UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, DC 20549
___________________________
FORM 10-Q
___________________________
(Mark One)
| QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | |||||
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2025
OR
| TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | |||||
For the transition period from ______ to ______
Commission File Number: 001-40291
___________________________
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)
___________________________
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | ||||
| (Address of Principal Executive Offices) | (Zip Code) | ||||
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
___________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of Each Class | Trading Symbol | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered | ||||||||||||
___________________________
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
| x | Accelerated filer | o | ||||||||||||
| Non-accelerated filer | o | Smaller reporting company | ||||||||||||
| Emerging growth company | ||||||||||||||
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No x
As of May 5, 2025, there were 521,246,363 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.
Compass, Inc.
Table of Contents
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Unless otherwise expressly stated or the context otherwise requires, references in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, which we refer to as this Quarterly Report, to “Compass,” “Company,” “our,” “us,” and “we” and similar references refer to Compass, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
Investors and others should note that we may announce material business and financial information to our investors using our investor relations page on our website (www.compass.com), filings we make with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, webcasts, press releases and conference calls. We use these mediums, including our website, to communicate with our stockholders and the public about our company, our product candidates and other matters. It is possible that the information we make available may be deemed to be material information. We therefore encourage investors and others interested in our company to review the information that we make available on our website.
From time to time, we also intend to announce material information to the public through the investor relations page on our website, press releases, public conference calls, public webcasts, and our X (formerly Twitter) feed (@Compass), our Facebook page, our LinkedIn page, our Instagram account, our YouTube channel, and Robert Reffkin’s X feed (@RobReffkin) and Instagram account (@robreffkin). We use these mediums, including our website, to communicate with our stockholders and the public about our company, our product candidates and other matters. It is possible that the information that we make available may be deemed to be material information. We therefore encourage investors and others interested in our Company to review the information that we make available on our website and social media channels. Further, corporate governance information, including our governance guidelines, board committee charters and code of ethics, is also available on our investor relations website under the heading “Governance.”
Any updates to the list of disclosure channels through which we will announce information will be posted on the investor relations page on our website.
The information contained on, or that can be accessed through, the website referenced in this Quarterly Report is not incorporated by reference into this filing, and the website address is provided only as an inactive textual reference.
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Quarterly Report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the federal Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. All statements contained in this Quarterly Report, other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding our future operating results and financial position, our business strategy and plans, market growth, and our objectives for future operations are forward-looking statements. Words such as “believes,” “may,” “will,” “estimates,” “potential,” “continues,” “expects,” “could,” “would,” “plans,” “targets,” and variations of such words and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are based upon various estimates and assumptions, as well as information known to us as of the date hereof, and are subject to risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to:
•General economic conditions, economic and industry downturns, the health of the U.S. real estate industry, and risks generally incident to the ownership of residential real estate;
•The effect of monetary policies of the federal government and its agencies;
•High mortgage interest rates;
•Tariffs and trade tensions;
•Ongoing industry antitrust class action litigation (including the Antitrust Lawsuits filed against us) or any related regulatory activities;
•Any decreases in our gross commission income or the percentage of commissions that we collect;
•Low home inventory levels;
•Our ability to carefully manage our expense structure;
•Adverse economic, real estate or business conditions in geographic areas where our business is concentrated and/or impacting high-end markets;
•Our ability to continuously innovate, improve and expand our platform to create value for our agents;
•Our ability to expand our operations and to offer additional integrated services;
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•Our ability to realize the expected benefits from our mortgage business;
•Our ability to compete successfully;
•Our ability to attract and retain agents and affiliates;
•Our ability to re-accelerate our business growth given our current expense structure;
•Use of cash to satisfy tax withholding obligations that arise in connection with settlements of RSU awards;
•Fluctuations in our quarterly results and other operating metrics;
•The loss of one or more of our key personnel and our ability to attract and retain other highly qualified personnel;
•Actions by our agents, employees or affiliates that could adversely affect our reputation and subject us to liability;
•Any losses relating to our title and escrow businesses as a result of errors, omissions, fraud or other misconduct;
•Our ability to pursue acquisitions that are successful and integrated into our existing operations;
•Changes in mortgage underwriting standards;
•Our ability to maintain or establish relationships with third-party service providers;
•The impact of cybersecurity incidents and the potential loss of critical and confidential information;
•The reliability of our fraud detection processes and information security systems;
•Depository banks not honoring our escrow and trust deposits;
•Adoption of alternatives to full-service agents by consumers;
•Our ability to successfully integrate machine learning and artificial intelligence, or AI, in tools and features available on our platform;
•Our ability to adapt to and expand into international markets;
•Our ability to develop and maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting;
•Covenants in our debt agreements that may restrict our borrowing capacity or operating activities;
•Our ability to use net operating losses and other tax attributes may be limited;
•Our reliance on assumptions, estimates and business data to calculate our key performance indicators;
•Changes in, and our reliance on, accounting standards, assumptions, estimates and business data;
•The dependability of our platform and software;
•Our ability to maintain our company culture;
•Our ability to obtain or maintain adequate insurance coverage;
•Processing, storage, and use of personal information and other data, and compliance with privacy laws and regulations;
•Disruption or delay in service from third-party service providers;
•Investor expectations related to corporate responsibility, environmental, social and governance factors;
•Natural disasters and catastrophic events;
•The effect of the claims, lawsuits, government investigations, and other proceedings;
•Changes in federal or state laws regarding the classification of our agents as independent contractors;
•Compliance with applicable laws and regulations and changes to applicable laws and regulations;
•Our ability to protect our intellectual property rights, and our reliance on the intellectual property rights of third parties;
•Our use of open source software;
•The impact of having a multi-class structure of common stock;
•Securities or industry analysts publishing unfavorable research or not publishing research about our business;
•Our ability to raise additional capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all;
•Our charter provisions may make us more difficult to acquire, may limit stockholder attempts to remove or replace management and/or obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees;
•Our plan to continue to retain earnings rather than pay dividends for the foreseeable future; and
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•Other factors set forth under Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in our 2024 Form 10-K.
We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections as of the date of this filing about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives and financial needs. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this filing and are subject to a number of known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including, but not limited to, the important factors discussed in Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report and Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 25, 2025, which we refer to as our 2024 Form 10-K. Readers are urged to carefully review and consider the various disclosures made in this filing, our 2024 Form 10-K and in other documents we file from time to time with the SEC that disclose risks and uncertainties that may affect our business. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risk factors and uncertainties may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for management to predict all risk factors and uncertainties, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, the future events and circumstances discussed in this filing may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.
You should completely read this filing and the documents that we reference herein and have filed with the SEC as exhibits to this Quarterly Report with the understanding that our actual future results, performance, and events and circumstances may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements. The forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report are made as of the date of this filing, and we do not undertake, and expressly disclaim any duty, to update such statements for any reason after the date of this filing or to conform statements to actual results or revised expectations, except as required by law.
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PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Compass, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(In millions, except share and per share data, unaudited)
| March 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||||
| Current assets | |||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | $ | |||||||||
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $ | |||||||||||
Compass Concierge receivables, net of allowance of $ | |||||||||||
| Other current assets | |||||||||||
| Total current assets | |||||||||||
| Property and equipment, net | |||||||||||
| Operating lease right-of-use assets | |||||||||||
| Intangible assets, net | |||||||||||
| Goodwill | |||||||||||
| Other non-current assets | |||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity | |||||||||||
| Current liabilities | |||||||||||
| Accounts payable | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Commissions payable | |||||||||||
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | |||||||||||
| Current lease liabilities | |||||||||||
| Concierge credit facility | |||||||||||
| Revolving credit facility | |||||||||||
| Total current liabilities | |||||||||||
| Non-current lease liabilities | |||||||||||
| Other non-current liabilities | |||||||||||
| Total liabilities | |||||||||||
| Commitments and contingencies (Note 6) | |||||||||||
| Stockholders’ equity | |||||||||||
Common stock, $ | |||||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | |||||||||||
| Accumulated deficit | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Total Compass, Inc. stockholders’ equity | |||||||||||
| Non-controlling interest | |||||||||||
| Total stockholders' equity | |||||||||||
| Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | $ | |||||||||
The accompanying footnotes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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Compass, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
(In millions, except share and per share data, unaudited)
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Revenue | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Operating expenses: | |||||||||||
| Commissions and other related expense | |||||||||||
| Sales and marketing | |||||||||||
| Operations and support | |||||||||||
| Research and development | |||||||||||
| General and administrative | |||||||||||
| Restructuring costs | |||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | |||||||||||
| Total operating expenses | |||||||||||
| Loss from operations | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Investment income, net | |||||||||||
| Interest expense | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Loss before income taxes and equity in income (loss) of unconsolidated entities | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Income tax benefit | |||||||||||
| Equity in income (loss) of unconsolidated entities | ( | ||||||||||
| Net loss | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests | |||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to Compass, Inc. | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||
| Net loss per share attributable to Compass, Inc., basic and diluted | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||
| Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to Compass, Inc., basic and diluted | |||||||||||
The accompanying footnotes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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Compass, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity
(In millions, except share amounts, unaudited)
| Common Stock | Additional Paid-in Capital | Accumulated Deficit | Total Compass, Inc. Stockholders’ Equity | Non-controlling Interest | Total Stockholders’ Equity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| For the three months ended March 31, 2025: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balances at December 31, 2024 | $ | — | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | — | — | — | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share Consideration to be issued in connection with the acquisition of Christie's International Real Estate (Note 3) | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock upon settlement of RSUs, net of taxes withheld | — | ( | — | ( | — | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balances at March 31, 2025 | $ | — | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| For the three months ended March 31, 2024: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balances at December 31, 2023 | $ | — | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | — | — | — | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock in connection with acquisitions | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock upon settlement of RSUs, net of taxes withheld | — | ( | — | ( | — | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balances at March 31, 2024 | $ | — | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The accompanying footnotes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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Compass, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In millions, unaudited)
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Operating Activities | |||||||||||
| Net loss | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities: | |||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | |||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | |||||||||||
| Equity in (income) loss of unconsolidated entities | ( | ||||||||||
| Change in acquisition related contingent consideration | |||||||||||
| Bad debt expense | |||||||||||
| Amortization of debt issuance costs | |||||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | |||||||||||
| Accounts receivable | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Compass Concierge receivables | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Other current assets | ( | ||||||||||
| Other non-current assets | ( | ||||||||||
| Operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Accounts payable | ( | ||||||||||
| Commissions payable | |||||||||||
| Accrued expenses and other liabilities | |||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | |||||||||||
| Investing Activities | |||||||||||
| Investment in unconsolidated entities | ( | ||||||||||
| Capital expenditures | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Payments for acquisitions, net of cash acquired | ( | ||||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Financing Activities | |||||||||||
| Proceeds from exercise of stock options | |||||||||||
| Proceeds from issuance of common stock under Employee Stock Purchase Plan | |||||||||||
| Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Proceeds from drawdowns on Concierge credit facility | |||||||||||
| Repayments of drawdowns on Concierge credit facility | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Proceeds from drawdown on Revolving credit facility | |||||||||||
Payments related to acquisitions, including contingent consideration | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | ( | ||||||||||
| Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | |||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information: | |||||||||||
| Cash paid for interest | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Supplemental non-cash information: | |||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock for acquisitions | $ | $ | |||||||||
The accompanying footnotes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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Compass, Inc.
