UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
| QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | |||||||||||||||||
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2025
OR
| TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | |||||||||||||||||
For the transition period from __________ to __________
Commission File Number: 001-41430
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
| (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(646 ) 710-7714
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered | ||||||||||||
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
| Large accelerated filer | ☐ | ☒ | |||||||||
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | |||||||||
| Emerging growth company | |||||||||||
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
As of April 30, 2025, the registrant had 63,055,282 Class A Ordinary Shares, no par value, outstanding and 12,652,310 Class B Ordinary Shares, no par value, outstanding, and 5,000,000 Series A Preferred Shares, no par value, outstanding.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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i
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Quarterly Report contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, or the PSLRA, provides safe harbor protections for forward-looking statements in order to encourage companies to provide prospective information about their business. Forward-looking statements include, without limitation, our expectations concerning the outlook for our business, productivity, plans and goals for future operational improvements and capital investments, operational performance, future market conditions or economic performance and developments in the capital and credit markets and expected future financial performance, as well as any information concerning possible or assumed future results of operations.
Pagaya desires to take advantage of the safe harbor provisions of the PSLRA and is including this cautionary statement in connection with this safe harbor legislation. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Quarterly Report, including statements regarding our future financial position, business strategy and plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by words such as “estimate,” “plan,” “project,” “forecast,” “intend,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “seek,” “strategy,” “future,” “opportunity,” “may,” “target,” “should,” “will,” “would,” “will be,” “will continue,” “will likely result,” or similar expressions that predict or indicate future events or trends or that are not statements of historical matters.
Forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, and actual results or events may differ materially from those implied in those statements. Important factors that could cause such differences include, but are not limited to:
•the ability to implement business plans and other expectations;
•the impact of the continuation of or changes in the short-term and long-term interest rate environment;
•uncertain market or political conditions;
•the availability and cost of capital, including the financing of risk retention investments;
•our ability to service our debt financing and meet associated covenants;
•our ability to develop and maintain a diverse and robust funding network;
•the impact of fair value changes in our risk retention investments in our Financing Vehicles;
•our uncertain future prospects and rate of growth due to our relatively limited operating history;
•the performance of our technology to consistently meet return expectations of asset investors in Financing Vehicles;
•our ability to improve, operate and implement our AI technology, including as we expand into new asset classes;
•competition in attracting and onboarding new Partners and raising capital from asset investors through Financing Vehicles given the current limited number of Partners that account for a substantial portion of the total number of the financial products facilitated with the assistance of our AI technology;
•potential difficulties in retaining our current management team and other key employees and independent contractors, including highly-skilled technical experts;
•our estimates of our future financial performance;
•changes in the political, legal and regulatory framework related to AI technology, machine learning; financial institutions and consumer protection;
•the impact of health epidemics, natural disasters, acts of terrorism or other catastrophic events;
•our ability to realize the potential benefits of past or future acquisitions;
•conditions related to our operations in Israel;
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•risks related to data, security and privacy;
•changes to accounting principles and guidelines;
•our ability to develop and maintain effective internal controls;
•the ability to maintain the listing of our securities on Nasdaq;
•the price of our securities has been and may continue to be volatile;
•unexpected costs or expenses;
•future issuances, sales or resales of our Class A Ordinary Shares;
•an active public trading market for our Class A Ordinary Shares may not be sustained; and
•the other matters described in “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We caution you not to rely on forward-looking statements, which reflect current beliefs and are based on information currently available as of the date a forward-looking statement is made. Forward-looking statements set forth herein speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report. We undertake no obligation to revise forward-looking statements to reflect future events, changes in circumstances or changes in beliefs except to the extent required by law. In the event that any forward-looking statement is updated, no inference should be made that we will make additional updates with respect to that statement, related matters, or any other forward-looking statements except to the extent required by law. Any corrections or revisions and other important assumptions and factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from forward-looking statements, including discussions of significant risk factors, may appear in our public filings with the SEC, which are or will be (as appropriate) accessible at www.sec.gov, and which you are advised to consult.
Market, ranking and industry data used throughout this Quarterly Report, including statements regarding market size and technology adoption rates, is based on the good faith estimates of our management, which in turn are based upon our management’s review of internal surveys, independent industry surveys and publications and other third-party research and publicly available information. These data involve a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such estimates. While we are not aware of any misstatements regarding the industry data presented herein, its estimates involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, which was filed with the SEC on March 12, 2025, and “Item 2—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of this Quarterly Report.
iii
PART I - Financial Information
Item 1. Financial Statements
1
PAGAYA TECHNOLOGIES LTD.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)
(In thousands, except share amounts)
| March 31, | December 31, | ||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||||
| Current assets: | |||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Restricted cash | |||||||||||
Fees and other receivables (including related party receivables of $ | |||||||||||
| Investments in loans and securities (1) | |||||||||||
Prepaid expenses and other current assets (including related party assets of $ | |||||||||||
| Total current assets | |||||||||||
| Non-current assets: | |||||||||||
| Restricted cash | |||||||||||
Fees and other receivables (including related party receivables of $ | |||||||||||
| Investments in loans and securities | |||||||||||
| Equity method and other investments | |||||||||||
| Right-of-use assets | |||||||||||
| Property and equipment, net | |||||||||||
| Goodwill | |||||||||||
| Intangible assets, net | |||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other assets | |||||||||||
| Total non-current assets | |||||||||||
| Total Assets | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity | |||||||||||
| Current liabilities: | |||||||||||
| Accounts payable | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Accrued expenses and other liabilities | |||||||||||
| Current maturities of operating lease liabilities | |||||||||||
| Current portion of long-term debt | |||||||||||
| Secured borrowing | |||||||||||
| Income taxes payable | |||||||||||
| Total current liabilities | |||||||||||
| Non-current liabilities: | |||||||||||
| Warrant liability | |||||||||||
| Long-term debt | |||||||||||
| Exchangeable notes | |||||||||||
| Secured borrowing | |||||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities | |||||||||||
| Long-term tax and deferred tax liabilities, net | |||||||||||
| Total non-current liabilities | |||||||||||
| Total Liabilities | |||||||||||
Redeemable convertible preferred shares, no par value, | |||||||||||
| Shareholders’ equity: | |||||||||||
Class A ordinary shares, no par value, | |||||||||||
Class B ordinary shares, no par value, | |||||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | |||||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Accumulated deficit | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Total Pagaya Technologies Ltd. shareholders’ equity | |||||||||||
| Noncontrolling interests | |||||||||||
| Total shareholders’ equity | |||||||||||
| Total Liabilities, Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares, and Shareholders’ Equity | $ | $ | |||||||||
(1) Accrued interest receivable of $14.3 million, previously reported within “Fee and other receivables” as of December 31, 2024, has been reclassified to “Investment in loans and securities” to conform to the current period’s presentation.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements
2
PAGAYA TECHNOLOGIES LTD.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED)
(In thousands, except share and per share data)
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Revenue | |||||||||||
Revenue from fees (including related party revenues of $ | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Other Income | |||||||||||
| Interest income | |||||||||||
Investment (loss) income (1) | ( | ||||||||||
| Total Revenue and Other Income | |||||||||||
| Production costs | |||||||||||
| Technology, data and product development | |||||||||||
| Sales and marketing | |||||||||||
| General and administrative | |||||||||||
| Total Costs and Operating Expenses | |||||||||||
| Operating Income | |||||||||||
Other expenses, net | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Loss Before Income Taxes | ( | ( | |||||||||
Income tax (benefit) expense | ( | ||||||||||
| Net Income (Loss) Including Noncontrolling Interests | ( | ||||||||||
Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | ( | ( | |||||||||
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Pagaya Technologies Ltd. | $ | $ | ( | ||||||||
| Per share data: | |||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to Pagaya Technologies Ltd. | $ | $ | ( | ||||||||
Less: Undistributed earnings allocated to preferred shares | |||||||||||
Net income (loss) attributed to Pagaya Technologies Ltd.’s ordinary shares | $ | $ | ( | ||||||||
Earnings (loss) per share attributable to Pagaya Technologies Ltd.: | |||||||||||
Basic | $ | $ | ( | ||||||||
Diluted | $ | $ | ( | ||||||||
| Weighted average shares outstanding: | |||||||||||
Basic | |||||||||||
Diluted | |||||||||||
(1) Includes income from proprietary investments.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements
3
PAGAYA TECHNOLOGIES LTD.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS (UNAUDITED)
(In thousands)
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Net Income (Loss) Including Noncontrolling Interests | $ | $ | ( | ||||||||
| Other Comprehensive Income: | |||||||||||
| Unrealized loss on securities available for sale, net | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Comprehensive Loss Including Noncontrolling Interests | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||
| Less: Comprehensive loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Comprehensive Loss Attributable to Pagaya Technologies Ltd. | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements
4
PAGAYA TECHNOLOGIES LTD.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN REDEEMABLE CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED SHARES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)
(In thousands, except share amounts)
| Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares | Ordinary Shares (Class A and Class B) | Additional Paid-In Capital | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit) | Total Pagaya Technologies Ltd. Shareholders’ Equity (Deficit) | Non-Controlling Interests | Total Shareholders’ Equity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance – December 31, 2023 | $ | $ | — | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of ordinary shares upon exercise of share options | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of ordinary shares upon vesting of RSUs | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Issuance of ordinary shares, net of issuance cost of $ | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of ordinary shares from the Equity Financing Purchase Agreement | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Contributions of interests in consolidated VIEs | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Return of capital to interests in consolidated VIEs | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | — | — | — | — | — | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | — | — | — | — | — | — | ( | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance – March 31, 2024 | $ | $ | — | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Redeemable Convertible Preferred Shares | Ordinary Shares (Class A and Class B) | Additional Paid-In Capital | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit) | Total Pagaya Technologies Ltd. Shareholders’ Equity (Deficit) | Non-Controlling Interests | Total Shareholders’ Equity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance – December 31, 2024 | $ | $ | — | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of ordinary shares upon exercise of share options | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of ordinary shares upon vesting of RSUs | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of ordinary shares upon employee stock purchase plan | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Return of capital to interests in consolidated VIEs | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income (loss) | — | — | — | — | — | ( | — | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | — | — | — | — | — | — | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance – March 31, 2025 | $ | $ | — | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements
5
PAGAYA TECHNOLOGIES LTD.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)
(In thousands)
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities | |||||||||||
| Net income (loss) including noncontrolling interests | $ | $ | ( | ||||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash used in operating activities: | |||||||||||
| Equity method loss (income) | ( | ||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | |||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | |||||||||||
| Fair value adjustment to warrant liability | ( | ||||||||||
| Impairment loss on investments in loans and securities (1) | |||||||||||
| Gain on sale of investments in loans and securities | ( | ||||||||||
| Amortization of deferred costs | |||||||||||
| Write-off of capitalized software | |||||||||||
| Loss on foreign exchange | |||||||||||
| Change in operating assets and liabilities: | |||||||||||
| Fees and other receivables (1) | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Accrued interest on investments (1) | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other assets | ( | ||||||||||
| Right-of-use assets | |||||||||||
| Accounts payable | |||||||||||
| Accrued expenses and other liabilities | ( | ||||||||||
| Operating lease liability | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Income taxes | ( | ||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | |||||||||||
| Cash flows from investing activities | |||||||||||
| Proceeds from the sale/maturity/prepayment of: | |||||||||||
| Investments in loans and securities (1) | |||||||||||
| Cash and restricted cash acquired from Theorem Technology, Inc. | |||||||||||
| Payments for the purchase of: | |||||||||||
| Investments in loans and securities | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Property and equipment | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Cash flows from financing activities | |||||||||||
| Proceeds from sale of ordinary shares, net of issuance costs | |||||||||||
| Proceeds from long-term debt | |||||||||||
| Proceeds from secured borrowing | |||||||||||
| Proceeds received from noncontrolling interests | |||||||||||
| Proceeds from revolving credit facility | |||||||||||
| Proceeds from exercise of stock options, warrants and contributions to ESPP | |||||||||||
| Proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares from the Equity Financing Purchase Agreement | |||||||||||
| Distributions made to noncontrolling interests | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Payments made to revolving credit facility | ( | ||||||||||
| Payments made to secured borrowing | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Payments made to long-term debt | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Debt issuance costs | ( | ||||||||||
| Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | ( | ||||||||||
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | |||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period | |||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period | $ | $ | |||||||||
6
| Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash within the consolidated balance sheet to the amounts shown in the statements of cash flow above: | |||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Restricted cash - current | |||||||||||
| Restricted cash - non-current | |||||||||||
| Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | $ | $ | |||||||||
(1) Accrued interest receivable of $14.3 million, previously reported within “Fee and other receivables” as of December 31, 2024, has been reclassified to “Investment in loans and securities” to conform to the current period’s presentation.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements
7
NOTE 1 - BUSINESS DESCRIPTION
Pagaya Technologies Ltd. and its consolidated subsidiaries (together “we” “our” “Pagaya” or the “Company”) is a technology company that deploys sophisticated data science and proprietary AI technology to drive better results for financial services and other service providers, their customers, and asset investors. Services providers integrated with Pagaya’s network, which are referred to as “Partners,” range from high-growth financial technology companies to incumbent banks and financial institutions, auto finance providers and residential real estate service providers. Partners have access to Pagaya’s network in order to assist with extending financial products to their customers, in turn helping those customers fulfill their financial needs and dreams. These assets originated by Partners with the assistance of Pagaya’s AI technology are eligible to be acquired by (i) funds managed or advised by Pagaya or one of its affiliates, (ii) securitization vehicles sponsored or administered by Pagaya or one of its affiliates and (iii) other similar vehicles (“Financing Vehicles”).
