned the sale of new gas-powered vehicles by 2035. Other states may follow. Given the current political climate in the United States, the future of these incentives and subsidies for end-users and OEMs remains uncertain, including with respect to federal programs. Since taking office, President Trump and certain Republican members of Congress have criticized the Inflation Reduction Act and clean energy initiatives, and President Trump has stated that he supports revising current federal agency rules that incentivize the EV market and ending state emissions waivers that limit gas-powered vehicle sales. If government laws or programs incentivizing the growth of the EV market are reduced or eliminated, or the available benefits are exhausted earlier than anticipated, demand for EVs may decrease and our anticipated sales of EV battery products could be adversely affected, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results and prospects. Any reduction or elimination of government and economic incentives or subsidies may result in the diminished competitiveness of the alternative fuel vehicle industry generally.

We may not succeed in attracting customers during the development stage or for high volume commercial production, and our future growth and success depend on our ability to attract customers.

We may not succeed in attracting customers during our development stage or for high volume commercial production. Customers may be wary of unproven products or not be inclined to work with less established businesses. In addition, if we are unable to attract new customers in need of high-volume commercial production of our products, our business will be harmed.

Automotive OEMs are often large enterprises. Therefore, our future success will depend on our or our partners’ ability to effectively sell our products to such large customers. Sales to these end-customers involve risks that may not be present (or that are present to a lesser extent) with sales to smaller customers. These risks include, but are not limited to, (i) increased purchasing power and leverage held by large customers in negotiating contractual arrangements with us and (ii) longer sales cycles and the associated risk that substantial time and resources may be spent on a potential end-customer that elects not to purchase our products.

Automotive OEMs that are large organizations often undertake a significant evaluation process that results in a lengthy sales cycle. In addition, product purchases by large organizations are frequently subject to budget constraints, multiple approvals and unanticipated administrative, processing and other delays. Finally, large organizations typically have longer implementation cycles, require greater product functionality and scalability, require a broader range of services, demand that vendors take on a larger share of risks, require acceptance provisions that can lead to a delay in revenue recognition and expect greater payment flexibility. All of these factors can add further risk to business conducted with these potential customers.

We may not be able to accurately estimate the future supply and demand for our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology, which could result in a variety of inefficiencies in our business and hinder our ability to generate revenue. If we fail to accurately predict our manufacturing requirements, we could incur additional costs or experience delays.

It is difficult to predict our future revenues and appropriately budget for our expenses, and we may have limited insight into trends that may emerge and affect our business. We anticipate being required to provide forecasts of our demand to our current and future suppliers prior to the scheduled delivery of products to potential customers. Currently, there is no historical basis for making judgments on the demand for our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology or our ability to develop, manufacture, and deliver such products, or our profitability in the future. If we overestimate our requirements, our suppliers may have excess inventory, which indirectly would increase our costs. If we underestimate our requirements, our suppliers may have inadequate inventory, which could interrupt manufacturing of our products and result in delays in shipments and revenues. In addition, lead times for materials and components that our suppliers order may vary significantly and depend on factors such as the specific supplier, contract terms and demand for each component at a given time. If we fail to order sufficient quantities of product components in a timely manner, the delivery of our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology to our potential customers could be delayed, which would harm our business, financial condition and operating results.

Risks Related to Limited Operating History

Our business model has yet to be tested and any failure to commercialize our strategic plans would have an adverse effect on our operating results and business, harm our reputation and could result in substantial liabilities that exceed our resources.

Investors should be aware of the difficulties normally encountered by a new enterprise, many of which are beyond our control, including substantial risks and expenses in the course of establishing or entering new markets, organizing operations and undertaking marketing activities. The likelihood of our success must be considered in light of these risks, expenses, complications, delays and the competitive environment in which we operate. There is, therefore, nothing at this time upon which to base an assumption that our business plan will prove successful, and we may not be able to generate significant revenue, raise additional capital or operate profitably. We will continue to encounter risks and difficulties frequently experienced by early commercial stage companies, including scaling up our infrastructure and headcount, and may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties or delays in connection with our growth. In addition, as a result of the capital requirements of our business, we can be expected to continue to sustain substantial operating expenses without generating sufficient revenue to cover expenditures. Any investment in our Company is therefore highly speculative and could result in the loss of your entire investment.

It is difficult to predict our future revenues and appropriately budget for our expenses, and we have limited insight into trends that may emerge and affect our business. In the event that actual results differ from our estimates or we adjust our estimates in future periods, our operating results, prospects and financial position could be materially affected. The projected financial information appearing elsewhere in these materials was prepared by management and reflects current estimates of future performance. The projected results depend on the successful implementation of management’s growth strategies and are based on assumptions and events over which we have only partial or no control. The assumptions underlying such projected information require the exercise of judgment and may not occur, and the projections are subject to uncertainty due to the effects of economic, business, competitive, regulatory, legislative, and political or other changes.

We are an early-stage company with a history of financial losses and expect to incur significant expenses and continuing losses for the foreseeable future.

We incurred a net loss of approximately $5.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and approximately $25.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. We believe that we will continue to incur operating and net losses each quarter until the time significant production of our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology begins.

We expect the rate at which we will incur losses to be significantly higher in future periods as we, among other things, continue to incur significant expenses in connection with the design, development and manufacturing of our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology; expand our research and development activities; invest in additional research and development and manufacturing capabilities; build up inventories of raw materials and other components; commence sales and marketing activities; develop our distribution infrastructure; and increase our general and administrative functions to support our growing operations. We may find that these efforts are more expensive than we currently anticipate or that these efforts may not result in revenues, which would further increase our losses.

Our history of recurring losses and anticipated expenditures raise substantial doubts about our ability to continue as a going concern. Our ability to continue as a going concern requires that we obtain sufficient funding to finance our operations.

We have incurred operating losses to-date and it is possible we will never generate profit. Our ability to continue as a going concern depends on generating cash from operations, and the potential of obtaining additional debt or equity financing. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in these efforts. The financial statements include in this Annual Report do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of these uncertainties related to our ability to operate on a going concern basis.

If we are unable to raise sufficient capital when needed, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be materially and adversely affected, and we will need to significantly modify our operational plans to continue as a going concern. If we are unable to continue as a going concern, we might have to liquidate our assets and the values we receive for our assets in liquidation or dissolution could be significantly lower than the values reflected in our financial statements. Our lack of cash resources and our potential inability to continue as a going concern may materially adversely affect our share price and our ability to raise new capital or to enter into critical contractual relations with third parties due to concerns about our ability to meet our contractual obligations.

We may require additional capital to support business growth, and this capital might not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all. There is substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern.

We may need additional capital before we commence generating revenues, and it may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all. For example, our capital budget assumes, among other things, that our development timeline progresses as planned and our corresponding expenditures are consistent with current expectations, both of which are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including those described herein.

In addition, as discussed above, we have experienced recurring losses from operations and negative cash flows from operations that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, which has also been cited in our independent auditors’ reports. Our ability to continue as a going concern depends on generating cash from operations, and the potential of obtaining additional debt or equity financing; however, there can be no assurance we will be successful in these efforts.

More specifically, we expect our capital expenditures and working capital requirements to increase materially in the near future, as we accelerate our research and development efforts and scale up production operations with our partners. As we approach commercialization, we expect our operating expenses will increase substantially on account of increased headcount and other general and administrative expenses necessary to support a rapidly growing company.

As a result, we may need to access the debt and equity capital markets to obtain additional financing in the future. However, these sources of financing may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Our ability to obtain additional financing will be subject to a number of factors, including:

These factors may make the timing, amount, terms or conditions of additional financings unattractive to us. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity, equity-linked or debt securities, those securities may have rights, references or privileges senior to the rights of our currently issued and outstanding equity or debt, and our existing stockholders may experience dilution. If we are unable to generate sufficient funds from operations or raise additional capital, we may be forced to take actions to reduce our capital or operating expenditures, including by not seeking potential acquisition opportunities, eliminating redundancies, or reducing or delaying our production facility expansions, which may adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects.

We may have potential business conflicts of interest with G3 with respect to our past and ongoing relationships. We may not be able to resolve any potential conflicts, and, even if we do so, the resolution may be less favorable to us than if we were dealing with an unaffiliated party.