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
1. Business and Basis of Presentation
Description of the Business
Compass, Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated in Delaware on October 4, 2012 under the name Urban Compass, Inc.
The Company provides an end-to-end platform that empowers its residential real estate agents to deliver exceptional service to seller and buyer clients. The Company’s platform includes an integrated suite of cloud-based software for customer relationship management, marketing, client service and other critical functionality, all custom-built for the real estate industry, which enables the Company’s core brokerage services. The platform also uses proprietary data, analytics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning to deliver high value recommendations and outcomes for Compass agents and their clients.
The Company’s agents are independent contractors who affiliate their real estate licenses with the Company, operating their businesses on the Company’s platform and under the Compass brand. The Company generates revenue from clients through its agents by assisting home sellers and buyers in listing, marketing, selling and finding homes as well as through the provision of services adjacent to the transaction, like title and escrow services, as well as franchise services, all of which comprise a smaller portion of the Company’s revenue to date. The Company currently generates substantially all of its revenue from commissions paid by clients at the time that a home is transacted.
Basis of Presentation
The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and include the assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses of all controlled subsidiaries. The condensed consolidated statements of operations include the results of entities acquired from the date of each respective acquisition. Interests held by third parties in consolidated subsidiaries are presented as non-controlling interests, which represents the non-controlling stockholders’ interests in the underlying net assets of the Company’s consolidated subsidiaries. For entities where the Company does not have a controlling interest (financial or operating), the investments in such entities are accounted for using the equity method or at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income, as appropriate. The Company applies the equity method of accounting when it has the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies of an investee. The Company measures all other investments at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income or in the case that an equity investment does not have readily determinable fair values, at cost minus impairment (if any) plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment.
The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures have been prepared by management on a basis consistent with the annual consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, include all adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the interim periods presented.
The results of the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the full year. Certain information and notes normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted under the SEC’s rules and regulations. Accordingly, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes included herein should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in the 2024 Form 10-K.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Use of Estimates
The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and reported amounts of revenue and
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expenses during the reporting periods covered by the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. These judgments, estimates and assumptions are used for, but not limited to (i) fair value of acquired intangible assets and goodwill, (ii) fair value of contingent consideration arrangements in connection with business combinations, (iii) incremental borrowing rate used for the Company’s operating leases, (iv) useful lives of long-lived assets, (v) impairment of intangible assets and goodwill, (vi) allowance for Compass Concierge receivables and (vii) income taxes and certain deferred tax assets. The Company determines its estimates and judgments based on historical experience and on various other assumptions that it believes are reasonable under the circumstances. However, actual results could differ from these estimates and these differences may be material.
Business Combinations
Segment Reporting
Operating segments are defined as components of an entity with discrete financial information reviewed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company’s CODM is its Chief Executive Officer, who evaluates financial information on a consolidated basis. Accordingly, the Company has one
The CODM measures segment performance based on net income (loss), using it to guide key operating decisions, including budget allocation across the significant expense categories included in operating expenses within the consolidated statements of operations. Other measures of profit or loss are also utilized. There are no other expense categories regularly provided to the CODM that are not already included in the primary financial statements herein.
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company measures compensation expense for all stock-based awards based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant. Compensation expense is generally recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the service period based on the vesting requirements generally ranging from to five years . The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur.
On a limited basis, the Company has issued stock options and RSUs that contain service, performance and market-based vesting conditions. Such awards were valued using a Monte Carlo simulation and the underlying expense will be recognized as the associated vesting conditions are met.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires disclosure of incremental segment information on an annual and interim basis. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 retrospectively as of January 1, 2024. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This standard includes enhanced income tax disclosures primarily related to the effective tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid for annual periods. The amendments in this update are effective for public companies with fiscal years beginning
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after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this standard did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements
New Accounting Pronouncements
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. This new guidance is designed to improve the disclosures of specific account categories, including employee compensation, depreciation, and amortization, and costs incurred related to inventory and manufacturing activities. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently assessing the impact that adopting this new accounting standard will have on its consolidated financial statements.
3. Acquisitions
Christie’s International Real Estate
On January 13, 2025, the Company closed the merger transaction (the “Acquisition”) contemplated by the Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”), dated November 25, 2024, by and among the Company, Compass Brokerage, LLC, Company Merger Sub, LLC, At World Properties Holdings, LLC, known as @properties Christie’s International Real Estate (“Christie’s International Real Estate”), At World Properties Principals Blocker, Inc. (“Principals Blocker”), At World Properties IX Blocker, Inc. (“IX Blocker”), Apple IX Blocker Merger Sub, Inc., Apple Principals Blocker Merger Sub, Inc., and Quad-C LLC, as seller representative. Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, on January 13, 2025 (the “Closing Date”), the Company acquired all of the issued and outstanding equity securities of each of Principals Blocker, IX Blocker and Christie’s International Real Estate and each of Principals Blocker, IX Blocker and Christie’s International Real Estate became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company. The Company entered into this transaction to expand its existing brokerage and integrated services businesses in key domestic markets and to establish a presence in the high-margin franchise sector through the Christie's International Real Estate brand.
The aggregate consideration (“Purchase Consideration”) payable pursuant to the Merger Agreement consisted of (i) $155.1 million (the “Cash Consideration”), subject to certain customary purchase price adjustments; and (ii) 44.1 million shares of the Company’s Class A common stock (the “Share Consideration”). The Share Consideration is subject to further adjustment (the “Share Consideration Adjustment”) if the value of the Share Consideration on the 366th day following the Closing Date, determined using the price per share equal to the volume-weighted average price of the Company’s Class A common stock for the 10 -trading day period ending on the 366th day following the Closing Date (the “Post-Closing Share Price”), is (i) greater than $344.0 million, in which case the Share Consideration will be reduced by a number of shares in an aggregate amount of up to $50.0 million (determined using the Post-Closing Share Price), up to a maximum of 5.6 million shares, or (ii) less than $344.0 million, in which case the Share Consideration will be increased by a number of shares in an aggregate amount of up to $50.0 million (determined using the greater of $6.6612 and the Post-Closing Share Price), up to a maximum of 7.5 million shares. In May 2025, the Company and certain sellers of the Christie's International Real Estate entities amended the terms of the Share Consideration. Under the amendment, if the Company’s stock price reaches the value that would trigger the minimum number of shares to be issued under the original collar structure, the sellers will be paid at that time rather than at the end of the original one-year collar period. This accelerated payment can occur only (1) after the six-month anniversary and before the one-year anniversary of the Closing Date, and (2) if the spot price of the Company’s stock equals or exceeds the volume-weighted average price used to measure achievement of the target value. If these conditions are not met, payment will occur as originally provided in the Merger Agreement.
The total consideration transferred included $155.1 million in cash paid at closing, which included an escrow payment of $3.0 million for indemnity holdback and is subject to potential adjustments resulting from final cash and net working capital adjustments. The total consideration transferred also included the fair value of the Share Consideration, estimated at $250.1 million as of the acquisition date. The final number of shares to be issued in connection with the Share Consideration is dependent on the Company’s share price on the 366th day following the Closing Date. The Company utilized a Monte Carlo simulation model to estimate the fair value of the Share Consideration as of the acquisition date. Significant inputs to the model included the term of the Share Consideration adjustment period, the Company’s historical equity volatility, and the target share price. Because the settlement amount is based on the future trading price of the Company’s common stock, which represents an unobservable input, the fair value measurement is classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The Company determined that the Share Consideration should be classified as equity as the monetary value of the obligation is not predominantly fixed and the variability in the settlement amount is based solely on changes in the Company’s own stock price.
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The following table summarizes the individual elements within the calculation of total consideration transferred (in millions):
| Amount | |||||
| Cash Consideration | $ | ||||
| Share Consideration | |||||
Total consideration transferred | $ | ||||
The following table summarizes the preliminary allocation of the purchase price to the estimated fair values of the net assets acquired by the Company as of the acquisition date (in millions):
| Amount | |||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | ||||
| Accounts receivable | |||||
| Other current assets | |||||
| Property and equipment | |||||
| Operating lease right-of-use assets | |||||
| Other non-current assets | |||||
| Goodwill | |||||
| Intangible assets | |||||
| Total assets | |||||
| Accounts payable | ( | ||||
| Commissions payable | ( | ||||
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | ( | ||||
| Current lease liabilities | ( | ||||
| Non-current lease liabilities | ( | ||||
| Other non-current liabilities | ( | ||||
| Total liabilities | ( | ||||
| Net assets | $ | ||||
The fair value of identified intangible assets and their respective useful lives as at the time of acquisition were as follows (in millions):
Amount | Useful Life (in years) | ||||||||||
| Trademarks | $ | ||||||||||
| Acquired technology | |||||||||||
| Agent networks | |||||||||||
| Affiliate network | |||||||||||
| Total intangible assets | $ | ||||||||||
Intangible assets are amortized over the estimated useful lives in a pattern that most closely matches the timing of their economic benefits. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired was recorded as goodwill, which is primarily attributed to the monetization opportunities from the Acquisition's current and future offerings and the value of the assembled workforce.
The Company has recorded the preliminary purchase price allocation as of the acquisition dates and expects to finalize its analysis within the measurement period (up to one year from the acquisition date) of the transaction. Any adjustments during the measurement period would have a corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to the consolidated statements of operations.
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Until the Share Consideration is issued, none of the goodwill recorded for this acquisition is deductible for tax purposes. Once issued, the amount of tax-deductible goodwill may increase to approximately $210.3 million. These amounts are not expected to have an impact on the income tax provision while the Company maintains a full valuation allowance on its U.S. deferred tax assets.
In connection with the Acquisition, the Company incurred approximately $5.0 million in transaction-related costs, of which $3.4 million are legal fees and $1.6 million are professional and general consulting fees, which were expensed as incurred. $4.3 million of these transaction-related expenses were incurred during the year ended December 31, 2024 and $0.7 million were incurred during the three months ended March 31, 2025.
Pro Forma Information
The acquired entity’s results have been included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements from the Acquisition date onward. The first column in the table below reflects the acquired entity’s actual results post-acquisition, while the second and third columns present the Company’s pro forma results as if the Acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2024 (in millions):
| Actuals | Pro Forma | ||||||||||||||||
January 13, 2025 through March 31, 2025 | Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 | Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||
| Revenue | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||
The pro forma information depicted in the second and third columns above does not purport to represent what the actual results of operations of the Company would have been had the Acquisition actually occurred on January 1, 2024, nor does it purport to predict the results of operations for future periods. The unaudited pro forma results include adjustments for additional amortization of acquired finite-lived intangible assets and the related tax effects assuming the Acquisition occurred on January 1, 2024.
Other Acquisition
During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company completed the acquisition of 100 % ownership in a residential real estate brokerage in order to expand the existing brokerage business in key domestic markets. The Company has accounted for this acquisition as a business combination. The consideration for the acquisition completed is comprised of $11.4 million in cash, net of cash acquired, paid during the three months ended March 31, 2025, with additional amounts to be paid that are partially contingent on certain earnings-based targets being met at various payment dates through 2027. The future consideration amounts were recorded within Accrued expenses and other current liabilities and Other non-current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet. The fair value of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed primarily resulted in the recognition of $12.4 million of customer relationships, which is being amortized over the estimated useful life of approximately 4 years.