Pagaya Technologies Ltd. was founded in 2016 and is organized under the laws of the State of Israel. Pagaya has its primary offices in the United States and Israel.
NOTE 2 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and include the accounts of the Company, its wholly-owned subsidiaries, and consolidated variable interest entities (“VIEs”) if any.
Significant Accounting Policies
There were no material changes to our significant accounting policies as disclosed in Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, which was filed with the SEC on March 12, 2025.
Reclassification
Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
As an “emerging growth company,” the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (“JOBS Act”) allows the Company to delay adoption of new or revised accounting pronouncements applicable to public companies until such pronouncements are made applicable to private companies. The Company has elected to use this extended transition period under the JOBS Act. The adoption dates discussed below reflect this election.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The amendments in this update require entities to disclose specific categories in the effective tax rate reconciliation and provide
8
additional information for reconciling items where the effect of those reconciling items is equal to or greater than 5% of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income/loss by the applicable statutory income tax rate. In addition, entities are required to disclose the year-to-date amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by jurisdictions. This ASU is effective for the Company for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of these amendments on its consolidated financial statements disclosures.
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosure (Subtopic 220-40), Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires disclosure of disaggregated information about certain expense captions presented in the consolidated statements of income as well as disclosure about selling expense. The effective date for this update was amended by ASU 2025-01 Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date, and is now effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. It could be applied either prospectively or retrospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of these amendments on its consolidated financial statement disclosures.
NOTE 3 - REVENUE
Revenue from fees is comprised of Network AI fees and Contract fees. Network AI fees can be further broken down into two fee streams: AI integration fees and capital markets execution fees. AI integration fees are earned for the creation and delivery of assets that comprise Network Volume. The Company utilizes multiple funding channels to enable the purchase of network assets from Partners, such as asset backed securitizations (“ABS”), pass-through and forward flow transactions. Capital markets execution fees are earned from the market pricing of ABS transactions while contract fees are management, performance and similar fees. These fees are the result of agreements with customers and are recognized in accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Codification 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (“ASC 606”).
Revenue is recognized in accordance with ASC 606 with revenue recorded on a gross basis when the Company is a principal in the transaction with customers, and recorded on a net basis when the Company is acting as an agent on behalf of another. The Company generally recognizes revenue on a gross basis because the Company is primarily responsible for integrating the various services fulfilled by Partners and is ultimately responsible to the Financing Vehicles for the fulfillment of the related services. To the extent the Company does not meet the criteria for recognizing revenue on a gross basis, the Company records revenue on a net basis.
Network AI Fees
Network AI fees, comprised of AI integration fees and capital markets execution fees, totaled $253.4 million and $215.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company recognizes Network AI fees primarily at a point in time when the related performance obligation is satisfied and the payment term is generally 30 days. From time to time the Company may provide certain incentives to Financing Vehicles. When the Company determines that an incentive is consideration payable, which is not in exchange for distinct goods or services, to a customer, the incentive is recorded as a reduction of revenue. Expenses to third parties for services that are integrated with the Company’s technology are recorded in the consolidated statements of income as Production Costs.
Contract Fees
Contract fees include administration and management fees, performances fees, and servicing fees. Contract fees totaled $29.3 million and $21.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. All of these fees are recognized over the service period for the Financing Vehicles managed or administered by the Company and the payment term is monthly as a fixed percentage of the entity’s assets, except for the portion of management fees that are recognized at the point in time based on contract terms.
Performance fees are earned when certain Fund Financing Vehicles exceed contractual return thresholds. They are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. An estimate is made by the Company based on a variety of factors including market conditions and expected loan performance. In the following period, the true performance is measured and then adjusted to ensure that the fees accurately represent actual performance of Financing Vehicles. As such, there are revenues that result from performance obligations satisfied in the previous year. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, $0.6 million worth of fees represent performance obligations satisfied in
9
the previous year that were less than the original estimate. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, $3.3 million worth of fees represent performance obligations satisfied in the previous year that were greater than the original estimate.
Servicing fees for the Financing Vehicles, which primarily involve collecting payments and providing reporting on the loans within the securitization vehicles, are recognized over the service period and payment is received monthly from the Financing Vehicles. These duties have been considered to be agent responsibilities and does not include acting as a loan servicer. Accordingly, servicing fees are recorded on a net basis.
Total Revenue From Fees
The Company determines its contracts generally to not include a significant financing component since the Company's selling prices are not subjected to billing terms nor is its purpose to receive financing from its customers or to provide customers with financing. In addition, as a practical expedient, the Company does not adjust the transaction price for the effects of a significant financing component if, at contract inception, the period between payment and the transfer of services is expected to be one year or less.
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Services transferred at a point in time | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Services transferred over time | |||||||||||
| Total revenue from fees, net | $ | $ | |||||||||
The Company had no material contract assets, contract liabilities, or deferred contract costs recorded as of March 31, 2025 or December 31, 2024.
Concentrations of Credit Risk and Significant Customers
Financial instruments, which potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk, consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and fees receivable. Cash and cash equivalents are principally maintained with major financial institutions, which management assesses to be of high credit quality. The Company has not experienced any losses on these deposits.
The Company’s fees receivable balances are predominantly with agreements with customers, and these are subject to normal credit risks which management believes to be not significant.
Significant customers are those which represent 10% or more of the Company’s total revenue for each respective period presented. Two related parties, individually represented greater than 10% of total revenue and collectively totaled approximately 35 % for three months ended March 31, 2025. Four customers, including three related parties, individually represented greater than 10% of total revenue and collectively totaled approximately 57 % for the three months ended March 31, 2024.
NOTE 4 - BORROWINGS
The following table sets forth the the Company’s outstanding borrowings, inclusive of current and non-current portions, as of the date indicated (in thousands):
| March 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||
Secured borrowings | $ | $ | |||||||||
Long-term debt | $ | $ | |||||||||
Exchangeable notes | $ | $ | |||||||||
The Company was in compliance with all covenants as of March 31, 2025.
10
Secured Borrowings
Risk Retention Master Repurchase
In normal course of business, the Company, through consolidated VIEs, enters into repurchase agreements to finance the Company’s risk retention balance in notes and certificates retained from securitization transactions. Under these agreements, the Company pledges financial instruments as collateral. These agreements with counterparties generally contain contractual provisions allowing the counterparty the right to sell or repledge the collateral. Pledged securities owned that can be sold or repledge by the counterparty are included in Investments in loans and securities in the Company’s balance sheet. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the outstanding principal balance under the repurchase agreements was $153.7 million and $144.0 million, respectively, which is recorded within secured borrowing on the consolidated balance sheet, with a weighted average interest rate of approximately fifteen percent. The average remaining contractual maturities of the repurchase agreements were greater than 90
Receivables Facility
In October 2022, Pagaya Receivables LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary, entered into a Loan and Security Agreement (the “LSA Agreement”) with certain lenders, which provides for a 3-year loan facility (the “Receivables Facility”) in a maximum principal amount of $22 million to finance certain eligible receivables purchased from sponsored securitization transactions. In June 2023, the Company amended the agreement and increased the maximum principal amount by $10 million to $32 million. In June 2024, the Company amended the agreement pursuant to which the maximum principal amount was increased from $32 million to $45 million and the term was extended until June 2026. Borrowings under the Receivables Facility bear interest at a rate per annum equal to the adjusted term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (subject to a 0.00 % floor) plus a margin of 3.50 %, and the balance is repaid using cash proceeds received from the receivables. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the outstanding principal balance under the Receivables Facility was $25.1 million and $31.9 million, respectively, which is recorded within secured borrowing on the consolidated balance sheet.
Long-Term Debt
On February 2, 2024, the Company entered into a certain Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) which provides for a 5-year senior secured revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) in an initial principal amount of $25 million, which subsequently increased to $35 million, and a 5 year senior secured term loan facility (the “Term Loan Facility,” and together with the Revolving Credit Facility, the “Facilities”) in an initial principal amount of $255 million.
In November 2024, the Company entered into Amendment No. 2 (the “Amendment”) to the Credit Agreement. Pursuant to the Amendment, the Company incurred incremental term loans in an aggregate principal amount $100 million, bringing the total principal amount of the Term Loan Facility to $355 million. The Company also increased an aggregate principal amount of the Revolving Credit Facility of $15 million, bringing the total principal amount of the Revolving Credit Facility to $50 million. In February 2025, the Company further increased the aggregate principal amount of the Revolving Credit Facility by $8 million, resulting in a total principal amount of $58 million.
No amortization payments are required to be made in respect of borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility. Amortization payments are required to be made in respect of the term loans under the Term Loan Facility in amount of 1.25 % per quarter of the original principal amount of the term loans under the Term Loan Facility.
Borrowings under the Facilities bear interest at a rate per annum equal to, at the Company’s option, (i) a base rate (determined based on the prime rate and subject to a 2.00 % floor) plus a margin of 6.50 % or (ii) an adjusted term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (subject to a 1.00 % floor) plus a margin of 7.50 %. A commitment fee accrues on any unused portion of the commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility at a rate per annum of 0.25 % and is payable quarterly in arrears. Accrued interest of $2.5 million and $2.8 million was recorded within accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
As of March 31, 2025, the Company had an outstanding balance of $317.9 million, which is recorded within long-term debt on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet, and its aggregate future maturities consists of the following (in thousands):
11
March 31, 2025 | |||||
2025 | $ | ||||
2026 | |||||
2027 | |||||
2028 | |||||
2029 | |||||
| Total | |||||
| Debt issuance costs | ( | ||||
| Total long-term debt, net of debt issuance costs | $ | ||||
As of March 31, 2025, the Company had letters of credit issued in the amount of $24.7 million, and $33.3 million of remaining capacity available under the Revolving Credit Facility.
As of December 31, 2024, the Company had letters of credit issued in the amount of $24.3 million, with $25.7 million of remaining capacity available under the Revolving Credit Facility.
Exchangeable Senior Notes
On October 1, 2024, the Company, through a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, issued $160 million aggregate principal amount of its 6.125 % Exchangeable Senior Notes (“Notes”) due 2029. The issuance was in connection with a purchase agreement dated September 26, 2024, with certain initial purchasers. The Notes bear interest at a rate of 6.125 % per annum, payable semiannually in arrears on April 1 and October 1 of each year, beginning April 1, 2025. The Notes will mature on October 1, 2029, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed, or exchanged.
The Company accounted for the issuance of the Notes as a single liability at par as the conversion feature does not require bifurcation as a derivative under ASC 815 and the Notes were not issued at a substantial premium. Debt issuance costs related to the Notes totaled $6.2 million and consisted of underwriting fees and third-party offering costs, which are amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the contractual term. The Company recorded $3.0 million of interest expense, including $0.6 million of amortization of debt issuance costs, three months ended March 31, 2025. The effective interest rate of the Notes is 8.7 %.
NOTE 5 - INVESTMENTS
Investments in Loans and Securities
The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, allowance for credit losses, and fair value of investments in loans and securities as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands). As provided in Note 6, a portion of these investments in loans and securities are consolidated as a result of the Company’s determination that it is the primary beneficiary of certain VIEs.
As of March 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investments in loans and securities, available for sale(1): | Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Allowance for Credit Losses | Fair Value | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Securitization notes | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Securitization certificates | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other loans and receivables | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) Includes accrued interest receivable of $16.1 million.
12
As of December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investments in loans and securities, available for sale(2): | Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Allowance for Credit Losses | Fair Value | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Securitization notes | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Securitization certificates | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other loans and receivables | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
(2) Includes accrued interest receivable of $14.3 million, previously reported within “Fee and other receivables” as of December 31, 2024, has been reclassified to conform to the current period’s presentation.
The following tables set forth the fair value and gross unrealized losses on investments in loans and securities without an allowance for credit losses aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities had been in a continuous unrealized loss position, as of the dates indicated (in thousands):
As of March 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less than or equal to 1 year | Greater than 1 year | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investments in loans and securities, available for sale: | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Securitization notes | $ | $ | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Securitization certificates | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other loans and receivables | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
As of December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less than or equal to 1 year | Greater than 1 year | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investments in loans and securities, available for sale: | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Losses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Securitization notes | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ( | $ | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The following table sets forth the amortized cost and fair value of investments in loans and securities by contractual maturities, as of the date indicated (in thousands):
As of March 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Within 1 year | Greater than 1 year, less than or equal to 5 years | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investments in loans and securities, available for sale: | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Securitization notes | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Securitization certificates | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other loans and receivables | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total (1) | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
13
As of December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Within 1 year | Greater than 1 year, less than or equal to 5 years | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Investments in loans and securities, available for sale (2): | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Securitization notes | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Securitization certificates | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other loans and receivables | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total (1) | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) Based on expected maturity date cash flows.
(2) Includes accrued interest receivable of $14.3 million, previously reported within “Fee and other receivables” as of December 31, 2024, has been reclassified to conform to the current period’s presentation.