Conflicts of interest may arise with G3 in a number of areas relating to our past and ongoing relationships, including labor, tax, employee benefit, indemnification and other matters arising from the Restructuring; intellectual property matters, including the Patent Assignment (as defined above); and employee recruiting and retention, including matters related to the dual employment arrangement of our Executive Chairman and Chief Science Officer with Solidion and G3. In addition, certain of our directors and employees may have actual or potential conflicts of interest because of their financial interests in G3. Because of their current or former positions with G3, certain of our executive officers and directors, including our Executive Chairman and Chief Science Officer, own equity interests in G3. Continuing ownership of equity interests in G3 could create, or appear to create, potential conflicts of interest if Solidion and G3 face decisions that could have implications for both Solidion and G3.

If we fail to effectively manage our future growth, we may not be able to market and license the technology and know-how to manufacture or sell our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology successfully.

We intend to expand our operations significantly, with a view toward accelerating our research and development activities and positioning our Company for potential commercialization of our technologies. In connection with these efforts, we anticipate hiring, retaining and training personnel, acquiring and installing equipment to support the commercialization process of our products, and implementing administrative infrastructure, systems and processes. That said, our management team will have considerable discretion in the application of the funds available to us following completion of the business combination. We may use these funds for purposes that do not yield a significant return or any return at all for our stockholders. In addition, pending their use, we may invest the cash held at closing of the business combination in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value. If we cannot manage our growth effectively, including by controlling our expenditures for these initiatives to the greatest extent possible, our business could be harmed.

Most of our management does not have experience in operating a public company.

Most of our executive officers do not have experience in the management of a publicly traded company. Our management team may not successfully or effectively manage our transition to a public company that will be subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under federal securities laws. We may not have adequate personnel with the appropriate level of knowledge, experience, and training in the policies, practices or internal controls over financial reporting required of public companies in the United States. As a result, we may be required to pay higher outside legal, accounting or consulting costs than our competitors, and our management team members may have to devote a higher proportion of their time to issues relating to compliance with the laws applicable to public companies, both of which might put us at a disadvantage relative to competitors.

We may not succeed in establishing, maintaining and strengthening our brand, which would materially and adversely affect customer acceptance of our technologies and our business, revenues and prospects.

Our business and prospects depend on our ability to develop, maintain and strengthen our brand. If we are not able to establish, maintain and strengthen our brand, we may lose the opportunity to build a critical mass of customers. The automobile industry is intensely competitive, and we may not be successful in building, maintaining and strengthening our brand. Our current and potential competitors, including many battery cell manufacturers and automotive OEMs around the world, have greater name recognition, broader customer relationships and substantially greater marketing resources than we do. If we do not develop and maintain a strong brand, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results will be materially and adversely impacted.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

We rely heavily on owned intellectual property, which includes patent rights, trade secrets, copyright, trademarks, and know-how. If we are unable to protect and maintain access to these intellectual property rights, our business and competitive position would be harmed.

We may not be able to prevent unauthorized use of our owned intellectual property, which could harm our business and competitive position. We rely on a combination of the intellectual property protections afforded by patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws in the United States and other jurisdictions, as well as contractual protections, to establish, maintain and enforce rights and competitive advantage in our proprietary technologies. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, third parties, including our business partners, may attempt to copy or otherwise obtain and use our intellectual property without our consent or may decline to license necessary intellectual property rights from us on terms favorable to our business. Monitoring unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly, and the steps we have taken or will take to prevent misappropriation may not be sufficient. Any enforcement efforts we undertake, including litigation, could require involvement of the licensor, be time-consuming and expensive, and could divert management’s attention, all of which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, existing intellectual property laws and contractual remedies may afford less protection than needed to safeguard our proprietary technologies.

Patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws vary significantly throughout the world. A number of foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the United States. Therefore, our intellectual property rights may not be as strong or as easily enforced outside of the United States and efforts to protect against the unauthorized use of our intellectual property rights, technology and other proprietary rights may be impossible outside of the United States. Failure to adequately protect our owned intellectual property rights could result in our competitors using our intellectual property to offer products, potentially resulting in the loss of some of our competitive advantage, a decrease in our revenue and reputational harm caused by inferior products offered by third parties, which would adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Our patent applications may not result in issued patents, which would result in the disclosures in those applications being available to the public. Also, our patent rights may be contested, circumvented, invalidated or limited in scope, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our ability to prevent others from interfering with commercialization of our products.

Our patent portfolio includes many patent applications. Our patent applications may not result in issued patents, which may have a material adverse effect on our ability to prevent others from commercially exploiting products similar to our products to our disadvantage. The status of patents involves complex legal and factual questions and the breadth of claims allowed is uncertain. As a result, we cannot be certain that the patent applications that we file will result in patents being issued, or that our patents and any patents that may be issued to us will afford protection against competitors with similar technology. Numerous patents and pending patent applications owned by others exist in the fields in which we have developed and are developing our technology, any number of which could be considered prior art and prevent us from obtaining a patent. Any of our future or existing patents or pending patent applications may also be challenged by others on the basis that they are otherwise invalid or unenforceable. Furthermore, patent applications filed in foreign countries may be subject to laws, rules and procedures that differ from those of the United States, and thus we cannot be certain that foreign patent applications related to issued U.S. patents will be issued.

We have not performed exhaustive searches or analyses of the intellectual property landscape of the battery industry; therefore, we are unable to guarantee that our technology, or its ultimate integration into electric vehicle battery packs, does not infringe intellectual property rights of third parties. We may need to defend ourselves against intellectual property infringement claims, which may be time-consuming and could cause us to incur substantial costs.

Companies, organizations or individuals, including our current and future competitors, may hold or obtain patents, trademarks or other proprietary rights that would prevent, limit or interfere with our ability to make, use, develop, sell, license, lease or market our products or technologies, which could make it more difficult for us to operate our business. From time to time, we may receive inquiries from third parties relating to whether we are infringing their intellectual property rights and/or seek court declarations that they do not infringe upon our intellectual property rights. Companies holding patents or other intellectual property rights relating to batteries may bring suits alleging infringement of such rights or otherwise asserting their rights and seeking licenses. In addition, if we are determined to have infringed upon a third party’s intellectual property rights, we may be required to do one or more of the following:

In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us and our failure or inability to obtain a license to continue to use the technology on reasonable terms, our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. In addition, any litigation or claims, whether or not well-founded, could result in substantial costs, negative publicity, reputational harm and diversion of resources and management’s attention.

Risks Related to Finance and Accounting

Our expectations and targets regarding the times when we will achieve various technical, pre-production and production-level performance objectives depend in large part upon assumptions, estimates, measurements, testing, analyses and data developed and performed by us, which if incorrect or flawed, could have a material adverse effect on our actual operating results and performance.

Our expectations and targets regarding the times when we will achieve various technical, pre-production and production objectives reflect our current expectations and estimates. Whether we will achieve these objectives when we expect depends on a number of factors, many of which are outside our control, including, but not limited to:

Unfavorable changes in any of these or other factors, most of which are beyond our control, could materially and adversely affect our ability to achieve our objectives when planned and our business, results of operations and financial results.

Incorrect estimates or assumptions by management in connection with the preparation of our financial statements could adversely affect our reported assets, liabilities, income, revenue or expenses.

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires management to make critical accounting estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income, revenue or expenses during the reporting periods. Incorrect estimates and assumptions by management could adversely affect our reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income, revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. If we make incorrect assumptions or estimates, our reported financial results may be over or understated, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.

We are subject to certain reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to reasonably assure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. We believe that any disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by an unauthorized override of the controls. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in our control system, misstatements or insufficient disclosures due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

We have identified five material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If our remediation of these material weaknesses is not effective, or if we experience additional material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls in the future, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial condition or results of operations, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and, as a result, the value of our common stock.

Prior to the Closing of our business combination, we were a private company with limited accounting personnel and other resources with which to address our internal control over financial reporting. In connection with the audits of our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023 and 2024, and for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, we identified five material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting: control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication and monitoring. For more information, see “Item 9A. Controls and Procedures—Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting—Material Weaknesses.”

We cannot assure you that additional significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting will not be identified in the future. Any failure to maintain or implement required new or improved controls, or to implement our remediation plans or any difficulties we encounter in our implementation thereof, could result in additional significant deficiencies or material weaknesses or result in material misstatements in our financial statements. If we are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, lenders and investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and we may face restricted access to various sources of financing in the future.