The Company has recorded the preliminary purchase price allocation as of the acquisition date and expects to finalize its analysis within the measurement period (up to one year from the acquisition date) of the transaction. Any adjustments during the measurement period would have a corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to the consolidated statements of operations.
Pro forma revenue and earnings for this acquisition has not been presented because it is not material to the Company’s consolidated revenue and results of operations.
Contingent Consideration
Contingent consideration represents obligations of the Company to transfer cash and common stock to the sellers of certain acquired businesses in the event that certain targets and milestones are met. As of March 31, 2025, the undiscounted
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estimated payment under these arrangements was $40.0 million. Changes in contingent consideration measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows (in millions):
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Opening balance | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Acquisitions | |||||||||||
| Payments | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Changes in fair value included in net loss | |||||||||||
| Closing balance | $ | $ | |||||||||
4. Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities
The Company’s cash and cash equivalents of $127.0 million and $223.8 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, are held in cash, money market funds, and U.S. treasury securities which are classified as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using quoted prices in active markets. These are the Company’s only Level 1 financial instruments. The Company does not hold any Level 2 financial instruments. The Company’s contingent consideration liabilities of $36.2 million and $31.0 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, are the Company’s only Level 3 financial instruments.
See Note 3 – “Acquisitions” for changes in contingent consideration for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. The following table presents the balances of contingent consideration as presented in the condensed consolidated balance sheets (in millions):
| March 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Other non-current liabilities | |||||||||||
| Total contingent consideration | $ | $ | |||||||||
There were no transfers of financial instruments between Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 during the periods presented.
Level 3 Financial Liabilities
5. Debt
Concierge Credit Facility
In July 2020, the Company entered into a Revolving Credit and Security Agreement (the “Concierge Facility”) with Barclays Bank PLC, as administrative agent, and the several lenders party thereto, which was subsequently amended on July 29, 2021, August 5, 2022 and August 4, 2023. The Concierge Facility provides for a $75.0 million revolving credit
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facility and is solely used to finance a portion of the Company’s Compass Concierge Program. The Concierge Facility is secured primarily by the Concierge Receivables and cash of the Compass Concierge Program.
Borrowings under the Concierge Facility bear interest at the term SOFR rate plus a margin of 2.75 %. The two year commitment fee is 0.35 % if the Concierge Facility is utilized greater than 50 % and 0.50 %, if the Concierge Facility is utilized less than 50 %. On August 4, 2023, the revolving period under the Concierge Facility was extended to August 3, 2025. The interest rate on the drawn down balance of the Concierge Facility was 7.24 % as of March 31, 2025. Pursuant to the Concierge Facility, the principal amount, if any, is payable in full in January 2026, unless earlier terminated or extended.
The Company has the option to repay the borrowings under the Concierge Facility without premium or penalty prior to maturity. The Concierge Facility contains customary affirmative covenants, such as financial statement reporting requirements, as well as covenants that restrict the Company's ability to, among other things, incur additional indebtedness, sell certain receivables, declare dividends or make certain distributions, and undergo a merger or consolidation or certain other transactions. Additionally, in the event that the Company fails to comply with certain financial covenants that require the Company to meet certain liquidity-based measures, the commitments under the Concierge Facility will automatically be reduced to zero and the Company will be required to repay any outstanding loans under the Concierge Facility. As of March 31, 2025, the Company was in compliance with the covenants under the Concierge Facility.
The Concierge Facility includes customary events of default that include, among other things, nonpayment of principal, interest or fees, inaccuracy of representations and warranties, violation of certain covenants, bankruptcy and insolvency events, material judgments and change of control. The occurrence of an event of default could result in the acceleration of the obligations and/or the increase in the applicable interest rate under the Concierge Facility.
Revolving Credit Facility
In March 2021, the Company entered into a Revolving Credit and Guaranty Agreement (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) with Barclays Bank PLC, as administrative agent and as collateral agent (the "Administrative Agent"), and certain other lenders, which was subsequently amended on May 1, 2023. The Revolving Credit Facility provides for a $350.0 million revolving credit facility, subject to the terms and conditions of the Revolving Credit Facility. The Revolving Credit Facility also includes a letter of credit sublimit which is the lesser of (i) $125.0 million and (ii) the aggregate unused amount of the revolving commitments then in effect under the Revolving Credit Facility. The Company’s obligations under the Revolving Credit Facility are guaranteed by certain of the Company’s subsidiaries and are secured by a first priority security interest in substantially all of the assets of the Company and the Company’s subsidiary guarantors.
Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest, at the Company’s option, at either (i) a floating rate per annum equal to the base rate plus a margin of 0.50 % or (ii) a rate per annum equal to the secured overnight financing rate ("SOFR") plus a margin of 1.50 %. The base rate is equal to the highest of (a) the prime rate as quoted by The Wall Street Journal, (b) the federal funds effective rate plus 0.50 %, (c) the SOFR term rate for a one-month interest period plus 1.00 % and (d) 1.00 %. The SOFR term rate is determined by the Administrative Agent as the forward-looking term rate plus a 0.10 % adjustment. During an event of default under the Revolving Credit Facility, the applicable interest rates are increased by 2.0 % per annum. The interest rate on the drawn down balance of the Revolving Credit Facility was 5.89 % as of March 31, 2025.
The Company is also obligated to pay other customary fees for a credit facility of this type, including a commitment fee on a quarterly basis based on amounts committed but unused under the Revolving Credit Facility of 0.175 % per annum, fees associated with letters of credit and administrative and arrangement fees. The principal amount, if any, is payable in full in March 2026, unless earlier terminated or extended.
The Company has the option to repay the Company’s borrowings, and to permanently reduce the loan commitments in whole or in part, under the Revolving Credit Facility without premium or penalty prior to maturity. As of March 31, 2025, there was $50.0 million outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility and outstanding letters of credit under the Revolving Credit Facility totaled approximately $42.3 million.
The Revolving Credit Facility contains customary representations, warranties, financial covenants applicable to the Company and its restricted subsidiaries, affirmative covenants, such as financial statement reporting requirements, and negative covenants which restrict their ability, among other things, to incur liens and indebtedness, make certain investments, declare dividends, dispose of, transfer or sell assets, make stock repurchases and consummate certain other
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matters, all subject to certain exceptions. The financial covenants require that (i) the Company maintains liquidity of at least $150.0 million as of the last day of each fiscal quarter and each date of a credit extension and (ii) the Company’s consolidated total revenue as of the last day of each fiscal quarter be equal to or greater than the specified amount corresponding to such period. Minimum liquidity is defined as unused amounts under the $350.0 million Revolving Credit Facility plus the unrestricted cash of Compass and its restricted subsidiaries. The minimum required consolidated revenue threshold for the trailing four fiscal quarters is $4,668.0 million during 2024 and thereafter. As of March 31, 2025, the Company was in compliance with the financial covenants under the Revolving Credit Facility.
6. Commitments and Contingencies
Legal Proceedings
From time to time, the Company may be involved in disputes or regulatory inquiries that arise in the ordinary course of business. When the Company determines that a loss is both probable and reasonably estimable, a liability is recorded and disclosed if the amount is material to the Company’s business taken as a whole. When a material loss contingency is only reasonably possible, the Company does not record a liability, but instead discloses the nature and the amount of the claim and an estimate of the loss or range of loss, if such an estimate can reasonably be made. Legal costs related to the defense of loss contingencies are expensed as incurred.
Claims or regulatory actions against the Company, whether meritorious or not, could have an adverse impact on the Company due to legal costs, diversion of management resources and other elements. Except as identified with respect to the matters below, the Company does not believe that the outcome of any individual existing legal or regulatory proceeding to which it is a party will have a material adverse effect on its results of operations, financial condition or overall business in each case, taken as a whole.
Real Estate Commission Antitrust Litigation
On March 21, 2024, the Company entered into a settlement agreement to resolve the Gibson and Umpa cases on a nationwide basis. The settlement resolves all claims in these cases and similar claims in other lawsuits alleging claims on behalf of sellers on a nationwide basis against the Company and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Claims”) and releases the Company, its subsidiaries and affiliated agents from the Claims. Under the settlement agreement, the Company agreed to pay $57.5 million and make certain changes to its business practices. The Company’s motion for final approval of the settlement agreement was granted on October 31, 2024 and the settlement agreement is now effective. The final approval ruling was appealed by certain class members that objected to the settlement, including but not limited to plaintiffs in the March and Friedman matters, referenced below, which are now pending before the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. The objecting parties filed their briefs on April 21, 2025. The due date for responses, including those by the Company, are due by May 21, 2025. The objecting parties may file any replies by June 11, 2025.
Two of the putative class action lawsuits, March v. Real Estate Board of New York, et al., No. 1:23-cv-09995 (S.D.N.Y.) (“March”), filed on November 13, 2023, and Friedman v. Real Estate Board of New York, et al., Case No. 1:23-cv-09601 (S.D.N.Y.) (“Friedman”), filed on January 18, 2024, name the Company as a defendant and allege, among other things, that the Real Estate Board of New York, and a number of real estate brokerages engaged in a continuing contract, combination, or conspiracy to unreasonably restrain interstate trade and commerce in violation of Section 1 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1 by entering into a continuing agreement to require sellers of residential property to make inflated payments to brokers representing buyers. The Friedman and March matters also allege violations of the Donnelly Act, N.Y. Gen. Bus. § 340, and the March matter further seeks injunctive relief pursuant to Section 16 of the Clayton Act, 15 U.S.C. § 26. The Friedman and March matters are limited in scope to the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn, and Manhattan, respectively. The March and Friedman matters are stayed pending the appeal of the final approval of the settlement agreement.
One putative class action lawsuit, QJ Team, LLC, et al. v. Texas Association of Realtors, Inc., et al., No. 4:23-cv-01013 (E.D. Tx.) (“QJ Team”), filed on November 13, 2023, names Realty Austin, LLC, a subsidiary of the Company, as a
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defendant and alleges, among other things, that certain trade associations, including the Texas Association of Realtors, and a number of real estate brokerages engaged in a continuing contract, combination, or conspiracy to unreasonably restrain interstate trade and commerce in violation of Section 1 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1 by entering into a continuing agreement to require sellers of residential property to make inflated payments to brokers representing buyers. Martin, et al. v. Texas Association of Realtors, Inc., et al., No. 423-cv-01104 (E.D. Tx.) (“Martin”), filed on December 14, 2023, was consolidated into the QJ Team matter on March 21, 2024. The QJ Team matter is stayed pending the appeal of the final approval of the settlement agreement.
One putative class action lawsuit, Peiffer v. Latter & Blum Holding, LLC, et al., Case No. 2:24-cv-00557 (E.D. La.) (“Peiffer”), filed on March 5, 2024, names Latter & Blum, a subsidiary of the Company, as a defendant and alleges, among other things, that certain trade associations, including the National Association of Realtors, multiple listing services, and a number of real estate brokerages engaged in a continuing contract, combination, or conspiracy to unreasonably restrain interstate trade and commerce in violation of Section 1 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1 by entering into a continuing agreement to require sellers of residential property to make inflated payments to brokers representing buyers. On April 3, 2024, the Company announced that it had entered into an agreement to acquire Latter & Blum. The Peiffer matter is stayed pending the appeal of the final approval of the settlement agreement.
The Company does not expect the terms of the proposed settlement of the Gibson and Umpa cases or the process of moving to enforce the settlement nationwide to have a material impact on its future operations.