The following table sets forth gross proceeds and related investment gains (losses), as well as losses on write-downs and the allowance for credit losses of securities, for the periods indicated (in thousands):
Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Investments in loans and securities, available for sale: | |||||||||||
| Proceeds from sales/maturities/prepayments | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Gross investment gains from sales and maturities | $ | ( | $ | ||||||||
| Write-offs charged against the allowance | $ | $ | |||||||||
Reductions (additions) to allowance for credit losses | $ | $ | ( | ||||||||
The following tables set forth the activity in the allowance for credit losses for investments in loans and securities, as of the dates indicated (in thousands):
Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Securitization notes | Securitization certificates | Other Loans and Receivables | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, beginning of period | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Additions to allowance for credit losses not previously recorded | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Reductions for securities sold during the period | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Additions (reductions) on securities with previous allowance | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Write-offs charged against the allowance | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, end of period | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||||||||||
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Securitization notes | Securitization certificates | Other Loans and Receivables | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, beginning of period | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||
| Additions to allowance for credit losses not previously recorded | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||
Additions to the allowance for credit losses arising from purchases | ( | ( | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Additions (reductions) on securities with previous allowance | ( | ( | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Write-offs charged against the allowance | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, end of period | $ | $ | ( | $ | ( | $ | ( | ||||||||||||||||
14
Equity Method and Other Investments
The following investments, including those accounted for under the equity method, are included within Equity method and other investments in the consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):
| Carrying Value | |||||||||||
| March 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||
| Investments in Pagaya SmartResi F1 Fund, LP (1) | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Other (2) | |||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | |||||||||
(1) The Company owns approximately 5.4
NOTE 6 - CONSOLIDATION AND VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES
The Company has variable interests in securitization vehicles that it sponsors. The Company consolidates VIEs when it is deemed to be the primary beneficiary. In order to be primary beneficiary, the Company must have a controlling financial interest in the VIE. This is determined by evaluating if the Company has both (1) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, and (2) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant.
Consolidated VIEs
As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company has determined that it is the primary beneficiary of Pagaya Structured Holdings LLC, Pagaya Structured Holdings II LLC, and Pagaya Structured Holding III LLC (“Risk Retention Entities”). As sponsor of securitization transactions, the Company is subject to risk retention requirements and established the Risk Retention Entities to meet these requirements.
Below is a summary of assets and liabilities from the Company’s involvement with consolidated VIEs (i.e., Risk Retention Entities) (in thousands):
| Assets | Liabilities | Net Assets | |||||||||||||||
As of March 31, 2025 | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
As of December 31, 2024 | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
Unconsolidated VIEs
The Company determined that it is not the primary beneficiary of the trusts which hold the loans and issue securities associated with the securitization transactions the Company sponsors. The Company does not have the power to direct or control the activities which most significantly affect the performance of the trusts, which was determined to be servicing loans.
The Company’s maximum exposure to loss from its involvement with unconsolidated VIEs represents the estimated loss that would be incurred under severe, hypothetical circumstances, for which the Company believes the possibility is remote, such as where the value of securitization notes and senior and residual certificates the Company holds as part of the risk retention requirement declines to zero.
Below is a summary of the Company’s direct interest in (i.e., not held through Risk Retention Entities) variable interests in nonconsolidated VIEs (in thousands):
| Carrying Amount | Maximum Exposure to Loss | VIE Assets | |||||||||||||||
As of March 31, 2025 | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
As of December 31, 2024 | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||
15
NOTE 7 - LEASES
The Company leases facilities under operating leases with various expiration dates through 2032. The Company leases office space in New York, Israel and several other locations.
The security deposits for the leases are $2.9 million and $3.3 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, which have been recognized as restricted cash, non-current in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.
The Company’s operating lease expense consists of rent and variable lease payments. Variable lease payments such as common area maintenance were included in operating expenses. Rent expense for the Company’s short-term leases was immaterial for the periods presented. Operating lease expense was as follows (in thousands):
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Rent expense | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Variable lease payments | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Sublease income (1) | $ | $ | |||||||||
(1) The Company entered into sublease agreements for certain leased office space, and the amounts were included in other expense, net in the consolidated statements of income. For three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company recognized $0 and $0.4 million of the sublease impairment loss, respectively.
Supplemental information related to the Company’s operating leases was as follows ($ in thousands):
| March 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | ||||||||||
| Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years) | |||||||||||
| Weighted-average discount rate | % | % | |||||||||
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Operating lease right-of-use assets recognized in exchange for new operating lease obligations (1) | $ | $ | ( | ||||||||
Maturities of the Company’s operating lease liabilities as of March 31, 2025 were as follows (in thousands):
| 2025 | $ | ||||
| 2026 | |||||
| 2027 | |||||
| 2028 | |||||
| 2029 | |||||
| Thereafter | |||||
| Total | |||||
| Less: imputed interest | ( | ||||
| Total operating lease liabilities | $ | ||||
16
NOTE 8 - COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Legal Proceedings — From time to time the Company is subject to legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business. The results of such matters often cannot be predicted with certainty. In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, the Company establishes an accrued liability for legal proceeding and claims when those matters present loss contingencies which are both probable and reasonably estimable. All such liabilities arising from current legal matters, to the extent such matters existed, have been recorded in accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated statements of balance sheets and these matters are immaterial.
Contractual Obligations and Commitments — During 2023, the Company entered into a purchase commitment with our third-party cloud computing web services provider, which included an annual purchase commitment of $8.5 million for the period from October 2023 through September 2025. As of March 31, 2025, the total remaining contractual obligations are approximately $2.4 million, all of which is for the next 12 months. The Company may pay more than the minimum purchase commitment based on usage.
In October 2024, the Company completed the acquisition of Theorem Technology, Inc. (“Theorem”), a Silicon Valley-based institutional asset manager focused exclusively on the consumer credit space, managing assets for global institutional investors since its founding in 2014. The Company acquired 100 % of Theorem’s equity for approximately $17.5 million, consisting of $10.0 million cash and 504,440 of the Company’s Class A Ordinary Shares ($7.5 million worth as of the closing date), with an additional contingent consideration based on achievement of certain performance objectives defined in the purchase agreement. The Company established contingent consideration liability is reported at fair value, which is determined based on the present value of an expected payment under the arrangement, using an option pricing model based on a number of assumptions, including certain unobservable assumptions discounted at an estimated market interest rate. The fair value of the liability is updated each reporting period, with changes in fair value reported within “Other expenses, net.” The fair value of the contingent consideration liability was $2.9 million as of March 31, 2025.
Guarantees and Indemnifications — In the ordinary course of business, the Company may provide indemnifications or loss guarantees of varying scope and terms to customers and other third parties with respect to certain matters, including, but not limited to, losses arising out of breach of such agreements, services to be provided by the Company or from intellectual property infringement claims made by third parties. These indemnifications may survive termination of the underlying agreement and the maximum potential amount of future indemnification payments may not be subject to a cap. As of March 31, 2025, there have been no known events or circumstances that have resulted in a material indemnification liability and the Company did not incur material costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnifications. For certain contracts meeting the definition of a guarantee or a derivative, the guarantor must recognize, at inception and each reporting period, a liability for the fair value of the obligation undertaken in issuing the guarantee. In addition, the guarantor must disclose the maximum potential amount of future payments that the guarantor could be required to make under the guarantee, if there were a default by the guaranteed parties. The determination of the maximum potential future payments is based on the notional amount of the guarantees without consideration of possible recoveries under recourse provisions or from collateral held or pledged. As of March 31, 2025, the unfunded maximum potential amount of undiscounted future payments the Company could be required to make under these guarantees totaled $60.3 million. Additionally, in accordance with the guarantee contracts, the Company is required to fund segregated cash balances to provide protection in the event the Company is not able to meet its contractual commitments. As of March 31, 2025, $39.8 million has been segregated and recognized within restricted cash in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet in accordance with these contractual requirements.
NOTE 9 - TRANSACTIONS WITH RELATED PARTIES
In the ordinary course of business, the Company may enter into transactions with directors, principal officers, their immediate families, and affiliated companies in which they are principal shareholders (commonly referred to as related parties). In addition, the Company has transactions with the securitization vehicles and other Financing Vehicles, which are also related parties.
As of March 31, 2025, the total fee receivables from related parties are $90.7 million, which consist of $65.2 million from securitization vehicles and $25.6 million from other Financing Vehicles. As of December 31, 2024, the total fee receivables from related parties are $99.4 million, which consists of $79.0 million from securitization vehicles and $20.4 million from other Financing Vehicles.
As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, prepaid expenses and other assets include amounts due from related parties of $15.7 million and $15.2 million, respectively, all of which were attributable to Financing Vehicles.
17
For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the total revenue from related parties is $167.9 million, which consists of $159.1 million from securitization vehicles and $8.8 million from other Financing Vehicles. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the total revenue from related parties is $178.5 million, which consists of $162.6 million from securitization vehicles and $15.9 million from other Financing Vehicles.
NOTE 10 - FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT
FASB ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures” (“ASC 820”), defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value under generally accepted accounting principles, and requires certain disclosures about fair value measurements. In general, fair values of financial instruments are based upon quoted market prices, when available. If such quoted market prices are not available, fair value is based upon models that use, as inputs, observable market-based parameters to the greatest extent possible.
Financial Assets and Liabilities Recorded at Fair Value
The following table presents information about the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation inputs the Company utilized to determine such fair value (in thousands):
March 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Investments in loans and securities (Notes) | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
Investments in loans and securities (Certificates and Other loans) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Liabilities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Warrant liability | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Contingent consideration liability (1) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Investments in loans and securities (Notes) (2) | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
Investments in loans and securities (Certificates and Other loans) (2) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Liabilities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Warrant liability | $ | $ | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Contingent consideration liability (1) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) Included in “Accrued expenses and other liabilities” in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. See Note 8 for additional information.
(2) Accrued interest receivable of $14.3 million, previously reported within “Fee and other receivables” as of December 31, 2024, has been reclassified to conform to the current period’s presentation.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis (Level 1 and 2)
Warrant liability (Level 1 and 2)
18
The Company used the value of the Public Warrants (Level 1) as an approximation of the value of the Private Warrants as they are substantially similar to the Public Warrants, but not directly traded or quoted on an active market.
The following tables summarize the Warrant liability activity for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):
| Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 | |||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2024 | $ | ||||
| Change in fair value | |||||
| Balance as of March 31, 2025 | $ | ||||
| Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 | |||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2023 | $ | ||||
| Change in fair value | ( | ||||
| Balance as of March 31, 2024 | $ | ||||
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis (Level 3)
Investments in Loans and Securities Available for Sale (Level 3)
As of March 31, 2025, the Company held investments in loans and securities classified as available for sale. These assets are measured at fair value using a discounted cash flow model, and presented within investments in loans and securities on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the fair value, other than declines in fair value due to credit, are reflected in other comprehensive income (loss) on the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. Declines in fair value due to credit are reflected in other expenses, net on the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income.
The following tables summarize the activity related to the fair value of the investments in loans and securities available for sale (Level 3 only) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Balance, beginning of period | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Transfer from Level 2 | |||||||||||
| Additions | |||||||||||
| Cash received | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Gain on sale of Investments in loans and securities | |||||||||||
| Change in accrued interest on investments | |||||||||||
| Change in fair value (OCI) | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Credit-related impairment loss, net of recoveries | ( | ( | |||||||||
| Balance, end of period | $ | $ | |||||||||
Significant unobservable inputs used for our Level 3 fair value measurement of the loans and securities and credit losses are the discount rate, loss rate, and prepayment rate and consideration of any optional redemption features in our investment securities. Significant increases or decreases in any of the inputs in isolation could result in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement.
The following tables present quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used for our Level 3 fair value measurement of the loans and securities as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:
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March 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Unobservable Input | Minimum | Maximum | Weighted Average | Minimum | Maximum | Weighted Average | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Discount rate | % | % | % | % | % | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loss rate | % | % | % | % | % | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prepayment rate | % | % | % | % | % | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Financial Assets and Liabilities Not Recorded at Fair Value
The Company believes that the carrying amount of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, fees and other receivables, accounts payables and other current liabilities approximate their fair value due to the short-term maturities of these instruments.
The below tables contain information about assets that are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (in thousands):
March 31, 2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Carrying Value | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fees and other receivables | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liabilities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Long-term debt | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Exchangeable notes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Secured borrowing | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Carrying Value | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fees and other receivables (1) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Liabilities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Long-term debt | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Exchangeable notes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Secured borrowing | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) Accrued interest receivable of $14.3 million, previously reported within “Fee and other receivables” as of December 31, 2024, has been reclassified to “Investment in loans and securities” to conform to the current period’s presentation.
NOTE 11 - ORDINARY SHARES AND ORDINARY SHARE WARRANTS
As of March 31, 2025, 839,999,998 shares with no par value are authorized, of which, 6,666,666 shares are designated as Preferred Shares, 666,666,666 shares are designated as Class A Ordinary Shares, and 166,666,666 shares are designated as Class B Ordinary Shares. As of March 31, 2025, the Company had 5,000,000 Preferred Shares outstanding, 62,778,642 Class A Ordinary Shares outstanding and 12,652,310 Class B Ordinary Shares outstanding.
The rights of the holders of each class of Ordinary Shares are identical, except with respect to voting. Each Class A Ordinary Share is entitled to one vote per share. Each Class B Ordinary Share is entitled to 10 votes per share. Class B Ordinary Shares
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may be converted at any time at the option of the stockholder and automatically convert upon sale or transfer to a Class A Ordinary Share.