These material weaknesses, if not remediated, could result in misstatements of accounts or disclosures that would result in a material misstatement to the annual or interim consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected.

Our management anticipates that our internal control over financial reporting will not be effective until the above material weaknesses are remediated. If our remediation of these material weaknesses is not effective, or we experience additional material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting in the future, the accuracy and timing of our financial reporting may be adversely affected, we may be unable to maintain compliance with securities law requirements regarding timely filing of periodic reports in addition to the Nasdaq listing requirements, investors may lose confidence in our financial reporting, and the price of our common stock may decline as a result. As further discussed in “Item 9A, Controls and Procedures—Remediation Plans and Status,” we have implemented a remediation plan and, while progress has been made to remediate the material weaknesses, they will not be considered remediated until the applicable remedial processes and procedures have been in place for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that associated controls are effective. Therefore, while we expect to have remediated the material weaknesses well in advance of December 31, 2025, there is no guarantee that our remediation plan will be successful or that our remediation efforts will be completed prior to the audit of our 2025 financial statements.

We have incurred and will incur significant increased expenses and administrative burdens as a public company, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We face increased legal, accounting, administrative and other costs and expenses as a public company that we did not incur as a private company prior to our merger with Nubia. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, including the requirements of Section 404, as well as rules and regulations subsequently implemented by the SEC, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 and the rules and regulations promulgated and to be promulgated thereunder, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and the securities exchanges, impose additional reporting and other obligations on public companies. The development and implementation of the standards and controls necessary for us to achieve the level of accounting standards required of a public company in the United States may require costs greater than expected. It is possible that we will be required to expand our employee base and hire additional employees to support our operations as a public company, which will increase our operating costs in future periods.

Compliance with public company requirements has increased and will continue to increase costs and make certain activities more time-consuming. A number of those requirements require us to carry out activities we have not done previously. For example, we have created new Board committees and adopted new internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. In addition, we have incurred and will incur expenses associated with SEC reporting requirements. Furthermore, if any issues in complying with those requirements are identified (for example, if the auditors identify additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in the internal control over financial reporting), we could incur additional costs rectifying those issues, and the existence of those issues could adversely affect our reputation or investor perceptions of it. It will also be more expensive to obtain director and officer liability insurance. The additional reporting and other obligations imposed by these rules and regulations have increased and will increase legal and financial compliance costs and the costs of related legal, accounting and administrative activities. These increased costs have required us and will require us to spend money that could otherwise be used on our research and development programs and to achieve strategic objectives. Advocacy efforts by stockholders and third parties may also prompt additional changes in governance and reporting requirements, which could further increase costs.

The unavailability, reduction or elimination of government and economic incentives could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

We currently, and expect to continue to, benefit from certain government subsidies and economic incentives including tax credits, rebates and other incentives that support the development and adoption of clean energy technology. We cannot assure you that these subsidies and incentive programs will be available to us at the same or comparable levels in the future. Any reduction, elimination or discriminatory application of government subsidies and economic incentives because of policy changes, or the reduced need for such subsidies and incentives due to the perceived success of clean and renewable energy products or other reasons, may require us to seek additional financing, which may not be obtainable on commercially attractive terms or at all, and may result in the diminished competitiveness of the battery cell industry generally or our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology in particular. Any change in the level of subsidies and incentives from which we benefit could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Compliance

We are subject to regulations regarding the storage and handling of various products. We may become subject to product liability claims, which could harm our financial condition and liquidity if we are not able to successfully defend or insure against such claims.

We may become subject to product liability claims which could harm our business, prospects, operating results, and financial condition. We face inherent risk of exposure to claims in the event our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology does not perform as expected or malfunction resulting in personal injury or death. Our risks in this area are particularly pronounced given our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology is still in the development stage and have not yet been commercially tested or mass produced. A successful product liability claim against us could require us to pay a substantial monetary award. Moreover, a product liability claim could generate substantial negative publicity about our technology and business and inhibit or prevent commercialization of our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology and future product candidates, which would have a material adverse effect on our brand, business, prospects and operating results. Any insurance coverage might not be sufficient to cover all potential product liability claims. Any lawsuit seeking significant monetary damages either in excess of our coverage, or outside of our coverage, may have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business and financial condition. We may not be able to secure additional product liability insurance coverage on commercially acceptable terms or at reasonable costs when needed, particularly if we do face liability for our products and are forced to make a claim under then-existing policies.

From time to time, we may be involved in litigation, regulatory actions or government investigations and inquiries, which could have an adverse impact on our profitability and consolidated financial position.

We may be involved in a variety of litigation, other claims, suits, regulatory actions or government investigations and inquiries and commercial or contractual disputes that, from time to time, are significant. In addition, from time to time, we may also be involved in legal proceedings and investigations arising in the normal course of business including, without limitation, commercial or contractual disputes, including warranty claims and other disputes with potential customers, former employees and suppliers, intellectual property matters, personal injury claims, environmental issues, tax matters, and employment matters. It is difficult to predict the outcome or ultimate financial exposure, if any, represented by these matters, and there can be no assurance that any such exposure will not be material. Such claims may also negatively affect our reputation.

We are subject to substantial regulation, and unfavorable changes to, or failure by us to comply with, these regulations could substantially harm our business and operating results.

The sale of electric vehicles, and motor vehicles in general, is subject to substantial regulation under international, federal, state and local laws, including export control laws and other international trade regulations, which are continuously evolving as technology develops and becomes more widely adopted. We anticipate that our high-capacity anode and high-energy solid-state battery technology also would be subject to these regulations, and we expect to incur significant costs in complying with these regulations.

The U.S. government has made and continues to make significant changes in U.S. trade policy and has taken certain actions that could negatively impact U.S. trade, including imposing tariffs on certain goods imported into the United States, increasing scrutiny on foreign direct investment, and modifying export control laws applicable to certain technologies. In retaliation, other countries have implemented, and continue to evaluate, imposing additional trade controls on a wide range of American products and companies. The U.S. or foreign governments may take additional administrative, legislative, or regulatory action that could materially interfere with our ability to source and procure the raw materials we need for our research and development activities and, in the future, to sell products in certain countries. Sustained uncertainty about, or worsening of, current global economic conditions and further escalation of trade tensions between the United States and its trading partners could result in a global economic slowdown and long-term changes to global trade. Any alterations to our business strategy or operations made in order to adapt to or comply with any such changes could be time-consuming and expensive, and certain of our competitors may be better suited to withstand or react to these changes.

To the extent the laws change, our products may not comply with applicable international, federal, state or local laws, which would have an adverse effect on our business. Compliance with changing regulations could be burdensome, time consuming, and expensive. To the extent compliance with new regulations is cost prohibitive, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results would be adversely affected.

Internationally, there may be laws in jurisdictions we have not yet entered or laws we are unaware of in jurisdictions we have entered that may restrict our sales or other business practices. The laws in this area can be complex, difficult to interpret and may change over time. Continued regulatory limitations and other obstacles that may interfere with our ability to commercialize our products could have a negative and material impact on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Our technology and our website, systems, and data we maintain may be subject to intentional disruption, security breaches and other security incidents, or alleged violations of laws, regulations, or other obligations relating to data handling that could result in liability and adversely impact our reputation and future sales. We may be required to expend significant resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures to detect, investigate and remediate vulnerabilities to security breaches and incidents. Any actual or alleged failure to comply with applicable cybersecurity or data privacy legislation or regulation could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, results of operations or financial condition.

We expect to face significant challenges with respect to information security and maintaining the security and integrity of our systems and other systems used in our business, as well as with respect to the data stored on or processed by these systems. We also anticipate receiving and storing confidential business information of our partners and customers. Advances in technology, an increased level of sophistication and expertise of hackers, and new discoveries in the field of cryptography can result in a compromise or breach of the systems used in our business or of security measures used in our business to protect confidential information, personal information, and other data. We may be a target for attacks designed to disrupt our operations or to attempt to gain access to our systems or to data that we possess, including proprietary information that we obtain from our partners pursuant to our agreements with them. We also are at risk for interruptions, outages and breaches of our and our outsourced service providers’ operational systems and security systems, our integrated software and technology, and data that we or our third-party service providers process or possess. These may be caused by, among other causes, physical theft, viruses, or other malicious code, denial or degradation of service attacks, ransomware, social engineering schemes, and insider theft or misuse. The security risks we and our outsourced service providers face could also be elevated in connection with the Russian invasion of Ukraine, as we and our outsourced service providers are vulnerable to a heightened risk of cyberattacks from or affiliated with nation-state actors, including retaliatory attacks from Chinese or Russian actors against U.S.-based companies.