The Company and its subsidiaries have been named as defendants in eight putative class action lawsuits and one individual lawsuit (the "Antitrust Lawsuits") that allege, among other things, violations of Section 1 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1.
Four of the putative class action lawsuits, captioned Gibson, et al. v. National Association of Realtors, et al., No. 4:23-cv-00788-FJG (W.D. Mo.) (“Gibson”), filed on October 31, 2023, Grace v. National Association of Realtors, et al., No. 3:23-cv-06352 (N.D. Cal.) (“Grace”), filed on December 8, 2023, Fierro, et al. v. National Association of Realtors, et al., Case No. 2:24-cv-00449 (C.D. Cal.) (“Fierro”), filed on January 17, 2024, and Whaley v. Arizona Association of Realtors, Case No. 2:24-cv-00105 (D. Nev.) (“Whaley”), filed on January 15, 2024, name the Company as a defendant and allege, among other things, that certain trade associations, including the National Association of Realtors, multiple listing services, and real estate brokerages engaged in a continuing contract, combination, or conspiracy to unreasonably restrain interstate trade and commerce in violation of Section 1 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1 by entering into a continuing agreement to require sellers of residential property to make inflated payments to brokers representing buyers. Umpa, et al. v. National Association of Realtors, et al., 4:23-cv-00945 (W.D. Mo.) (“Umpa”), filed on December 27, 2023, was consolidated into the Gibson matter on April 23, 2024. Boykin v. National Association of Realtors, et al., No. 2:24-cv-00340 (D. Nev.) (“Boykin”), filed on February 16, 2024, was terminated and consolidated into the Whaley matter on March 20, 2024. The plaintiffs in the Gibson and Umpa matters allege a nationwide scope, while the Grace and Fierro matters are limited in scope to Northern California and Southern California, respectively and the Whaley matter is limited in scope to Nevada. The Grace, Fierro and Whaley matters are stayed pending the appeal of the final approval of the settlement agreement.
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company recognized an expense of $57.5 million within General and administrative expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations in connection with the settlement agreement. 50 % of the settlement was paid during the three months ended June 30, 2024. The remaining 50 % is expected to be paid during the second quarter of 2025.
Batton, et al. v. Compass, Inc., et al.
Batton, et al. v. Compass, Inc., et al., No. 1:23-cv-15618 (N.D. Ill.) (“Batton II”), filed on November 2, 2023, names the Company and seven other brokerages as defendants and alleges that the defendants entered into a continuing contract, combination, or conspiracy to unreasonably restrain interstate trade and commerce in violation of Section 1 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1 and state law antitrust statutes, violated state consumer protection statutes, and were unjustly enriched by industry rules that set the manner by which buyer’s brokers are compensated. The allegations in Batton II are substantially similar to those contained in the case captioned Batton, et al. v. National Association of Realtors, et al., No. 1:21-cv-00430 (N.D. Ill.) (“Batton I”), filed on January 25, 2021, which does not name the Company but names the National Association of Realtors and six other brokerages. The Company and the defendants in the Batton II matter filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint on June 21, 2024. The plaintiffs filed an opposition to the motion to dismiss on August 5, 2024 and the Company and the defendants filed a reply on September 4, 2024. The motion to dismiss remains pending before the court.
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The Company is unable to predict the outcome of Batton II or to reasonably estimate the possible loss or range of loss, if any, arising from the claim asserted therein. The ultimate resolution of Batton II could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, and cash flow.
Letter of Credit Agreements
The Company has irrevocable letters of credit with various financial institutions, primarily related to security deposits for leased facilities. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company was contingently liable for $42.3 million and $53.8 million, respectively, under these letters of credit. The letters of credit were collateralized by the Revolving Credit Facility.
Escrow and Trust Deposits
As a service to its home buyers and sellers, the Company administers escrow and trust deposits, which represent undistributed amounts for the settlement of real estate transactions. The escrow and trust deposits totaled $358.0 million and $147.1 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. These deposits are not assets of the Company and therefore are excluded from the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. However, the Company remains contingently liable for the disposition of these deposits.
7. Preferred Stock and Common Stock
Undesignated Preferred Stock
In April 2021, the Company adopted a restated certificate of incorporation which provides for authorized undesignated preferred stock to 25.0 million shares of undesignated preferred stock with a $0.00001 par value per share. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there are no
Common Stock
In February 2021, the Company approved the establishment of Class C common stock and an agreement with the Company’s CEO to exchange his Class A common stock for Class C common stock. Any Class A common stock issued to the Company’s CEO from RSU awards granted prior to February 2021 are able to be exchanged for Class C common stock. Each share of Class C common stock is entitled to twenty votes per share and will be convertible at any time into one share of Class A common stock and will automatically convert into Class A common stock under certain “sunset” provisions. Other than certain permitted transfers for estate planning purposes, upon a transfer of Class C common stock, the Class C common stock will convert into Class A common stock.
In April 2021, the Company adopted a restated certificate of incorporation and changed its authorized capital stock to consist of 12.5 billion shares of Class A common stock, 1.25 billion shares of Class B common stock and 100 million shares of Class C common stock. Each class has par value of $0.00001 .
The following tables reflect the authorized, issued and outstanding shares for each of the classes of common stock as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:
| March 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||
| Shares Authorized | Shares Issued | Shares Outstanding | |||||||||||||||
| Class A common stock | |||||||||||||||||
| Class B common stock | |||||||||||||||||
| Class C common stock | |||||||||||||||||
| Total | |||||||||||||||||
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| December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||
| Shares Authorized | Shares Issued | Shares Outstanding | |||||||||||||||
| Class A common stock | |||||||||||||||||
| Class B common stock | |||||||||||||||||
| Class C common stock | |||||||||||||||||
| Total | |||||||||||||||||
Holders of Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share. Holders of Class B common stock are not entitled to vote. Holders of Class C common stock are entitled to twenty votes per share.
Each share of Class C common stock is convertible at any time at the option of the holder into one share of Class A common stock. Each share of Class C common stock will automatically convert into a share of Class A common stock upon sale or transfer, except for certain permitted transfers.
8. Stock-Based Compensation
2012 Stock Incentive Plan
In October 2012, the Company adopted the 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2012 Plan”). Under the 2012 Plan, employees and non-employees could be granted stock options, RSUs and other stock-based awards. Generally, these awards were based on stock agreements with a maximum ten-year term for stock options and a maximum seven-year term for RSUs, subject to board approval.
2021 Equity Incentive Plan
In February 2021, the Company’s board of directors and stockholders adopted and approved the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”), with an initial pool of 29.7 million shares of common stock available for granting stock-based awards plus any reserved shares of common stock not issued or subject to outstanding awards granted under the 2012 Plan. In addition, on January 1st of each year beginning in 2022 and continuing through 2031, the aggregate number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance under the 2021 Plan shall be increased automatically by the number of shares equal to 5 % of the total number of outstanding shares of common stock on the immediately preceding December 31st, although the Company’s board of directors or one of its committees may reduce the amount of such increase in any particular year. The 2021 Plan became effective on March 30, 2021 and as of that date, the Company ceased granting new awards under the 2012 Plan and all remaining shares available under the 2012 Plan were transferred to the 2021 Plan. Effective January 1, 2025, the number of shares available for future grants increased by an additional 25.7 million shares as a result of the annual increase provision described above. As of March 31, 2025, there were 67.3 million shares available for future grants under the 2021 Plan, inclusive of those shares transferred from the 2012 Plan.
2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
In February 2021, the Company’s board of directors and stockholders adopted and approved the 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”), with an initial pool of 7.4 million shares of Class A common stock available for authorized purchase rights to the Company’s employees or to employees of its designated affiliates. In addition, on January 1st of each year beginning in 2022 and continuing through 2031, the aggregate number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance under the ESPP shall be increased automatically by the number of shares equal to 1 % of the total number of outstanding shares of common stock and outstanding shares of preferred stock (on an as converted to common stock basis) on the immediately preceding December 31st, although the Company’s board of directors or one of its committees may reduce the amount of the increase in any particular year. No more than 150.0 million shares of common stock may be issued over the term of the ESPP, subject to certain exceptions set forth in the ESPP. The Company elected to forgo the annual increase to the number of authorized shares available for grant under the ESPP that would have occurred on January 1, 2025. As of March 31, 2025, 17.8 million shares of Class A common stock remain available for grant under the ESPP.
The ESPP permits employees to purchase shares of the Company’s Class A common stock through payroll deductions accumulated during six-month offering periods up to a maximum value of $12,500 per offering period. The offering
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periods begin each February and August, or such other period determined by the Compensation Committee. On each purchase date, eligible employees may purchase the shares at a price per share equal to 85 % of the lesser of (1) the fair market value of the Company’s Class A common stock on the first trading day of the offering period, or (2) the fair market value of the Company’s Class A common stock on the purchase date, as defined in the ESPP. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company issued 0.3 million shares of Class A common stock under the ESPP.
The Company recognized $0.3 million and $0.3 million of stock-based compensation expense related to the ESPP during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As of March 31, 2025, $0.5 million had been withheld on behalf of employees for a future purchase under the ESPP.
Stock Options
A summary of stock option activity under the 2012 Plan and the 2021 Plan, including 1.1 million stock options that were granted outside of the 2012 Plan in 2019, is presented below (in millions, except share and per share amounts):
| Number of Options | Weighted Average Exercise Price | Weighted Average Remaining Contract Term (in years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Balance as of December 31, 2024 | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Granted | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercised | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Forfeited | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Balance as of March 31, 2025 | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Exercisable and vested at March 31, 2025 | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the intrinsic value of options exercised was $9.5 million and $3.2 million, respectively.
Restricted Stock Units
A summary of RSU activity under the 2012 Plan and the 2021 Plan is presented below:
| Number of Awards | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value | ||||||||||
Balance as of December 31, 2024 | $ | ||||||||||
| Granted | |||||||||||
Vested and converted to common stock (1) | ( | ||||||||||
| Forfeited | ( | ||||||||||
Balance as of March 31, 2025 | $ | ||||||||||
(1)During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company net settled all RSUs through which it issued an aggregate of 5.7 million shares of Class A common stock and withheld an aggregate of 2.2 million shares of Class A common stock to satisfy $14.4 million of tax withholding obligations on behalf of the Company’s employees.
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As previously disclosed, prior to 2022 the Company generally provided share-based compensation to its employees through grants that vested ratably over four-year periods. Beginning in 2022, the Company changed the method of its employee grants to a series of four consecutive annual grants (each at 25 % of the previous four-year value) that each vest over the one-year period following grant. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had outstanding commitments to grant 16.4 million and 26.4 million RSUs, respectively, to employees under this methodology. These RSUs were expected to be granted in 2025, 2026 and 2027 and with vest dates over the subsequent one-year period following their respective grant dates. Beginning in 2025, the Company reverted to its previous method of one grant vesting ratably over a four-year period following the grant date for substantially all new equity commitments. In connection with this change, the remaining outstanding commitments under the prior methodology will be granted during the three months ending June 30, 2024, and such awards will vest on the same vesting dates as contemplated under the original commitments.
Stock-Based Compensation Expense
Total stock-based compensation expense included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 is as follows (in millions):
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Sales and marketing | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Operations and support | |||||||||||
| Research and development | |||||||||||
| General and administrative | |||||||||||
| Total stock-based compensation expense | $ | $ | |||||||||
As of March 31, 2025, unrecognized stock-based compensation expense totaled $277.5 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.3 years.