As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had reserved ordinary shares for future issuance as follows:
March 31, 2025 | December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||
| Share options | ||||||||||||||
| Options to restricted shares | ||||||||||||||
| RSUs | ||||||||||||||
| Ordinary share warrants | ||||||||||||||
| Redeemable convertible preferred shares | ||||||||||||||
| Exchangeable notes | ||||||||||||||
| Shares available for future grant of equity awards(1) | ||||||||||||||
| Shares reserved for issuance under the ESPP | ||||||||||||||
| Total shares of ordinary share reserved | ||||||||||||||
Ordinary Share Warrants
The Company has accounted for the ordinary share warrants as equity-classified warrants as they met the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the ordinary share warrants are indexed to the Company’s own ordinary shares. For warrants that do not meet all the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are recorded at their initial fair value on the date of issuance and remeasured each balance sheet date thereafter. Changes in the estimated fair value of the liability-classified warrants are recognized as a non-cash other income or expense in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income.
As of March 31, 2025, there were 433,942 warrants expiring in March 2031 with an exercise price of $0.00006 per share, 192,900 warrants expiring in June 2030 with an exercise price of $0.0006 per share, 220,000 warrants expiring in March 2032 with an exercise price of $0.12 per share, 523,854 warrants expiring in September 2034 with an exercise price of $0.01 per share, and 1,229,166 warrants expiring in June 2027 (consisting of the Public Warrants) with an exercise price of $138 per share to purchase one Class A Ordinary Share.
Ordinary Shares Purchase Agreement
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, 298,057 shares were issued under the Equity Financing Purchase Agreement for net proceeds of $5.2 million, and related fee of $0.2 million was expensed. On September 25, 2024, the Company terminated the Equity Financing Purchase Agreement.
Ordinary Share Offering
On March 13, 2024, the Company priced an offering of 7,500,000 of its Class A Ordinary Shares, no par value, pursuant to an underwriting agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”) with Citigroup Global Markets Inc. and Jefferies LLC as representatives of the several underwriters. The proceeds from the offer and sale of the securities are approximately $90.0 million, after deducting the underwriting discount and fees and offering expenses payable by the Company.
NOTE 12 - SHARE BASED COMPENSATION
Share Options—Granted share options expire at the earlier of termination of employment or ten years from the date of grant. Share options generally vest over four years of the employment commencement date or with 25 % vesting on the twelve-month anniversary of the employment commencement date, and the remaining on a pro-rata basis each quarter over the next three years . Any options, which are forfeited or not exercised before expiration, become available for future grants.
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The following table summarized the Company’s share option activity during the three months ended March 31, 2025:
| Number of Options | Weighted Average Exercise Price | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (000’s) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, December 31, 2024 | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Granted | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercised | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Forfeited | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, March 31, 2025 | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Vested and exercisable, March 31, 2025 | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised was approximately $1.7 million and $0.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The total grant date fair value of share options vested for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, was $1.5 million and $7.1 million, respectively.
The assumptions used to estimate the fair value of share options granted for the three months ended March 31, 2025 were as follows:
| Expected volatility | % | ||||
| Expected term (in years) | |||||
| Risk free interest | % | ||||
| Dividend yield | % | ||||
As of March 31, 2025, unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested share options was approximately $14.5 million, which is expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted-average period of 1.1 years.
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)—RSUs generally vest over two years of the employment commencement date with 50 % vesting on the twelve-month anniversary of the employment commencement date, and the remaining on a pro-rata basis each quarter over the remaining twelve months . Unvested RSUs are forfeited at termination of employment. Any RSUs, which are forfeited become available for future grants.
The following table summarized the Company’s RSU activity during the three months ended March 31, 2025:
| Number of RSUs | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share | ||||||||||
Unvested at December 31, 2024 | $ | ||||||||||
| Granted | |||||||||||
| Vested | ( | ||||||||||
| Forfeited | ( | ||||||||||
Unvested at March 31, 2025 | $ | ||||||||||
As of March 31, 2025, unrecognized compensation expense related to RSUs was approximately $
Options to Restricted Shares—Options to restricted shares were granted to certain employees and directors during 2021. See Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.
The following table summarized the Company’s options to restricted shares activity during the three months ended March 31, 2025:
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| Number of Options | Weighted Average Exercise Price | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (000’s) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, December 31, 2024 | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Granted | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercised | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Forfeited | ( | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance, March 31, 2025 | $ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vested and exercisable, March 31, 2025 | $ | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
At March 31, 2025, unrecognized compensation expense related to options to restricted shares was approximately $9.3 million, which is expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted-average period of 1.3 years.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan—The Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) allows eligible employees to purchase shares of our Class A Ordinary Shares at a discounted price, normally through payroll deductions, subject to the terms of the ESPP and applicable law. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, 55,876 776,837 shares of Class A Ordinary Shares were reserved for issuance under the ESPP. Compensation expense related to the ESPP was $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025.
Share-Based Compensation Expense
The following table presents the components and classification of share-based compensation for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Technology, data and product development | $ | $ | |||||||||
| Selling and marketing | |||||||||||
| General and administrative | |||||||||||
| Total | $ | $ | |||||||||
NOTE 13 - INCOME TAXES
Corporate Income Tax
Ordinary taxable income in Israel is subject to a corporate tax rate of 23%. However, the Company has received an approval from the Israeli Tax authorities for Preferred Technological Enterprise (“PTE”) status and received approval on November 18, 2021. The Company is eligible for PTE status which is implemented commencing 2020. Income from a PTE is subject to 12% tax rate. The Company is currently in the process of obtaining a renewal of its PTE status.
Foreign Exchange Regulations in Israel
Under the Foreign Exchange Regulations, the Company calculates its tax liability in U.S. Dollars according to certain orders. The tax liability, as calculated in U.S. Dollars is translated into NIS according to the exchange rate as of December 31st of each year.
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Non-Israeli subsidiaries are taxed according to the tax laws in their respective countries of residence.
The Company’s effective tax rates for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 are as follows (in thousands):
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Loss before income taxes | $ | ( | $ | ( | |||||||
| Income tax (benefit) expense | ( | ||||||||||
| Effective tax rate | NM | NM | |||||||||
NM: Not Meaningful
The Company’s tax rate is affected by recurring items, such as tax rates in foreign jurisdictions and the relative amounts of income the Company earns in those jurisdictions. The change in the effective tax rate was primarily due to discrete tax expenses related to a change in uncertain tax positions in the three months ended March 31, 2025. The difference between the effective tax rate and the statuary tax rate mainly related to valuation allowance in Israel, tax expenses in the United States, and a change in uncertain tax positions.
The Company regularly assesses the need for a valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets. In making that assessment, the Company considers both positive and negative evidence related to the likelihood of realization of the deferred tax assets to determine, based on the weight of available evidence, whether it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
NOTE 14 - EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE
The following tables set forth the calculation of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share attributable to ordinary shareholders for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands, except share and per share data):
| Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 | |||||
| Basic EPS: | |||||
| Numerator: | |||||
| Net income | $ | ||||
| Less: Undistributed earnings allocated to preferred shares | |||||
| Net income attributable to Pagaya Technologies Ltd. ordinary shareholders, basic | $ | ||||
| Denominator: | |||||
| Weighted average shares used for earnings per ordinary share, basic | |||||
| Earnings per share attributable to ordinary shareholders, basic | $ | ||||
| Diluted EPS: | |||||
| Numerator: | |||||
| Net income attributable to Pagaya Technologies Ltd. ordinary shareholders, diluted | $ | ||||
| Denominator: | |||||
| Shares used in computation of basic earnings per share | |||||
| Ordinary share warrants | |||||
| Unvested RSUs | |||||
| Ordinary shares upon employee stock purchase plan | |||||
| Weighted average shares used for earnings per ordinary share, diluted | |||||
| Earnings per share attributable to ordinary shareholders, diluted | $ | ||||
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| Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 | |||||
| Numerator: | |||||
| Net loss attributable to Pagaya Technologies Ltd. ordinary shareholders, basic and diluted | $ | ( | |||
| Denominator: | |||||
| Weighted average shares used for net loss per ordinary share, basic and diluted | |||||
| Net loss per share attributable to ordinary shareholders, basic and diluted | $ | ( | |||
EPS for Class B ordinary shares is not presented separately, as under the two-class method, the EPS for Class A and Class B shares are the same.
The following potentially dilutive outstanding securities as of March 31, 2025 and 2024 were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings (loss) per share because their effect would have been anti-dilutive for the periods:
| March 31, | ||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||
| Share options | ||||||||||||||
| Options to restricted shares | ||||||||||||||
| RSUs | ||||||||||||||
| Ordinary share warrants | ||||||||||||||
Exchangeable notes(1) | ||||||||||||||
| Net potential dilutive outstanding securities | ||||||||||||||
(1) For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the potential shares from exchangeable notes were excluded from the diluted EPS calculation as the incremental interest expense, net of tax, and the related shares would not be dilutive under the if-converted method.
NOTE 15 - SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
The Company evaluated subsequent events from the balance sheet date through the date that the condensed consolidated financial statements were available to be issued and did not identify any subsequent events that would require adjustment or disclosure in the condensed consolidated financial statements.
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Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with the unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (“Form 10-Q”) and our audited annual consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 12, 2025 (“our Annual Report on Form 10-K”). Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. As a result of many factors, including those factors set forth in the “Risk Factors” section of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, our actual results could differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis. In this section “we,” “us,” “our” and “Pagaya” refer to Pagaya Technologies Ltd.
Company Overview
Pagaya’s mission is to deliver more financial opportunity to more people, more often. We believe our mission will be accomplished by becoming the trusted lending technology partner for the consumer finance ecosystem, with an expansive product suite (the fee-generating side of our business) fueled by effective and efficient capital and risk management (the capital efficiency side of our business). Both sides of our business working harmoniously to meet the complex needs of the leading financial institutions.
We are a product-focused technology company that deploys sophisticated data science and proprietary, AI-powered technology to enable better outcomes for financial institutions, their existing and potential customers, and institutional or sophisticated investors.
We have built, and we are continuing to scale, a leading AI and data network for the benefit of financial services and other service providers, their customers, and investors. Services providers integrated in our network, which we refer to as our ‘‘Partners,’’ range from high-growth financial technology companies to incumbent banks and financial institutions. We believe Partners benefit from our network to extend financial products to their customers, in turn helping those customers fulfill their financial needs. These assets originated by Partners with the assistance of Pagaya’s AI technology are eligible to be acquired by Financing Vehicles: (i) funds managed or advised by Pagaya or one of its affiliates, (ii) securitization vehicles sponsored or administered by Pagaya or one of its affiliates and (iii) other similar vehicles (“Financing Vehicles”).
In recent years, investments in digitization have improved the front-end delivery of financial products, upgrading customer experience and convenience. Notwithstanding these advances, we believe underlying approaches to the determination of creditworthiness for financial products are often outdated and overly manual. In our experience, providers of financial services tend to utilize a limited number of factors to make decisions, operate with siloed technology infrastructure and have data limited to their own experience. As a result, we believe financial services providers approve a smaller proportion of their application volume than is possible with the benefit of modern technology, such as our AI technology and data network.
At our core, we are a technology company that deploys data science and technology to drive better results across the financial ecosystem. We believe our solution drives a “win-win-win” for Partners, their customers and potential customers, and investors. First, by utilizing our network, Partners are able to approve more customer applications, which we believe drives superior revenue growth, enhanced brand affinity, opportunities to promote other financial products and decreased unit-level customer acquisition costs. Partners realize these benefits with limited incremental risk or funding requirements. Second, Partners’ customers benefit from enhanced and more convenient access to financial products. Third, investors benefit through gaining exposure to these assets originated by Partners with the assistance of our AI technology and acquired by the Financing Vehicles through our network.
Emerging Growth Company Status
We qualify as an “emerging growth company,” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”). As such, we are eligible to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies,” including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. If some investors find our securities less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our securities and the prices of our securities may be more volatile.
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Further, Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. We have elected not to opt out of such extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of our financial statements with certain other public companies difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.
We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of: (i) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of June 22, 2022, or (b) in which we have an annual total gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our ordinary equity that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of the second fiscal quarter of such fiscal year; or (ii) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period. References herein to “emerging growth company” have the meaning associated with it in the JOBS Act.
Foreign Private Issuer Exemptions
We are technically a “foreign private issuer” under U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission rules. Consequently, we are subject to the reporting requirements under the Exchange Act applicable to foreign private issuers. That said, as previously disclosed on January 16, 2024, we have decided to voluntarily file on U.S. domestic issuer forms with the SEC beginning in 2024. Since then, the Company has been filing its quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and its annual reports on Form 10-K, and will no longer report on forms 20-F and 6-K. In addition, the Company intends to comply with Regulation FD and the SEC’s proxy rules, and the Company's officers, directors, and 10% shareholders will now also begin reporting on Forms 3, 4 and 5, as applicable.