The availability and effectiveness of our technology and our ability to conduct our business and operations depend on the continued operation of information technology and communications systems, some of which we have yet to develop or otherwise obtain the ability to use. Systems we currently use or may use in the future in conducting our business, including data centers and other information technology systems, will be vulnerable to damage or interruption. Such systems could also be subject to break-ins, sabotage and intentional acts of vandalism, as well as disruptions and security breaches and security incidents as a result of non-technical issues, including intentional or inadvertent acts or omissions by employees, service providers, or others. We currently use, and may use in the future, outsourced service providers to help provide certain services, and any such outsourced service providers face similar security and system disruption risks as us. Our ability to monitor our outsourced service providers’ security measures is limited, and, in any event, third parties may be able to circumvent those security measures, resulting in the unauthorized access to, misuse, acquisition, disclosure, loss, alteration, or destruction of personal, confidential, or other data, including data relating to individuals. Some of the systems used in our business will not be fully redundant, and our disaster recovery planning cannot account for all eventualities. Any data security incidents or other disruptions to any data centers or other systems used in our business could result in lengthy interruptions in our service and may adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.

Significant capital and other resources may be required in efforts to protect against information security breaches, security incidents, and system disruptions, or to alleviate problems caused by actual or suspected information security breaches and other data security incidents and system disruptions. The resources required may increase over time as the methods used by hackers and others engaged in online criminal activities and otherwise seeking to obtain unauthorized access to systems or data, and to disrupt systems, are increasingly sophisticated and constantly evolving. In particular, ransomware attacks have become more prevalent in the industrial sector, which could materially and adversely affect our ability to operate and may result in significant expense.

In addition, we may face increased compliance burdens regarding such requirements with regulators and customers regarding our battery products and also incur additional costs for oversight and monitoring of our supply chain. These additional compliance and logistical burdens are attenuated through our international partnerships. We also cannot be certain that these systems, networks, and other infrastructure or technology upon which we rely, including those of our third-party suppliers or service providers, will be effectively implemented, maintained or expanded as planned, or will be free from bugs, defects, errors, vulnerabilities, viruses, ransomware, or other malicious code. We may be required to expend significant resources to make corrections or to remediate issues that are identified or to find alternative sources.

Any failure or perceived failure by us or our service providers to prevent information security breaches or other security incidents or system disruptions, or any compromise of security that results in or is perceived or reported to result in unauthorized access to, or loss, theft, alteration, release or transfer of, our information, or any personal information, confidential information, or other data could result in loss or theft of proprietary or sensitive data and intellectual property, could harm our reputation and competitive position and could expose us to legal claims, regulatory investigations and proceedings, and fines, penalties, and other liability. Any such actual or perceived security breach, security incident or disruption could also divert the efforts of our technical and management personnel and could require us to incur significant costs and operational consequences in connection with investigating, remediating, eliminating and putting in place additional tools, devices, policies, and other measures designed to prevent actual or perceived security breaches and other incidents and system disruptions. Moreover, we could be required or otherwise find it appropriate to expend significant capital and other resources to respond to, notify third parties of, and otherwise address the incident or breach and its root cause, and most jurisdictions have enacted laws requiring companies to notify individuals, regulatory authorities and others of security breaches involving certain types of data.

Further, we cannot assure that any limitations of liability provisions in our current or future contracts that may be applicable would be enforceable or adequate or would otherwise protect us from any liabilities or damages with respect to any particular claim relating to a security breach or other security-related matter. We also cannot be sure that our existing insurance coverage will continue to be available on acceptable terms or will be available in sufficient amounts to cover claims related to a security breach or incident, or that the insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of claims against us that exceed available insurance coverage, or the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could have a material adverse effect on our business, including our reputation, financial condition, and results of operations.

Additionally, laws, regulations, and other actual and potential obligations relating to privacy, data hosting and other processing of data, data protection, and data security are evolving rapidly, and we expect to potentially be subject to new laws and regulations, or new interpretations of laws and regulations, in the future in various jurisdictions. These laws, regulations, and other obligations, and changes in their interpretation, could require us to modify our operations and practices, restrict our activities, and increase our costs. Further, these laws, regulations, and other obligations are complex and evolving rapidly, and we cannot provide assurance that we will not be subject to claims, allegations, or other proceedings related to actual or alleged obligations relating to privacy, data protection, or data security. It is possible that these laws, regulations, and other obligations may be inconsistent with one another or be interpreted or asserted to be inconsistent with our business or practices. We anticipate needing to dedicate substantial resources to comply with laws, regulations, and other obligations relating to privacy and data security in order to comply. Any failure or alleged or perceived failure to comply with any applicable laws, regulations, or other obligations relating to privacy, data protection, or data security could also result in regulatory investigations and proceedings, and misuse of or failure to secure data relating to individuals could also result in claims and proceedings against us by governmental entities or others, penalties and other liability, and damage to our reputation and credibility, and could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.

We are subject to various existing and future environmental health and safety laws, which may result in increased compliance costs or additional operating costs and restrictions. Failure to comply with such laws and regulations may result in substantial fines or other limitations that could adversely impact our financial results or operations.

Our Company and our operations, as well as our contractors, suppliers, and customers, are subject to numerous federal, state, local and foreign environmental laws and regulations governing, among other things, the generation, storage, transportation, and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes. We are also subject to a variety of product stewardship and manufacturer responsibility laws and regulations, primarily relating to the collection, reuse and recycling of electronic waste, as well as regulations regarding the hazardous material contents of electronic product components and product packaging, and non-hazardous wastes. We or others in our supply chain may be required to obtain permits and comply with procedures that impose various restrictions and operations that could have adverse effects on our operations. If key permits and approvals cannot be obtained on acceptable terms, or if other operations requirements cannot be met in a manner satisfactory for our operations or on a timeline that meets our commercial obligations, it may adversely impact our business. There are also significant capital, operating and other costs associated with compliance with these environmental laws and regulations.

Environmental and health and safety laws and regulations are subject to change and may become more stringent in the future, such as through new regulations enacted at the supranational, national, sub-national, and/or local level or new or modified regulations that may be implemented under existing law. The nature and extent of any changes in these laws, rules, regulations, and permits may be unpredictable and may have material effects on our business. Future legislation and regulations or changes in existing legislation and regulations, or interpretations thereof, could cause additional expenditures, restrictions, and delays in connection with our operations as well as our other future projects, or may require us to manufacture with alternative technologies and materials.

Our manufacturing process creates regulated air emissions which are typically managed within established permit limits by available emissions control technology. Should permitted limits or other requirements change in the future, the Company may be required to install additional, more costly control technology. If we were to violate any such permit or related permit conditions, we may incur significant fines and penalties.

We rely on third parties to ensure compliance with certain environmental laws, including those relating to the disposal of wastes. Any failure to properly handle or dispose of wastes, regardless of whether such failure is ours or our contractors, may result in liability under environmental laws, as well as liability for any impacts to human health or natural resources. The costs of liability with respect to contamination could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations. Additionally, we may not be able to secure contracts with third parties and contractors to continue their key supply chain and disposal services for our business, which may result in increased costs for compliance with environmental laws and regulations.

Our research and development activities expose our employees to potential occupational hazards such as, but not limited to, the presence of hazardous materials, machines with moving parts, and high voltage and/or high current electrical systems typical of large manufacturing equipment and related safety incidents. There may be safety incidents that damage machinery or product, slow or stop production, or harm employees. Employees may be exposed to toxic hydrogen sulfide as a result of the components we use being exposed to moisture. If released in an uncontrolled manner, this hydrogen sulfide can create hazardous working conditions. Consequences may include litigation, fines, increased insurance premiums, mandates to temporarily halt production, workers’ compensation claims, or other actions that impact our brand, finances, or ability to operate.

Some of our operations involve the manufacture and/or handling of a variety of explosive and flammable materials. We might experience incidents such as leaks and ruptures, explosions, fires, transportation accidents involving our chemical products, chemical spills and other discharges or releases of toxic or hazardous substances or gases and environmental hazards in the future or that these incidents will not result in production delays or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations, for which we may not be adequately insured.