The Company has not recognized any tax benefits from stock-based compensation as a result of the full valuation allowance maintained on its deferred tax assets.
9. Income Taxes
The Company recognized $3.4 million of income tax benefit for the three months ended March 31, 2025. This benefit resulted from a partial reduction in the valuation allowance related to the carryover tax basis in deferred tax liabilities in connection with the acquisition of Christie's International Real Estate netted with international and state income tax expenses. As a result of the acquisition of Christie’s International Real Estate, the Company incurred current tax expense from its operations in the UK. Additionally, the Company incurred current tax expense from its operations in India. The Company recognized a $0.3 million benefit from income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2024.
The Company continues to maintain a full valuation allowance on all domestic net deferred tax assets based on numerous factors including estimated future taxable income and historic profitability.
The Company had no material uncertain tax positions as of the period ended March 31, 2025 nor does it expect a substantial increase in the next 12 months. If applicable, the Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in the income tax provision.
The U.S. is the Company’s only material tax jurisdiction. The Company is generally no longer subject to U.S. federal examination by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) for years before 2015. The IRS and state taxing authorities can subject the Company to audit dating back to 2012 when the Company begins to utilize its net operating loss carryforwards.
10. Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Compass, Inc.
The Company computes net loss per share under the two-class method required for multiple classes of common stock and participating securities. The rights, including the liquidation and dividend rights, of the Class A common stock, Class B
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common stock and Class C common stock are substantially identical, other than voting rights. Accordingly, the net loss per share attributable to Compass, Inc. will be the same for Class A common stock, Class B common stock and Class C common stock on an individual or combined basis.
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to Compass, Inc. (in millions, except share and per share amounts):
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Numerator: | |||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to Compass, Inc. | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||
| Denominator: | |||||||||||
Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to Compass, Inc., basic and diluted (1) | |||||||||||
| Net loss per share attributable to Compass, Inc., basic and diluted | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||
(1)For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to Compass, Inc. includes 38.5 million shares related to the Share Consideration (see Note 3 – “Acquisitions”). This amount represents the minimum number of shares to be issued in connection with the acquisition of Christie's International Real Estate.
The following participating securities were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to Compass, Inc. for the periods presented, because including them would have been anti-dilutive (on an as-converted basis):
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Outstanding stock options | |||||||||||
| Outstanding RSUs | |||||||||||
| Shares subject to the Employee Stock Purchase Plan | |||||||||||
| Unvested early exercised stock options | |||||||||||
| Unvested common stock | |||||||||||
| Incremental common stock to be issued in connection with the Share Consideration | |||||||||||
Contingent common stock to be issued in connection with the Strategic Transaction (1) | |||||||||||
| Total | |||||||||||
(1) In August 2023, the Company entered into a definitive asset purchase agreement with a Canadian real estate proptech company (the "Strategic Transaction") under which the Company received $32.3 million of cash in exchange for 9.0 million shares of Class A common stock and committed to make an additional contingent payment in the form of Class A common stock or cash, as determined by the Company. The contingent payment was dependent on a volume-weighted stock price target for the Company's Class A common stock and was payable up to a maximum of $5.5 million in May 2025 (unless the volume-weighted stock price target is triggered). During the three months ended June 30, 2024, the volume-weighted price target was met and the Company was released of its liability to make any additional payment in connection with this arrangement.
11. Compass Concierge Receivables and Allowance for Credit Losses
In 2018, the Company launched the Compass Concierge Program for home sellers who have engaged Compass as their exclusive listing agent. The initial program was based on a services model (“Concierge Classic”) provided by Compass Concierge, LLC (“Compass Concierge”), which included items such as consultation on suggested cosmetic updates or modifications to a specific property or guidance on securing licensed contractors or vendors to perform non-structural property improvements. The Concierge Classic program provided for the payment of the up-front costs of specified home improvement services provided by unrelated vendors. During 2022, the Company substantially ceased providing new payments under the Concierge Classic program.
In 2019, the Compass Concierge Program was expanded to include a loan program underwritten by an independent third-party lender (the “Lender”) through a commercial arrangement with Compass Concierge (“Concierge Capital”). Under the
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Concierge Capital program, the Lender originates and services unsecured consumer loans to home sellers following its independent underwriting process pursuant to program-level criteria provided by the Company. The Company has no right or obligation with respect to any individual consumer loan originated by the Lender. Under the agreement, the Company has repayment rights against the Lender in connection with a corporate loan.
Payment to the Company for these services under the Concierge Classic program or repayment of the loan funds under the Concierge Capital program is due upon the earlier of a successful home sale, the termination of the listing agreement or one year from the date in which costs were originally funded. Compass Concierge receivables (“Concierge Receivables”) are stated at the amount advanced to the home sellers, net of an estimated allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company did not recognize any material income from the Compass Concierge Program. The Company incurs service fees payable to the Lender and incurs bad debt expense in connection with the Compass Concierge Program.
The Company manages its credit risk by establishing a comprehensive credit policy for the approval of new loans while monitoring and reviewing the performance of its existing Concierge Receivables. Factors considered include but are not limited to:
•No negative liens or judgements on the property;
•Seller’s available equity on the property;
•Loan to listing price ratio;
•FICO score (only for Concierge Capital program); and
•Macroeconomic conditions.
Credit Quality
The Company monitors credit quality by evaluating various attributes and utilizes such information in its evaluation of the appropriateness of the ACL. Based on the Company’s experience, the key credit quality indicator is whether the underlying properties associated with the Concierge Receivables will be sold or not. Concierge Receivables associated with properties that are eventually sold have a lower credit risk than those that are associated with properties that are not sold. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the amount of outstanding Concierge Receivables related to unsold properties was approximately 96 % and 97 %, respectively. For Concierge Receivables where repayments have not been triggered (i.e., earlier of (i) sale of the property, (ii) termination of a listing agreement or (iii) 12 months from the date costs were originally funded), the Company establishes an estimate as to the percentage of underlying properties that will be sold based on historical data. This estimate is updated as of the end of each reporting period.
Allowance for Credit Losses
The Company maintains an ACL for the expected credit losses over the contractual life of the Concierge Receivables. The amount of ACL is based on ongoing, quarterly assessments by management. Historical loss experience is generally the starting point when the Company estimates the expected credit losses. The Company then considers whether (i) current conditions and economic conditions, (ii) future economic conditions and (iii) any potential changes in the Compass Concierge Program that are reasonable and supportable would impact its ACL. The following table summarizes the activity of the ACL for Concierge Receivables for the three months ended March 31, 2025 (in millions):
| Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 | |||||
| Beginning of period | $ | ||||
| Allowances | |||||
| Net write-offs | ( | ||||
| End of period | $ | ||||
Aging Status
The Company generally considers Concierge Receivables to be past due after being outstanding for over 30 days after the initial billing. Changes in the Company’s estimate to the ACL are recorded through bad debt expense as Sales and marketing expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and individual accounts are charged against the
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allowance when all reasonable collection efforts are exhausted. The following table presents the aging analysis of Concierge Receivables as of March 31, 2025 (in millions):
| March 31, 2025 | |||||
| Current | $ | ||||
| 31-90 days past due | |||||
| Over 90 days past due | |||||
| Total | $ | ||||
12. Restructuring Activities
Beginning in 2022, the Company enacted certain workforce reductions, wound down Modus Technologies, Inc., terminated certain of its operating leases and took actions to reduce its occupancy costs, the most significant being the scaling down of its New York administrative office. The lease termination costs were recognized as a result of the accelerated amortization of various right-of-use assets and other lease-related costs. The workforce reductions were part of a broader plan by the Company to take meaningful actions to improve the alignment between the Company’s organizational structure and its long-term business strategy, drive cost efficiencies enabled by the Company’s technology and other competitive advantages and continue to drive toward profitability and positive free cash flow. The Company continued its cost reduction initiatives during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 and the related expenses have been presented within the Restructuring costs line in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.
The following table summarizes the total costs incurred in connection with the Company's restructuring activities during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (in millions):
| Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||
| Severance related personnel costs | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
| Lease termination costs | ||||||||||||||
| Accelerated depreciation | ||||||||||||||
| Total expense | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
The total costs incurred in connection with the Company's restructuring activities during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 were included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations as follows (in millions):
| Three Months Ended March 31, | ||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||
| $ | $ | |||||||||||||
| Total expense | $ | $ | ||||||||||||
The following table summarizes the estimated timing of the Company's future lease and lease-related payments, net of amounts contractually subleased, related to restructuring activities for lease termination costs as of March 31, 2025 (in millions):
| Payment Due by Period | ||||||||
| Remaining 2025 | $ | |||||||
| 2026 | ||||||||
| 2027 | ||||||||
| 2028 | ||||||||
| Thereafter | ||||||||
| Total | $ | |||||||
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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes and other financial information included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report and our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes and the discussion under the section entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in the 2024 Form 10-K. In addition to historical consolidated financial information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates, and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in the section entitled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements”. You should review the disclosure under the section entitled “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A, "Risk Factors" in this Quarterly Report and Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in our 2024 Form 10-K for a discussion of important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements.
OVERVIEW
Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations, or MD&A, is provided as a supplement to the condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report and is intended to provide an understanding of our results of operations, financial condition and changes in our results of operations and financial condition. Our MD&A is organized as follows:
•Introduction. This section provides a general description of our company and its business, recent developments affecting our company, operational highlights and discussions of how seasonal factors and macroeconomic conditions may impact our results.
•Results of Operations. This section provides our analysis and outlook for the significant line items on our statements of operations, as well as other information that we deem meaningful to understand our results of operations on a consolidated basis.
•Key Business Metrics and Non-GAAP Financial Measures. This section provides a discussion of key business metrics and non-GAAP financial measures we use to evaluate our business and measure our performance, in addition to the measures presented in our condensed consolidated financial statements.
•Liquidity and Capital Resources. This section provides an analysis of our liquidity and cash flows, as well as a discussion of our commitments that existed as of March 31, 2025.
•Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies. This section discusses those accounting policies that are considered important to the evaluation and reporting of our financial condition and results of operations, and whose application requires us to exercise subjective and often complex judgments in making estimates and assumptions.
•Recent Accounting Pronouncements. This section provides a summary of the most recent authoritative accounting standards and guidance that have either been recently adopted by our company or may be adopted in the future.
INTRODUCTION
Our Company
Compass, Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated in Delaware on October 4, 2012 under the name Urban Compass, Inc. The Company has been based in New York City since its incorporation.
Our Business and Business Model
We are a leading tech-enabled real estate services company that includes the largest real estate brokerage in the United States by sales volume, which primarily operates under the Compass brand operating in 38 states and Washington DC, with over 37,000 agents. We also provide integrated services to real estate agents and their clients, including title, escrow and mortgage. In January 2025, we acquired a company with the exclusive, worldwide right to operate, franchise and license the Christie’s International Real Estate brand. We refer to the independently operated brokerages that license the Christie's International Real Estate brand name as "affiliates." Christie’s International Real Estate is among the world’s premier global luxury real estate brands with over 100 independently operated brokerages in over 50 countries and territories.
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Our business model is directly aligned with the success of our agents. Our agents are independent contractors that associate their real estate license with us and choose to operate their businesses on our platform and under our brands. We currently generate substantially all of our revenue from the gross sales commissions that the agents earn from home sales and certain other fees, such as flat transaction commission fees. Gross sales commissions are typically based on a percentage of the home sale price. Integrated services and our affiliate business comprise a small portion of our revenue and earnings. We believe we are well-positioned to grow our integrated services and affiliate business and expect revenue and earnings for these businesses to grow as a portion of our overall revenue and earnings over the long-term.