Nevertheless, since we are a foreign private issuer (“FPI”), we could elect to return to follow FPI reporting requirements, such as not having to file our annual report on Form 20-F until 120 days after the end of each fiscal year and permitting us to furnish reports on Form 6-K to the SEC regarding certain information required to be publicly disclosed by us in Israel or that is distributed or required to be distributed by us to our shareholders. Based on our foreign private issuer status, we are also not required to (i) file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as a U.S. company whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act, (ii) comply with Regulation FD, which addresses certain restrictions on the selective disclosure of material information or (iii) comply with SEC rules relating to proxy solicitation in connection with shareholder meetings and presentation of shareholder proposals. In addition, among other matters, based on our foreign private issuer status, our officers, directors and principal shareholders are technically exempt from the reporting and “short-swing” profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and the rules under the Exchange Act with respect to their purchases and sales of the Ordinary Shares.
Our Economic Model
Pagaya’s revenues are primarily derived from Network Volume. We define Network Volume as the gross dollar value of assets originated by our Partners with the assistance of our artificial intelligence (“AI”) technology1 and, with respect to single-family rental operations, the gross dollar value of services, which may include the value of newly onboarded properties onto our Darwin platform. We generate revenue from network AI fees, contract fees, interest income and investment income. Revenue from fees is comprised of network AI fees and contract fees. Network AI fees can be further broken down into two fee streams: AI integration fees and capital markets execution fees.
We primarily earn AI integration fees for the creation and delivery of the assets that comprise our Network Volume.
Capital markets execution and contract fees are primarily earned from investors. Multiple funding channels are utilized to enable the purchase of network assets from our Partners, such as asset backed securitizations. Capital markets execution fees are primarily earned from the market pricing of ABS transactions while contract fees are management, performance and similar fees.
1 Our proprietary technology uses machine learning models as a subset of artificial intelligence that go through extensive testing, validation, and governance processes before they can be used or modified. The machine learning models are static and do not have the ability to self-correct, self-improve, and/or learn over time. Any change to the models requires human intervention, testing, validation, and governance approvals before a change can be made.
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Additionally, we earn interest income from our risk retention holdings and our corporate cash balances and investment income associated with our ownership interests in certain Financing Vehicles and other proprietary investments.
We incur costs when Network Volume is acquired by the Financing Vehicles. These costs, which we refer to as ‘‘Production Costs,’’ compensate our Partners for acquiring and originating assets. Accordingly, the amount and growth of our Production Costs are highly correlated to Network Volume. An important operating metric to evaluate the success of our economic model, therefore, is FRLPC, or fee revenue less Production Costs.
Additionally, we have built what we believe to be a leading data science and AI organization that has enabled us to assist our Partners as they make decisions to extend credit to consumers or for the identification and purchase, or property management, of single-family rental properties. Excluding Production Costs, headcount, technology overhead and research and development expenses represent the significant portion of our expenses.
Key Factors Affecting Our Performance
Expanded Usage of Our Network by Our Existing Partners
Our AI technology typically enables Partners to convert a larger proportion of their application volume into originated loans, enabling them to expand their ecosystem and generate incremental revenues. Our Partners have historically seen rapid scaling of origination volume on our network shortly after onboarding and the contribution of Pagaya’s network to Partners’ total origination volume tends to increase over time.
Adoption of Our Network by Partners
We devote significant time to, and have a team that focuses on, onboarding and managing Partners to our network. We believe that our success in adding new Partners to our network is driven by our distinctive value proposition: driving significant revenue uplift to our Partners at limited incremental cost or credit risk to the Partner. Our success adding new Partners has contributed to our overall Network Volume growth and driven our ability to rapidly scale new asset classes. In 2024, we expanded our network with several new Partners, including OneMain Financial and Avvance, the point-of-sale leading solution offered by US Bank and Elavon.
Continued Improvements to Our AI Technology
We believe our historical growth has been significantly influenced by improvements to our AI technology, which are in turn driven both by the deepening of our proprietary data network and the strengthening of our AI technology. As our existing Partners grow their usage of our network, new Partners join our network, and as we expand our network into new asset classes, the value of our data asset increases. Our technology improvements thus benefit from a flywheel effect that is characteristic of AI technology, in that improvements are derived from a continually increasing base of training data for our technology. We have found, and we expect to continue to experience, that more data leads to more efficient pricing and greater Network Volume. Since inception, we have evaluated more than $2.7 trillion in application volume.
In addition to the accumulation of data, we make improvements to our technology by leveraging the experience of our research and development specialists. Our research team is central to accelerating the sophistication of our AI technology and expanding into new markets and use cases. We are reliant on these experts’ success in making these improvements to our technology over time.
Availability and Pricing of Funding from Investors
Regardless of market conditions, the availability and pricing of funding from investors is critical to our growth. We have diversified our investor network and will continue to seek to further diversify our investor base. In the three months ended March 31, 2025, our top 5 ABS investors contributed approximately 53% of our total ABS funding compared to 54% in the year ended December 31, 2024.
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Performance of Assets Originated with the Assistance of Our Proprietary Technology
The availability of funding from investors is a function of demand for consumer credit and residential real estate assets, as well as the performance of such assets originated with the assistance of our AI technology and purchased by Financing Vehicles. Our AI technology and data-driven insights are designed to enable relative outperformance versus the broader market. We believe that investors in Financing Vehicles view our AI technology as an important component in delivering assets that meet their investment criteria. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Operations of Our Business” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, which was filed with the SEC on March 12, 2025.
Impact of Macroeconomic Cycles and Global and Regional Conditions
We expect economic cycles to affect our financial performance and related metrics. Macroeconomic conditions, including persistent inflation, elevated interest rates, supply chain constraints, geopolitical tensions, climate-related disruptions, and evolving global conflicts, may affect consumer demand for financial products, our Partners’ ability to generate and convert customer application volume, and the availability and cost of funding from investors through our Financing Vehicles. The war in Israel and Gaza, which escalated following the October 7, 2023, attacks by a terrorist organization primarily based in the Gaza Strip remains a source of uncertainty. While the conflict has not materially disrupted our operations to date, its potential to intensify or expand, coupled with related instability in the Middle East, could adversely impact regional and global economic conditions, energy prices, and investor confidence. Such developments may increase volatility in financial markets, elevate operating costs, or constrain funding availability, potentially affecting our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. We continue to monitor the situation closely, though no significant direct impact has been observed as of the date of this Report. The Russia-Ukraine conflict, ongoing since February 2022, persists with no clear resolution as of early 2025. While we have not experienced material impacts on our business from this conflict, prolonged hostilities or further escalation, such as expanded sanctions, disruptions to energy markets, or broader economic fallout, could exacerbate global inflationary pressures and supply chain challenges. These factors may indirectly influence consumer credit demand, investor appetite for risk assets, and our Network Volume. We assess this risk as manageable but remain vigilant given its potential to contribute to wider economic disruptions.
Macroeconomic pressures, including sustained high interest rates and inflation, continue to shape our operating environment. Central banks, including the Federal Reserve, have maintained elevated rates into 2025 to combat inflationary trends, increasing borrowing costs and potentially straining borrowers’ ability to service debt. This could lead to higher delinquencies, defaults, and charge-offs, reducing investor returns and dampening demand for assets generated on our platform. Inflation, though moderating from its 2022-2023 peak, remains above historical norms, driving up operating costs such as employee compensation, financing expenses, and technology investments. These pressures have been partially offset by operational efficiencies and growth in application volume from our Partners, supporting net growth in Network Volume despite a higher cost of capital. Global supply chain disruptions, exacerbated by geopolitical tensions and extreme weather events linked to climate change, continue to challenge economic stability. These disruptions may indirectly affect our Partners’ ability to serve customers and could increase costs across our network. Meanwhile, the elevated risk-free rate environment has shifted investor preferences, with some favoring safer assets over consumer credit. While our ability to raise funding remains intact, the cost of capital has risen, necessitating adjustments in conversion ratios to meet investor return expectations. Strong Partner application volume has mitigated this impact, sustaining Network Volume growth through 2024 and into early 2025. Adverse developments in the financial sector,
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such as regional bank stresses, liquidity concerns, or prolonged U.S. federal debt ceiling debates, could further complicate our operating landscape. In 2024, isolated bank failures and downgrades sparked temporary market volatility, though our direct exposure remains limited. Should these events escalate into systemic liquidity issues, they could impair our Partners’ and counterparties’ ability to meet obligations, disrupt funding flows, or destabilize financial markets, adversely affecting our performance. Similarly, ongoing trade tensions, particularly between the U.S. and China, and potential tariff escalations could introduce additional uncertainty, though we have not yet seen significant effects on our operations. Economic downturns or prolonged uncertainty may pressure the performance of assets acquired by Financing Vehicles from our network. However, these conditions also provide valuable data to refine our AI technology, enhancing our ability to adapt to shifting market dynamics and deliver value to Partners and investors. Historical events like the COVID-19 pandemic and the current inflationary period have underscored the resilience of our platform, validating its outcomes even amid volatility. For a detailed discussion of uncertainties and other factors that could impact our operating results, see “Risk Factors” section in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, which was filed with the SEC on March 12, 2025.
Key Operating Metric
We collect and analyze operating and financial data of our business to assess our performance, formulate financial projections and make strategic decisions. In addition to total revenues, net operating income (loss), other measures under U.S. GAAP, and certain non-GAAP financial measures (see discussion and reconciliation herein titled “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures”), we consider Network Volume to be a key operating metric we use to evaluate our business. The following table sets forth our Network Volume for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
(in millions) | |||||||||||
| Network Volume | $ | 2,400 | $ | 2,419 | |||||||
Network Volume
We believe the Network Volume metric to be a suitable proxy for our overall scale and reach, as we generate revenue primarily on the basis of Network Volume. In addition, Network Volume directly influences Fee Revenue Less Production Cost (FRLPC), a key non-GAAP measure we use to assess operational efficiency. We believe the growth in Network Volume highlights the scalability of our business, which, in turn, affects our operational leverage and profitability. Network Volume is primarily driven by our relationships with our Partners and SFR Partners. We believe Network Volume has benefited from continuous improvements to our proprietary technology, enabling our network to more effectively identify assets for acquisition by the Financing Vehicles, thereby providing additional investment opportunities to investors. As a result, the expansion of Network Volume provides insights into the effectiveness of our business strategies and the ability to leverage operational efficiencies across different asset classes. Network Volume is comprised of assets across several asset classes, including personal loans, auto loans, residential real estate, and point-of-sale receivables.
Components of Results of Operations
Revenue
We generate revenue from network AI fees, contract fees, interest income and investment income. Network AI fees and contract fees are presented together as Revenue from fees in the consolidated financial statements. Revenue from fees is recognized after applying the five-step model consistent with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Consumers” (“ASC 606”). Revenue from fees is inclusive of network AI fees and contract fees.
Network AI fees. Network AI fees can be further broken down into two fee streams: AI integration fees and capital markets execution fees. We earn AI integration fees for the creation and delivery of the assets that comprise our Network Volume. Multiple funding channels are used to enable the purchase of network assets from our Partners, such as ABS, pass-through and forward flow transactions. Capital markets execution fees are earned when a pre-funded, Pagaya-sponsored ABS vehicle is sold by underwriters.
Contract fees. Contract fees primarily include administration and management fees, and performance fees. Administration and management fees are contracted upon the establishment of Financing Vehicles and these fees are
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earned as the Financing Vehicle purchase loans and as the Company provides services over their remaining lives, except for the portion management fees that are recognized at the point in time based on contract terms.
Performance fees are earned when certain Financing Vehicles exceed contractual return hurdles and a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized is not expected to occur.
We also earn interest income from our risk retention holdings and cash balances and investment income associated with our ownership interests in certain Financing Vehicles and other proprietary investments.
Costs and Operating Expenses
Costs and operating expenses consist of Production Costs, technology, data and product development expenses, sales and marketing expenses, and general and administrative expenses. Salaries and personnel-related costs, including benefits, bonuses, share-based compensation, and outsourcing comprise a significant component of several of these expense categories. A portion of our non-share-based compensation expense and, to a lesser extent, certain operating expenses (excluding Production Costs) are denominated in the new Israeli shekel (“NIS”), which could result in variability in our operating expenses which are presented in U.S. Dollars.
Production Costs
Production Costs are primarily comprised of expenses incurred when Network Volume is transferred from Partners into Financing Vehicles, as our Partners are responsible for marketing and customer interaction and facilitating the flow of additional application flow. Accordingly, the amount and growth of our Production Costs are highly correlated to Network Volume. Additionally, but to a lesser extent, Production Costs also include expenses incurred to renovate single-family rental properties.
Technology, Data and Product Development
Technology, data and product development expenses primarily comprise costs associated with the maintenance and ongoing development of our network and AI technology, including personnel, allocated costs, and other development-related expenses. Technology, data and product development costs, net of amounts capitalized in accordance with U.S. GAAP, are expensed as incurred. The capitalized internal-use software is amortized on a straight-line method over the estimated useful life in technology, data and product development costs. We have invested and believe continued investments in technology, data and product development are important to achieving our strategic objectives.
Sales and Marketing
Sales and marketing expenses, related to Partner onboarding, development, and relationship management, as well as capital markets investor engagement and marketing, are comprised primarily of salaries and personnel-related costs, as well as the costs of certain professional services, and allocated overhead. Sales and marketing expenses are expensed as incurred. Sales and marketing expenses in absolute dollars may fluctuate from period to period based on the timing of our investments in our sales and marketing functions. These investments may vary in scope and scale over future periods depending on our pipeline of new Partners and strategic investors.