We are or will be subject to anti-corruption and anti-bribery and anti-money laundering and similar laws, and non-compliance with such laws can subject us to administrative, civil and criminal fines and penalties, collateral consequences, remedial measures and legal expenses, all of which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and reputation.

We are subject to the FCPA, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, and possibly other anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws and anti-money laundering laws in various jurisdictions in which we conduct, or in the future may conduct, activities. Anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws have been enforced aggressively in recent years and are interpreted broadly to generally prohibit us and our officers, directors, employees, business partners agents, representatives and third-party intermediaries from corruptly offering, promising, authorizing or providing, directly or indirectly anything of value to recipients in the public or private sector.

We may leverage third parties to sell our battery products and conduct our business abroad. We, our officers, directors, employees, business partners agents, representatives and third-party intermediaries may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities and we may be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of these employees, agents, representatives, business partners or third-party intermediaries even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities. We cannot assure you that all of our officers, directors, employees, business partners agents, representatives and third-party intermediaries will not take actions in violation of applicable law, for which we may be ultimately held responsible. As our international activities and sales expand, our risks under these laws may increase.

These laws also require companies to make and keep books, records and accounts that accurately reflect transactions and dispositions of assets and to maintain a system of adequate internal accounting controls and compliance procedures designed to prevent any such actions. While we have certain policies and procedures to address compliance with such laws, we cannot assure you that none of our officers, directors, employees, business partners agents, representatives and third-party intermediaries will take actions in violation of our policies and applicable law, for which we may be ultimately held responsible.

Any allegations or violation of the FCPA or other applicable anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws and anti-money laundering laws could subject us to whistleblower complaints, adverse media coverage, investigations, settlements, prosecutions, enforcement actions, fines, damages, loss of export privileges, and severe administrative, civil and criminal sanctions, suspension or debarment from government contracts, collateral consequences, remedial measures and legal expenses, all of which could materially and adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations. Responding to any investigation or action will likely result in a materially significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and significant defense costs and other professional fees.

Recent and potential tariffs imposed by the U.S. government or a global trade war could increase the cost of our products, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The U.S. government has and continues to make significant changes in U.S. trade policy and has taken certain actions that could negatively impact U.S. trade, including imposing tariffs on certain goods imported into the United States. In retaliation, China has implemented, and continues to evaluate imposing additional tariffs on a wide range of American products. There is also a concern that the imposition of additional tariffs by the United States could result in the adoption of tariffs by other countries as well, leading to a global trade war. More specifically, the U.S. government has from time to time imposed significant tariffs on certain product categories imported from China. Such tariffs, if expanded to other categories, could have a significant impact on our business, particularly the importation of parts of our batteries and certain production equipment that are manufactured in China. If we attempt to renegotiate prices with suppliers or diversify our supply chain in response to tariffs, such efforts may not yield immediate results or may be ineffective. We might also consider increasing prices to the end consumer; however, this could reduce the competitiveness of our products and adversely affect net sales. If we fail to manage these dynamics successfully, gross margins and profitability could be adversely affected. As of the date of this report, tariffs have not had a material impact on our business, but increased tariffs or trade restrictions implemented by the United States or other countries in connection with a global trade war could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We cannot predict what actions may ultimately be taken with respect to tariffs or trade relations between the United States and China or other countries, what products may be subject to such actions, or what actions may be taken by the other countries in retaliation. Any further deterioration in the relations between the United States and China could exacerbate these actions and other governmental intervention. For example, a future event that created additional U.S.-China tensions could potentially increase the risks associated with the business and operations of U.S.-based technology companies in China.

The U.S. or foreign governments may take additional administrative, legislative, or regulatory action that could materially interfere with our ability to sell products in certain countries. Sustained uncertainty about, or worsening of, current global economic conditions and further escalation of trade tensions between the United States and its trading partners, especially China, could result in a global economic slowdown and long-term changes to global trade, including retaliatory trade restrictions that restrict our ability to operate in China. Any alterations to our business strategy or operations made in order to adapt to or comply with any such changes would be time-consuming and expensive, and certain of our competitors may be better suited to withstand or react to these changes.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

A significant portion of Solidion’s Common Stock is restricted from immediate resale, but may be sold into the market in the future pursuant to registration rights granted to the holders thereof. The exercise of such rights could cause the market price of Solidion’s Common Stock to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.

The market price of shares of Solidion’s Common Stock could decline as a result of substantial sales of common stock, particularly by our significant stockholders, a large number of shares of common stock becoming available for sale or the perception in the market that holders of a large number of shares intend to sell their shares.

G3 and certain other stockholders of Solidion entered into a registration rights agreement (the “Registration Rights Agreement”) with Solidion. An aggregate of 78,616,000 shares of Common Stock will be entitled to registration pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement, which consist of 3,087,500 founder shares held by the Sponsor, 123,500 representative shares held by EF Hutton, division of Benchmark Investments, LLC, 5,405,000 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the private placement warrants held by the Sponsor, and 69,800,000 shares of stock issued to the HBC Shareholders as Merger Consideration. Up to an additional 22,500,000 shares of common stock may be entitled to registration under the Registration Rights Agreement in the event that the Earnout Shares vest in accordance with the terms of the Merger Agreement. At any time and from time to time after the Closing, either (i) G3 or (ii) the Sponsor may make a written demand for registration under the Securities Act of all or part of their Registrable Securities. Each of G3 and the Sponsor are entitled to exercise two demand registrations under the Registration Rights Agreement. If at any time following the Closing, Solidion proposes to file a registration statement under the Securities Act, the holders of the Registrable Securities shall be offered an opportunity to register the sale of such number of Registrable Securities as such holders may request in writing. The demand registration rights and “piggy-back” registration rights under the Registration Rights Agreement are subject to certain requirements and customary conditions.

In addition, the maximum number of shares of common stock underlying the Series C Warrants and Series D Warrants would be an aggregate of approximately 123,076,923 shares and 49,320,990 shares, respectively, and the Company has included these shares in a shelf registration statement on Form S-1 that has not yet been declared effective.

As such, sales of a substantial number of shares of Solidion’s Common Stock in the public market could occur at any time. These sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of Solidion’s Common Stock.

Solidion is a “controlled company” within the meaning of Nasdaq listing standards and, as a result, qualifies for, and may rely on, exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements. As a result, you may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to such requirements.

Because G3 holds approximately 85.3% of the voting power of Solidion, Solidion qualifies as a “controlled company” within the meaning of the corporate governance standards of Nasdaq. Under these rules, a listed company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group or another company is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including the requirement that (i) a majority of our board of directors consist of independent directors, (ii) we have a compensation committee that is composed entirely of independent directors and (iii) director nominees be selected or recommended to the board by independent directors. We do not plan to rely upon the “controlled company” exemptions.

However, Solidion may in the future decide to rely on the controlled company exemptions should it decide that it is in its interest to do so. Solidion may rely on the corporate governance exemptions only so long as we qualify as a controlled company. To the extent we rely on any of these exemption, our public shareholders will not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq and we cannot predict the impact this may have on the price of our public shares.

We may issue additional shares of Solidion’s Common Stock or other equity securities without your approval, which would dilute your ownership interests and may depress the market price of your shares.

We may issue additional shares of Solidion’s Common Stock or other equity securities of equal or senior rank in the future in connection with, among other things, future acquisitions, repayment of outstanding indebtedness or under our Incentive Plan, without stockholder approval, in a number of circumstances.

Our issuance of additional shares of Solidion’s Common Stock or other equity securities of equal or senior rank could have the following effects:

A market for Solidion’s securities may not continue, which would adversely affect the liquidity and price of Solidion’s securities.

The price of Solidion’s securities may fluctuate significantly due to general market and economic conditions. An active trading market for Solidion’s securities may not be sustained. In addition, the price of Solidion’s securities can vary due to general economic conditions and forecasts, Solidion’s general business condition and the release of Solidion’s financial reports. Additionally, if Solidion’s securities become delisted from Nasdaq for any reason, and are quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board, an inter-dealer automated quotation system for equity securities that is not a national securities exchange, the liquidity and price of Solidion’s securities may be more limited than if Solidion was quoted or listed on Nasdaq or another national securities exchange. You may be unable to sell your securities unless a market can be established or sustained.