Our technology offerings provide a strong foundation for agents and empower them to deliver exceptional service to their clients. Agents utilize our technology offerings to grow their businesses, save time and manage their businesses more effectively.
Our end-to-end proprietary technology platform (the "Compass platform") allows real estate agents to perform their primary workflows, from first contact to close, with a single log-in and without leaving the platform. The Compass platform includes an integrated suite of cloud-based software for customer relationship management, marketing, client service, brokerage services and other critical functionalities, all custom-built for the real estate industry. The Compass platform also uses proprietary data, analytics, AI, and machine learning to simplify workflows of agents and deliver high-value recommendations and outcomes for both agents and their clients. Additionally, title and escrow and mortgage services are integrated and are available on the Compass platform.
Compass One, an all-in-one client dashboard, launched in February 2025, provides a client-facing version of the Compass platform to consumers, allowing agents’ clients to have a differentiated experience where they can access the tools, services and advantages Compass offers to manage their homeownership journey.
Operational Highlights for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025
We continue to attract and retain the most talented agents to our platform, which is critical to our long-term success. We grow our revenue by attracting high-performing agents looking to grow their business and increasing the productivity of our agents. We invest in our proprietary, integrated platform designed for real estate agents, to enable them to grow their business and save them time and money. This value proposition allows us to recruit more agents, help them grow their business and retain them on our platform at industry leading retention rates.
We had over 37,000 agents on our platform as of March 31, 2025. A subset of our agents are considered principal agents, which we define as either agents who are leaders of their respective agent teams or individual agents operating independently on our platform.
As of March 31, 2025, the Number of Principal Agents was 20,6561, an increase of 6,065, or 41.6%, from March 31, 2024. The principal agent additions primarily relate to the Company's recent acquisitions of various residential real estate brokerages.
During the three months ended March 31, 2025, our agents closed 49,121 Total Transactions, an increase of 27.8% when compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the increase in total transactions was primarily attributable to the residential real estate brokerages acquired since the same period a year ago.
Our Gross Transaction Value for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $52.4 billion, an increase of 30.7% when compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024. Gross Transaction Value is primarily driven by home values in the markets we serve and by changes in the number of our agents in those markets, as well as the residential real estate brokerages acquired since the same period a year ago.
For the three months ended March 31, 2025, our Gross Transaction Value represented 6.0% of residential real estate transacted in the U.S., compared to 4.8% for the three months ended March 31, 2024. We calculate our market share by dividing our Gross Transaction Value, or the total dollar value of transactions closed by agents on our platform, by two times (to account for the sell-side and buy-side of each transaction) the aggregate dollar value of U.S. existing home sales as reported by the National Association of Realtors ("NAR"). Gross Transaction Value includes a de minimis number of new development and commercial brokerage transactions.
1 The Number of Principal Agents metric excludes approximately 1,000 principal agents located in Texas who joined Compass during the second quarter of 2024 as part of the Latter & Blum Holdings, LLC acquisition. These agents operate with a flat fee / transaction fee based model, which is different from the Company's standard commission model.
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For the definitions of Number of Principal Agents, Total Transactions and Gross Transaction Value, please refer to the section entitled “Key Business Metrics” included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report.
Seasonality and Cyclicality
The residential real estate market is seasonal, which directly impacts our agents’ businesses. While individual markets may vary, transaction volume is typically highest in spring and summer, and then declines gradually in late fall and winter. We experience the most significant financial effect from this seasonality in the first and fourth quarters of each year, when our revenue is typically lower relative to the second and third quarters. The effect of this seasonality on our revenue has a larger effect on our results of operations as many of our operating expenses (excluding commissions) are somewhat fixed in nature and do not vary directly in line with our revenue. We believe that this seasonality has affected and will continue to affect our quarterly results.
The broader residential real estate industry is cyclical, and individual markets can have their own dynamics that diverge from broad market conditions. The real estate industry can be impacted by the strength or weakness of the economy, changes in interest rates or mortgage lending standards, or extreme economic or political conditions. Our revenue growth rate tends to increase as the real estate industry performs well and to decrease when the real estate industry performs poorly.
Impact of the Macroeconomic Conditions and Recent Industry Practice Changes on the U.S. Residential Real Estate Market and Our Business
A number of macroeconomic conditions, including high interest rates and the Federal Reserve Board's policies, have contributed to the slowdown in the U.S. residential real estate market, impacting our business and financial results. Specifically, these conditions resulted in slowed consumer demand, declining home affordability and low inventory. While the Federal Reserve Board began to ease interest rates during 2024 and the beginning signs of a housing market recovery emerged, any further slowdown, additional challenging conditions or lack of further improvement in the U.S. residential real estate market could have a significant impact on our business and financial results during the remainder of 2025 and beyond.
Additionally, as part of its nationwide class action settlement of the antitrust claims, NAR agreed to implement certain industry-wide practice changes, including, but not limited to, prohibiting buyer brokers' offers of compensation from being included in listings on Multiple Listing Services and requiring a buyer to enter into a written agreement with their agent that would set forth the buyer broker's fee before showing the buyer a property. These changes went into effect in August of 2024. Early in the spring of 2024, the Company entered into its own class action antitrust settlement and agreed to implement certain other practice changes. See Note 6 - "Commitments and Contingencies" to our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report for more information. Further, we believe the Department of Justice is continuing to focus on the real estate industry, including the practice changes resulting from the NAR settlement, which could result in additional practice-wide changes.
While we continue to assess the effects of the ongoing slowdown and the recent industry-wide changes on our business and financial results, the ultimate impact will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and difficult to predict, as well as the actions that we have taken, or will take, to minimize any current and future impact on our revenue, profitability, or liquidity. In the meantime, the significant cost reduction actions that we have taken since 2022 have reduced our operating expense levels to the point that we are able to consistently generate positive operating cash flow, aside from a limited number of seasonally slower transaction volume months during the year.
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations data for the periods indicated:
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
(in millions, except percentages) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenue | $ | 1,356.2 | 100.0 | % | $ | 1,054.1 | 100.0 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Operating expenses: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commissions and other related expense | 1,106.1 | 81.6 | 862.3 | 81.8 | |||||||||||||||||||
Sales and marketing (1) | 91.7 | 6.8 | 93.4 | 8.9 | |||||||||||||||||||
Operations and support (1) | 96.7 | 7.1 | 79.0 | 7.5 | |||||||||||||||||||
Research and development (1) | 49.9 | 3.7 | 47.0 | 4.5 | |||||||||||||||||||
General and administrative (1) | 27.5 | 2.0 | 82.2 | 7.8 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Restructuring costs | 9.2 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 0.1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 28.8 | 2.1 | 20.8 | 2.0 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total operating expenses | 1,409.9 | 104.0 | 1,186.2 | 112.5 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Loss from operations | (53.7) | (4.0) | (132.1) | (12.5) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Investment income, net | 1.0 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | (2.3) | (0.2) | (1.5) | (0.1) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Loss before income taxes and equity in income (loss) of unconsolidated entities | (55.0) | (4.1) | (132.5) | (12.6) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax benefit | 3.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Equity in income (loss) of unconsolidated entities | 0.8 | 0.1 | (0.8) | (0.1) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | (50.8) | (3.7) | (133.0) | (12.6) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests | 0.1 | — | 0.1 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to Compass, Inc. | $ | (50.7) | (3.7 | %) | $ | (132.9) | (12.6 | %) | |||||||||||||||
(1)Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows:
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Sales and marketing | $ | 6.8 | $ | 7.9 | |||||||
| Operations and support | 4.7 | 3.7 | |||||||||
| Research and development | 12.9 | 14.9 | |||||||||
| General and administrative | 6.0 | 6.4 | |||||||||
| Total stock-based compensation expense | $ | 30.4 | $ | 32.9 | |||||||
Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024
Revenue
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | $ Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (in millions, except percentages) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenue | $ | 1,356.2 | $ | 1,054.1 | $ | 302.1 | 28.7 | % | |||||||||||||||
Revenue was $1,356.2 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025, an increase of $302.1 million, or 28.7%, compared to the prior year period. The increase for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was primarily driven by an increase in the number of agents that joined our platform during 2024 and 2025, including those agents attributable to businesses acquired since April 2024. The Number of Principal Agents as of March 31, 2025 grew to 20,656, an increase of 41.6% from the year ago period.
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Operating Expenses
Commissions and other related expense
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | $ Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (in millions, except percentages) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commissions and other related expense | $ | 1,106.1 | $ | 862.3 | $ | 243.8 | 28.3 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Percentage of revenue | 81.6 | % | 81.8 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Commissions and other related expense was $1,106.1 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025, an increase of $243.8 million, or 28.3%, compared to the prior year period. The increase in absolute dollars of Commission and other related expense for the three months ended March 31, 2025 when compared to the prior year period was primarily driven by increased revenue. The decrease as a percentage of revenue was primarily driven by the impact of recent acquisitions which operate with more favorable average agent commissions splits compared to our core brokerage.
Sales and marketing
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | $ Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (in millions, except percentages) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sales and marketing | $ | 91.7 | $ | 93.4 | $ | (1.7) | (1.8 | %) | |||||||||||||||
| Percentage of revenue | 6.8 | % | 8.9 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Sales and marketing expense was $91.7 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025, a decrease of $1.7 million, or 1.8%, compared to the prior year period. Included in Sales and marketing expense were non-cash expenses related to stock-based compensation of $6.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and $7.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Sales and marketing expense excluding such non-cash stock-based compensation expense, was $84.9 million, or 6.3% of revenue, for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and $85.5 million, or 8.1% of revenue, for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The decrease in Sales and marketing expense in absolute dollars, excluding non-cash stock-based compensation expense, during the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024 was primarily due to a decrease in agent marketing costs and a reduction in cash-based agent incentives. The decrease in Sales and marketing expense as a percentage of revenue, excluding non-cash stock-based compensation expense, during the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024 was primarily driven by an increase in revenue with Sales and marketing expense remaining relatively flat for the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the year ago period.
Operations and support
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | $ Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (in millions, except percentages) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operations and support | $ | 96.7 | $ | 79.0 | $ | 17.7 | 22.4 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Percentage of revenue | 7.1 | % | 7.5 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Operations and support expense was $96.7 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025, an increase of $17.7 million, or 22.4%, compared to the prior year period. Included in Operations and support expense were non-cash expenses related to stock-based compensation of $4.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and $3.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Operations and support expense, excluding such non-cash stock-based compensation expense, was $92.0 million, or 6.8% of revenue, for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and $75.3 million, or 7.1% of revenue, for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase in absolute dollars, excluding such non-cash stock-based compensation expense, was primarily driven by an increase in personnel-related costs resulting from the Company's recent acquisitions. The decrease of Operations and support expense, excluding such non-cash stock-based compensation expense, as a percentage of revenue was primarily related to the year over year increase in revenue outpacing the increase in expense.