General and Administrative
General and administrative expenses primarily comprise personnel-related costs for our executives, finance, legal and other administrative functions, insurance costs, professional fees for external legal, accounting and other professional services and allocated overhead costs. General and administrative expenses are expensed as incurred.
Other Expenses, Net
Other expenses, net primarily consists of changes in the fair value of warrant liabilities and other items, including credit-related impairment losses on investments in loans and securities.
Income Tax Expense
We account for taxes on income in accordance with ASC 740, “Income Taxes” (“ASC 740”). We are eligible for certain tax benefits in Israel under the Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments or the Investment Law at a reduced tax rate of 12%. Accordingly, as we generate taxable income in Israel, our effective tax rate is expected to be lower than the standard
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corporate tax rate for Israeli companies, which is 23%. Our taxable income generated in the United States or derived from other sources in Israel which is not eligible for tax benefits will be subject to the regular corporate tax rate in their respective tax jurisdictions.
Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in our consolidated statements of income is a result of our investments in certain of our consolidated variable interest entities (‘‘VIEs’’) and consists of the portion of the net income of these consolidated entities that is not attributable to us.
Results of Operations
The following table sets forth operating results for the periods indicated (in thousands, except share and per share data):
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Revenue | |||||||||||
| Revenue from fees | $ | 282,704 | $ | 237,004 | |||||||
| Other Income | |||||||||||
| Interest income | 7,676 | 7,744 | |||||||||
Investment (loss) income | (391) | 528 | |||||||||
| Total Revenue and Other Income | 289,989 | 245,276 | |||||||||
| Production costs | 167,083 | 144,881 | |||||||||
| Technology, data and product development (1) | 19,444 | 19,380 | |||||||||
| Sales and marketing (1) | 9,594 | 10,257 | |||||||||
| General and administrative (1) | 46,183 | 63,068 | |||||||||
| Total Costs and Operating Expenses | 242,304 | 237,586 | |||||||||
Operating Income | 47,685 | 7,690 | |||||||||
Other expenses, net | (47,733) | (34,349) | |||||||||
Loss Before Income Taxes | (48) | (26,659) | |||||||||
Income tax (benefit) expense | (2,540) | 5,003 | |||||||||
Net Income (Loss) Including Noncontrolling Interests | 2,492 | (31,662) | |||||||||
| Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | (5,401) | (10,439) | |||||||||
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Pagaya Technologies Ltd. | $ | 7,893 | $ | (21,223) | |||||||
| Per share data: | |||||||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to Pagaya Technologies Ltd. | $ | 7,893 | $ | (21,223) | |||||||
Less: Undistributed earnings allocated to preferred shares | 489 | — | |||||||||
Net income (loss) attributable to Pagaya Technologies Ltd.’s ordinary shares | $ | 7,404 | $ | (21,223) | |||||||
Earnings (loss) per share attributable to Pagaya Technologies Ltd.’s ordinary shares: | |||||||||||
Basic | $ | 0.10 | $ | (0.33) | |||||||
Diluted | $ | 0.10 | $ | (0.33) | |||||||
| Weighted average shares outstanding: | |||||||||||
Basic | 75,765,080 | 64,504,458 | |||||||||
Diluted | 77,043,464 | 64,504,458 | |||||||||
(1) The following table sets forth share-based compensation for the periods indicated below (in thousands):
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| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Technology, data and product development | $ | 1,097 | $ | 2,905 | |||||||
| Sales and marketing | 4,780 | 2,852 | |||||||||
| General and administrative | 7,295 | 9,718 | |||||||||
| Total share-based compensation in operating expenses | $ | 13,172 | $ | 15,475 | |||||||
Comparison of Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024
Total Revenue and Other Income
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||
(in thousands, except percentages) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenue from fees | $ | 282,704 | $ | 237,004 | $ | 45,700 | 19 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Interest income | 7,676 | 7,744 | (68) | (1) | % | ||||||||||||||||||
Investment (loss) income | (391) | 528 | (919) | (174) | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total Revenue and Other Income | $ | 289,989 | $ | 245,276 | $ | 44,713 | 18 | % | |||||||||||||||
Total revenue and other income, increased by $44.7 million, or 18%, to $290.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 from $245.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase was primarily driven by an increase in revenue from fees, partially offset by a decrease in investment (loss) income.
Revenue from fees for the three months ended March 31, 2025 increased by $45.7 million, or 19%, to $282.7 million, compared to the same period in 2024. The increase was primarily due to a $38.1 million increase in Network AI fees, comprised of AI integration fees and capital markets execution fees, from $215.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 to $253.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The increase in Network AI fees was primarily driven by improved economics of AI integration fees earned from certain Partners which increased by 25% from $205.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 to $257.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in capital markets execution fees earned from our ABS transactions during the three months ended March 31, 2025.
Contract fees, comprised of administration and management fees and performance fees, increased by $7.6 million from $21.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 to $29.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025. This increase was due to higher net asset values of assets held by certain Financing Vehicles driven by continued business growth, and an increase in performance fees, as the prior year period included a reversal of performance fees.
Interest income remained relatively flat year over year. Interest income is directly related to our risk retention holdings and related securities held in our consolidated VIEs as well as certain risk retention holdings held directly by our consolidated subsidiaries. For further information, see “—Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests.”
Investment (loss) income decreased by $0.9 million to a loss of $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 from an income of $0.5 million for three months ended March 31, 2024, reflecting an unfavorable impact from the change in valuation of certain proprietary investments.
Costs and Operating Expenses
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Production costs | $ | 167,083 | $ | 144,881 | |||||||
| Technology, data and product development | 19,444 | 19,380 | |||||||||
| Sales and marketing | 9,594 | 10,257 | |||||||||
| General and administrative | 46,183 | 63,068 | |||||||||
| Total Costs and Operating Expenses | $ | 242,304 | $ | 237,586 | |||||||
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Production Costs
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||
(in thousands, except percentages) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Production costs | $ | 167,083 | $ | 144,881 | $ | 22,202 | 15 | % | |||||||||||||||
Production costs increased by $22.2 million, or 15%, to $167.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 from $144.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. This increase was due to the composition of the asset classes that make up our Network Volume, as well as new Partners onboarded to our network.
Technology, Data and Product Development
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands, except percentages) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Technology, data and product development | $ | 19,444 | $ | 19,380 | $ | 64 | — | % | |||||||||||||||
Technology, data and product development costs remained relatively flat year over year. Excluding $1.3 million contributions from Theorem in the current period, technology, data and product development costs decreased by $1.2 million. This decrease was primarily driven by a $2.9 million decrease in compensation expense, partially offset by a $0.7 million increase in depreciation expenses and a $1.1 million increase in other miscellaneous costs.
During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, we capitalized $4.5 million and $6.3 million of software development costs, respectively. Depreciation expense, including impairment charges, for capitalized software development costs was $6.2 million and $5.6 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Sales and Marketing
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands, except percentages) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sales and marketing | $ | 9,594 | $ | 10,257 | $ | (663) | (6) | % | |||||||||||||||
Sales and marketing costs for the three months ended March 31, 2025 decreased by $0.7 million, compared to the same period in 2024. Excluding $1.3 million contribution from Theorem in the current period, sales and marketing costs for the three months ended March 31, 2025 decreased $2.0 million compared to the same period in 2024, primarily driven by a $3.6 million decrease in compensation expenses, partially offset by a $1.7 million increase in overhead allocation and other miscellaneous costs.
General and Administrative
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands, except percentages) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| General and administrative | $ | 46,183 | $ | 63,068 | $ | (16,885) | (27) | % | |||||||||||||||
General and administrative costs for the three months ended March 31, 2025 decreased by $16.9 million, compared to the same period in 2024. Excluding $2.6 million contribution from Theorem in the current period, general and administrative costs for the three months ended March 31, 2025 decreased $19.5 million, or 31%, primarily driven by a $12.5 million decrease in transaction costs, and a $3.0 million decrease in compensation expenses.
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Other Expense, Net
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands, except percentages) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other expense, net | $ | (47,733) | $ | (34,349) | $ | (13,384) | (39) | % | |||||||||||||||
Other expense, net for the three months ended March 31, 2025 increased $13.4 million, compared to the same period in 2024. The increase was primarily due to a higher interest expenses of $8.7 million from the long-term debt and exchangeable note and a higher credit-related impairment loss of $7.9 million on certain investments, driven by changes in the fair value of investments in loans and securities as a result of fluctuations in key inputs to the discounted cash flow models used to determine fair value. Of the credit-related impairment loss of $7.9 million, $6.8 million is attributable to the noncontrolling interest in certain VIEs and accordingly, is not attributable to Pagaya. For further information, please see “—Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests.” These increases were partially offset by a $3.2 million favorable impact from the changes in a contingent consideration liability. See Note 8 for additional information.
Income Tax Expense
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands, except percentages) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Income tax (benefit) expense | $ | (2,540) | $ | 5,003 | $ | (7,543) | (151) | % | |||||||||||||||
Income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2025 decreased $7.5 million, compared to the same period in 2024. The decrease was primarily driven by discrete tax expenses related to a change in the reserve for an uncertain tax position related to credit loss on investments in loans and securities during the three months ended March 31, 2025.
Net Loss Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | Change | % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands, except percentages) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | $ | (5,401) | $ | (10,439) | $ | 5,038 | 48 | % | |||||||||||||||
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests for the three months ended March 31, 2025 decreased by $5.0 million, or 48%, compared to the same period in 2024. The decrease was driven by the net loss generated by our consolidated VIEs associated with our risk retention holdings. This amount represented the net loss of the consolidated VIEs which was not attributable to Pagaya, but rather to the noncontrolling interest holders. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests reported interest income of $1.8 million generated from risk retention holdings offset by the credit-related impairment loss of $6.8 million on the same risk retention holdings. For further information, see “—Total Revenue and Other Income” and “—Other Expense, Net.”
Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
To supplement our consolidated financial statements prepared and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we use the non-GAAP financial measures FRLPC, Fee Revenue Less Production Costs as percentage of Network Volume (FRLPC %), Adjusted Net Income, and Adjusted EBITDA to provide investors with additional information about our financial performance and to enhance the overall understanding of the results of operations by highlighting the results from ongoing operations and the underlying profitability of our business. We are presenting these non-GAAP financial measures because we believe they provide an additional tool for investors to use in comparing our core financial performance over multiple periods with the performance of other companies.
However, non-GAAP financial measures have limitations in their usefulness to investors because they have no standardized meaning prescribed by U.S. GAAP and are not prepared under any comprehensive set of accounting rules or principles. In addition, non-GAAP financial measures may be calculated differently from, and therefore may not be directly comparable to, similarly titled measures used by other companies. As a result, non-GAAP financial measures should be viewed as supplementing, and not as an alternative or substitute for, our consolidated financial statements prepared and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
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To address these limitations, we provide a reconciliation of FRLPC, FRLPC %, Adjusted Net Income, and Adjusted EBITDA to the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure. We encourage investors and others to review our financial information in its entirety, not to rely on any single financial measure and to view FRLPC, FRLPC %, Adjusted Net Income, and Adjusted EBITDA in conjunction with their respective related U.S. GAAP financial measures.
FRLPC, FRLPC %, Adjusted Net Income, and Adjusted EBITDA
FRLPC, FRLPC %, Adjusted Net Income, and Adjusted EBITDA for the three and three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 are summarized below ($ in thousands):
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Fee Revenue Less Production Cost (FRLPC) | $ | 115,621 | $ | 92,123 | |||||||
| Fee Revenue Less Production Costs % (FRLPC %) | 4.8 | % | 3.8 | % | |||||||
| Adjusted Net Income | $ | 53,189 | $ | 13,331 | |||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 79,583 | $ | 39,815 | |||||||
FRLPC is defined as revenue from fees less production costs. We use FRLPC as part of overall assessment of performance, including the preparation of our annual budget and quarterly forecasts, to evaluate the effectiveness of our business strategies, and to communicate with our Board of Directors concerning our financial performance. The Company is including a reconciliation between FRLPC and operating income, which we consider the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure. FRLPC is designed to assess operational efficiency by measuring fee revenue against production costs, excluding operating expenses not directly tied to revenue production, such as technology development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative costs. FRLPC is intended to highlight the scalability of our platform as Network Volume (the gross dollar amount of assets originated or services rendered using our technology) increases, demonstrating our ability to efficiently generate fee revenue while managing production costs. FRLPC %, defined as FRLPC divided by Network Volume, further illustrates this efficiency, showing how effectively we convert Network Volume into fee revenue relative to production costs as our platform scales.
Adjusted Net Income is defined as net income (loss) attributable to our shareholders excluding share-based compensation expense, change in fair value of warrant liability, change in fair value of contingent liability, impairment, including credit-related charges, restructuring expenses, transaction-related expenses, and non-recurring expenses associated with mergers and acquisitions. Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net income (loss) attributable to our shareholders excluding share-based compensation expense, change in fair value of warrant liability, change in fair value of contingent liability, impairment, including credit-related charges, restructuring expenses, transaction-related expenses, non-recurring expenses associated with mergers and acquisitions, interest expense, depreciation expense, and provision (and benefit from) for income taxes. These items are excluded from our Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted EBITDA measures because they are noncash in nature, or because the amount and timing of these items is unpredictable, is not driven by core results of operations and renders comparisons with prior periods and competitors less meaningful.