There can be no assurance that the Public Warrants will be in the money during their exercise period, and they may expire worthless.

The exercise price for our Public Warrants is $11.50 per share. There can be no assurance that the Public Warrants will be in the money prior to their expiration and, as such, the warrants may expire worthless. The terms of Public Warrants may be amended in a manner that may be adverse to the holders. The warrant agreement between Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as warrant agent, and us, dated March 10, 2022, provides that the terms of the warrants may be amended without the consent of any holder to cure any ambiguity or correct any defective provision, but requires the approval by the holders of a majority of the then-outstanding Public Warrants to make any change that adversely affects the interests of the registered holders. Accordingly, we may amend the terms of the warrants in a manner adverse to a holder if holders of at least a majority of the then-outstanding Public Warrants approve of such amendment. Our ability to amend the terms of the Public Warrants with the consent of a majority of the then-outstanding Public Warrants is unlimited. Examples of such amendments could be amendments to, among other things, increase the exercise price of the Public Warrants, shorten the exercise period or decrease the number of shares of Solidion Common Stock purchasable upon exercise of a Public Warrant.

Solidion may redeem unexpired warrants, in accordance with their terms, prior to their exercise at a time that is disadvantageous to holders of warrants.

We have the ability to redeem outstanding warrants at any time after they become exercisable and prior to their expiration, at a price of $0.01 per Warrant, provided that the last sale price of Solidion Common Stock equals or exceeds $18.00 per share (as adjusted for share splits, share capitalizations, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) for any twenty (20) trading days within a thirty (30) trading-day period ending on the third trading day prior to proper notice of such redemption and provided that certain other conditions are met. We will not redeem the warrants unless an effective registration statement under the Securities Act covering the Solidion Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants is effective and a current prospectus relating to those Solidion Common Stock is available throughout the thirty (30-) day redemption period, except if the warrants may be exercised on a cashless basis and such cashless exercise is exempt from registration under the Securities Act. If and when the warrants become redeemable by us, we may exercise our redemption right even if we are unable to register or qualify the underlying securities for sale under all applicable state securities laws. Redemption of the outstanding warrants could force holders thereof to (i) exercise warrants and pay the exercise price therefor at a time when it may be disadvantageous for such holder to do so, (ii) sell warrants at the then-current market price when such holder might otherwise wish to hold warrants or (iii) accept the nominal redemption price which, at the time the outstanding warrants are called for redemption, is likely to be substantially less than the market value of such warrants.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about Solidion, its business, or its market, or if they change their recommendations regarding Solidion’s Common Stock adversely, then the price and trading volume of Solidion’s Common Stock could decline.

The trading market for Solidion’s Common Stock is influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, Solidion’s business and operations, Solidion’s market, or Solidion’s competitors. Securities and industry analysts do not currently, and may never, publish research on Solidion. If no securities or industry analysts commence coverage of Solidion, Solidion’s stock price and trading volume would likely be negatively impacted. If any of the analysts who may cover Solidion change their recommendation regarding Solidion’s stock adversely, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about Solidion’s competitors, the price of Solidion’s Common Stock would likely decline. If any analyst who may cover Solidion were to cease coverage of Solidion or fail to regularly publish reports on it, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause Solidion’s stock price or trading volume to decline.

Changes in laws, regulations or rules, or a failure to comply with any laws, regulations or rules, may adversely affect Solidion’s business, investments and results of operations.

Solidion will be subject to laws, regulations and rules enacted by national, regional and local governments and Nasdaq. In particular, Solidion will be required to comply with certain SEC, Nasdaq and other legal or regulatory requirements. Compliance with, and monitoring of, applicable laws, regulations and rules may be difficult, time consuming and costly. Those laws, regulations or rules and their interpretation and application may also change from time to time and those changes could have a material adverse effect on Solidion’s business, investments and results of operations. In addition, a failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations or rules, as interpreted and applied, could have a material adverse effect on Solidion’s business and results of operations.

The JOBS Act permits “emerging growth companies” like us to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.

We currently qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the Securities Act, as modified by the JOBS Act. As such, we take and will continue to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies for as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, including: (i) the exemption from the auditor attestation requirements with respect to internal control over financial reporting under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act; (ii) the exemptions from say-on-pay, say-on-frequency and say-on-golden parachute voting requirements; and (iii) reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statement. As a result, our stockholders may not have access to certain information they deem important. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year: (a) following March 15, 2027, the fifth anniversary of our IPO; (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.07 billion; or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of Solidion’s common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our prior second fiscal quarter, and (ii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period.

In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the exemption from complying with new or revised accounting standards provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act as long as we are an emerging growth company. An emerging growth company can therefore delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies, but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. We have elected to avail ourselves of such extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of our financial statements with another public company that is neither an emerging growth company nor an emerging growth company that has opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

We cannot predict if investors will find Solidion’s common stock less attractive because we rely on these exemptions. If some investors find Solidion’s common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for Solidion’s common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

We maintain our corporate headquarters located at 13355 Noel Rd., Suite 1100, Dallas, Texas, and our telephone number is (972) 918-5120.

We maintain our research and development and manufacturing operations located in Dayton, Ohio, where we own a building of approximately 27,646 square feet and lease a building of approximately 7,097 square feet.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time, a public company can become involved in litigation or other legal proceedings. We are not currently a party to any litigation or legal proceedings that are likely to have a material adverse effect on our business. Regardless of outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

None.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Our Common Stock have traded on the Nasdaq Global Market, or Nasdaq, under the symbol “STI” on February 5, 2024. Prior to that date, Nubia’s Class A Common Stock and Public Warrants were listed on the Nasdaq Global under the symbols “NUBI” and “NUBIW” respectively.

Holders of Record

As of April 14, 2025, there were 27 holders of record of our common stock. The actual number of stockholders of our common stock is greater than this number of record holders and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners but whose shares of common stock are held in street name by banks, brokers and other nominees.

Dividends

We have not declared or paid any dividends, or authorized or made any distribution upon or with respect to any class or series of our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings for use in the operation of our business and do not anticipate paying any dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to declare dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to applicable laws, and will depend on our financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, general business conditions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

None.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

None.

ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

None.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

References in this report (the “Annual Report”) to “we,” “us” or the “Company” refer to Solidion Technology, Inc. References to our “management” or our “management team” refer to our officers and directors. The following discussion and analysis of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and the notes thereto contained elsewhere in this Annual Report. Certain information contained in the discussion and analysis set forth below includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties.

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events. These forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions about us that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “continue,” or the negative of such terms or other similar expressions. Factors that might cause or contribute to such a discrepancy include, but are not limited to, those described in our other SEC filings.

Overview

Solidion Technology, Inc. is a Dallas, TX, USA-based advanced battery technology company focused on the development and commercialization of battery materials, components, cells, and selected module/pack technologies. Solidion holds a portfolio of over 550 patents, covering innovations such as high-capacity, non-silane gas and graphene-enabled silicon anodes, biomass-based graphite, advanced lithium-sulfur and lithium-metal technologies. Solidion offers two lines of battery products: (i) advanced anode materials (ready for production expansion); and (ii) three classes of solid-state batteries, including Silicon-rich all-solid-state lithium-ion cells (Gen 1), anode less lithium metal cells (Gen 2), and lithium-sulfur cells (Gen 3), all featuring an advanced polymer- or polymer/inorganic composite-based solid electrolyte that is process-friendly.

History

Honeycomb Battery Company Merger

On February 2, 2024, Nubia Brand International Corp., a Delaware corporation (“Nubia” and after the Transactions described herein, “Solidion” or “Solidion Technology, Inc.”), consummated a merger (the “Closing”) pursuant to a Merger Agreement, dated February 16, 2023 (as amended on August 25, 2023, the “Merger Agreement”), by and among Nubia, Honeycomb Battery Company, an Ohio corporation (“HBC”), and Nubia Merger Sub, Inc., an Ohio corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of Nubia (“Merger Sub”). Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub merged with and into HBC (the “Merger,” and the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the “Transactions”), with HBC surviving such merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Nubia, which was renamed “Solidion Technology, Inc.” upon Closing.

We received net proceeds from the Merger totaling $17,555. The Company is applying the proceeds from the Merger toward its corporate growth strategy related to the commercialization of our battery technology and the scaling of its manufacturing operations.