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Research and development
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | $ Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (in millions, except percentages) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Research and development | $ | 49.9 | $ | 47.0 | $ | 2.9 | 6.2 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Percentage of revenue | 3.7 | % | 4.5 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Research and development expense was $49.9 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025, an increase of $2.9 million, or 6.2%, compared to the prior year period. Included in Research and development expense were non-cash expenses related to stock-based compensation of $12.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and $14.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Research and development expense, excluding such non-cash stock-based compensation expense, was $37.0 million, or 2.7% of revenue, for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and $32.1 million, or 3.0% of revenue, for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase in Research and development expense, excluding non-cash stock-based compensation expense, in absolute dollars was primarily driven by an increase in personnel and outside contractor costs. The decrease in Research and development expense, excluding non-cash stock-based compensation expense, as a percentage of revenue was primarily related to the year over year increase in revenue outpacing the increase in expense.
General and administrative
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | $ Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (in millions, except percentages) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| General and administrative | $ | 27.5 | $ | 82.2 | $ | (54.7) | (66.5 | %) | |||||||||||||||
| Percentage of revenue | 2.0 | % | 7.8 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
General and administrative expense was $27.5 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025, a decrease of $54.7 million, or 66.5%, compared to the prior year period. General and administrative expense includes a charge of $57.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 in connection with the Antitrust Lawsuits, which is discussed in Note 6 - "Commitments and Contingencies" to our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report. Also included in General and administrative expense were non-cash expenses related to stock-based compensation of $6.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and $6.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. General and administrative expense excluding non-cash stock-based compensation expense and the aforementioned litigation charge, was $21.5 million, or 1.6% of revenue, for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and $18.3 million, or 1.7% of revenue, for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase in absolute dollars excluding such non-cash stock-based compensation expense and the litigation charge, was primarily due to the fact that during the three months ended March 31, 2025, General and administrative expense included transaction expenses incurred in connection with recent acquisitions and other general and administrative costs incurred by the acquired businesses. On a percentage of revenue basis, excluding non-cash stock-based compensation expense and the litigation charge, General and administrative expense remained relatively flat as compared to the prior year period.
Restructuring costs
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | $ Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (in millions, except percentages) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Restructuring costs | $ | 9.2 | $ | 1.5 | $ | 7.7 | 513.3 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Percentage of revenue | 0.7 | % | 0.1 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Restructuring costs during the three months ended March 31, 2025 primarily consisted of severance and other termination benefits for employees whose roles were eliminated and costs associated with lease terminations. Restructuring costs during the three months ended March 31, 2024 consisted solely of lease terminations costs. See Note 12 - "Restructuring Activities" in our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report for more information.
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Depreciation and amortization
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | $ Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (in millions, except percentages) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | $ | 28.8 | $ | 20.8 | $ | 8.0 | 38.5 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Percentage of revenue | 2.1 | % | 2.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization expense increased $8.0 million, or 38.5%, for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was primarily driven by an increase in the amortization of intangible assets related to the impact of acquisitions completed since the year ago period.
Investment income, net
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | $ Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (in millions, except percentages) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investment income, net | $ | 1.0 | $ | 1.1 | $ | (0.1) | (9.1 | %) | |||||||||||||||
Investment income, net decreased during the three months ended March 31, 2025 primarily as a result of a decrease in our average short-term interest-bearing investments as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024.
Interest expense
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | $ Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (in millions, except percentages) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | $ | 2.3 | $ | 1.5 | $ | 0.8 | 53.3 | % | |||||||||||||||
Interest expense was $2.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The increase from the prior year period was primarily driven by the interest expense incurred on our Revolving Credit Facility as a result of balances outstanding during the three months ended March 31, 2025 with no comparable balance outstanding in the prior year.
Income tax benefit
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | $ Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (in millions, except percentages) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax benefit | $ | 3.4 | $ | 0.3 | $ | 3.1 | 1,033.3 | % | |||||||||||||||
For the three months ended March 31, 2025, Income tax benefit increased by $3.1 million when compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024. The change primarily resulted from income tax benefit recognized in connection with the acquisition of Christie’s International Real Estate partially offset by international and state income tax expense.
Equity in income (loss) of unconsolidated entities
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | $ Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (in millions, except percentages) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity in income (loss) of unconsolidated entities | $ | 0.8 | $ | (0.8) | $ | 1.6 | 200.0 | % | |||||||||||||||
During the three months ended March 31, 2025, Equity in income (loss) of unconsolidated entities was income of $0.8 million, primarily from our mortgage joint ventures with Guaranteed Rate, Inc.
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KEY BUSINESS METRICS AND NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
In addition to the measures presented in our condensed consolidated financial statements, we use the following key business metrics and non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate our business, measure our performance, develop financial forecasts and make strategic decisions.
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Total Transactions | 49,121 | 38,449 | |||||||||
| Gross Transaction Value (in billions) | $ | 52.4 | $ | 40.1 | |||||||
Number of Principal Agents (1) | 20,656 | 14,591 | |||||||||
| Net loss attributable to Compass, Inc. (in millions) | $ | (50.7) | $ | (132.9) | |||||||
| Net loss attributable to Compass, Inc. margin | (3.7%) | (12.6%) | |||||||||
Adjusted EBITDA (2) (in millions) | $ | 15.6 | $ | (20.1) | |||||||
Adjusted EBITDA margin (2) | 1.2% | (1.9%) | |||||||||
(1)Excludes approximately 1,000 principal agents located in Texas who joined Compass during the second quarter of 2024 as part of the Latter & Blum Holdings, LLC acquisition. These agents operate with a flat fee / transaction fee based model, which is different from the Company's standard commission model.
(2)Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are non-GAAP financial measures. For more information regarding our use of these measures and a reconciliation of Net loss attributable to Compass, Inc. to Adjusted EBITDA, see the section titled “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures” below.
Key Business Metrics
Total Transactions
Total Transactions is a key measure of the scale of our platform, which drives our financial performance. We define Total Transactions as the sum of all transactions closed on our platform in which our agent represented the buyer or seller in the purchase or sale of a home. We include a single transaction twice when one or more of our agents represent both the buyer and seller in any given transaction. This metric excludes rental transactions.
Our Total Transactions increased for the three months ended March 31, 2025 to 49,121, or 27.8%, from the year ago period. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the majority of the increase in total transactions was attributable to the brokerages acquired since April 2024.
Gross Transaction Value
Gross Transaction Value is a key measure of the scale of our platform and success of our agents, which ultimately impacts revenue. Gross Transaction Value is the sum of all closing sale prices for homes transacted by agents on our platform. We include the value of a single transaction twice when our agents serve both the home buyer and home seller in the transaction. This metric excludes rental transactions.
Gross Transaction Value is primarily driven by home values in the markets we serve and by changes in the number of our agents in those markets, as well as seasonality and macroeconomic factors.
Our Gross Transaction Value for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $52.4 billion, representing an increase of 30.7% from the year ago period. The increase for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was primarily driven by an increase in the number of agents on our platform.
Number of Principal Agents
The Number of Principal Agents represents the number of agents who are leaders of their respective agent teams or individual agents operating independently on our platform. The Number of Principal Agents is an indicator of the potential future growth of our business, as well as the size and strength of our platform. We use the Number of Principal Agents, in combination with our other key metrics such as Total Transactions and Gross Transaction Value, as a measure of agent productivity.
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Our Number of Principal Agents as of March 31, 2025 was 20,656, representing an increase of 41.6% from the year ago period primarily driven by the agents from businesses acquired since April 2024. Our principal agents generate revenue across a diverse set of real estate markets in the U.S.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin
Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure that represents our Net loss attributable to Compass, Inc. adjusted for depreciation and amortization, investment income, net, interest expense, stock-based compensation expense, benefit from income tax and other items. During the periods presented, other items included (i) restructuring charges associated with lease termination and severance costs and (ii) litigation charges in connection with the Antitrust Lawsuits. Adjusted EBITDA margin is calculated by dividing Adjusted EBITDA by revenue.
We use Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin in conjunction with GAAP measures as part of our overall assessment of our performance, including the preparation of our annual operating budget and quarterly forecasts, to evaluate the effectiveness of our business strategies and to communicate with our board of directors concerning our financial performance. We believe Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are also helpful to investors, analysts and other interested parties because these measures can assist in providing a more consistent and comparable overview of our operations across our historical financial periods. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin have limitations as analytical tools, however, and you should not consider them in isolation or as substitutes for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Because of these limitations, you should consider Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin alongside other financial performance measures, including Net loss attributable to Compass, Inc. and our other GAAP results. In evaluating Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin, you should be aware that in the future we may incur expenses that are the same as or similar to some of the adjustments in this presentation. Our presentation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin should not be construed to imply that our future results will be unaffected by the types of items excluded from the calculation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are not presented in accordance with GAAP and the use of these terms varies from others in our industry.
The following table provides a reconciliation of Net loss attributable to Compass, Inc. to Adjusted EBITDA (in millions):
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to Compass, Inc. | $ | (50.7) | $ | (132.9) | |||||||
| Adjusted to exclude the following: | |||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 28.8 | 20.8 | |||||||||
| Investment income, net | (1.0) | (1.1) | |||||||||
| Interest expense | 2.3 | 1.5 | |||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | 30.4 | 32.9 | |||||||||
| Income tax benefit | (3.4) | (0.3) | |||||||||
| Restructuring costs | 9.2 | 1.5 | |||||||||
Litigation charge (1) | — | 57.5 | |||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 15.6 | $ | (20.1) | |||||||
| Net loss attributable to Compass, Inc. margin | (3.7 | %) | (12.6 | %) | |||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA margin | 1.2 | % | (1.9 | %) | |||||||
(1)Represents a charge of $57.5 million incurred during the three months ended March 31, 2024 in connection with the Antitrust Lawsuits. See Note 6 - "Commitments and Contingencies" to our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report for more information.
Adjusted EBITDA was income of $15.6 million and a loss of $20.1 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The improvement in Adjusted EBITDA during the three months ended March 31, 2025 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024 was primarily driven by higher revenue resulting from an increased number of agents on our platform.
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The following tables provide supplemental information to the Reconciliation of Net loss attributable to Compass, Inc. to Adjusted EBITDA presented above. These tables identify how each of the Operating expenses related financial statement line items contained within the condensed consolidated statements of operations elsewhere in this Quarterly Report are impacted by the items excluded from Adjusted EBITDA (in millions):
| Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sales and marketing | Operations and support | Research and development | General and administrative | ||||||||||||||||||||
| GAAP Basis | $ | 91.7 | $ | 96.7 | $ | 49.9 | $ | 27.5 | |||||||||||||||
| Adjusted to exclude the following: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | (6.8) | (4.7) | (12.9) | (6.0) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Non-GAAP Basis | $ | 84.9 | $ | 92.0 | $ | 37.0 | $ | 21.5 | |||||||||||||||
| Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sales and marketing | Operations and support | Research and development | General and administrative | ||||||||||||||||||||
| GAAP Basis | $ | 93.4 | $ | 79.0 | $ | 47.0 | $ | 82.2 | |||||||||||||||
| Adjusted to exclude the following: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | (7.9) | (3.7) | (14.9) | (6.4) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Litigation charge | — | — | — | (57.5) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Non-GAAP Basis | $ | 85.5 | $ | 75.3 | $ | 32.1 | $ | 18.3 | |||||||||||||||
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Our primary sources of liquidity and capital resources are cash flows from operations and our Revolving Credit Facility. Our cash requirements consist principally of working capital, general corporate needs, and mergers and acquisitions. We continue to invest in expanding our operations, including enhancements to our technology platform and growth of our market footprint, using available operating cash flows.