We believe FRLPC, FRLPC %, Adjusted Net Income, and Adjusted EBITDA provide useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our results of operations, as well as providing a useful measure for period-to-period comparisons of our business performance. Moreover, we have included FRLPC, FRLPC %, Adjusted Net Income, and Adjusted EBITDA in this report because these are key measurements used by our management internally to make operating decisions, including those related to operating expenses, evaluate performance, and perform strategic planning and annual budgeting. However, this non-GAAP financial information is presented for supplemental informational purposes only, should not be considered a substitute for or superior to financial information presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP and may be different from similarly titled non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies.
The following tables present reconciliations of FRLPC to Operating Income, and Adjusted EBITDA to Net Income Attributable to Pagaya Technologies Ltd., in each case the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure ($ in thousands, unless otherwise noted):
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| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Operating Income | $ | 47,685 | $ | 7,690 | |||||||
| Add: Technology, data and product development | 19,444 | 19,380 | |||||||||
| Add: Sales and marketing | 9,594 | 10,257 | |||||||||
| Add: General and administrative | 46,183 | 63,068 | |||||||||
| Less: Interest income | 7,676 | 7,744 | |||||||||
Less: Investment (loss) income | (391) | 528 | |||||||||
| Fee Revenue Less Production Costs (FRLPC) | $ | 115,621 | $ | 92,123 | |||||||
| Network Volume (in millions) | $ | 2,400 | $ | 2,419 | |||||||
| Fee Revenue Less Production Costs % (FRLPC %) | 4.8 | % | 3.8 | % | |||||||
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Pagaya Technologies Ltd. | $ | 7,893 | $ | (21,223) | |||||||
| Adjusted to exclude the following: | |||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | 13,172 | 15,475 | |||||||||
| Fair value adjustment to contingent liability | (3,184) | — | |||||||||
| Fair value adjustment to warrant liability | 1,099 | (1,900) | |||||||||
| Impairment loss on certain investments | 29,511 | 19,483 | |||||||||
| Restructuring expenses | 962 | 820 | |||||||||
| Transaction-related expenses | 14 | 400 | |||||||||
| Non-recurring expenses | 3,722 | 276 | |||||||||
| Adjusted Net Income | $ | 53,189 | $ | 13,331 | |||||||
| Adjusted to exclude the following: | |||||||||||
| Interest expenses | 21,212 | 15,164 | |||||||||
| Income tax (benefit) expense | (2,540) | 5,003 | |||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 7,722 | 6,317 | |||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 79,583 | $ | 39,815 | |||||||
Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the principal sources of liquidity were cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of $229.6 million and $226.5 million, respectively. We believe these sources will be sufficient to meet our current liquidity needs for the next twelve months, from the date of issuance of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-Q, and be sufficient to support our future cash needs, however, we can provide no assurance that our liquidity and capital resources will meet future funding requirements.
Our primary requirements for liquidity and capital resources are to purchase and finance risk retention requirements, invest in technology, data and product development and to attract, recruit and retain a strong employee base, as well as to fund potential strategic transactions, including acquisitions, if any. We intend to continue to make strategic investments to support our business plans.
We do not have capital expenditure commitments as the vast majority of our capital expenditures relate to the capitalization of certain compensation and non-compensation expenditures used in the development and improvement of our proprietary technology.
There are numerous risks to the Company’s financial results, liquidity and capital raising, some of which may not be quantified in the Company’s current estimates. The principal factors that could impact liquidity and capital needs are a prolonged inability to adequately access funding in the capital markets or in bilateral agreements, including as a result of macroeconomic conditions
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such as rising interest rates and higher cost of capital, the timing and extent of spending to support development efforts, the expansion of sales and marketing activities, the introduction of new and enhanced products and the continuing market adoption of the Company’s network.
We expect to fund our operations with existing cash and cash equivalents, cash generated from operations, including cash flows from investments in loans and securities, and additional secured borrowings, including repurchase agreements. We may also raise additional capital, including through borrowings under the credit facility (see further description of the credit facility below in the section titled “Credit Agreement”) or through the sale or issuance of equity or debt securities, as described below in the sections titled “Shelf Registration Statement” and “Ordinary Share Offering,” as well as the issuance of up to an additional 1,666,666 Series A Preferred Shares. The ownership interest of our shareholders will be, or could be, diluted as a result of sales or issuances of equity or debt securities, and the terms of any such securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our shareholders of Class A Ordinary Shares. We intend to support our liquidity and capital position by pursuing diversified sources of financing, including debt financing, secured borrowings, or equity financing. The rates, terms, covenants and availability of such additional financing is not guaranteed and will be dependent on not only macro-economic factors, but also on Pagaya-specific factors such as the results of our operations and the returns generated by loans originated with the assistance of our AI Technology.
Additional debt financing, such as secured or unsecured borrowings, including repurchase agreements, credit facilities or corporate bonds, and equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. Our future capital requirements and the adequacy of available funds will depend on many factors, including those set forth in “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, which was filed with the SEC on March 12, 2025.
In addition, we will receive the proceeds from any exercise of any public warrants and private placement warrants in cash. Each public warrant and each private placement warrant that was issued and exchanged for each EJFA Private Placement Warrant in the EJFA Merger entitles the holder thereof to purchase one Class A Ordinary Share at a price of $138 per share (as adjusted for the 1-for-12 reverse share split). Following the 1-for-12 reverse share split effective March 2024, each warrant entitles holder to purchase 1/12 of a Class A Ordinary Share (or equivalently, 12 warrants are required to obtain 1 Class A Ordinary Share). The aggregate amount of proceeds could be up to $169.6 million if all such warrants are exercised for cash. We expect to use any such proceeds for general corporate and working capital purposes, which would increase our liquidity.
As of May 6, 2025, the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares was $11.49 per share. We believe the likelihood that warrant holders will exercise their public warrants and private placement warrants that were issued and exchanged for EJFA Private Placement Warrants in the EJFA Merger, and therefore the amount of cash proceeds that we would receive, is dependent upon the market price of Class A Ordinary Shares. If the market price for our Class A Ordinary Shares is less than $138 per share, we believe warrant holders will be unlikely to exercise on a cash basis their public warrants and private placement warrants that were issued and exchanged for EJFA Private Placement Warrants in the EJFA Merger. To the extent the public warrants and private placement warrants are exercised by warrant holders, ownership interest of our shareholders will be diluted as a result of such issuances. Moreover, the resale of Class A Ordinary Shares issuable upon the exercise of such warrants, or the perception of such sales, may cause the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares to decline and impact our ability to raise additional financing on favorable terms. See “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, which was filed with the SEC on March 12, 2025.
We may, in the future, enter into arrangements to acquire or invest in complementary businesses, products, and technologies. We may be required to seek additional equity or debt financing related to such acquisitions or investments. In the event that we pursue additional financing, we may not be able to raise such financing on terms acceptable to us or at all. Additionally, as a result of any of these actions, we may be subject to restrictions and covenants in the agreements governing these transactions that may place limitations on us and we may be required to pledge collateral as security. If we are unable to raise additional capital or generate cash flows necessary to expand operations and invest in continued innovation, we may not be able to compete successfully, which would harm our business, operations and financial condition. It is also possible that the actual outcome of one or more of our plans could be materially different than expected or that one or more of the significant judgments or estimates could prove to be materially incorrect.
Securitizations
In connection with asset-backed securitizations, we sponsor and establish securitization vehicles to purchase loans originated by our Partners. Securities issued from our asset-backed securitizations are senior or subordinated, based on the waterfall criteria of loan payments to each security class. The subordinated residual interests issued from these transactions are first to absorb credit losses in accordance with the waterfall criteria. To comply with risk retention regulatory requirements, we retain at least 5% of the securities issued by securitization vehicles and may choose to hold more than 5% depending on many factors. This 5% risk
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retention is determined based on the fair value of the securities under US GAAP at the time of closing. In ordinary course of business, we enter into certain financing arrangements to finance our risk retention balance in certain notes and securities retained from securitization transactions. From time to time, the Company makes cash deposits that serve to collateralize guarantees for related transactions, included in restricted cash on the consolidated balance sheets. For further information, see Note 4 and Note 5, respectively, to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report.
The Committed Equity Financing
On August 17, 2022, we entered into the Equity Financing Purchase Agreement and the Equity Financing Registration Rights Agreement with B. Riley Principal Capital II. Pursuant to the Equity Financing Purchase Agreement, we have the right to sell to B. Riley Principal Capital II, up to $300 million of our Class A Ordinary Shares, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the Equity Financing Purchase Agreement, from time to time during the 24-month term of the Equity Financing Purchase Agreement. Sales of our Class A Ordinary Shares pursuant to the Equity Financing Purchase Agreement, and the timing of any sales, are solely at our option, and we are under no obligation to sell any securities to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Equity Financing Purchase Agreement.
During the three months ended March 31, 2024, 298,057 shares were issued under the Equity Financing Purchase Agreement for net proceeds of $5.2 million. In September 2024, the Company terminated the Equity Financing Purchase Agreement.
Shelf Registration Statement
On October 4, 2023, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form F-3 (the “Shelf Registration”) with the SEC that was declared effective on October 16, 2023. Under this Shelf Registration, we may, from time to time, offer and sell in one or more offerings Class A Ordinary Shares, various series of debt securities and/or warrants to purchase any of such securities, either individually or in combination with any of these securities, up to $500 million.
Ordinary Share Offering
On March 13, 2024, the Company priced an offering of 7,500,000 of its Class A Ordinary Shares, no par value, pursuant to an underwriting agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”) with Citigroup Global Markets Inc. and Jefferies LLC as representatives of the several underwriters. The proceeds from the offer and sale of the securities are approximately $90.0 million, after deducting the underwriting discount and fees and offering expenses payable by the Company.
Cash Flows
The following table presents summarized consolidated cash flow information for the periods presented (in thousands):
| Three Months Ended March 31, | |||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 34,427 | $ | 17,709 | |||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | $ | (26,886) | $ | (228,125) | |||||||
| Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | $ | (3,779) | $ | 298,743 | |||||||
Operating Activities
Our primary uses of cash in operating activities are for ordinary course of business, with the primary use related to employee and personnel-related expenses. As of March 31, 2025, we had 527 employees compared to 892 on March 31, 2024. During the the first and second quarters of 2024, we reduced our headcount by over 20% across our Israel and U.S. offices. This reduction in workforce enabled us to streamline our operations resulting in cost savings.
Net cash provided by operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $34.4 million, an increase of $16.7 million from net cash provided by operating activities of $17.7 million for the same period in 2024. This reflects our net income including noncontrolling interests of $2.5 million, adjusted for non-cash charges of $56.0 million, and net cash outflows of $24.1 million from changes in our operating assets net of operating liabilities.
Non-cash charges primarily consisted of (1) impairment losses on investments in loans and securities, which increased by $10.1 million driven by changes in the fair value of investments in loans and securities as a result of fluctuations in key inputs to the discounted cash flow models used to determine fair value, of which $6.8 million is not attributable to Pagaya, but rather
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attributable to the VIEs noncontrolling interests, (2) share-based compensation, which decreased by $2.3 million, (3) depreciation and amortization, which increased by $1.4 million primarily from capitalized software, and (4) fair value adjustment to warrant liability, which increased by $3.0 million driven by changes in the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares.
Our net cash flows resulting from changes in operating assets and liabilities decreased by $25.9 million to net cash outflows of $24.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to net cash inflows of $1.9 million for the same period in 2024.
Investing Activities
Our primary uses of cash in investing activities are the purchase of risk retention assets of sponsored securitization vehicles and investments in equity method and other investments.
For the three months ended March 31, 2025, net cash used in investing activities of $26.9 million was primarily attributable to purchases of risk retention assets of $81.9 million, which decreased by $179.7 million driven by management’s decision to purchase more than the required minimum risk retention holdings in the prior period, partially offset by proceeds received from existing risk retention assets of $58.7 million, which increased by $20.0 million.
Financing Activities
For the three months ended March 31, 2025, net cash used in financing activities of $3.8 million was primarily attributable to $46.9 million of payment made to secured borrowing, $4.4 million of distributions made to noncontrolling interests, and $4.4 million of repayments made to long-term debt. These net cash outflows were offset by $49.2 million of proceeds from secured borrowing.
Indebtedness
Exchangeable Senior Notes
On October 1, 2024, Pagaya US Holding Company LLC (“Pagaya US”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, issued $160 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.125% exchangeable senior notes due 2029 (the “Notes”). The issuance was in connection with a purchase agreement dated September 26, 2024, with certain initial purchasers. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the Notes to repay higher-cost debt and reduce interest expense, with the remainder allocated for general corporate purposes.
The Notes bear interest at a rate of 6.125% per annum, payable semiannually in arrears on April 1 and October 1 of each year, beginning April 1, 2025, and mature on October 1, 2029, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed, or exchanged. The Notes are exchangeable for cash, Class A Ordinary Shares of the Company, or a combination of both, at the Company’s discretion, subject to certain conditions.
The Notes are senior, unsecured obligations of Pagaya US and are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior, unsecured basis by the Company. The Notes rank equally in right of payment with other senior, unsecured indebtedness and are structurally subordinated to all existing and future liabilities of Pagaya US’s subsidiaries.