Equity Financings

On March 13, 2024, Solidion entered into a private placement transaction (the “March Private Placement”), pursuant to a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “March Subscription Agreement”) with certain institutional investors (the “Purchasers”) for aggregate gross proceeds of $3,850,000, before deducting fees to the placement agent and other expenses payable by the Company in connection with the March Private Placement. The net proceeds from the March Private Placement were used for working capital and general corporate purposes. The March Private Placement closed on March 15, 2024.

As part of the March Private Placement, the Company issued an aggregate of 5,133,332 units and pre-funded units (collectively, the “Units”) at a purchase price of $0.75 per unit (less $0.0001 per pre-funded unit). Each Unit consists of (i) one share of Solidion Common Stock, (ii) two Series A warrants (“Series A Warrants”) each to purchase one share of Common Stock, and (iii) one Series B warrant (“Series B Warrants”) to purchase such number of shares of Common Stock as determined on the reset date, and in accordance with the terms therein.

The reset period ended on July 2, 2024 (the “Reset Date”), with the lowest 10-day VWAP on June 28, 2024, being $0.4347. Consequently, the reset price was established at $0.3478. As a result, the Series A Warrants and Series B Warrants held by investors were reset to 22,141,701 shares and 5,749,598 shares, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, investors had exercised 13,742,879 Series A Warrants and 5,749,598 Series B Warrants, resulting in the issuance of 19,492,477 common shares. As of December 31, 2024, 8,398,822 Series A Warrants and no Series B Warrants remained outstanding.

On August 30, 2024, the Company entered into a private placement transaction (the “August Private Placement”), pursuant to a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “August Subscription Agreement”) with certain institutional investors (the “Purchasers”) for aggregate gross proceeds of $4,000,000, before deducting fees to the placement agent and other expenses payable by the Company in connection with the August Private Placement. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the August Private Placement for working capital and general corporate purposes.

As part of the August Private Placement, the Company issued an aggregate of 12,217,468 units and pre-funded units (collectively, the “Units”) at a purchase price of $0.3274 per unit. Each Unit consists of (i) one share of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share of the Company (the “Common Stock”) (or one pre-funded warrant to purchase one share of Common Stock (the “Pre-Funded Warrant”)), (ii) two Series C warrants each to purchase one share of Common Stock (the “Series C Warrant”) and (iii) one Series D warrant to purchase such number of shares of Common Stock as determined on the Reset Date (as defined in Note 10) and in accordance with the terms therein (the “Series D Warrant” and together with the Pre-Funded Warrant and the Series C Warrant, the “Warrants”).

The Company accounts for the outstanding Series A, Series B, Series C, and Series D warrants issued in connection with the March and August 2024 private placement financings (the “PIPE Warrants”) as liability-classified instruments because certain settlement adjustments prevent them from meeting the fixed-for-fixed equity classification criteria under ASC 815-40.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

The Company is focused on commercializing and manufacturing battery materials and next-generation battery cells. Historically, and during the periods presented, we have generated minimal revenue from product samples. We do not expect to begin generating significant revenue until we complete the commercialization process and build out manufacturing capacity. Future capacity may come from joint ventures with strategic partners, sourcing third-party manufacturing from our network, or pursuing mergers and acquisitions.

Operating Expenses

Research and Development

Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel expenses, including salaries, benefits, third party technology validation testing, equipment, engineering, maintenance of facilities, data analysis, and materials.

Selling, general and, administrative

Selling, general and administrative expenses primarily consist of personnel expenses, including salaries, benefits, and stock-based compensation related to executive management, finance, legal, and human resource functions. Other costs include business development, contractor and professional services fees, audit and compliance expenses, insurance costs and general corporate expenses, such rent, office supplies and information technology costs.

Other Income (Loss)

Change in fair value of Derivative Liabilities

Change in fair value of Derivative Liabilities consists of fluctuations in the fair value of an agreement between the Company and investors facilitating future purchases of the Company’s stock by the Investor based on a Monte Carlo simulation model.

Interest Income

Interest income is derived from the Company’s operating cash account, which is periodically invested in short-term money market funds.

Interest Expense

Interest expense consists primarily of the interest on the Company’s short-term notes and D&O insurance premium financing arrangement.

Results of Operations

This data should be read in conjunction with Solidion’s financial statements and accompanying notes. These results of operations are not necessarily indicative of future performance.

Summary of Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses increased by $7,969,914 for the year ended December 31, 2024. This increase was primarily driven by third party validation testing of our proprietary silicon anode, professional fees, stock-based compensation, insurance, and other administrative costs associated with the Company operating as a public entity as of February 2, 2024.

Other Income (loss)

Other loss increased by $12,627,521 for the year ended December 31, 2024. This increase was largely driven by a gain of $18,011,100 due to a change in the fair value of derivative liabilities related to the Forward Purchase Agreement, and warrants related to the March and August private placement financing. This was offset by a loss of $30,281,475 from the issuance of common stock and warrants related to the convertible note and private placement financing activity.

Summary of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

Net Cash used in Operating Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2024, cash used in operating activities was $7,377,807. This primarily resulted from a net loss of $25,929,003, which included non-cash gains and losses, driven by a gain of $18,011,100 due to a change in the fair value of derivative liabilities related to the Forward Purchase Agreement and private placement warrants, and a loss of $30,281,475 from the issuance of common stock and warrants related to the convertible note and private placement financing activity. These non-cash losses were added back to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities, as part non-cash adjustments that also included depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation and equity compensation expense for services, totaling $17,266,959. Additionally, changes in operating assets and liabilities provided $1,284,237 of cash from operating activities, driven primarily by a $1,344,669 increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses. The increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses was mainly due to higher accrual expense associated with the Company operating as a public entity as of February 2, 2024.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, cash used in operating activities was $4,068,302. This primarily resulted from a net loss of $5,324,624, which included non-cash losses, depreciation and amortization, totaling $552,855 Additionally, changes in operating assets and liabilities provided $703,467 of cash from operating activities, driven primarily by a $872,485 increase amounts due to related parties.

Net Cash used in Investing Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company used cash of $246,074 in investing activities consisting of capitalized patent costs.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company used cash of $376,150 in investing activities consisting of capitalized patent costs.

Net Cash provided by Financing Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company generated cash of $10,976,833 from financing activities. This primarily resulted from proceeds from private placement financing, and warrant exercises of $7,850,000 and $4,259,241, respectively. These increases were offset by repayment of short-term notes and related party advances of $1,389,146 and $1,026,091, respectively.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company generated cash of $3,823,657 from financing activities, consisting of capital contributions by G3.

Going Concern Considerations, Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since Solidion’s inception, the Company has experienced recurring net losses and has generated minimal sales. This raises substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s ability to fund our operations and capital expenditures depends on our ability to raise additional external capital. This is subject to our future operating performance and general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory, and other conditions, some of which are beyond our control. We are currently engaged in discussions with various financing counterparties to secure sufficient capital to meet our business needs for the foreseeable future. The Company plans to finance its operations with proceeds from the sale of equity securities, government grants and loans, or debt; however, there is no assurance that management’s plans to obtain additional debt, grants or equity financing will be successfully implemented or implemented on terms favorable to the Company.

As of December 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $115,880,509. Additionally, $1,400,717 in NUBI transaction costs incurred at the Closing Date in connection with the Merger remain outstanding and are due within the next twelve months. For the year ended December 31, 2024, we incurred losses from operations totaling $25,929,003 and net cash used in operating activities of $7,377,807. We expect to continue to incur such losses for at least the next twelve (12) months.

Critical Accounting Estimates

We prepare our financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, which require our management to make estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the balance sheet dates, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, our financial condition or results of operations would be affected. We base our estimates on our own historical experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable after taking account of our circumstances and expectations for the future based on available information. We evaluate these estimates on an ongoing basis.

We consider an accounting estimate to be critical if: (i) the accounting estimate requires us to make assumptions about matters that were highly uncertain at the time the accounting estimate was made, and (ii) changes in the estimate that are reasonably likely to occur from period to period or use of different estimates that we reasonably could have used in the current period, would have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. There are items within our financial statement that require estimation but are not deemed critical, as defined above. We have identified the following as our critical accounting estimate as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024:

Forward Purchase Agreement

The Company accounts for the forward purchase agreement as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the Forward Purchase Agreement (“FPA”) specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance in FASB ASC 480 “Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity” (“ASC 480”), and FASB ASC 815, “Derivatives and Hedging” (“ASC 815”). The assessment considers whether the FPA is a freestanding financial instrument pursuant to ASC 480, meets the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480, and whether the FPA meets all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the FPA is indexed to the Company’s own common shares and whether the FPA holders could potentially require “net cash settlement” in a circumstance outside of the Company’s control, among other conditions for equity classification. This assessment is conducted at the time of FPA issuance and as of each subsequent quarterly period end date while the FPA is outstanding.