As of March 31, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of $127.0 million and an accumulated deficit of $2.7 billion. We generated $121.5 million and $23.1 million in cash flows from operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 and the three months ended March 31, 2025, respectively. Additionally, we have a Revolving Credit Facility that matures in March 2026, which we can draw upon provided we maintain continued compliance with certain financial and non-financial covenants. See Note 5 - "Debt" to our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report for further details. As of March 31, 2025, we had $50.0 million outstanding and $257.7 million available to be drawn under the Revolving Credit Facility. Further, we were in compliance with each of the financial and non-financial covenants. While our operating cash flows vary depending on the seasonality of the real estate business, we believe that the Company will have sufficient liquidity from cash on hand, its Revolving Credit Facility and future operations to sustain its business operations for the next twelve months and beyond.
Financial Obligations
See Note 5 - "Debt" in our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, for information on our indebtedness as of March 31, 2025.
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Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated (in millions):
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 23.1 | $ | 8.6 | |||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | (164.5) | (3.5) | |||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 44.6 | (6.1) | |||||||||
| Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | $ | (96.8) | $ | (1.0) | |||||||
Operating Activities
For the three months ended March 31, 2025, net cash provided by operating activities was $23.1 million. The inflow was primarily due to a $50.8 million Net loss adjusted for $59.6 million of non-cash charges and cash inflows due to changes in operating assets and liabilities of $14.3 million.
For the three months ended March 31, 2024, net cash provided by operating activities was $8.6 million. The inflow was primarily due to a $133.0 million Net loss adjusted for $55.9 million of non-cash charges and cash inflows due to changes in operating assets and liabilities of $85.7 million.
Investing Activities
During the three months ended March 31, 2025, net cash used in investing activities was $164.5 million consisting of $160.9 million in payments for acquisitions, net of cash acquired and $3.6 million of capital expenditures.
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, net cash used in investing activities was $3.5 million consisting of $2.7 million in capital expenditures and $1.2 million for an investment in an unconsolidated entity partially offset by $0.4 million of cash acquired, net of payments for acquisitions.
Financing Activities
During the three months ended March 31, 2025, net cash provided by financing activities was $44.6 million primarily consisting of $50.0 million in proceeds from a drawdown on the Revolving Credit Facility, $6.1 million in proceeds from the exercise of stock options, $1.8 million in net proceeds from drawdowns and repayments on the Concierge Facility and $1.3 million in proceeds from the issuance of common stock under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan, partially offset by $14.4 million in taxes paid related to the net share settlement of equity awards and $0.2 million in payments related to acquisitions, including contingent consideration payments.
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, net cash used in financing activities was $6.1 million, primarily consisting of $7.4 million in taxes paid related to the net share settlement of equity awards, $1.9 million in payments related to acquisitions, including contingent consideration payments, and $1.3 million in net repayments on the Concierge Facility, partially offset by $3.4 million in proceeds from the exercise of stock options and $1.1 million in proceeds from the issuance of common stock under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We administer escrow and trust deposits which represent undistributed amounts for the settlement of real estate transactions. We are contingently liable for these escrow and trust deposits totaling $358.0 million and $147.1 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. We did not have any other off-balance sheet arrangements as of or during the periods presented.
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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES AND POLICIES
Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies
Our condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make judgements, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosures. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Actual results may differ from these estimates and therefore, if material, our future financial statements will be affected.
There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates disclosed in our 2024 Form 10-K. For additional information about our critical accounting policies and estimates, see the disclosure included in our 2024 Form 10-K, as well as Note 1 and Note 2 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1, of this Quarterly Report.
Business Combinations
Business combinations are accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting. This method requires, among other things, allocation of the fair value of purchase consideration to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their estimated fair values on the acquisition date. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. When determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, management makes estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets. Management’s estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable and, as a result, actual results may differ from estimates. During the measurement period, not to exceed one year from the date of acquisition, we may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with a corresponding offset to goodwill if new information is obtained related to facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date. After the measurement period, any subsequent adjustments are reflected in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Acquisition costs, consisting primarily of third-party legal and consulting fees, are expensed as incurred.
RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
For a description of our recently adopted accounting pronouncements and accounting pronouncements issued but not yet adopted, see Note 2 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part 1, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report.
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position because of adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily a result of exposure resulting from potential changes in interest rates or inflation.
Interest Rate Risk
Our cash and cash equivalents as of March 31, 2025 consisted of $127.0 million. Certain of our cash and cash equivalents are interest-earning instruments that carry a degree of interest rate risk. The goals of our investment policy are liquidity and capital preservation. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes and have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest rate exposure. We believe that we do not have any material exposure to changes in the fair value of these assets as a result of changes in interest rates due to the short-term nature of our cash and cash equivalents.
We are also subject to interest rate exposure on our Concierge Facility and Revolving Credit Facility. Interest rate risk is highly sensitive due to many factors, including U.S. monetary and tax policies, U.S. and international economic factors and other factors beyond our control. Our Concierge Facility bears interest equal to the term SOFR rate plus a margin of 2.75%. As of March 31, 2025, we had a total outstanding balance of $25.4 million under the Concierge Facility. Our Revolving Credit Facility bears interest equal to SOFR plus a margin of 1.50%. As of March 31, 2025, we had $50.0 million outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility. Based on the amounts outstanding, a 100-basis point increase or decrease in market interest rates over a twelve-month period would not result in a material change to our interest expense.
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Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
Our reporting and functional currency is the U.S. dollar. Most of our revenue is denominated in U.S. dollars, and we are not currently exposed to significant foreign currency risk on sales. Operating expenses are primarily incurred in the local currencies of our operations, mainly in the United States, with limited exposure in Europe, the United Kingdom, India and Canada. Monetary assets and liabilities in foreign currencies are remeasured into U.S. dollars using period-end exchange rates. As we do not maintain significant foreign currency balances, our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations is currently limited.
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.
Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In January 2025, we completed our acquisition of At World Properties Holdings, LLC and its consolidated subsidiaries. The scope of management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2025 did not include the internal control over financial reporting specific to At World Properties Holdings, LLC and its consolidated subsidiaries given the election available under the SEC staff’s guidance that an assessment of internal control over financial reporting specific to a recently acquired business may be omitted from the scope of management’s assessment for one year from the date of acquisition. Excluding operating lease right-of-use assets, intangible assets, net and goodwill, At World Properties Holdings, LLC and its consolidated subsidiaries represented approximately 3% of our consolidated assets as of March 31, 2025 and approximately 7% of our consolidated revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2025.
Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of March 31, 2025.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended March 31, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Inherent Limitation on the Effectiveness of Internal Control over Financial Reporting and Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
The information relating to legal proceedings contained in Note 6 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report is incorporated herein by this reference.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
We are subject to various risks and uncertainties, which could materially affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, future results, and the trading price of our common stock. You should read carefully the information appearing in Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors in our 2024 Form 10-K. There have been no material changes to the risk factors set forth in our 2024 Form 10-K, except for the addition of the following risk factor:
Recent changes in U.S. tariff policies may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.
Recent changes in U.S. tariff policies, retaliatory tariffs and trade tensions could disrupt global supply chains and increase the cost of housing construction and renovation. Uncertainty regarding price stability and asset valuations, volatility in the capital markets, the possibility of a reduction in economic growth or a recession with concomitant job losses may cause prospective home buyers to delay or cancel their decision to purchase a home leading to a reduction in transaction volume which, if it occurs, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
(a)Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
From January 1, 2025 through May 9, 2025, we offered, sold and issued the following unregistered securities:
(1) As previously disclosed in Form 4s filed with the SEC, Robert Reffkin, our founder and Chief Executive Officer, exchanged an aggregate of 1,636,354 shares of Class C common stock for an equivalent number of shares of Class A common stock pursuant to an Equity Exchange Right Agreement on February 19, 2025.
The offer, sale and issuance of the securities described above were exempt from registration under the Securities Act in reliance upon Section 3(a)(9) and Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act (or Regulation D promulgated thereunder) as transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering. The recipient of the securities in this transaction represented his intention to acquire the securities for investment only and not with the view to or for sale in connection with any distribution thereof, and appropriate legends were placed upon the stock certificates issued in this transaction.
ITEM 3. DEFAULT UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
None.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
None.
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION
(a) Amendment to Material Definitive Agreement.
On January 13, 2025, Compass Brokerage, LLC (“Buyer”) acquired all of the equity interests in At World Properties Holdings, LLC, known as @properties Christie’s International Real Estate, and certain of its affiliates from the former equity
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holders thereof (the “Sellers”) pursuant to the Merger Agreement dated November 25, 2024 by and among Buyer and the Sellers, among other parties (the “Merger Agreement”), all as reported on Form 8-K filed with the U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission by Compass, Inc., the parent company of Buyer (the “Company”), on January 13, 2025.
On May 6, 2025, Buyer and Quad-C, LLC (“Quad-C”), as representative of the Sellers, entered into Amendment No. 1 to the Merger Agreement (the “Amendment”) which amended the following material terms of the Merger Agreement:
1. The equity portion of the consideration to be paid to certain Sellers (the “Early Payees”) other than the founders and any of their affiliates (the “Founder Payees”) will be paid on or after the 6-month anniversary of the closing of the transaction effective on any trading day if the volume-weighted average price of a share of the Company's common stock trading on the NYSE for any 10 consecutive trading day period, as reported by Bloomberg, is greater than $8.9269 and (ii) the closing trading price of a share of the Company's common stock trading on the NYSE on the last trading day of such 10 consecutive trading period is greater than or equal to $8.9269, as reported by Bloomberg (collectively an “Early Payout”). If the Early Payout is not triggered, then the equity portion of the consideration to be paid to Early Payees will be paid pursuant to the Merger Agreement without giving effect to the Amendment, except as described in paragraph 2 below. Whether or not the Early Payout to the Early Payees is triggered, the equity portion of the consideration to be paid to the Founder Payees will be paid pursuant to the pre-Amendment terms of the Merger Agreement except as described in paragraph 2 below; and
2. With regard to the Early Payees, assuming the Early Payout is not triggered, and with regard to the Founder Payees whether or not the Early Payout is triggered, if the Post-Closing Share Price (as defined in the Merger Agreement) is less than $7.79, then Parent may, in its sole discretion, elect to satisfy its obligation with respect to the Share Shortfall Consideration Adjustment Amount (included in the Final Aggregate Share Consideration) (each as defined in the Merger Agreement) by paying cash in lieu of issuing shares of the Company's common stock.
(b) None.
(c) Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangements. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, no director or officer (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act) of the Company adopted terminated
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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS
| Exhibit Index | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Incorporated by Reference | Filed or Furnished Herewith | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Exhibit Number | Description | Form | File No. | Exhibit | Filing Date | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2.1** | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 31.1 | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 31.2 | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 32.1* | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 32.2* | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document). | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101). | X | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
____________
*The certifications furnished in Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 hereto are deemed to accompany this Form 10-Q and are not deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall they be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.
**Annexes, schedules and/or exhibits have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The Company agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of any omitted annexes, schedules or exhibits to the SEC upon request.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
| COMPASS, INC. | ||||||||
Date: May 9, 2025 | By: | /s/ Robert Reffkin | ||||||
| Robert Reffkin | ||||||||
| Chairman, Chief Executive Officer | ||||||||
| (Principal Executive Officer) | ||||||||
Date: May 9, 2025 | By: | /s/ Kalani Reelitz | ||||||
| Kalani Reelitz | ||||||||
| Chief Financial Officer | ||||||||
| (Principal Financial Officer) | ||||||||
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