The initial exchange rate of the Notes is 71.4669 Class A Ordinary Shares per $1,000 principal amount of Notes (which is equivalent to an initial exchange price of approximately $13.99 per share). The exchange rate will be subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain events. In addition, upon the occurrence of a “make-whole fundamental change” (as defined in the indenture governing the Notes) or if Pagaya US redeems the Notes, Pagaya US will, in certain circumstances, increase the exchange rate by a number of additional Class A Ordinary Shares for a holder who elects to convert its Notes in connection with such make-whole fundamental change or to convert its Notes called for redemption during the related redemption exchange period.
Prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding July 2, 2029, the Notes will be exchangeable at the option of the holders only upon the satisfaction of specified conditions. These conditions include, among others, the sale price of the Class A Ordinary Shares exceeding 130% of the initial exchange price for a specified number of trading days. On or after July 2, 2029 until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding October 1, 2029, the Notes will be exchangeable at the option of the holders at any time regardless of the specified conditions.
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Pagaya US may redeem the Notes in whole or in part on or after October 5, 2027, only if the last reported sale price per Class A Ordinary Share exceeds 130% of the exchange price for a specified period of time and certain other conditions are satisfied. The redemption price will be equal to the principal amount of the Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date.
If a “fundamental change” (as defined in the indenture governing the Notes) of the Company occurs, then, subject to a limited exception, noteholders may require Pagaya US to repurchase their Notes for cash. The repurchase price will be equal to the principal amount of the Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date.
Credit Agreement
On February 2, 2024, the Company entered into a certain Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) which provides for a 5-year senior secured revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) in an initial principal amount of $25 million, which subsequently increased to $35 million, and a 5 year senior secured term loan facility (the “Term Loan Facility,” and together with the Revolving Credit Facility, the “Facilities”) in an initial principal amount of $255 million. In November 2024, the Company amended the Credit Agreement to increase the Term Loan Facility by $100 million, bringing the total principal amount to $355 million. The Company also increased an aggregate principal amount of the Revolving Credit Facility of $15 million, bringing the total principal amount of the Revolving Credit Facility to $50 million. In February 2025, the Company further increased the aggregate principal amount of the Revolving Credit Facility by $8 million, resulting in a total principal amount of the Revolving Credit Facility of $58 million.
The Company may voluntarily prepay borrowings under the Facilities at any time and from time to time subject to, in regards to voluntary prepayments and certain mandatory prepayments of the Term Loan Facility, a 3.00% fee if paid prior to the first anniversary of the Term Loan Facility, 2.00% if paid after the first anniversary but prior to the second anniversary, 1.00% if after the second anniversary but prior to the third anniversary, and 0.50% if after the third anniversary but prior to the fourth anniversary. In each case, prepayments of the Facilities may be subject to the payment of “breakage” costs.
The Facilities contain certain customary mandatory prepayment events, including requirements to prepay the Term Loan Facility with excess cash flow and with the net cash proceeds from certain asset dispositions and casualty events, subject to customary reinvestment rights and other exceptions.
No amortization payments are required to be made in respect of borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility. Amortization payments are required to be made in respect of the term loans under the Term Loan Facility in amount of 1.25% per quarter of the original principal amount of the term loans under the Term Loan Facility.
Borrowings under the Facilities bear interest at a rate per annum equal to, at the Company’s option, (i) a base rate (determined based on the prime rate and subject to a 2.00% floor) plus a margin of 6.50% or (ii) an adjusted term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (subject to a 1.00% floor) plus a margin of 7.50%. A commitment fee accrues on any unused portion of the commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility at a rate per annum of 0.25% and is payable quarterly in arrears.
The Company’s obligations under the Credit Agreement are guaranteed by certain of the Company’s material, wholly-owned subsidiaries (collectively, the “Guarantors”) and are secured by a first priority lien on substantially all assets of the Company and the Guarantors, subject to certain customary exceptions.
The Credit Agreement contains customary negative covenants, which include, among other things, limitations on the ability of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries to incur indebtedness, grant liens, engage in certain fundamental changes, make certain dispositions and investments, enter into sale and leaseback transactions, and make restricted payments and other distributions. The Credit Agreement contains certain financial covenants customary for a credit facility of this type, which include, among other things, a maximum first lien leverage ratio, a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio and a minimum tangible book value ratio. The Credit Agreement also contains affirmative covenants customary for a credit facility of its type, including customary reporting covenants.
The Credit Agreement includes events of default related to, among other things, failure to pay amounts due under the Credit Agreement, breaches of representations, warranties or covenants, defaults under other material indebtedness, certain events of
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bankruptcy or insolvency, material judgment defaults and change of control, in each case, subject to customary cure periods where appropriate.
As of March 31, 2025, the Company had an outstanding balance of $317.9 million, which is recorded within long-term debt on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet, and the Company had letters of credit issued in the amount of $24.7 million, and $33.3 million of remaining capacity available under the Revolving Credit Facility. The Company is in compliance with all covenants.
Contractual Obligations, Commitments and Contingencies
During the normal course of business, we enter into certain lease contracts with lease terms through 2032. As of March 31, 2025, the total remaining contractual obligations are approximately $44.2 million, of which $9.3 million is for the next 12 months. In 2023, we entered into a purchase commitment with our third-party cloud computing web services provider, which included an annual purchase commitment of $8.5 million for the period from October 2023 through September 2025. As of March 31, 2025, the total remaining contractual obligations are approximately $2.4 million, all of which is for the next 12 months. We may pay more than the minimum purchase commitment based on usage.
In the ordinary course of business, the Company may provide indemnifications or loss guarantees of varying scope and terms to customers and other third parties with respect to certain matters, including, but not limited to, losses arising out of breach of such agreements, services to be provided by the Company or from intellectual property infringement claims made by third parties. These indemnifications may survive termination of the underlying agreement and the maximum potential amount of future indemnification payments may not be subject to a cap. As of March 31, 2025, there have been no known events or circumstances that have resulted in a material indemnification liability and the Company did not incur material costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnifications. For certain contracts meeting the definition of a guarantee or a derivative, the guarantor must recognize, at inception, a liability for the fair value of the obligation undertaken in issuing the guarantee. In addition, the guarantor must disclose the maximum potential amount of future payments that the guarantor could be required to make under the guarantee, if there were a default by the guaranteed parties. The determination of the maximum potential future payments is based on the notional amount of the guarantees without consideration of possible recoveries under recourse provisions or from collateral held or pledged. As of March 31, 2025, the unfunded maximum potential amount of undiscounted future payments the Company could be required to make under these guarantees totaled $60.3 million. Additionally, in accordance with the guarantee contracts, the Company is required to fund segregated cash balances to provide protection in the event the Company is not able to meet its contractual commitments. As of March 31, 2025, $39.8 million has been segregated and recognized within restricted cash in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet in accordance with these contractual requirements.
For a discussion of our long-term debt obligations and operating lease obligations as of March 31, 2025, see Note 4 and Note 7, respectively, to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
In the ordinary course of business, we engage in activities with unconsolidated VIEs, including our sponsored securitization vehicles, which we contractually administer. To comply with risk retention regulatory requirements, we retain at least 5% of the credit risk of the securities issued by sponsored securitization vehicles. From time to time, we may, but are not obligated to, purchase assets from the Financing Vehicles. Such purchases could expose us to loss. For additional information, refer to Note 6 to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements elsewhere included in this Quarterly Report.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our significant accounting policies and their effect on our financial condition and results of operations are more fully described in our audited consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. Management has reassessed the critical accounting policies and estimates as disclosed in Note 2 to the audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and determined that there were no significant changes in our critical accounting policies and estimates during the three months ended March 31, 2025.
Item 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in market prices. Our market risk exposure primarily relates to fluctuations in credit
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risk. We are exposed to market risk directly through investments in loans and securities held on our consolidated balance sheets and access to the securitization markets.
Credit Risk
Credit risk refers to the risk of loss arising from individual borrower default due to inability or unwillingness to meet their financial obligations. The performance of certain financial instruments, including investments in loans, securitization notes and residual certificates on our consolidated balance sheets, is dependent on the credit performance. To manage this risk, we monitor borrower payment performance and utilize our proprietary, AI-powered technology to evaluate individual loans in a manner that we believe is reflective of the credit risk.
The fair values of these loans, securitization notes, and residual certificates are estimated based on a discounted cash flow model which involves the use of significant unobservable inputs and assumptions, the most significant of which is expected credit losses. Accordingly, these instruments are sensitive to changes in credit risk. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we were exposed to credit risk on $760 million and $764 million, respectively, of investments in loans and securities held on our consolidated balance sheet, with $656 million and $659 million, respectively, representing net exposure exclusive of non-controlling interests. We have a portfolio risk monitoring that includes internal monitoring as well as competitor / market assessments, macro-economic trends, and associated stress testing. Loans and related risk retention securities are monitored throughout the entire lifecycle. This risk monitoring framework provides timely and actionable feedback on managing credit risk exposures.
We are also exposed to credit risk in the event of non-performance by the financial institutions holding our cash or providing access to our credit line. We maintain our cash deposits in highly-rated financial institutions. In the United States, the majority of our cash deposits are held at federally insured accounts. We manage this risk by maintaining our cash deposits at well-established, well-capitalized financial institutions and diversifying our counterparties.
Interest Rate Risk
The interest rates charged on the loans originated by Partners are subject to change by the platform sellers, originators, and/or servicers. Higher interest rates could negatively impact collections on the underlying loans, leading to increased delinquencies, defaults, and our borrower bankruptcies, all of which could have a substantial adverse effect on our business. This would also impact future loans and securitizations.
Additionally, we maintain certain financing sources with varying degrees of interest rate sensitivities, including floating-rate interest payments on Pagaya’s credit facilities. Accordingly, trends in the prevailing interest rate environment can influence interest expense/payments and harm the results of our operations. For additional information, see “Item 2. Liquidity and Capital Resources” for additional information.
We also rely on securitization transactions, with notes of those transactions typically bearing a fixed coupon. For future securitization issuances, higher interest rates could effect overall deal economics as well as the returns we would generate on our related risk retention investments.
Foreign Exchange Risk
Foreign currency exchange rates do not pose a material market risk exposure. However, given the compensation and non-compensation expenses denominated in Israeli Shekel, our inability or failure to manage foreign exchange risk could harm our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
Item 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2025. Based upon that
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evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of March 31, 2025, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to accomplish their objectives at the reasonable assurance level.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Internal Control
The effectiveness of any system of internal control over financial reporting is subject to inherent limitations, including the exercise of judgment in designing, implementing, operating, and evaluating the controls and procedures, and the inability to eliminate misconduct completely. Accordingly, any system of internal control over financial reporting, no matter how well designed and operated, can only provide reasonable, not absolute assurance that its objectives will be met. In addition, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. We intend to continue to monitor and upgrade our internal controls as necessary or appropriate for our business but such improvements will be subject to the same inherent limitations outlined in this section.
PART II - Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
Please refer to Note 8. “Commitments and Contingencies” of the accompanying notes to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
From time to time, we may be subject to other legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business. We are not presently a party to any such other legal proceedings that, if determined adversely to us, would individually or taken together have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows. The results of any current or future litigation cannot be predicted with certainty, and regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources, and other factors.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
The risks described under the heading “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, future prospects, and the trading price of our Class A Ordinary Share. The risks and uncertainties described therein are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of or that we currently deem immaterial may also become important factors that adversely affect our business.
You should carefully read and consider such risks, together with all of the other information in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (including the disclosures in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and in our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes), and in the other documents that we file with the SEC.
There have been no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed under the heading “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
None
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
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Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information
Company Trading Plans or Other Arrangements
Subject to compliance with U.S. and Israel securities laws, rules and regulations, our directors and executive officers have adopted, and may adopt, individual share trading plans in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (a “Rule 10b5-1 Plan”), in which they will contract with a broker to buy or sell our Class A Ordinary Shares on a periodic basis. Under a Rule 10b5-1 Plan, a broker executes trades pursuant to parameters established by the director or officer when entering into the plan, without further direction from the director or officer. The director or officer may amend or terminate the plan in some circumstances. Our directors and executive officers may buy or sell additional shares outside of a Rule 10b5-1 Plan when they are not in possession of material, non-public information.
Our directors and officers (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 16a-1(f)) may from time to time enter into plans or other arrangements for the purchase or sale of our shares that are intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5–1(c) or may represent a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement under the Exchange Act. During the quarter ended March 31, 2025, Tami Rosen , a director and the Company’s Chief Development Officer , entered into a new 10b5-1 Plan on March 11, 2025 , with an end date of September 30, 2025 , to sell a maximum aggregate of 129,397 shares.
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Item 6. Exhibits
| Exhibit Number | Description | |||||||
| 3.1 | ||||||||
10.1* | ||||||||
31.1* | ||||||||
31.2* | ||||||||
32.1* | ||||||||
32.2* | ||||||||
| 101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document | |||||||
| 101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document | |||||||
| 101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document | |||||||
| 101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document | |||||||
| 101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document | |||||||
| 101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document | |||||||
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document) | |||||||
* Filed herewith
† Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized,
| PAGAYA TECHNOLOGIES LTD. | ||||||||
Date: May 7, 2025 | By: | /s/ Gal Krubiner | ||||||
| Name: | Gal Krubiner | |||||||
| Title: | Chief Executive Officer | |||||||
Date: May 7, 2025 | By: | /s/ Evangelos Perros | ||||||
| Name: | Evangelos Perros | |||||||
| Title: | Chief Financial Officer | |||||||
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