For issued or modified FPA that meet all of the criteria for equity classification, the FPA is required to be recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital at the time of issuance. For issued or modified FPAs that do not meet all of the criteria for equity classification, the FPA are required to be recorded at their initial fair value on the date of issuance, and each balance sheet date thereafter. The Company accounts for outstanding FPA as liability-classified instrument.

The fair value of the FPA is Level 3. The determination of the fair value requires significant estimates and judgments. Please see Note 14 – Fair Value Measurements to the financial statements for the significant assumptions and estimates.

Changes in the significant assumptions and estimates could materially impact the valuation and the amounts recorded in the financial statements.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In November 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures,” to enhance disclosures for significant segment expenses for all public entities required to report segment information in accordance with ASC 280. The standard did not change the definition of a segment, the method for determining segments or the criteria for aggregating operating segments into reportable segments. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Retrospective adoption is required for all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company adopted the amendment effective January 1, 2024 for annual reporting purposes. The adoption did not have a material impact to the Company’s financial statements or disclosures.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (ASU 2023-09), which requires disclosures of incremental income tax information within the rate reconciliation and expanded disclosures of income taxes paid, among other disclosure requirements. ASU 2023-09 is effective for the fiscal year beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company’s management does not believe the adoption of ASU 2023-09 will have a material impact on its financial statements and disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses” to improve disclosures by providing more detailed information about the types of expenses in commonly presented expense captions. The guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effect this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to make disclosures under this Item.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

Our financial statements and the notes thereto begin on page F-1 of this Annual Report.

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Based on an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of December 31, 2024, because of certain material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, as further described below.

Notwithstanding these material weaknesses, our management concluded that our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K fairly present, in all material respects, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows as of and for the periods presented in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”).

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

The management of Solidion Technology, Inc.is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of Solidion’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. In making this assessment, we used the criteria set forth in the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). Based on our evaluation under these criteria, management determined, based upon the existence of the material weaknesses described below, that we did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024.

Material Weaknesses

A material weakness is a deficiency or combination of deficiencies in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

Management identified deficiencies in the principles associated with the control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information & communication, and monitoring components of internal control, based on the criteria established by the COSO framework, that constitute material weaknesses, either individually or in the aggregate as described below.

Control Environment: Solidion does not maintain a sufficient complement of qualified technical accounting and financial reporting personnel to perform control activities, including those related to complex and/or non-routine transactions. Additionally, Solidion did not implement sufficient segregation of duties within its financial reporting function in order to demonstrate independence and proper oversight. This material weakness contributed to the additional material weaknesses further described below.

Risk Assessment: Solidion did not design and implement an effective risk assessment based on the criteria established in the COSO framework. A material weakness, either individually or in the aggregate, was identified pertaining to (i) identifying, assessing, and communicating appropriate objectives; (ii) identifying and analyzing risks to achieve these objectives; and (iii) implementing an effective risk assessment to identify and assess changes in the business if such changes were to occur.

Control Activities: Solidion did not effectively design and implement control activities to support the operating effectiveness of controls to prevent and detect potential material errors based on the criteria established in the COSO framework. As a result, the following control deficiencies constitute material weaknesses, individually or in the aggregate: (i) ineffective controls related to the review and approval of journal entries and reconciliations, and (ii) a lack of appropriate accounting policies and procedures.

Information and Communication: We identified control deficiencies that constitute material weaknesses, either individually or in the aggregate, related to (i) internal communication of information, including objectives and responsibilities for internal control, necessary to support the functioning of internal control; and (ii) communicating relevant information to external parties timely.

Monitoring: Solidion did not maintain effective monitoring activities to determine whether the components of internal control over financial reporting were present and functioning based on the criteria established in the COSO framework.

Remediation Plans and Status

We are committed to maintaining a strong internal control environment and implementing measures designed to ensure that control deficiencies contributing to the material weaknesses are remediated as soon as practicable. We plan to engage a third party to assist in our remediation efforts. We will design and implement a risk assessment process and establish processes and controls to support an effective control environment. These actions are intended to enable Solidion to enhance our monitoring of our internal controls over financial reporting as well as enhance required communication. In addition, we will design and implement controls to address material weaknesses in control activities including the proper review and approval of journal entries and reconciliations.

As Solidion continues to evaluate its internal controls, it may take additional remediation actions. The material weaknesses will be considered remediated when Solidion’s management designs and implements effective controls that operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are effective. Solidion’s management will monitor the effectiveness of its remediation plans and will make changes management determines to be appropriate.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Except for the identification of the material weaknesses described above, there were no changes during the quarter ended December 31, 2024, in our internal control over financial reporting that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

None. 

PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Information about our executive officers is contained in the section titled “Executive Officers” in Part I of this Annual Report.

The other information required by this Item will be included in our Proxy Statement for the 2025 Annual General Meeting of Stockholders under the captions “Director Nominees,” “Continuing Members of the Board of Directors,” “Additional Information Concerning the Board of Directors of the Company,” Committees of the Board of Directors” and “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance,” which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 and is incorporated by reference in this Annual Report.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The information required by this Item will be included in our Proxy Statement for the 2025 Annual General Meeting of Stockholders under the captions “Executive Compensation” and “Director Remuneration,” which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 and is incorporated by reference in this Annual Report.

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The information required by this Item will be included in our Proxy Statement for the 2025 Annual General Meeting of Stockholders under the caption “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” and “Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans,” which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 and is incorporated by reference in this Annual Report.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The information required by this Item will be included in our Proxy Statement for the 2025 Annual General Meeting of Stockholders under the captions “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions” and “Director Independence,” which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 and is incorporated by reference in this Annual Report.

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

Public Accounting Fees

The firms of Deloitte & Touche LLP (“Deloitte”) and GBQ Partners (“GBQ”) act as our independent registered public accounting firms. The following is a summary of fees billed by Deloitte and GBQ for services rendered.

Audit Fees. For the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, fees for our independent registered public accounting firms were approximately $775,985 and $98,500, respectively, for audit services performed by Deloitte and GBQ in connection with the audit of our financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Audit-Related Fees. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, Deloitte and GBQ did not render audit-related services.

Tax Fees. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, Deloitte and GBQ did not render tax compliance, tax advice and tax planning services.

All Other Fees. For the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no fees billed for products and services provided by Deloitte and GBQ other than those set forth above.

PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a) Financial Statements:

SOLIDION TECHNOLOGY, INC. 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of Solidion Technology, Inc.

Substantial Doubt About the Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern

The accompanying financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024 have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company has experienced recurring net losses and net cash used in operating activities, has generated minimal sales, is not in compliance with Nasdaq listing rules, and has stated that substantial doubt exists about its ability to continue as going concern. Management’s evaluation of the events and conditions and management’s plans regarding these matters are also described in Note 1. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. Our opinion is not modified with respect to this matter.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP

Dayton, Ohio

April 15, 2025

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2024.

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of

Solidion Technology, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying combined carved-out balance sheet of the Battery Group of Global Graphene Group, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and the related combined carved-out statements of operations, parent’s net equity and cash flows for the year then ended (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the carved-out financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Continuation as a Going Concern

The accompanying combined carved-out financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in the Summary of Significant Accounting Policies note to the financial statements, the Company has experienced recurring losses from operations and negative cash flows from operations that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in the notes to the financial statements. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ GBQ Partners LLC

We served as the Company’s auditor from 2022 to 2024

Columbus, Ohio

April 15, 2024

SOLIDION TECHNOLOGY, INC. 

CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED BALANCE SHEETS

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

SOLIDION TECHNOLOGY, INC.

CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

SOLIDION TECHNOLOGY, INC.

Consolidated AND COMBINED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERs’ (DEFICIT) EQUITY

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND DECEMBER 31, 2023

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

SOLIDION TECHNOLOGY, INC.

CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 

SOLIDION TECHNOLOGY, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS