SEC Form 20-F filed by B.O.S. Better Online Solutions

As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 1, 2024

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

or

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from __________ to __________

or

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report                             

Commission file number: 001-14184

B.O.S. BETTER ONLINE SOLUTIONS LTD.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

ISRAEL
(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

20 Freiman Street, Rishon LeZion, 7535825, Israel

(Address of principal executive offices)

Eyal Cohen, 972-3-9542070, [email protected], 20 Freiman Street, Rishon LeZion, 7535825, Israel

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant of Section 12(g) of the Act: None 

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock at the close of the period covered by the annual report:

5,748,018 Ordinary Shares, of no nominal value per share, as of December 31, 2023 and 5,748,018 Ordinary Shares, of no nominal value per share, as of March 15, 2024.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ☐   No ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Yes ☐   No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒   No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes ☒   No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or an emerging growth company. See definition of “accelerated filer, large accelerated filer” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

Item 17 ☐   Item 18 ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ☐   No ☒

This report on Form 20-F is being incorporated by reference into all effective Registration Statements filed by us under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, to the extent not superseded by documents or reports subsequently filed or furnished.

Forward Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 20-F of BOS Better Online Solutions Ltd. (sometimes referred to herein as, “BOS”, the “Company”, “we”, “us” or “our’) contains forward-looking statements that are intended to be, and are hereby identified as, forward looking statements for the purposes of the safe harbor provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements address, among other things: our strategy; the anticipated development of our products; the results of pending and completed acquisitions and our ability to make future acquisitions; our projected capital expenditures and liquidity; our development of additional revenue sources; our development and expansion of relationships; the market acceptance of our products; our technological advancement; our compliance with regulatory requirements; and our ability to operate due to political, economic and security conditions. Actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including all the risks discussed below and elsewhere in this report.

We urge you to consider that statements that use the terms “believe”, “do not believe”, “expect”, “plan”, “intend”, “estimate”, “anticipate”, “projections”, “forecast”, “may”, “continue”, “should”, “predict”, “potential” or the negative of these terms or similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements reflect our current views with respect to future events. These statements are based on assumptions and are subject to risks and uncertainties. These risk factors and uncertainties include, amongst others, the dependency of sales being generated from one or few major customers, the uncertainty of BOS being able to maintain current gross profit margins, inability to keep up or ahead of technology and to succeed in a highly competitive industry, failure to successfully integrate and achieve the potential benefits of the acquisition of the business operations of Dagesh Inventory Counting and Maintenance Ltd., inability to maintain marketing and distribution arrangements and to expand our overseas markets, uncertainty with respect to the prospects of legal claims against BOS, the effect of exchange rate fluctuations, general worldwide economic conditions, the effect of the war against the Hamas and other terrorist organization, the continued availability of financing for working capital purposes and to refinance outstanding indebtedness; and additional risks and uncertainties set forth in this Annual Report, including under the heading “Risk Factors.” Except as required by applicable law, including the federal securities laws of the United States, we do not intend to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

Market data and forecasts used in this report have been obtained from independent industry sources that we believe to be reliable. We have not independently verified the data obtained from these sources and we cannot assure you of the accuracy or completeness of the data. Forecasts and other forward-looking information obtained from these sources are subject to the same qualifications and additional uncertainties accompanying any estimates of future market size.

Table of Contents

PART I

Item 1:  Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisors

Not applicable.

Item 2:  Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

Not applicable.

Item 3:   Key Information Regarding BOS

Unless the context in which such terms are used would require a different meaning, all references to “BOS”, “we”, “our” or the “Company” refer to B.O.S. Better Online Solutions Ltd. and its subsidiaries.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

The following risk factors, in addition to other information contained or incorporated by reference in this Form 20-F, should be considered carefully. Our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected by any of these risks. The risks described below are not the only risks facing our Company. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are not aware of or that we currently believe are immaterial may also adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operation and liquidity. The trading price of our Ordinary Shares could decline due to any of these risks, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

Risks relating to our financial results and capital structure:

We have had a history of losses and our future levels of sales and ability to achieve profitability are unpredictable.

As of December 31, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $67.1 million. We had a net income of $2.06 million in 2023 and a net income of $1.28 million in 2022 and a net income of $451,000 in 2021. Our ability to maintain and improve future levels of sales and profitability depends on many factors, which include

There can be no assurance that we will be able to meet our challenges and resume profitable operations in the future or that the level of historic sales will continue in the future.

We may be unable to maintain our gross profit margins.

Our sales and profitability may vary in any given year, and from quarter to quarter. In order to increase sales, to enter into new markets with new products or due to competition, we may find it necessary to decrease prices in order to be competitive. Additionally, our gross profit margin tends to fluctuate mainly due to variety and mix of products and changing suppliers prices. We may not be able to maintain current gross profit margins in the future, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.

We depend on two bank for our credit facilities.

We rely on the First International Bank of Israel (“Bank Beinleumi”) and Bank Leumi to provide all of the bank credit facilities to our subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2023, we had $1.15 million in long term debt to Bank Leumi and Bank Beinleumi, net of current maturities of $0.17 million.

Our assets are subject to a security interest in favor of Bank Beinleumi. Our failure to repay the bank loan, if required, could result in legal action against us, which could require the sale of all of our assets.

The repayment of our debt to Bank Beinleumi is secured by a first priority floating charge on all of the present and future assets of the Company and its Israeli subsidiaries, and by a first priority fixed charge on their goodwill, unpaid share capital and any insurance entitlements pertaining to assets underlying these charges. In addition, the Company and its Israeli subsidiaries entered into a series of intercompany guarantees in favor of Bank Beinleumi.

If we are unable to repay the bank loan when due, the bank could foreclose on our assets in order to recover the amounts due. Any such action might require us to curtail or cease operations (See “Item 5B. Liquidity and Capital Resources” below).

Our debt obligations may hinder our growth and put us at a competitive disadvantage.

Our debt obligations require us to use a substantial portion of our operating cash flow to repay the principal and interest on our loans. This reduces funds available to grow and expand our business, limits our ability to pursue business opportunities and makes us more vulnerable to economic and industry downturns. The existence of debt obligations and covenants also limits our ability to obtain additional financing on favorable terms.

Due to restrictions in our loan agreements, we may not be able to operate our business as we desire.

Our loan agreements contain a number of conditions and limitations on the way in which we can operate our business, including limitations on our ability to raise debt, sell or acquire assets and pay dividends. These limitations may force us to pursue less than optimal business strategies or forgo business arrangements, which could have been financially advantageous to our shareholders and us. Our debt obligations also contain various covenants, which require that we maintain certain financial ratios related to shareholders’ equity and EBITDA and capital to balance sheet ratio. Our failure to comply with the restrictions and covenants contained in our loan agreements could lead to a default under the terms of these agreements (See “Item 5B. Liquidity and Capital Resources” below.

Risks related to our business:

We rely on certain key suppliers.

Most of our sales rely on products of certain key suppliers, which we represent on a non-exclusive basis. 36% of our Supply Chain Solutions division purchases in the year 2023 were sourced from five key suppliers, 24% of our Intelligent Robotics division purchases in the year 2022 were sourced from five other key suppliers and 51% of our RFID division purchases in the year 2023 were sourced from five other key suppliers (including a software supplier).

In particular, 15% of our Supply Chain Solutions division purchases in the year 2023 were sourced from Positronics Manufacturing Company, which we represent in Israel. These purchases amounted to $3.3 million. A disruption in our business relationship with Positronic could have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition and results of operations of our Supply Chain Solutions division.

In the event that any of our key suppliers becomes unable to fulfill our requirements in a timely manner or if we cease our business relationship with any of these suppliers, we may experience an interruption in delivery and a decrease in our business until an alternative supplier can be procured.

We depend on key personnel for the success of our business.

Our success depends, to a significant extent, on the continued active participation of our executive officers and other key personnel, mainly our CEO, Eyal Cohen and our President Avidan Zelicovsky. In addition, there is significant competition for employees with technical, operational and sales expertise in our industry.

In order to succeed we would need to be able to:

We cannot make assurances that we will be successful in attracting, integrating, motivating and retaining key personnel. If we are unable to retain our key personnel and attract additional qualified personnel as and when needed, our business may be adversely affected.

We may be unable to effectively manage our growth and expansion, and as a result, our business results may be adversely affected.

Our goal is to grow over the next few years. The management of our growth, if any, will require the continued expansion of our operational and financial control systems, as well as a significant increase in our financial resources and in our delivery and service capabilities. These factors could place a significant strain on our resources.

Our growth increases the complexity of our operations, places significant demands on our management and our operational, financial and marketing resources and involves a number of challenges, including:

In addition, our inability to meet our delivery commitments in a timely manner (as a result of unexpected increases in orders, for example) could result in losses of sales, exposure to contractual penalties, costs or expenses, as well as damage to our reputation in the marketplace.

Our inability to manage growth effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We do not have collateral or credit insurance for all of our customers’ debt, and our allowance for bad debts may increase.

Our customers’ debt is derived from sales to customers located primarily in Israel, India, the Far East and Europe. We do not generally require collateral; however, a certain portion of our debt of customers outside of Israel is insured against customer nonpayment through the Israeli Credit Insurance Company Ltd.

The balance of allowance for bad debt recorded on our financial statements as of December 31, 2023, amounted to $287,000, which was determined by our management to be sufficient. However, in the event of a global economic slowdown or if a local or global recession reoccurs, we may be required to record additional and significant allowances for bad debts.

Certain customers of our Supply Chain Solutions division may cancel purchase orders they placed before the delivery.

Supply chain programs for the sale of electronic components, including the programs offered by our Supply Chain Solutions division, are designed to accommodate the preference of customers to work with a limited number of suppliers that are able to provide a wide range of electronic components under one order. In the event we are not able to provide all of the components required by a customer, such customer could elect to terminate the entire order before its delivery. In addition, certain of our individual product orders provide a right of termination prior to delivery.

In the event substantial orders are so cancelled, there is no assurance that we will be able to sell the pre-purchased inventory at a profit, or at all. This could result in excess and obsolete inventory and could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

The electronic components provided by our Supply Chain Solutions division need to meet certain industry standards and for some customers we need to be the manufacturers’ authorized distributors.

The main business of our Supply Chain Solutions division is the provision of electronic components to the aerospace and defense industry. These components need to be in compliance with Aviation Standard number 9120 which was adopted by the International Aerospace Quality Group. Noncompliance with these standards could limit our sales.

In addition, in the face of an increased number of refurbished or non-original components offered in the marketplace, certain customers have begun to insist on only purchasing components directly from authorized distributors of the manufacturers. This could impair our ability to sell components of manufacturers for which we do not serve as authorized dealers and may have a substantial adverse effect on our business.

Our products may contain defects that may be costly to correct, delay market acceptance of our products, harm our reputation and expose us to litigation.

Despite testing by us, errors may be found in our software products and services. If defects are discovered, we may not be able to successfully correct them in a timely manner, or at all. Defects and failures in our products could result in a loss of, or delay in, market acceptance of our products and could damage our reputation. Although our standard license agreement with our customers contains provisions designed to limit our exposure to potential product liability claims, it is possible that these provisions may not be effective or enforceable under the laws of certain jurisdictions and we could fail to realize revenues and suffer damage to our reputation as a result of, or in defense of, a substantial claim.

Our products may infringe on the intellectual property rights of others.

Third parties may assert claims that we have violated a patent, trademark, copyright or other proprietary intellectual property right belonging to them. As is characteristic of our industry, there can be no assurance that our products do not or will not infringe on the proprietary rights of third parties, that third parties will not claim infringement by us with respect to patents or other proprietary rights or that we would prevail in any such proceedings. Any infringement claims, whether or not meritorious, could result in costly litigation or arbitration and divert the attention of technical and management personnel. Any adverse outcome in litigation alleging an infringement could require us to develop non-infringing technology or enter into royalty or licensing agreements. If, in such situations, we are unable to obtain licenses on acceptable terms, we may be prevented from selling products that infringe on such intellectual property of a third party. In addition, an unfavorable outcome or settlement regarding one or more of these matters could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.

The Supply Chain Solutions division engages in a number of business activities governed by U.S. Government Laws and Regulations, which if violated, could subject the Company to civil or criminal fines and penalties.

The Supply Chain Solutions division engages in a number of business activities governed by U.S. Government procurement laws and regulations, which change frequently, including regulations relating to import-export control and technology transfer restrictions. In addition, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or the FCPA, and similar anti-corruption laws in other jurisdictions, include anti-bribery provisions. If we, or our sales representatives, fail to comply with these laws and regulations, we could be subject to administrative, civil or criminal liabilities that could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. We may not always be protected in cases of the violation of the FCPA or other anti-corruption laws by our employees or third-parties acting on our behalf and such violations may have a material adverse effect on our reputation, operating results and financial condition.

Future changes in industry standards may have an adverse effect on our business.

New industry standards in the aviation and defense industry could cause a portion of our Supply Chain Solutions division’s inventory to become obsolete and unmarketable, which would adversely affect our results of operations.

Existing and proposed Israeli legal requirements in respect of minimum wage and work and rest hours may increase our labor related expenses.

In April 2023, the mandatory minimum wage in Israel was raised by approximately 5%, to NIS 5,571.75 per month for 182 monthly hours (NIS 30.61 per hour). In addition, the minimum wage in Israel is supposed to be raise again on April 2024 to NIS 5,880 per month. As a result, we may suffer an increase in our labor costs in Israel, which could adversely affect our profitability.

If revenue levels for any quarter fall significantly below our expectations, our results of operations will be adversely affected.

Our revenues in any quarter are substantially dependent on orders received and delivered in that quarter. We base our decisions regarding our operating expenses on anticipated revenue trends and our expenses levels are relatively fixed or require some time for adjustment. As a result, revenue levels falling significantly below our expectations will adversely affect our quarterly results of operations.

The rate of inflation in Israel may negatively impact our costs if it exceeds the rate of devaluation of the NIS against the U.S. dollar. Similarly, the U.S. dollar cost of our operations in Israel will increase to the extent increases in the rate of inflation in Israel are not offset by a devaluation of the NIS in relation to the U.S. dollar.

A substantial amount of our revenues is denominated in U.S. dollars (“U.S. dollars” or “dollars”) or is U.S. dollar-linked. However, we incur a significant portion of our expenses, principally salaries and related personnel expenses in Israel and rent for our facilities in Israel, in NIS. As a result, we are exposed to the risk that the rate of inflation in Israel will exceed the rate of devaluation of the NIS in relation to the U.S. dollar or that the timing of this devaluation lags behind inflation in Israel. In any such event, the U.S. dollar cost of our operations in Israel will increase and our U.S. dollar-measured results of operations will be adversely affected.

Similarly, we are exposed to the risk that the NIS, after adjustment for inflation in Israel, will appreciate in relation to the U.S. dollar. In that event, the dollar-measured costs of our operations in Israel will increase and our dollar-measured results of operations will be adversely affected.

In 2023 and 2022, the NIS depreciated against the dollar by approximately 3% and 13%, respectively. In 2021, 2020 and 2019 the NIS appreciated against the dollar by approximately 3.3%, 6.9% and 7.8%, respectively. In 2018, the NIS depreciated against the dollar by approximately 8.1%. In 2023 the inflation rate in Israel was 3%, in 2022 the inflation rate in Israel was 5.3% and in 2021 the inflation rate in Israel was 2.4%. In 2020 there was annual deflation in Israel of 0.7%. In 2019, the inflation rate in Israel was 0.6% and in 2018 the inflation rate was 0.8%. Therefore, the U.S. dollar cost of our Israeli operations decreased in 2018, and increased in 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020 and 2019. We cannot predict any future trends in the rate of inflation in Israel and whether the NIS will appreciate against the U.S. dollar or vice versa.

The existence of inflation in the economy has resulted in, and may continue to result in, higher interest rates and capital costs, increased costs of labor, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, and other similar effects. As a result of inflation, we have experienced, and may continue to experience, cost increases, which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Any increase in the rate of inflation in Israel, unless the increase is offset on a timely basis by a devaluation of the NIS in relation to the U.S. dollar, will increase our labor and other costs, which will increase the U.S. dollar cost of our operations in Israel and harm our results of operations (see “Item 5A. Results of Operation - Impact of Inflation and Currency Fluctuations” below).

If we are unsuccessful in introducing new products, we may be unable to expand our business.

The market for some of our products is characterized by rapidly changing technology and evolving industry standards. The introduction of products embodying new technology and the emergence of new industry standards can render existing products obsolete and unmarketable and can exert price pressures on existing products.

Our ability to anticipate changes in technology and industry standards and successfully market new and enhanced products as well as additional applications for existing products, in each case on a timely basis, will be critical in our ability to grow and remain competitive. If we are unable, for technological or other reasons, to market products that are competitive in technology and price and responsive to customer needs, our business will be materially adversely affected.

Disruptions to our IT systems due to system failures or cyber security attacks may impact our operations, result in sensitive customer information being compromised, and expose us to liability which would negatively materially affect our reputation and materially harm our business.

We are subject to a number of legal requirements, contractual obligations and industry standards regarding security, data protection and privacy and any failure to comply with these requirements, obligations or standards could have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and operating results. In conducting our business, we routinely collect and store sensitive data, including personal information and proprietary technology and information about our business and our customers, suppliers and business partners, including proprietary technology and information owned by our customers. The secure processing, maintenance and transmission of this information is critical to our operations and business strategy. Our servers and equipment may be subject to computer viruses, break-ins, and similar disruptions from unauthorized tampering with computer systems. Our systems have been, and are expected to continue to be, the target of malware and other cyber-attacks. In this regard, in 2022, the Company learned that it suffered a limited cybersecurity breach in 2020 pursuant to which an unauthorized party accessed and extracted data by exploiting a vulnerability affecting certain of the Company’s software. The deficient software was subsequently replaced in 2020 in an unrelated upgrade and, to the Company’s knowledge, after conducting an investigation, the breach has not reoccurred and did not result in the release of any material company or customer information.

Although we have invested in measures to reduce these risks and conducted related tests there can be no assurance that our current information technology (IT) systems are fully protected against third-party intrusions, viruses, hacker attacks, information or data theft or other similar threats. See “Item 16K-Cybersecurity” for more information on our policies and procedures for identification and management of risks from cyber threats. A cyber-attack that bypasses our IT security systems causing an IT security breach may lead to a material disruption of our IT business systems and/or the loss of business information. A cyber-attack on our systems or networks that impairs our IT systems could disrupt our business operations and our ability to sell our products. Any such event could have a material adverse effect on our business. To the extent that such disruptions or uncertainties result in delays or cancellations of customer orders or shipment of our products, or in theft, destruction, loss, misappropriation or release of our confidential information or our intellectual property, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially adversely affected. Furthermore, we cannot be sure that our insurance policies with respect to cyber risk will adequately cover or include the damages or losses (whether direct or consequential) resulting from successful cyber attacks or if we will be able to renew such insurance.

We have significant sales worldwide and could encounter problems if conditions change in the places where we market products.

We have sold and intend to continue to sell products in overseas markets, including in India, the Far East, America and Europe. A number of risks are inherent in engaging in international transactions, including:

Should we encounter such difficulties in conducting our international operations, they may adversely affect our business condition and results of operations.

Unfavorable global economic conditions could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

We are currently operating in a period of economic uncertainty and cannot predict the timing, strength, or duration of any economic downturn. To the extent unfavorable conditions in the national and global economy persist, we may experience reductions in sales of products and services in some markets, longer sales cycles, slower adoption of new technologies and increased price competition. In addition, weakness in the end-user market could negatively affect the cash flow of our customers who could, in turn, delay paying their obligations to us. This could increase our credit risk exposure and cause delays in our recognition of revenues on future sales to these customers.

The global COVID-19 pandemic affected economic activity worldwide and led, among other things, to a disruption in the global supply chain, a decrease in global transportation, and restrictions on travel and work that were announced by the State of Israel and other countries worldwide. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we had experienced a reduction in inbound and outbound international delivery routes, which have caused, delays in receipt and shipment of goods.

In particular, the Company relies, with respect to some of its products, on manufacturers in China. The adverse effects of the COVID-19 on our business with China have subsided in 2023, however the return of the pandemic and any related measures taken by the authorities may adversely affect our future results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

Environmental, social and governance matters may impact our business and reputation.

Increasingly, in addition to the importance of their financial performance, companies are being judged by their performance on a variety of environmental, social and governance, or ESG, matters, which are considered to contribute to the long-term sustainability of companies’ performance.

A variety of organizations measure the performance of companies on such ESG topics, and the results of these assessments are widely publicized. In addition, investment in funds that specialize in companies that perform well in such assessments are increasingly popular, and major institutional investors have publicly emphasized the importance of such ESG measures to their investment decisions. Topics taken into account in such assessments include, among others, the company’s efforts and impacts on climate change and human rights, ethics and compliance with law, and the role of the company’s board of directors in supervising various sustainability issues. In addition to the topics typically considered in such assessments, in the healthcare industry, issues of the public’s ability to access a company’s medicines are of particular importance.

In light of this increased focus on ESG matters, there can be no certainty that we will manage such issues successfully, or that we will successfully meet society’s expectations as to our proper role. Any failure or perceived failure by us in this regard could have a material adverse effect on our reputation and on our business, share price, financial condition, or results of operations, including the sustainability of our business over time.

We may be obligated to indemnify our directors and officers.

The Company has agreements with its directors and senior officers which provide, subject to Israeli law, indemnification by the Company for its directors and senior officers for: (a) monetary liability imposed upon a director or officer in favor of a third party by a judgment, including a settlement or an arbitral award confirmed by the court, as a result of an act or omission of such person in his or her capacity as a director or officer of the Company, (b) reasonable litigation expenses, including attorney’s fees, incurred by a director or officer (A) pursuant to an investigation or a proceeding commenced against him or her by a competent authority, provided that (i) it was terminated without the filing of an indictment and without having a monetary charge imposed in lieu of criminal proceedings (as such terms are defined in the Israeli Companies Law; or (ii) it was terminated without the filing of an indictment but with a monetary charge imposed her in lieu of criminal proceedings for a crime that does not require proof of criminal intent; (B) or in connection with a financial sanction, as a result of an act or omission of such person in its capacity as a director or officer of the Company, (c) reasonable litigation expenses, including attorney’s fees, incurred by a director or officer or imposed on him or her by a court, in a proceeding brought against him or her by or on behalf of the Company or by a third party, or in a criminal action in which he or she was acquitted, or in a criminal action which does not require criminal intent in which he was convicted, in each case relating to acts or omissions of such person in its capacity as a director or officer of the Company, (d) expenses, including reasonable litigation expenses and legal fees, incurred by such a director or officer as a result of a proceeding instituted against him in relation to (A) infringements that may result in imposition of financial sanction pursuant to the provisions of Chapter H’3 under the Israeli Securities Law 5728 – 1968 (the “Israeli Securities Law”) or (B) administrative infringements pursuant to the provisions of Chapter H’4 under the Israeli Securities Law or (C) infringements pursuant to the provisions of Chapter I’1 under the Israeli Securities Law; and (e) payments to an injured party of infringement under Section 52ND(a)(1)(a) of the Israeli Securities Law. Payments pursuant to such indemnification obligation may materially adversely affect our financial condition.

There can be no assurance that we will not be classified as a passive foreign investment company (a “PFIC”).

Based on our current and projected income, assets and activities, we do not believe that, at this time, BOS is a passive foreign investment company for U.S. federal income tax purposes, but there can be no assurance that we will not be classified as such in the future. Such classification may have materially adverse tax consequences for our U.S. shareholders. One method of avoiding such tax consequences is by making a “qualified electing fund” election for the first taxable year in which the Company is a PFIC. However, such an election is conditioned upon our furnishing our U.S. shareholders annually with certain tax information. We do not presently prepare or provide such information, and such information may not be available to our U.S. shareholders if we are subsequently determined to be a PFIC. You are advised to consult with your own tax advisor regarding the particular tax consequences related to the ownership and disposition of our Ordinary Shares under your own particular factual circumstances.

A decline in our market capitalization or other factors could require us to write-down the value of our goodwill, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

 Our balance sheet contains a significant amount of goodwill and other amortizable intangible assets in long-term assets, totaling about $5.4 million at December 31, 2023. We review goodwill annually for impairment, or more frequently when indications for potential impairment exist. We review other amortizable intangible assets for impairment when indicators for impairment exist. The volatility of our share price can cause significant changes to our market capitalization.

If our market capitalization experiences a significant decline and is below the value of our Shareholders’ equity, if the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value or if any other quantitative or qualitative indication of impairment of goodwill arises in the future, we may be required to record impairment charges for our goodwill. Any such write-downs, if required, could result in a significant non-cash expense on our income statement, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Our business could be impacted as a result of actions by activist shareholders or others.

We may be subject, from time to time, to legal and business challenges in the operation of our company due to actions instituted by activist shareholders or others. Responding to such actions could be costly and time-consuming, may not align with our business strategies and could divert the attention of our Board of Directors and senior management from the pursuit of our business strategies. Perceived uncertainties as to our future direction as a result of shareholder activism may lead to the perception of a change in the direction of the business or other instability and may affect our relationships with investors, vendors, customers, prospective and current employees and others.

We may fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, investor confidence in our reported financial information and the market price of our Ordinary Shares.

Our efforts to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, governing internal control and procedures for financial reporting have resulted in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management time and attention. We expect these efforts to require the continued commitment of significant resources. We may identify material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our assessments of our internal control over financial reporting. Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in investigations or sanctions by regulatory authorities and could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, investor confidence in our reported financial information and the market price of our Ordinary Shares.

If our employees commit fraud or engage in other misconduct, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements or insider trading, our business may experience material adverse consequences.

During the course of our operations, our directors, executives and employees may have access to material, nonpublic information regarding our business, our results of operations or potential transactions we are considering. Despite the adoption of an Insider Trading Policy, we may not be able to prevent a director, executive or employee from trading in our ordinary shares on the basis of, or while having access to, such information.

In addition, while we have designed and operate an internal control system, we cannot provide absolute assurance that instances of fraud, if any, shall be prevented or detected. 

If a director, an executive or an employee was to be investigated, or an action was to be brought against him or her for insider trading or fraud, it could have a negative impact on our reputation and our share price. Such a claim, with or without merit, could also result in substantial expenditures of time and money and divert attention of our management team from other tasks important to the success of our operations.

Risks related to our Ordinary Shares:

Our share price has been and may continue to be volatile, which could result in substantial losses for individual shareholders.

The market price of our Ordinary Shares has been and may continue to be highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations. From January 1, 2023, through March 16, 2024, the daily closing price of our Ordinary Shares in Nasdaq has ranged from $2 to $4.14 per share. We believe that these fluctuations have been in response to a number of factors including the following, some of which are beyond our control:

In addition, stock markets in general have, from time to time, experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations. This volatility is often unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of the affected companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of our Ordinary Shares, regardless of our actual operating performance.

Future sales of our Ordinary Shares, whether by us or our shareholders, could cause our stock price to decline.

If our existing shareholders sell, or indicate an intent to sell, substantial amounts of our Ordinary Shares in the public market, the trading price of our Ordinary Shares could decline significantly. Similarly, the perception in the public market that our shareholders might sell Ordinary Shares could also depress the market price of our Ordinary Shares. A decline in the price of our Ordinary Shares might impede our ability to raise capital through the issuance of additional Ordinary Shares or other equity securities. In addition, the issuance and sale by us of additional Ordinary Shares or securities convertible into or exercisable for our Ordinary Shares, or the perception that we will issue such securities, could reduce the trading price for our Ordinary Shares as well as make future sales of equity securities by us less attractive or not feasible. The sale of Ordinary Shares issued upon the exercise of our outstanding options and warrants could further dilute the holdings of our then existing shareholders.

Our Ordinary Shares may be delisted from the Nasdaq Stock Market as a result of our failure to meet the Nasdaq Capital Market continued listing requirements.

Over the years, the Company has received several notices from the Nasdaq Stock Market advising it of the non-compliance of its shares with continued listing requirements on the Nasdaq Capital Market.

There can be no assurance that the Company will continue to qualify for listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market. If the Company’s Ordinary Shares are delisted from the Nasdaq Capital Market, trading in its Ordinary Shares could be conducted on the over-the-counter market. In addition, if the Company’s Ordinary Shares were delisted from the Nasdaq Capital Market, it would be subject to the so-called penny stock rules that impose restrictive sales practice requirements on broker-dealers who sell those securities. Consequently, de-listing, if it occurred, could affect the ability of our shareholders to sell their Ordinary Shares in the secondary market. The restrictions applicable to shares that are de-listed, as well as the lack of liquidity for shares that are traded on an electronic bulletin board, may adversely affect the market price of such shares.

Risks related to our location in Israel:

Political, economic, and security conditions in Israel affect our operations and may limit our ability to produce and sell products or provide our services.

We are incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel, where we also maintain our headquarters and our principal research and development and sales and marketing facilities. As a result, political, economic and military conditions affecting Israel directly influence us.

Since its establishment in 1948, a number of armed conflicts have taken place between Israel and its neighboring countries. In recent years, these have included hostilities between Israel and Hezbollah in Lebanon, and Israel and Hamas in the Gaza Strip, both of which resulted in rockets being fired into Israel causing casualties and disruption of economic activities. Recent political uprisings and conflicts in various countries in the Middle East, including Egypt and Syria, are affecting the political stability of those countries.

On October 7, 2023, Hamas launched a series of coordinated attacks from the Gaza Strip onto Israel. On October 8, 2023, Israel formally declared war on Hamas, and the armed conflict is ongoing as of the date of this filing. Following the attack by Hamas on Israel’s southern border, Hezbollah in Lebanon also launched missile, rocket and shooting attacks against Israeli military sites, troops and Israeli towns in northern Israel.

The intensity and duration of Israel’s current war against Hamas is difficult to predict, as are such war’s economic implications on the Company’s business and operations and on Israel’s economy in general. These events may be intertwined with wider macroeconomic indications of a deterioration of Israel’s economic standing that may involve a downgrade in Israel’s credit rating by rating agencies (such as the recent downgrade by Moody’s of its credit rating of Israel from A1 to A2, as well as the downgrade of its outlook rating from “stable” to “negative”), which may have a material adverse effect on the Company and its ability to effectively conduct its operations.

Following Hamas’ attack on Israel and Israel’s security cabinet declaration of war against Hamas, the Houthi movement, which controls parts of Yemen, launched a number of attacks on marine vessels traversing the Red Sea, which marine vessels were thought to either be in route towards Israel or to be partly owned by Israeli businessmen. The Red Sea is a vital maritime route for international trade traveling to or from Israel. As a result of such disruptions, we may experience in the future delays in supplier deliveries, extended lead times, and increased cost of freight, increased insurance costs, purchased materials and manufacturing labor costs. The risk of ongoing supply disruptions may result in delayed deliveries of our products and may also have adverse impact on economic conditions in Israel.

Any armed conflicts, terrorist activities, political instability or hostilities in the region or that involve Israel or the interruption or curtailment of trade within Israel or between Israel and its trading partners could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and could make it more difficult for us to raise capital.

A number of our key personnel in Israel have standing obligations to perform periodic reserve duty in the Israel Defense Forces and are subject to be called up for active military duty at any time. In connection with the Israeli security cabinet’s declaration of war against Hamas and possible hostilities with other organizations, several hundred thousand Israeli military reservists were drafted to perform immediate military service. Certain of our employees in Israel have been called, and additional employees may be called, for service in the current or future wars or other armed conflicts with Hamas and others, and such persons may be absent for an extended period of time. If our key personnel are absent from our business for a significant period of time, we may experience disruptions in our business that could affect the development, sales or technical support of our products. As a result, we might not be able to compete in the market and our results of operations could be harmed.

Our commercial insurance does not cover losses that may occur as a result of an event associated with the security situation in the Middle East. Although the Israeli government has in the past covered the reinstatement value of certain damages that were caused by terrorist attacks or acts of war, we cannot assure you that this government coverage will be maintained, or if maintained, will be sufficient to compensate us fully for damages incurred. Any losses or damages incurred by us could have a material adverse effect on our operations.

To date, these matters were key reasons for the reduction in the RFID division revenues for the year 2023 as compared to year 2022, but did not have a material effect on our business and results of operations as a whole. However, the regional security situation and worldwide perceptions of it are outside our control and there can be no assurance that these matters will not negatively affect us in the future.

Furthermore, several countries and companies restrict business with Israel and Israeli companies. Restrictive laws or policies directed towards Israel or Israeli businesses may have an adverse impact on our operations, our financial results or the expansion of our business. In January 2024 the International Court of Justice, or ICJ, issued an interim ruling in a case filed by South Africa against Israel in December 2023, making allegations of genocide amid and in connection with the war in Gaza, and ordered Israel, among other things, to take measures to prevent genocidal acts, prevent and punish incitement to genocide, and take steps to provide basic services and humanitarian aid to civilians in Gaza. There are concerns that companies and businesses will terminate, and may have already terminated, certain commercial relationships with Israeli companies following the ICJ decision. This may materially and adversely impact our ability to sell and provide our products and services.

In addition, prior to the Hamas attack in October 2023, the Israeli government pursued extensive reforms to Israel’s judicial system. In response to such initiatives, many individuals, organizations and institutions, both within and outside of Israel, have voiced concerns that the proposed reforms may negatively impact the business environment in Israel including due to increased currency fluctuations, downgrades in credit rating, increased interest rates, increased volatility in securities markets, and other changes in macroeconomic conditions. The risk of such negative developments has increased in light of the recent Hamas attacks and the war against Hamas declared by Israel, regardless of the proposed changes to the judicial system and the related debate. For instance, recently, the Moody’s rating agency has lowered Israel’s credit rating from A1 to A2. This, and any further negative developments should they occur may have an adverse effect on our business, our results of operations and our ability to raise additional funds, if deemed necessary by our management and board of directors.

The anti-takeover effects of Israeli laws may delay or deter a change of control of the Company.

Provisions of Israeli law may delay, prevent or make undesirable a merger or an acquisition of all or a significant portion of our shares or assets. The Israeli Companies Law regulates acquisitions of shares through tender offers and mergers, requires special approvals for transactions involving significant shareholders and regulates other matters that may be relevant to these types of transactions. These provisions of Israeli law could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control and may make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us, even if doing so would be beneficial to our shareholders. These provisions may limit the price that investors may be willing to pay in the future for our Ordinary Shares. Furthermore, Israeli tax considerations may make potential transactions undesirable to us or to some of our shareholders.

These laws may have the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control of the Company, thereby limiting the opportunity for shareholders to receive a premium for their shares and possibly affecting the price that some investors are willing to pay for the Company’s securities.

All of our directors and officers are non-U.S. residents and enforceability of civil liabilities against them is uncertain.

All of our directors and officers reside outside of the United States. Therefore, a judgment obtained against us, or any of these persons, including a judgment based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws, may not be collectible in the United States and may not be enforced by an Israeli court. It also may be difficult for you to effect service of process on these persons in the United States or to assert U.S. securities law claims in original actions instituted in Israel. Israeli courts may refuse to hear a claim based on an alleged violation of U.S. securities laws reasoning that Israel is not the most appropriate forum in which to bring such a claim. In addition, even if an Israeli court agrees to hear a claim, it may determine that Israeli law and not U.S. law is applicable to the claim. If U.S. law is found to be applicable, the content of applicable U.S. law must be proven as a fact by expert witnesses, which can be a time consuming and costly process. Certain matters of procedure will also be governed by Israeli law. There is little binding case law in Israel that addresses the matters described above. As a result of the difficulty associated with enforcing a judgment against us in Israel, you may not be able to collect any damages awarded by either a U.S. or foreign court.

Your rights and responsibilities as our shareholder will be governed by Israeli law, which differ in some respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders of United States corporations.

Since we are incorporated under Israeli law, the rights and responsibilities of our shareholders are governed by our articles of association and Israeli law. These rights and responsibilities differ in some respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders in United States-based corporations. In particular, a shareholder of an Israeli company has a duty to act in good faith towards the company and other shareholders and to refrain from abusing its power in the company, including, among other things, in voting at the general meeting of shareholders on certain matters, such as an amendment to the company’s articles of association, an increase of the company’s authorized share capital, a merger and approval of related party transactions that require shareholder approval. In addition, a shareholder who knows that it possesses the power to determine the outcome of a shareholders’ vote or to appoint or prevent the appointment of a director or executive officer in the company has a duty of fairness towards the company. These provisions may be interpreted to impose additional obligations and liabilities on our shareholders that are not typically imposed on shareholders of U.S. corporations.

We rely on the foreign private issuer exemption for certain corporate governance requirements under the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules. This may afford less protection to holders of our Ordinary Shares.

We are a foreign private issuer as such term is defined under U.S. federal securities laws. As a foreign private issuer, we have elected to follow certain home country corporate governance practices, instead of certain requirements of the Marketplace Rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market, or the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules. We may in the future elect to follow Israeli corporate governance practices with regard to, among other things, the composition of our board of directors (“Board of Directors”), compensation of officers, director nomination procedures and quorum requirements at shareholders’ meetings. In addition, we may elect to follow Israeli corporate governance practices instead of the Nasdaq requirements to obtain shareholder approval for certain dilutive events (such as for the establishment or amendment of certain equity-based compensation plans, issuances that will result in a change of control of the company, certain transactions other than a public offering involving issuances of a 20% or more interest in the company and certain acquisitions of the stock or assets of another company). Accordingly, our shareholders may not be afforded the same protection as provided under Nasdaq’s corporate governance rules. Following our home country governance practices as opposed to the requirements that would otherwise apply to a U.S. company listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market may provide less protection than is accorded to investors of domestic issuers. See “Item 16G – Corporate Governance” below.

If we were to lose our foreign private issuer status under U.S. federal securities laws, we would incur additional expenses associated with compliance with the U.S. securities laws applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules and regulations under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), related to the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file annual, quarterly and current reports and financial statements with the Securities and Exchange Commission as frequently or as promptly as domestic companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act.

The regulatory and compliance costs to us under U.S. securities laws, if we are required to comply with the reporting requirements applicable to a U.S. domestic issuer, may be significantly higher than the cost we currently incur as a foreign private issuer.

As a public company in the United States, we incur significant accounting, legal and other expenses as a result of listing our Ordinary Shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market, and we may need to devote substantial resources to address new compliance initiatives and reporting requirements.

As a public company in the United States, the Exchange Act requires that we file periodic reports with respect to our business and financial condition and maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. In addition, subsequent rules implemented by the SEC and the Nasdaq Stock Market may also impose various additional requirements on public companies. As a result, we incur significant accounting, legal and other expenses as a result of listing our Ordinary Shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market. These include costs associated with corporate governance requirements of the SEC and the Marketplace Rules of Nasdaq, as well as requirements under Section 404 and other provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Any future changes in the laws and regulations affecting public companies in the United States and Israel, will result in increased costs to us as we respond to such changes. These laws, rules and regulations could make it more difficult or more costly for us to obtain certain types of insurance, including director and officer liability insurance, and we may be forced to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. The impact of these requirements could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our Board of Directors, our board committees or as executive officers.

Item 4:  Information on the Company

We were incorporated in Israel in 1990 and are subject to the Israeli Companies Law. Our executive offices, shipping and service operations are located in Israel. Our address in Israel is 20 Freiman Street, Rishon LeZion, 7535825, Israel. The Company’s Ordinary Shares are currently listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “BOSC”.

Our address in the United States is B.O.S. Better Online Solutions Ltd. c/o Ruby-tech, Inc. 147-20 184th St., Jamaica NY 11413, USA.

Our telephone number is 972-3-954-2000 and our website address is www.boscom.com. Our commercial websites are: Supply Chain Division - www.odem.co.il; Intelligent Robotics Division - www.imdecol.com and RFID Division - www.dimex.co.il. The information contained on, or linked from, our websites is not a part of this report. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers, such as we, that file electronically, with the SEC at www.sec.gov.

In May 2022, the Company purchased 546 sqm of offices, 495 sqm of warehouses and nine parking spots in Rishon Le Zion, Israel. The purchased real-estate is part of the facilities BOS has been leasing. The purchase price was NIS 6.5 million (approximately $1.9 million).

On December 15, 2022, our general meeting of shareholders approved an increase of 3,000,000 Ordinary Shares in the Company’s authorized share capital. Following such approval, the Company’s authorized share capital is 11,000,000 Ordinary Shares, of no nominal value.

We operate our business through three divisions:

In June 2019, the Company acquired the business operations of Imdecol Ltd (“Imdecol”), in order to expand the Company’s technological capabilities and take advantage of the increasing demand for improvements in the productivity of industrial and logistic processes.

In January 2016, the Company completed the acquisition of the assets of iDnext Ltd. and its subsidiary Next-Line Ltd., which offers on-site inventory count services in the fields of apparel, food, convenience and pharma, and asset tagging and counting services for corporate and governmental entities.

On March 10, 2022, the Company announced that its RFID division, BOS-Dimex, acquired the assets of Dagesh Inventory Counting and Maintenance Ltd, or Dagesh, which provides inventory-counting services in Israel, mainly for retail stores.

In consideration for the acquisition, BOS agreed to pay Dagesh a total amount of NIS 2.7 million (approximately $828,000) as follows:

The consideration includes payment of earn-out through February 28, 2023, which eventually was higher by NIS 123,000 (approximately $35,000) than initially estimated. As a result, the total consideration increased from $793,000 to $828,000.  This increase was recorded as expenses in year 2022, under general and administrative.

Effective January 1, 2020, BOS manages its business in three reportable segments: the Intelligent Robotics Division, the RFID Division and the Supply Chain Division.

The Company’s customers represent a cross-section of industry leaders, from the avionics, defense, retail, manufacturers and government markets. The Company’s Supply Chain Solutions customers include, among others, Fokker Elmo and Sasmos Interconnection Systems Ltd. from the Indian market, C&O Telecom (H.K) Co., Limited from the Chinese market and Refael and the Israel Aerospace Industries from the Israeli market. The Company’s Intelligent Robotics customers include, among others, Flextronics (Israel) Ltd., and IMI systems Ltd. The Company’s RFID Division customers include Shufersal Ltd., Hamashbir Lazarchan Ltd., Fox Vizel Ltd., The Central Company for Sales and Distribution Ltd and Tnuva Ltd.

BOS’ Product Offerings

Intelligent Robotics Division

The Intelligent Robotics Division offers custom-made machines for industrial automation, assembly of products and packing that provide comprehensive technological solutions that increase productivity in industrial and logistic processes.

In 2023, 3.9% of our revenues were attributed to sales generated from the Company’s Intelligent Robotics Division.

Towards the end of 2021 the Company has begun to shift the focus of its Intelligent Robotics division from the US markets to the Israeli market. In the Israeli market, the Company targets customers which have extensive automation needs and that could place ongoing orders. In 2023, 98% of the revenues of the Intelligent Robotics division were from the Israeli market.

RFID Division

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) refers to the use of an automatic identification method to remotely retrieve data using devices called RFID tags. An RFID tag is an object such as a pendant, bead, nail, label, micro wire or fiber, which can be applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification using radio waves.

The RFID division offers comprehensive turn-key solutions for Automatic Identification and Data Collection (AIDC), combining a mobile infrastructure with software application of manufacturers that we represent. The division also offers on-site inventory count services in the fields of apparel, food, convenience and pharma, asset tagging and counting services for corporate and governmental entities.

The Company’s RFID Division purchases equipment of leading global manufacturers. Such manufacturers include Zebra Technologies Corp., DLog GmbH and Honeywell International Inc. 

Specifically, the Company’s RFID Division offers the following products and services:

The Company provides systems for comprehensive solution for inventory and assets tracking. The system is comprised of hardware, software and integration with the customers’ information system. The Company has provided systems for varied solutions including: 

The Company’s RFID Division also provides complementary services such as:

In 2023, 31% of our revenues were attributed to sales generated from the Company’s RFID Division.

Supply Chain Solutions Division

The Company’s Supply Chain Solutions division offers electro-mechanical components, mainly to customers in the aerospace, defense and other industries worldwide and is a supply chain service provider for aviation customers that prefer to consolidate their component acquisitions through a supplier that is able to provide a comprehensive solution to their components-supply needs.

These services of the Supply Chain division include:

The Company’s Supply Chain Solutions division represents and distributes engineering designs for sale on a non-exclusive basis to, among others, Positronic Global Connector Solutions, Sensata Technologies Inc., Integrated Power Designs, Inc., Netpower, Switchcraft Inc., First Sensor A.G., Fema Electronics Corporation, Yeebo Group, SGC Technologies Inc., Fischer Connectors SA and Civue Optotech Inc. 

In 2023, 65% of our revenues were attributed to sales of the Supply Chain Solutions division.

Marketing, Distribution and Sales

Intelligent Robotics Division 

The Company markets its solutions primarily through a combination of direct sales and sales agents.

RFID Division

The Company markets its solutions primarily to medium and large sized corporations through a combination of direct sales and sales agents.

Supply Chain Solutions Division

The Company markets its Supply Chain Solutions directly to customers or through distributors worldwide. The Company’s sales force is comprised of direct sales teams and sales agents.

Seasonality

The Company’s sales are subject to seasonality. The revenues of the first and fourth quarter are usually relatively higher than the revenues for the second and third quarter. The seasonality is attributable mainly to inventory counting services which generate a majority of their revenues in the fourth and first quarter of the year.

The following tables set forth the Company’s revenues (in thousands of $), by major geographic areas and by divisions, for the periods indicated below:

Sales by major geographic areas ($ in thousands)

Sales by quarters

Sales by divisions

Competition

Intelligent Robotics Division

Our Intelligent Robotics Division primary target market is the Israeli market. Main competitors in this territory include GBM Automation and Robotics Ltd and Automatica Ltd.

RFID Division

The RFID market is subject to rapidly changing technology and evolving standards incorporated into robots, mobile equipment, Enterprise Resource Planning systems, computer networks and host computers. As the market grows, so does the number of competitors. A few of the competitors have greater financial, marketing and technological resources than BOS.

In Israel, the Company’s main competitors in the RFID market are eWave mobile Ltd., Dannet Advanced Technologies Ltd. and Globe Tag Ltd.

Supply Chain Solutions Division 

The Company holds several representation agreements with major manufacturers. The representation agreements are not entered into on an exclusive basis.

The Company’s Israeli competitors for distribution to the electronic industry include the publicly traded Telsys Ltd. and STG International Electronics (1981) Ltd., as well as Nisco Projects Ltd., Eastronics Ltd., Elimec Engineering Ltd. and Teder Electro Mechanical Engineering Ltd.

In the international market, the Company’s competitors consist of mainly Arrow Electronics International Inc., Avnet Electronics Marketing, TTI Inc., PEI-Genesis Inc., Weco Electrical Connectors Inc., Electro Enterprises Inc., Flame Enterprise Inc., Norstan Electronics Inc., Peerless Electronics Inc. and Future Electronics. 

Strategy 

The Company’s vision is to become a leading provider of comprehensive solutions to enterprises that improve inventory control and increase productivity of production and logistics processes. The Company operates through three divisions that offer services, equipment and custom-made automatic machines.

Exchange Controls

See “Item 10D. Exchange Controls.”

For other government regulations affecting the Company’s business, see “Item 5A. Results of Operations - Grants and Participation.”

The Company’s wholly owned subsidiaries include:

In Israel:

In the United States:

Our offices are located in the following facility in Israel:

Our average monthly rental fees for the year 2023 and for the year 2022 amounted to $12,000 and $24,000, respectively.

Item 4A:  Unresolved Staff Comments

Not Applicable.

Item 5:  Operating and Financial Review and Prospects

The following management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and notes thereto. Certain matters discussed below and throughout this Annual Report are forward-looking statements that are based on our beliefs and assumptions as well as information currently available to us. Such forward-looking statements may be identified by the use of the words “anticipate”, “believe”, “do not believe”, “estimate”, “expect”, “plan”, “intend”, “projections”, “forecast”, “may”, “continue”, “should”, “predict”, “potential” or the negative of these terms or similar expressions. Such statements reflect our current views with respect to future events and are subject to certain risks and uncertainties. While we believe such forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, should one or more of the underlying assumptions prove incorrect, or these risks or uncertainties materialize, our actual results may differ materially from those described herein. The dollar amounts discussed in this section are in thousands unless otherwise indicated.

Overview

BOS is a global provider of comprehensive solutions to enterprises comprised of services, equipment and custom-made automatic machines that improve inventory control and increase productivity of production and logistic processes. BOS manages its business in three reportable divisions: the Intelligent Robotics Division, the RFID Division and the Supply Chain Division.

Key measures of our performance

BOS, through its three divisions, provides products and services for enterprises that improve the efficiency of inventory production and control.

The Supply Chain division provides a kit of electro-mechanical components for its client. It buys all parts directly from the manufacturers that we represent or in the open market.

The RFID division product offering includes: (i) sale of Automatic Identification Data Capture Equipment (AIDC”), which we buy from distributors. This equipment comprises ruggedized handheld computers, barcodes, and RFID scanners and printers. In most cases, the equipment is sold with a service contract for repairs; (ii) sale of software licenses and implementation of Warehouse Management Systems (“WMS”) of Mantis Informatics Israel Ltd.; and (iii) provision of inventory counting services for retail stores and warehouses.

The Intelligent Robotic division provides custom-made mechanical automation (“Robots”) for the industrial and logistic processes. Our Robots are based on our mechanical design, metal sheets that are manufactured for the specific robot, and the integration of off-the-shelf components and other robots.

We generate revenues and deliver services principally through our sales team.

Our revenues are influenced by several factors, including, among other things, (i) the capital expenditure budgets of end-users and potential end-users, all of which may be significantly influenced by macroeconomic factors, and (ii) the lead time of our products, especially under the current global shortage of components.

Costs of revenues

Costs of revenues consist primarily of the cost of products we purchase. Costs of products also include labor costs of the production team in the Intelligent Robotic division, technicians in the RFID division, warehouse staff, rent and other facilities expenses and depreciation.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, a hypothetical 1% rise in products prices that we buy would have caused an approximate $294,000 increase in costs of revenues in our Consolidated Statements of Operations and comprehensive loss. As to wages and related benefits, a 10% increase in wages due to wage inflation would have caused an approximate $40,000 increase in costs of revenues in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. During 2023, we faced trends of inflation in commodities prices and wages costs and we are reflecting these costs in our price list. For further information, please see “Item 11. Quantitative And Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” in this annual report.

Gross profit

The gross profit and gross margin for our products are influenced by a number of factors. The most important of these is the mix of our products sold. Second is the gross profit loss of the Intelligent Robotic division through the years 2019 and 2023. If we are able to reduce the gross profit loss and then achieve a gross profit from this division, it will significantly improve our gross profit. We also seek to reduce our cost of revenues by improving our ability to use less costly components, better management of our inventories levels, and increasing manufacturing efficiencies in the production of our Robots.

Operating expenses

Our operating expenses for 2023 consisted mainly of selling, general and administrative expenses.

Our selling, general and administrative expenses include employee compensation and employee-related expenses for marketing, sales and other sales-operation positions, and for managerial and administrative functions, including executive officers, accounting, legal, information technology and human resources. This category of expenses also covers commissions, advertising and promotions expenses, professional service fees, respective depreciation, amortization expenses related to certain intangible assets, as well as associated overhead.

Commissions consist of sales-based commissions to independent sales agents and internal sales personnel. Commission rates vary, depending on the geographic location of the agent, type of products sold, and the degree of achievement of certain performance targets. Our advertising and promotion expenses consist primarily of media advertising costs, trade and consumer marketing expenses, which aim to strengthen the leadership of our brand in key vertical markets.

Facilities costs that are included in our selling, general and administrative expenses include an allocated portion of the occupancy costs for our facilities where sales, marketing and administrative personnel are located. Professional service fees for accounting and legal services are also included in selling, general and administrative expenses.

Legal Contingencies

None.

Comparison of 2023 to 2022

Consolidated revenues for the year 2023 amounted to $44.2 million compared to $41.5 million in the year 2022.

The Supply Chain division’s revenues are mainly from the Israeli defense segment. This division’s revenues grew by 14% in the year 2023, to $28.8 million in the year 2023 from $25.2 million in the year 2022. This growth reflects the ability of the Supply Chain division to provide electronic components sourced form secondary suppliers that were unavailable from the original manufacturers due to the shortage that year.

Revenues of our Intelligent Robotics division increased from $1 million in year 2022 to $1.7 million in year 2023. The Intelligent Robotics division recognizes revenues upon delivery of a completed project, which may take about six months to complete, and may cause fluctuations in annual revenues, depending upon the timing of particular projects.

Sales of our RFID division decreased by 10% to $13.7 million in the year 2023 due to the slowdown in the Israeli civilian sector.

Gross profit for 2023 was $9.2 million (a gross margin of 20.8%) as compared to $9.1 million (a gross margin of 21.8%) for 2022. The increase in the gross profit was primarily due to an increase in gross profit of the Supply Chain division to $5.8 million in 2023, due to the increase in sales of this division as compared to a gross profit of $5.4 million in year 2022, which was partially offset by a decrease in the gross profit of the RFID division due to its decreased sales in 2023.

Sales and Marketing expenses of year 2023 amounted to $4.89 million compared to $4.92 million in year 2022.

General and administrative expenses decreased to $1.8 million in 2023 from $2.1 million in 2022. The decrease in expenses was primarily due to reduced payroll expense and bad debt expenses. 

Financial expenses decreased to $441,000 in year 2023 from $647,000 in year 2022. The decrease was due mainly to currency differences expenses that amounted to $39,000, in year 2023 as compared to currency differences expenses of $341,000 in year 2022. Due to the increase in the interest rate in 2023, the interest expenses increased from $306,000 in year 2022 to $402,000 in 2023.

Net profit for year 2023 was $2.01 million as compared to a net profit of $1.28 million in 2022. The basic and diluted net loss per share in 2023 were $0.35 and $0.34, respectively, compared to a basic and diluted net loss per share of $0.23 and $0.23 in 2022.

For a discussion of our financial results for the year 2021 see item 5A included in our annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on March 31, 2022.

Variability of Quarterly Operating Results

Our revenues and profitability may vary in any given year, and from quarter to quarter, depending on the mix of products sold. In addition, due to potential competition and other factors, we may be required to reduce prices for our products and services in the future.

Our future results will be affected by a number of factors including our ability to:

These results may also be affected by currency exchange rate fluctuations and interest rate and economic conditions in the geographical areas in which we operate. There can be no assurance that our historical trends will continue, or that revenues, gross profit and net income in any particular quarter will not be lower than those of the preceding quarters, including comparable quarters.

Impact of Inflation and Currency Fluctuations

In 2023, the NIS depreciated against the dollar by approximately 3%. In 2022, the NIS depreciated against the dollar by approximately 13%. In 2021, 2020 and 2019, the NIS appreciated against the dollar by approximately 3.3%, 6.9% and 7.8%, respectively, while in 2018 the NIS depreciated against the dollar by approximately 8.1%. In 2023 the inflation rate in Israel was 3% and in 2022 the inflation rate in Israel was 5.3%. In 2021 there was annual inflation in Israel of 2.4%. In the years 2020 and 2019, the deflation and inflation rate in Israel was 0.7% and 0.6%, respectively. Therefore, the U.S. dollar cost of our Israeli operations increased in 2023, 2022, 2021 and 2020. We cannot predict any future trends in the rate of inflation in Israel and whether the NIS will appreciate against the U.S. dollar or vice versa. Any increase in the rate of inflation in Israel, unless the increase is offset on a timely basis by a devaluation of the NIS in relation to the U.S. dollar, will increase our labor and other costs, which will increase the U.S. dollar cost of our operations in Israel and harm our results of operations.

Effective Corporate Tax Rate

Commencing January 1, 2018, the corporate tax rate is 23%.

Conditions in Israel

We are incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel, where we also maintain our headquarters and our research and development and manufacturing facilities. See Item 3D. “Risk Factors – Risks Relating to Our Location in Israel” for a description of governmental, economic, fiscal, monetary or political polices or factors that have materially affected or could materially affect our operations.

In the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company had net profit of $2.06 million as compared to net profit of $1.28 million in the year 2022 and a net profit of $451,000 in the year 2021. In the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company generated a positive cash flow from operating activities amounting to $1.83 million as compared to a positive cash flow from operating activities amounting to $1.28 million in 2022 and a positive cash flow from operating activities amounting to $9,000 in 2021. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents amounted to $2.56 million as of December 31, 2023. The Company had a positive working capital of $11,137,000, $9,379,000 and $9,118,000, as of December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

We finance our activities by different means, including short and long-term loans, cash flow from operating activities and issuance of Company shares.

Working capital requirements will vary from time-to-time and will depend on numerous factors, including but not limited to, the operating results, scope of sales and supplier and customer credit terms.

As of December 31, 2023, we had $1.15 million in long-term debt (net of current maturities of $170,000) and no short term bank loans.

The Company’s loans from Bank Beinleumi are secured by:

The Company also guarantees the liabilities of its Israeli subsidiaries to Bank Beinleumi and each of its Israeli subsidiaries guarantees the Company’s liabilities to Bank Beinleumi.

In August 2022, the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, BOS-Dimex Ltd., received a loan in the amount of $1.28 million (NIS 4,500,000) from Bank Leumi in order to finance the purchase by the Company of the warehouse and office space in Rishon Lezion.

We rely on Bank Beinleumi to provide all of the credit facilities to our subsidiaries. In October 2017, we replaced all our Bank Leumi credit facilities with credit facilities from Bank Beinleumi, so that currently all of our outstanding bank debt, except for the loan to purchase our warehouse and office space, is owed to Bank Beinleumi.

On January 4, 2021, the Company entered into a definitive agreement with institutional investors for the purchase and sale of 800,000 Ordinary Shares and 720,000 warrants at a combined purchase price of $2.50 in a registered direct offering, which resulted in gross proceeds of $2 million. The warrants have an exercise price of $2.75 per Ordinary Share and an expiration date of January 5, 2026.

In October 2022, the Company extended the expiration date to November 16, 2025 of 300,000 warrants with an exercise price of $3.30 per ordinary share, which were issued in 2019 in connection with an equity financing.

In May 2022, the Company completed the sale of 450,000 Ordinary Shares and 225,000 warrants at a combined purchase price of $990,000 in a registered direct offering with several investors. The warrants have an exercise price of $2.20 per Ordinary Share, are immediately exercisable and will expire in five years.

We have in-balance sheet financial instruments and off-balance sheet contingent commitments. Our on-balance sheet financial instruments consist of our assets and liabilities. Our cash is held in bank accounts in U.S. dollars and NIS bearing no interest. As of December 31, 2023, our trade receivables’ and trade payables’ aging days were 103 and 95 days, respectively. The fair value of our financial instruments is similar to their book value. Our off-balance sheet contingent commitments consist of: (a) royalty commitments that are directly related to our future revenues, (b) lease commitments of our premises and vehicles, and (c) directors’ and officers’ indemnities, in excess of the proceeds received from liability insurance, which we obtain.

The Company had working capital of $11,114,000 as of December 31, 2023. It is the Company’s opinion that current working capital is sufficient for the Company’s ongoing operation. The Company may grow its business through acquisitions of complementary business for both divisions. In order to finance such acquisitions, the Company might need to significantly increase its debt and raise additional equity financing.

Cash Flows

Net cash provided by operating activities increased to $1,829,000 in 2023 from $1,283,000 in year 2022, corresponding with the increase in the net income to $2,005,000 in year 2023 from $1,276,000 in year 2022.

Net cash used in investment activities in year 2023 amounted to $772,000, attributed to the purchase property and equipment in the amount of $341,000 and to the acquisition of Proteus and Microwave assets in the amount of $431,000 (see note 3 to the financial statement). Net cash used in investment activities in 2022 amounted to $(3,091,000), used mainly for purchasing property and equipment in the amount of $2,427,000 (see note 7 to the financial statements). Net cash used in investment activities in 2021 amounted to $(379,000).

Net cash used by financing activities in 2023 amounted to $389,000, attributed mainly to the repayment of short and long term bank loans in the amount of $584,000. Net cash provided by financing activities in 2022 amounted to $1,584,000, attributed mainly to proceeds from short and long term bank loans in the amount of $1,356,000 and to proceeds from issuance of shares in the amount of $912,000. Net cash provided by financing activities in 2021 amounted to $1,311,000, attributed mainly to proceeds from issuance of shares in the amount of $1,841,000.

Our research and development is attributed to the Intelligent Robotics division and consists of the engineering resources required to develop custom-made automation concepts for potential customers. Research and development expenses were $158,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $166,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022.

BOS’ vision is to become a leading integrator of comprehensive technological solutions that improve the control over and the productivity of inventory production and logistics processes. BOS’ solutions comprise of services, equipment, software and custom-made automatic machines. BOS operates through three divisions: RFID, Supply Chain and Intelligent Robotics.

During 2023, we significantly expanded our portfolio of RFID solutions, and we expect this will yield revenue growth in 2024, disregarding any potential adverse effects associated with the current war situation in Israel.

We expect that in 2024, the market will return to buying electronic components from official distributors. In addition, in 2023, the Supply Chain division expanded the list of electronic manufacturers it represents and increased its sales force. As a result of the above, we anticipate that the revenues of the Supply Chain division in 2024 will remain roughly the same as in 2023.

The Intelligent Robotic division is transitioning from the Israeli civilian sector to the Israeli defense sector. During 2023 and the first quarter of year 2024, we have established a business connection with a leading Israeli defense customer, and we believe this will promote continued growth of this division in 2024.

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of our financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States requires our management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. These amounts and disclosures could potentially be materially different under other assumptions and conditions. These are our management’s best estimates based on experience and historical data, however, actual results could differ materially from these estimates. Our significant accounting principles are presented within Note 2 to our Consolidated Financial Statements attached to this annual report. While all the accounting policies impact the financial statements, certain policies may be viewed to be critical. Management believes that the following policies are those that are most important to the portrayal of our financial condition, results of operations and for fully understanding and evaluating our reported results:

The Company’s long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment in accordance with ASC 360-10, Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Asset, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset (or asset group) may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset (or asset group) to the future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the assets (or asset group). If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds their fair value.

Recoverability of intangible assets is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of the asset to the undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If intangible assets are considered to be impaired, the amount of any impairment is measured as the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of the impaired assets.

Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized using the straight-line basis over their useful lives, to reflect the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible assets are consumed or otherwise used up. As of December 31, 2021, the remaining intangible assets were comprised mainly of costumer relationship.

Goodwill represents excess of the costs over the net assets of businesses acquired. Under ASC 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (“ASC 350”), goodwill is not amortized but instead is tested for impairment at least annually or between annual tests in certain circumstances, and written-down when impaired.

The Company performs its annual impairment analysis of goodwill as of December 31 of each year, or more often if indicators of impairment are present. The provisions of ASC 350 require that the impairment test be performed on goodwill at the level of the reporting unit. As required by ASC 350, the Company chooses either to perform a qualitative assessment whether a goodwill impairment test is necessary or proceeds directly to the goodwill impairment test. Such determination is made for each reporting unit on a stand-alone basis. The qualitative assessment includes various factors such as macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance, earnings multiples, gross margin and cash flows from operating activities and other relevant factors. When the Company chooses to perform a qualitative assessment and determines that it is more likely than not (more than 50 percent likelihood) that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, then the Company proceeds to the goodwill impairment test. If the Company determines otherwise, no further evaluation is necessary.

With respect to goodwill impairment tests performed before the adoption of ASU 2017-04, when the Company decided or was required to perform the two-step goodwill impairment test, in the first step, or “Step 1”, the Company compared the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value. If the fair value exceeded the carrying value of the net assets, goodwill was considered not to be impaired, and the Company was not required to perform further testing. If the carrying value of the net assets exceeded the fair value, then the Company was required to perform the second step, or “Step 2”, of the impairment test in order to determine the implied fair value of goodwill. In such circumstances, an impairment loss was recorded for the excess, if any, of the carrying value of the goodwill allocated to the reporting unit over its implied fair value.

To determine the fair value used in Step 1, the Company uses discounted cash flows. If and when the Company is required to perform a Step 2 analysis, determining the fair value of its net assets and its off-balance sheet intangibles would require it to make judgments that involve the use of significant estimates and assumptions.

Commencing upon the adoption of ASU 2017-04 (which eliminated Step 2 from the goodwill impairment, for goodwill impairment tests performed in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019) when the Company decides or is required to perform the goodwill impairment test, the Company compares the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value and an impairment charge is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, if any.

The Company operates in three operating-based segments: the Intelligent Robotics division, the RFID division and the Supply Chain Solutions division. The Company’s goodwill was related to two different reporting units: the RFID division segment and the Intelligent Robotics, each of which represents a whole separate reporting unit.

RFID Division:

Under the RFID Division segment there is one reporting unit with an allocated goodwill amount of approximately $ 4.9 million. The Company performed an impairment analysis as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, using the income approach and concluded that the fair value of such reporting unit exceeds its carrying value and accordingly the analysis did not result in an impairment loss of goodwill with respect to such unit. The most significant assumptions used for the income approach for the 2021 impairment test were five years of projected net cash flows, estimated weighted average cost of capital and a long-term growth rate.

Intelligent Robotics Division:

As of December 31, 2021, the goodwill under the Intelligent Robotics segment (which comprises of the Imdecol business acquired in 2019) was entirely written off.

Revenues

Our operating results are significantly affected by, among other things, the level of revenues. Our revenues in any quarter are substantially dependent on orders received and delivered in that quarter. As a result, our revenues and income (loss) may fluctuate substantially from quarter to quarter. Certain of our expenses are mainly fixed or partially fixed and any fluctuation in revenues will generate a significant variation in gross profit and net income (loss).

On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”) using the modified retrospective transition method to all contracts that were not completed on the effective date of ASC 606. Among others, the Company implemented internal controls and key system functionality to enable the preparation of financial information on adoption. The adoption of ASC 606 resulted in changes to the Company’s accounting policies for revenue recognition previously recognized. However, there were no significant changes to the timing or pattern of revenue recognition of any of the revenue streams of the Company under ASC 606 and those that were previously reported under ASC 605. Accordingly, the adoption of ASC 606 did not have a material effect on the consolidated statements of operations and balance sheets.

In accordance with ASC 606, the Company determines revenue recognition through the following five steps:

A contract with a customer exists when all of the following criteria are met: the parties to the contract have approved it (in writing, orally, or in accordance with other customary business practices) and are committed to perform their respective obligations, the Company can identify each party’s rights regarding the distinct goods or services to be transferred (“performance obligations”), the Company can determine the transaction price for the goods or services to be transferred, the contract has commercial substance and it is probable that the Company will collect substantially all of the consideration to which it will be entitled in exchange for the goods or services that will be transferred to the customer.

The transaction price represents the amount of consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer. The consideration promised in a contract with a customer may include fixed amounts, variable amounts, or both. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price only if it is not considered constrained (i.e. it is considered probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur).

Revenue is recognized when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service to a customer. A product is transferred when, or as, the customer obtains control of that product, and a service is considered transferred as the services are received and used by the customers.

The Company transfers control of a good or service over time and, therefore, satisfies a performance obligation and recognizes revenue over time, if any of the following criteria is met: a. The customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by the Company’s performance as the Company performs, b. The Company’s performance creates or enhances an asset (for example, work in process) that the customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced, or c. The Company’s performance does not create an asset with an alternative use and the Company has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date. If none of the above criteria for satisfying a performance obligation over time are met, the performance obligation is considered as satisfied at a point in time (such as upon shipment of a completed robotics and automation project).

Revenues are recorded in the amount of consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for performance obligations upon transfer of control to the customer. If a contract contains a single performance obligation, the entire transaction price is allocated to the single performance obligation. With respect to contracts that contain multiple performance obligations such as different products or products and services, the Company performs an allocation of the transaction price to each performance obligation based on a relative standalone selling price basis.

For arrangements that involve the delivery or performance of multiple products or products sold with service contracts, the Company analyzes whether the goods or services that were promised to the customer are distinct. A good or service promised to a customer is considered ‘distinct’ if both of the following criteria are met: (a) the customer can benefit from the goods or service, either on its own (i.e. without any professional services, updates or technical support) or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer; and, (b) the Company’s promise to transfer the goods or services to the customer is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract.

Revenues from service contracts sold to customers within a single contractually binding arrangement together with products, were determined to be distinct and therefore, are accounted for revenue recognition purposes, as a separate performance obligation. Accordingly, the amount attributed to the service contract is deferred and recognized over time, on a straight-line basis over the contract’s period, as the services are mostly time-based support services.

The Company records revenues net of any value added or sales tax.

In accordance with ASC 606, the Company’s revenues are recognized as follows:

Item 6:  Directors, Senior Management and Employees

Set forth below is information regarding our directors and senior management.

Mr. Ziv Dekel joined our Board of Directors in June 2015 and was appointed as Chairman of the Board in 2019. Mr. Dekel has over 25 years of management and strategic counseling experience. Since 2010, Mr. Dekel provides strategic advisory services to various business entities. In 1989, Mr. Dekel joined Shaldor Strategy Counseling as an analyst, and from 2002 through 2010 served as Shaldor’s CEO and Managing Partner. Mr. Dekel holds a BA in Economics and an MBA, both from Tel-Aviv University.

Mr. Yaron Eldad joined our Board of Directors in January 2021 and was appointed Chairman of the Audit Committee and Compensation Committee. Since 2010, Mr. Eldad has been serving as the CEO and CFO of Yamba Group Ltd, an international trading company specializing in consumer electronic products. From 2008 until 2010, Mr. Eldad has served as the CFO at Recoly NV, and from 1995 until 2008 as the CFO at e-SIM Ltd. Mr. Eldad holds a Master’s Degree in Business Administration (strategic management) from the Hebrew University, an M.A in law from the Bar Ilan University, and a B.A in Economics and Accounting from the Ben Gurion University. The Company’s Board has determined that Mr. Eldad is an independent director and a financial expert in accordance with the SEC and Nasdaq rules.

Ms. Osnat Gur joined our Board of Directors in October 2021. Ms. Gur brings extensive experience in the management of companies. Currently, Ms. Gur serves as the CEO of Oz Global B2B, a full-service global B2B marketing agency. She has served as the CEO of TAT, a technology company from 2014 through 2019 and as a director in the public company Maabarot Products Ltd during 2004-2015. From 2013 to 2015, Ms. Gur served as the CEO of Anlit Ltd a company that develops and produces high-quality children’s dietary supplements and from 2012-2014 she served as the deputy to the CEO of Altman Health, a provider of dietary supplements. Ms. Gur holds an MA in Organizational Sociology from the Tel Aviv University, and a BA in Behavioral Sciences from Bar Ilan University.

Mr. Eyal Cohen was appointed as the Company’s Chief Financial Officer in January 2007. In August 15, 2017, Mr. Cohen was appointed as the Company’s Co-Chief Executive Officer, and since December 2019, he serves as the Company’s sole Chief Executive Officer. From 2004 through 2006, Mr. Cohen served as the Company’s controller, and prior to that held the position of Chief Financial Officer at Cellact Ltd, a technology company. From 1998 to 2001, Mr. Cohen was the controller of e-SIM Ltd., a technology company traded on Nasdaq in the past, and in the years 1995-1997 held an audit manager position in technology department of PricewaterhouseCoopers. Mr. Cohen holds a B.A. in Accounting and Business Administration from the College of Management in Tel-Aviv and is a certified public accountant in Israel and in the United States, in the State of Maine.

Mr. Avidan Zelicovsky is the President of the Company, leading the Company’s Supply Chain division. Mr. Zelicovsky has more than 20 years of experience in supply chain management, with a focus on electronic components for the aerospace, defense and high technology industry. He joined BOS as part of the Company’s acquisition of Odem in November 2004. Mr. Zelicovsky has been with Odem since 1996. He holds a BA in Business Administration from the Tel Aviv College of Management and an LL.M. from the Bar-Ilan University.

Mr. Moshe Zeltzer was nominated as the Company’s CFO on February 19, 2021. Prior to joining the Company, during the years 2018-2020, Mr. Zeltzer was a controller at Eltek Ltd. (Nasdaq: ELTK). Between the years 2012 and 2018, Moshe served as a controller at Metropolinet Ltd (Milgam Group), and between the years 2007-2012 he was an auditor with BDO Israel. Mr. Zeltzer holds a B.A. in Economics and Business Administration from the Ariel University and an Accounting Certificate from the Bar-Ilan University and is a Certified Public Accountant.

The following table presents the total compensation paid to or accrued on behalf of all of our directors and officers as a group for the year ended December 31, 2023. Directors who are also executive officers do not receive director fees.

Compensation Requirements under Israeli Law

Compensation Policy

In December 2012, an amendment to the Israeli Companies Law, or Amendment 20, became effective, requiring public companies to appoint a compensation committee. See “Compensation Committee” below for information concerning our Compensation Committee.

Pursuant to Amendment 20, we were required to adopt a compensation policy regarding the terms of office and employment of office holders, including compensation, severance and other benefits, exemptions from liability, insurance and indemnification. The Compensation Policy must be based on the considerations, must include the provisions and needs to reference the matters which are detailed in the Israeli Companies Law. An “office holder” is defined in the Israeli Companies Law as a general manager, chief executive officer, chief business manager, deputy general manager, vice general manager, any other person assuming the responsibilities of any of the foregoing positions without regard to such person’s title, a director and a manager directly subordinate to the chief executive officer.

As required by the Israeli Companies Law, our Compensation Policy for Executive Officers and Directors (the “Compensation Policy”) was approved by our Board of Directors, after considering the recommendations of the Compensation Committee. According to the Israeli Companies Law, a compensation policy must also be approved by a majority of a company’s shareholders, provided that (i) such majority includes at least a majority of the shareholders who are not controlling shareholders and who do not have a personal interest in the matter, who are present and voting, or (ii) the non-controlling shareholders and shareholders who do not have a personal interest in the matter who were present and voted against the policy hold two percent or less of the voting power of the company (the “Compensation Majority”). Our Compensation Policy was approved by a Compensation Majority on December 16, 2020. Recently, the Nasdaq Stock Market released a rule that implements the Securities and Exchange Commission’s clawback rule mandated by Section 954 of the Dodd-Frank Act. Accordingly, the Company has amended its compensation policy to include clawback provisions consistent with the Nasdaq listing rules.

The form of Compensation Policy of the Company includes a clawback policy which complies with the Nasdaq listing rules was adopted by the shareholders on December 14, 2023.

The Compensation Policy must be approved by the Board of Directors and the Company’s shareholders every three years. In the event that the Compensation Policy is not approved by the Company’s shareholders, the Compensation Committee and the Board of Directors may still approve the policy, if the Compensation Committee and the Board of Directors determine, based on specified reasons and following further discussion of the matter, that the Compensation Policy is in the best interests of the Company.

Changes to existing terms of office and employment of office holders (other than directors), only requires the approval of the Compensation Committee, if the Compensation Committee determines that the revised terms are not substantially different from the existing terms.

Pursuant to Amendment 20, any arrangement between a company and an office holder (other than a director or the chief executive officer) as to his or her terms of office and employment must be in line with the company’s compensation policy and requires the approval of such company’s compensation committee and board of directors. However, under certain circumstances and conditions, the compensation committee and the board of directors may approve an arrangement that deviates from the company’s compensation policy, provided that such arrangement is approved by the Compensation Majority of the company’s shareholders. The board of directors and the compensation committee of a company may, under special circumstances and for specified reasons, approve such an arrangement even if the shareholders did not approve it, following a re-discussion of the matter in which, among other things, any shareholders’ objections were examined.

Directors

Pursuant to Amendment 20, any arrangement between a company and a director as to his or her terms of office and employment must be in compliance with the Compensation Policy and requires the approval of the Compensation Committee, the board of directors and the shareholders by a simple majority.

Under the Israeli Companies Law and regulations promulgated pursuant thereto, the compensation payable to External Directors and independent directors is subject to certain further limitations.

In accordance with the approval of our shareholders in October 2019, directors who are not employees or service providers of the Company are entitled to receive annual compensation of NIS 29,270 (approximately $9,104), paid on a quarterly basis, and an additional NIS 2,175 (approximately $676) for each board and board committee meeting attended (or 60% of the attendance fee for a board meeting held via teleconference or 50% of such fee for a meeting held without convening).

In addition, in October 2019 our shareholders approved a grant to each of our directors of options to purchase 7,500 Ordinary Shares. The options shall be granted to those directors elected or re-elected by the shareholders provided that three years have lapsed since the Company’s previous grant of options to such director, and to future directors to be elected for the first time to the Board of Directors. The grant date will be the date of approval of appointment or reappointment of the director at the shareholders meeting.

The options’ exercise price is calculated as the weighted average of the closing prices of the shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market during the 20 trading days preceding the date of approval of the grant by the Board of Directors.

The Compensation of the directors is in compliance with the Company’s Compensation policy.

Under recent amendments to Regulation 5D of the Israeli Companies Regulations (Reliefs for Public Companies whose Shares are Listed on a Stock Exchange Outside of Israel), 5760-2000 (the “Relief Regulations”), Israeli companies with securities listed on certain foreign exchanges, including Nasdaq, such as the Company, that satisfy certain conditions, namely, (i) meeting the applicable foreign country laws and regulations that apply to companies organized in that country relating to the appointment of independent directors and composition of audit and compensation committees; and (ii) have no controlling shareholder, are exempt from the requirement to appoint External Directors and certain other corporate governance requirements that are otherwise dictated under the Israeli Companies Law. Accordingly, on October 16, 2017, we have chosen to opt out of the requirement to appoint External Directors under the Relief Regulations and related Israeli Companies Law rules concerning the composition of the audit committee and compensation committee of the board of directors.

The Company does not have any contracts with any of its non-employee or non-consultant directors that would provide for benefits upon termination of service.

Executive Officers

Pursuant to Amendment 20, any arrangement between a company and its chief executive officer, or CEO, or its Chief Financial Officer, or CFO, as to his or her terms of office and employment must be in line with the Compensation Policy and requires the approval of the compensation committee, the Board of Directors and, with respect to the CEO, the Company’s shareholders by the Compensation Majority.

Under certain circumstances and conditions, the Compensation Committee and the Board of Directors may approve an arrangement that deviates from the Compensation Policy provided it is approved by the shareholders by the Compensation Majority. In addition, under certain circumstances, a company may be exempt from receiving the shareholders’ approval with respect to the terms of office and employment of a candidate for chief executive officer if such candidate meets certain independence criteria and the compensation committee has determined for specified reasons that shareholder approval would prevent the engagement, provided that the terms are in-line with the Compensation Policy.

Set forth below is the compensation of our executives in respect of the year ended December 31, 2023 and to date:

CEO, Mr. Eyal Cohen:

Monthly Salary:

A gross monthly base salary of NIS 50,145 (approximately $13,825) linked to an increase in the CPI, plus customary benefits, which include managers’ insurance, education fund, car expenses and long-term disability insurance.

CFO, Mr. Moshe Zeltzer:

Mr. Moshe Zeltzer was nominated as the Company’s CFO on February 19, 2021.

Monthly Salary:

A gross monthly base salary of NIS 30,000 effective as of October 2022 (approximately $8,270) linked to an increase in the CPI, plus customary benefits, which include managers’ insurance, education fund, car expenses and long-term disability insurance.

President Mr. Avidan Zelicovsky

Pursuant to Amendment 20, any arrangement between a company and its President, as to his or her terms of office and employment must be in line with the Compensation Policy and requires the approval of the Compensation Committee, the Board of Directors and the Company’s shareholders by the Compensation Majority.

Monthly Salary:

A gross monthly base salary of NIS 54,984 (approximately $15,159) linked to an increase in the CPI, plus customary benefits, which include managers’ insurance, education fund, car expenses and long-term disability insurance.

For additional information on the compensation of our directors and management see our proxy statement filed with the SEC under Form 6-K on November 3, 2022.

Directors:

Our Board of Directors is currently comprised of 4 directors. The directors are elected by a simple majority at the annual shareholders’ meeting. Pursuant to the Company’s amended Articles of Association adopted by the shareholders on October 31, 2019, our Board of Directors is comprised of 3 classes, such that on each annual general meeting, approximately one-third of our directors are being nominated for election. At the October 2019 shareholders meeting the directors were elected for staggered periods ranging from one to three years, as follows: Class A shall serve an initial term of one year; Class B shall serve an initial term of two years; and Class C shall serve an initial term of three years.

Commencing upon the December 16, 2020 annual shareholders meeting, a director elected upon the lapse of his term was elected to serve a three-year term, and until his or her respective successor is elected and qualified, unless such director is elected as a replacement to a director who did not complete his or her term. In such case the replacement director is elected for the remaining period applicable to the director he or she is replacing.

Our Articles of Association provide that the number of directors in the Company shall be determined from time to time by the annual general meeting of shareholders, provided that it shall not be less than 4 nor more than 7. Our Articles of Association provide that the directors may appoint one more additional director (whether to fill a vacancy or to expand the Board of Directors) so long as the number of directors so appointed does not exceed the number of directors authorized by shareholders at the annual general meeting, and such appointees shall serve until the next annual general meeting. In addition, our Articles of Association provide that directors shall be elected only at an annual shareholders meeting.

Nasdaq Marketplace Rules require that the board of directors of a Nasdaq-listed company have a majority of independent directors, within the meaning of Nasdaq rules. Our Board of Directors has determined that Messrs. Dekel, Eldad and Gur, who constitute a majority of the Board of Directors, are independent directors under the applicable Nasdaq Stock Market requirements. In accordance with Nasdaq Rules, our independent directors conduct executive sessions at least twice a year.

Our Articles of Association provide that a director may appoint, by written notice to the Company, any individual to serve as an alternate director, for up to a maximum period of one month, if the alternate director does not already serve as a member of the Board of Directors. An alternate director shall have all of the rights and obligations of the director who appointed him or her and shall be subject to all of the provisions of the Articles of Association and the Israeli Companies Law. Unless the time period or scope of any such appointment is limited by the appointing director, such appointment is effective for all purposes for a period of one month, but in any event will expire upon the expiration of the appointing director’s term, removal of the alternate director at an annual general meeting, the bankruptcy of the alternate director, the conviction of the alternate director for an offense in accordance with the Israeli Companies Law, the legal incapacitation of the alternate director, the removal of the alternate director by court order or the resignation of the alternate director. Currently, no alternate directors have been appointed. A director may appoint an alternate director to serve in his place as a member of a committee of the Board of Directors, even if the alternate director currently serves as a director, as long as he does not already serve as a member of that committee.

Officers serve at the discretion of the Board or until their successors are appointed.

According to the provisions of our Articles of Association and the Israeli Companies Law, the Board of Directors convenes in accordance with the Company’s requirements, and at least once every three months. Usually, our Board of Directors convenes more often. Furthermore, our Articles of Association provide that the Board of Directors may also pass resolutions without actually convening, provided that all the directors entitled to participate in the discussion and vote on a matter that is brought for resolution agree not to convene for discussion of the matter. Resolutions passed without convening a meeting, shall be passed by an ordinary majority (just as in the case of convened meetings) and shall have the same effect as resolutions passed at a duly convened meeting.

In accordance with the requirements of the Nasdaq Stock Market, nominees for directors are recommended for election by a majority of the independent directors.

External Directors:

Under the Israeli Companies Law, public companies are required to elect two External Directors who must meet specified standards of independence. External directors may not have during the two years preceding their appointment, directly or indirectly through a relative, partner, employer or controlled entity, any affiliation with (i) the company, (ii) those of its shareholders who are controlling shareholders at the time of appointment and/or their relatives, or (iii) any entity controlled by the company or by its controlling shareholders. Under recent amendments to Relief Regulations, Israeli companies with securities listed on certain foreign exchanges, including Nasdaq, such as the Company, that satisfy certain conditions, namely, (i) meeting the applicable foreign country laws and regulations that apply to companies organized in that country relating to the appointment of independent directors and composition of audit and compensation committees; and (ii) have no controlling shareholder, are exempt from the requirement to appoint External Directors and certain other corporate governance requirements that are otherwise dictated under the Israeli Companies Law. Accordingly, on October 16, 2017, we have chosen to opt out of the requirement to appoint External Directors under the Relief Regulations and related Israeli Companies Law rules concerning the composition of the audit committee and compensation committee of the board of directors.

Fiduciary Duties of Office Holders:

The Israeli Companies Law codifies the fiduciary duties that “office holders,” including directors and executive officers, owe to a company. An office holder’s fiduciary duties consist of a duty of care and a duty of loyalty. The duty of care requires an office holder to act at a level of care that a reasonable office holder in the same position would employ under the same circumstances. This includes the duty to utilize reasonable means to obtain (i) information regarding the business feasibility of a given action brought for his or her approval or performed by him or her by virtue of his or her position; and (ii) all other information of importance pertaining to the foregoing actions. The duty of loyalty requires that an office holder act in good faith and for the benefit of the company, including (i) avoiding any conflict of interest between the office holder’s position in the company and any other position he or she holds or his or her personal affairs; (ii) avoiding any competition with the company’s business, (iii) refraining from exploiting any business opportunity of the company in order to receive personal gain for the office holder or others, and (iv) disclosing to the company any information or documents relating to the company’s affairs that the office holder has received by virtue of his or her position as an office holder.

Disclosure of Personal Interests of an Office Holder; Approval of Transactions with Office Holders:

The Israeli Companies Law requires that an office holder promptly, and no later than at the first board meeting at which such transaction is considered, disclose any personal interest that he or she may have and all related material information known to him or her and any documents in his or her possession, in connection with any existing or proposed transaction relating to the company. In addition, if the transaction is an extraordinary transaction, namely, (i) a transaction other than in the ordinary course of business; (ii) a transaction that is not on market terms; or (ii) a transaction likely to have a material impact on the company’s profitability, assets or liabilities, the office holder must also disclose any personal interest held by the office holder’s spouse, siblings, parents, grandparents, descendants, spouse’s descendants and the spouses of any of the foregoing (“relatives”), or by any corporation in which the office holder or a relative is a 5% or greater shareholder, director or general manager or in which he or she has the right to appoint at least one director or the general manager.

Under the Israeli Companies Law, all arrangements as to compensation of office holders who are not directors require approval by the board of directors, and exculpation, insurance and indemnification of, or an undertaking to, indemnify an office holder who is not a director requires both board of directors and compensation committee approval. The compensation of office holders who are directors must be approved by our Compensation Committee, Board of Directors and shareholders, in that order.

Some other transactions, actions and arrangements involving an office holder (or a third party in which an office holder has an interest) must be approved by the board of directors or as otherwise provided for in a company’s articles of association, however, a transaction that is beneficial for the company’s may not be approved. In some cases, such a transaction must be approved by the audit committee and by the board of directors itself, and under certain circumstances shareholder approval may be required. Generally, in all matters in which a director has a personal interest he or she shall not be permitted to vote on the matter or be present in the meeting in which the matter is considered, except in case of a transaction that is not extraordinary or for the purpose of presenting the proposed transaction, if the chairman of the audit committee or board of directors (as applicable) determines it necessary. Should a majority of the audit committee or of the board of directors have a personal interest in the matter, then: (a) all of the directors are permitted to vote on the matter and attend the meeting at which the matter is considered; and (b) the matter requires approval of the shareholders at a general meeting.

Audit Committee:

Under the Israeli Companies Law, the board of directors of any public company must appoint an audit committee. Our audit committee currently consists of Yaron Eldad, Osnat Gur and Ziv Dekel. The chairperson of the audit committee is Yaron Eldad.

Under the Nasdaq Rules we are required to maintain an audit committee consisting of at least three independent directors, all of whom are financially literate and one of whom has accounting or related financial management expertise.

The Company has determined that all the members of its audit committee meet the applicable Nasdaq Capital Market and SEC independence standards.

Mr. Yaron Eldad is an audit committee financial expert as defined by the SEC rules and has the requisite financial sophistication as defined by the Nasdaq Rules.

Our audit committee oversees (in addition to the Board of Directors) the accounting and financial reporting processes of the Company and audits of our financial statements, including the integrity of our financial statements, compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, our independent auditors’ qualifications, independence, compensation and performance, and the performance of our internal audit function. Our audit committee is also required to (i) find deficiencies in the business management of the Company and propose to our Board of Directors ways to correct such deficiencies; (ii) determine whether certain related party actions and transactions are “material” or “extraordinary” in connection with their approval procedures; (iii) approve related-party transactions as required by Israeli law; and (iv) establish whistle blower procedures (including in respect of the protections afforded to whistle blowers). Additional duties of our audit committee are (i) to establish procedures to be followed in respect of non-extraordinary related party transactions with a controlling shareholder which may include, where applicable, the establishment of a competitive process for such transaction, under the supervision of the audit committee, or whomever it designates for this purpose, in accordance with criteria determined by the audit committee, (ii) to establish procedures for approving certain related party transactions with a controlling shareholder, which having been determined by the audit committee not to be extraordinary transactions, were also determined by the audit committee not to be negligible transactions; and (iii) such other duties as may be directed by our Board of Directors. The audit committee may consult from time to time with our independent auditors and internal auditor with respect to matters involving financial reporting and internal accounting controls.

The Company has adopted an audit committee charter which sets forth the responsibilities of the committee. A copy of this charter is available upon written request to the Company at its address in Israel.

Under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the audit committee is responsible for the appointment, compensation, retention and oversight of the work of the Company’s external auditors. However, under Israeli law, the appointment of external auditors requires the approval of the shareholders of the Company. Accordingly, the appointment of the external auditors is approved and recommended to the shareholders by the audit committee and ratified by the shareholders. Furthermore, pursuant to the Company’s Articles of Association, the Board of Directors is the organ that has the authority to determine the compensation of the external auditors; however, the Board of Directors delegated its authority to the audit committee, so that a second discussion by the Board of Directors shall not be necessary.

Compensation Committee:

Our Board of Directors has established a compensation committee, which offers recommendations to the Board of Directors regarding equity compensations issues (with the Board of Directors also approving compensation of our executive officers). The compensation committee also makes recommendations to our Board of Directors in connection with the terms of employment of our chief executive officer and all other executive officers.

Under the Israeli Companies Law, a company’s compensation committee is responsible for: (i) making recommendations to the board of directors with respect to the approval of the compensation policy applicable to the company’s office holders and any extensions thereto; (ii) providing the board of directors with recommendations with respect to any amendments or updates to the Compensation Policy and periodically reviewing the implementation thereof; (iii) reviewing and approving arrangements with respect to the terms of office and employment of office holders; and (iv) determining whether or not to exempt a transaction with a candidate for chief executive officer from shareholder approval.

Under the Nasdaq Rules, we are required to maintain a compensation committee consisting of at least two independent directors. Our compensation committee currently consists of Yaron Eldad, Ziv Dekel and Osnat Gur. The chairperson of the compensation committee is Yaron Eldad.

Internal Auditor

Under the Israeli Companies Law, the board of directors of a public company must appoint an internal auditor based on the recommendation of the audit committee. The role of the internal auditor is, among other things, to examine whether a company’s actions comply with applicable law and orderly business procedure. Under the Israeli Companies Law, the internal auditor may not be an interested party or an office holder or a relative of an interested party or of an office holder, nor may the internal auditor be the company’s independent auditor or its representative. An “interested party” is defined in the Israeli Companies Law as: (i) a holder of 5% or more of the issued share capital or voting power in a company, (ii) any person or entity who has the right to designate one or more directors or to designate the chief executive officer of the company, or (iii) any person who serves as a director or as a chief executive officer of the company.

BDO Consulting Group, BDO Israel’s consulting arm, serves as our internal auditor.

Duties of Shareholders

Under the Israeli Companies Law, a shareholder has a duty to refrain from abusing its power in the company and to act in good faith and in an acceptable manner in exercising its rights and performing its obligations to the company and other shareholders, including, among other things, voting at general meetings of shareholders on the following matters:

A shareholder also has a general duty to refrain from discriminating against other shareholders.

The remedies generally available upon a breach of contract will also apply to a breach of the above mentioned duties, and in the event of discrimination against other shareholders, additional remedies are available to the injured shareholder.

In addition, any controlling shareholder, any shareholder that knows that its vote can determine the outcome of a shareholder vote and any shareholder that, under a company’s articles of association, has the power to appoint or prevent the appointment of an office holder, or has another power with respect to a company, have a duty to act with fairness towards the company. The Israeli Companies Law does not describe the substance of this duty, except to state that the remedies generally available upon a breach of contract will also apply in the event of a breach of the duty to act with fairness, taking the shareholder’s position in the company into account.

Israeli Securities Authority Administrative Enforcement:

Under the Israeli Securities Law, the Israeli Securities Authority, or the ISA, may take certain administrative enforcement actions against a company or a person, including a director, officer or shareholder of a company, if performing certain transgressions designated in the Securities Law.

The ISA is also authorized to impose fines on any person or company breaching certain provisions designated under the Israeli Companies Law.

Board Diversity Matrix (As of March 15, 2024)

As of March 15, 2024, we had 83 employees, all located in Israel. Of these 83 employees: 10 employees are in general and administrative positions, 17 employees are in marketing and sales, 14 employees are employed as technicians, 6 employees are employed as engineers, 4 employees are in the manufacturing department and 32 employees are in operating activities.

In addition, the Company employs temporary employees who provide inventory counting services, in a number which fluctuates according to the particular projects, and customarily increases towards year end. We believe that our relations with our employees are satisfactory. We have not experienced a collective labor dispute or a strike.

Israeli labor laws are applicable to all of our employees in Israel.

We and our employees are not parties to any collective bargaining agreements and our employees are not represented by any labor union. However, certain provisions of the collective bargaining agreements between the Histadrut (General Federation of Labor in Israel) and the Coordination Bureau of Economic Organizations (including the Manufacturers’ Association of Israel) are applicable to all Israeli employees by order of the Israeli Ministry of Labor and Welfare. These provisions principally concern the length of the work day and the work week, minimum wages for workers, contributions to pension funds, insurance for work-related accidents, procedures for dismissing employees, determination of severance pay and other conditions of employment. These provisions are modified from time to time.

Israeli labor laws subject employers to increased liability, including monetary sanctions and criminal liability, in cases of violations of certain labor laws and certain violations by contractors providing maintenance, security and cleaning services.

Our Israeli employees are covered by pension insurance policies according to law requirements. Israeli employees and employers are required to pay predetermined sums to the Israeli National Insurance Institute which amounts also include, since January 1, 1995, payments for national health insurance.

The beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC. Under these rules, a person is deemed to be a beneficial owner of a security if that person has or shares voting power, which includes the power to vote or to direct the voting of the security, or investment power, which includes the power to dispose of or to direct the disposition of the security. For purposes of the table below, we deem ordinary shares issuable pursuant to options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days as of March 15, 2024, to be outstanding and to be beneficially owned by the person holding the options or warrants for the purposes of computing the percentage ownership of that person, but we do not treat them as outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person. The percentage of ordinary shares beneficially owned is based on 5,748,018 ordinary shares outstanding as of March 15, 2024.

As of March 15, 2024 shares and options held by our officers and directors, then consisting of 6 persons, are as follows:

Share Option Plans

The purpose of Share Option Plans is to enable us to attract and retain qualified persons as employees, officers, directors, consultants and advisors and to motivate such persons by providing them with an equity participation in the Company.

The Share Option Plans are administered by the Board of Directors, which has broad discretion, subject to certain limitations, to determine the persons entitled to receive options.

2003 Plan

In May 2003 the Company’s shareholders approved the adoption of the 2003 Israeli Stock Option Plan or the Plan. In December 2012, the Company’s shareholders approved a 10 year extension to the Plan, according to which the Board of Directors may grant options under the Plan through May 31, 2023. In December 2017, the shareholders approved an increase of the pool of shares reserved for issuances under the Plan, to 500,000 Ordinary Shares. In July 18, 2018, the Company’s shareholders approved (i) an increase of the pool of shares reserved for issuances under the Plan, by 200,000 to a total of 700,000 Ordinary Shares, and (ii) an amendment of the Plan allowing for the grant of Ordinary Shares in addition to options. In December 2022, the shareholders approved an increase of the pool of shares reserved for issuances under the Plan, by 300,000 to a total of 1,000,000 Ordinary Shares. On May 28, 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a 10 year extension to the Plan, according to which the Board of Directors may grant options under the Plan through May 31, 2033. Under Israeli law, the extension of the Plan does not require shareholder approval. However, the Plan was submitted to the Shareholders approval as required under the US Internal Revenue Code in order to allow grants of Incentive Stock Options, or ISOs, thereunder. In December 2023, the Company’s shareholders did not approve the extension. As a result the Plan is in effect however the Company may not grant ISOs thereunder.

Under the Plan, the terms and conditions of the options and the number of shares subject thereto shall be determined by the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors also has discretion to determine the nature of the consideration to be paid upon the exercise of an option under the Plan. Such consideration generally may consist of cash, or, at the discretion of the Board of Directors, cash and a recourse promissory note.

The Ordinary Shares acquired upon exercise of an option are subject to certain restrictions on transfer, sale or hypothecation. Options are exercisable and restrictions on disposition of shares lapse pursuant to the terms of the individual agreements under which such options were granted or shares issued.

The Company has elected to designate the Plan under the “capital gains” track of Section 102 of Israeli Income Tax Ordinance 5721-1961 (the “Tax Ordinance”), designed to afford qualified optionees certain tax benefits under the Tax Ordinance (a “Section 102 Plan”). Pursuant to the election made by the Company, capital gains derived by optionees arising from the sale of shares pursuant to the exercise of options granted to them under the Plan, will be subject to a flat capital gains tax rate of 25% (instead of the gains being taxed as salary income at the employee’s marginal tax rate). However, as a result of this election, the Company is not allowed to claim the amounts credited to such employees as a benefit when the related capital gains tax is payable by them, as an expense for tax purposes. The Company may change its election from time to time, as permitted by the Tax Ordinance. There are various conditions that must be met in order to qualify for these benefits, including the registration of the options in the name of a trustee (the “Trustee”) for each of the employees who is granted options. Each option, and any Ordinary Shares acquired upon the exercise of the option, must be held by the Trustee for a period commencing on the date of grant and ending no earlier than 24 months from the date of grant.

As of March 20, 2024, we had 300,833 options outstanding under the Plan (of which 156,666 are exercisable) with the exercise prices as set forth below:

Item 7:  Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions

We are not directly or indirectly owned or controlled by another corporation or by any foreign government. To the Company’s knowledge, on December 31, 2023, Todd M. Felte owned 556,390 Ordinary Shares, representing as of March 20, 2024, 9.68% of the issued and outstanding Ordinary Shares To the Company’s knowledge, as of March 20, 2024, no other shareholder beneficially owned more than 5% of the Company’s Ordinary Shares.

The changes in holdings (excluding warrants) of the major shareholders over the last three years are detailed, to the best of our knowledge or based on the respective shareholder’s public filings, in the table below

As of March 15, 2024, there were 35 record holders of Ordinary Shares, of which 6 were registered with addresses in the United States, representing approximately 98% of the outstanding Ordinary Shares. However, the number of record holders in the United States is not representative of the number of beneficial holders, nor is it representative of where such beneficial holders are resident since many of the Ordinary Shares are held of record by brokers and other nominees.

Intercompany Payments

During the years 2022 and 2023 the Company charged its subsidiaries, Odem and Dimex, management fees in the total amounts of $2,185,000 and $2,331,000, respectively.

Since January 2020 until March 20, 2024, the Company has raised $3.1 million, most of which were contributed to its subsidiaries and used for working capital, bank loans repayments and for acquisitions. In certain cases, the Company pays by shares for acquisitions made by a subsidiary (for example, the iDnext acquisition).

Indemnity Undertakings by the Company to its Directors and Officers

On February 18, 2003, the Company’s shareholders approved indemnity undertakings to its directors and officers (including future directors and officers as may be appointed from time to time), in excess of any insurance proceeds, not to exceed, in the aggregate over the years, a total amount of $2,500,000. On May 18, 2006, at the recommendation of the audit committee and the Board of Directors, the shareholders approved amendments to the indemnity undertakings, in light of changes to the Israeli Companies Law.

On December 20, 2011, following an amendment to the Israeli Securities Law and a corresponding amendment to the Israeli Companies Law, which had authorized the Israeli Securities Authority to impose administrative sanctions against companies and their office holders for certain violations of the Israeli Securities Law or the Israeli Companies Law, the Company’s shareholders approved a modified form of such indemnification agreement to ensure that the Company’s directors were afforded protection to the fullest extent permitted by law, which form was approved and ratified by the Company’s shareholders on October 22, 2015 and July 18, 2018, most recently, on October 21, 2021. In addition, under the indemnification agreements, the Company exempts and releases each director from any and all liability to the Company related to any breach by each director of his duty of care to the Company, to the maximum extent permitted by law.

On December 16, 2020, the Company’s shareholders approved the Company’s Compensation Policy which stipulates that the Company may purchase directors’ and officers’ liability insurance at a coverage of up to $2.5 million per event and per period, irrespective of the cost of the annual premium.

Recently, the Nasdaq Stock Market released a rule that implements the Securities and Exchange Commission’s clawback rule mandated by Section 954 of the Dodd-Frank Act. Accordingly, the Company must amend its compensation policy to include clawback provisions consistent with the Nasdaq listing rules. On December 14, 2023, the Company’s shareholders approved the Company’s Compensation Policy which includes a clawback policy that complies with the Nasdaq listing rules. 

Not applicable.

Item 8:  Financial Information

Consolidated Financial Statements

See “Item 18. Financial Statements.”

Sales Outside of Israel

The total amount of revenues of the Company and its subsidiaries from sales out of Israel has been as follows:

Legal Proceedings

None.

Dividend Policy

The Company does not currently have a dividend policy. The declaration and payment of any cash dividends in the future will be determined by the Board of Directors in light of the conditions existing at that time. This will include our earnings and financial condition. We may only pay cash dividends in any fiscal year, out of “profits”, as defined under Israeli law. Any cash dividend in the future out of an approved enterprise will be subject to an additional tax. Currently we have no profits from an approved enterprise; hence no provision has been made for tax on future dividends.

Not applicable.

Item 9:  The Offer and Listing

Commencing April 1996, our Ordinary Shares were traded, and our warrants, until they expired on April 2, 2000, were traded in the over-the-counter market in the United States, and quoted on what is now called the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbols “BOSC” and “BOSCW,” respectively. In September 2000, our Ordinary Shares started to be traded on what is now called the Nasdaq Global Market. In January 2002, our shares also began trading on the TASE, under the symbol “BOSC”, pursuant to the dual-listing regulations of the Israeli Securities Authority. On May 12, 2009, we delisted our Ordinary Shares from trade on the TASE. The delisting of the Ordinary Shares from the TASE did not affect the continued listing of the Ordinary Shares on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol BOSC. After the delisting of the Company’s Ordinary Shares from the TASE, we are no longer subject to reporting requirements in Israel. On October 16, 2009, the Company’s Ordinary Shares were transferred to the Nasdaq Capital Market and are traded on such market under the symbol “BOSC”.

Not applicable.

Our securities are traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “BOSC”.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Item 10:  Additional Information

Not applicable.

The Company’s registration number at the Israeli Registrar of Companies is 52-0042565.

In March 2002, the Company adopted new articles of association (“Articles of Association”), in view of the Israeli Companies Law. Since then, certain articles of the Articles of Association have been amended, most recently in December 2022, to increase the Company’s authorized share capital by three million ordinary shares (from 8 million to 11 million). Corresponding amendment were effected in the Company’s Memorandum of Association (“Memorandum”).

Set forth below is a summary of certain provisions of our Memorandum and Articles of Association. This summary is not complete and should be read together with our Memorandum and Articles of Association, incorporated by reference hereto.

The Company’s Memorandum (Article 2(p)) and Articles of Association (Article 2) provide that the Company may engage in any legal business.

The Board of Directors may issue shares and other securities, which are convertible or exercisable into shares, up to the limit of the Company’s authorized share capital.

We are subject to the provisions of the Israeli Companies Law, which became effective on February 1, 2000, as amended. See Item 6C “Board Practices” above.

All holders of paid-up Ordinary Shares of the Company have an equal right to participate in the distribution of (i) dividends, whether by cash or by bonus shares; (ii) Company assets; and (iii) the Company’s surplus assets upon winding up, all pro rata to the number of shares held by them.

The Board of Directors is the organ authorized to decide upon the distribution of dividends and bonus shares (Article 26.1). The shareholders who are entitled to a dividend are the current shareholders as of the date of the resolution for the dividend or on a later date if another date is specified in the resolution on the dividend’s distribution. If the Board of Directors does not otherwise determine, any dividend may be paid by way of a cheque or payment order that shall be sent by mail to the registered address of the shareholder or person entitled thereto, or in the case of registered joint shareholders to the shareholder whose name appears first in the shareholders’ register in relation to the joint shareholding. Every such cheque shall be drawn up to the order of the person to whom it is being sent. The receipt of a person who on the date of the dividend’s declaration is listed in the shareholders’ register as the holder of any share or, in the case of joint shareholders, of one of the joint shareholders shall serve as confirmation of all the payments made in connection with such share. For the purpose of implementing any resolution pursuant to the provisions of this paragraph, the Board of Directors may settle, as it deems fit, any difficulty arising in relation to the distribution of the dividend and/or bonus shares, including determine the value for the purpose of the said distribution of certain assets and resolve that payments in cash shall be made to members in reliance upon the value thus determined, determine regulations in relation to fractions of shares or in relation to non-payment of amounts less than NIS 200.

All holders of paid-up Ordinary Shares of the Company have an equal right to participate in and vote at the Company’s general meetings, whether ordinary or special, and each of the shares in the Company shall entitle its holder, present at the meeting and participating in the vote, himself, by proxy or through a voting instrument, to one vote (Article 4.2.1). Such voting rights may be affected in the future by the grant of any special voting rights to the holders of a class of shares with preferential rights. Shareholders may vote either in person or through a proxy or voting instrument, unless the Board of Directors prohibits voting through a voting instrument on a certain matter and stated so in the notice of the meeting (Articles 14.1 and 14.6). A resolution at the general meeting shall be passed by an ordinary majority unless another majority is specified in the Israeli Companies Law or the Company’s Articles of Association (Article 14.3). For applicable provisions of the Israel Companies Law, see Item 6C “Board Practices”.

The Company’s directors are elected by the shareholders only at a shareholders’ annual meeting. The Ordinary Shares do not have cumulative voting rights with respect to the election of directors. The holders of Ordinary Shares, conferring more than 50% of the voting power present by person or by proxy at the shareholders’ meeting, have the power to elect the directors.

The Company’s Board is classified into three separate classes, as nearly equal in number as possible, with one class being elected each year to serve a three-year term (Article 16.3). Directors can only be removed at an annual shareholders’ meeting by a vote 60% of the shareholders actually voting at the shareholders’ meeting (Article 16.7), or otherwise if they cease to hold office pursuant to the provisions of the Company’s Articles of Association. In addition, the Board of Directors, may by a unanimous vote appoint a director (to fill a vacancy or otherwise) between annual shareholders’ meetings, and such appointment shall be valid until the next annual meeting or until such appointee ceases to hold office pursuant to the provisions of the Company’s Articles of Association (Article 16.3). Any amendments to the Articles of Association with respect to the Board composition shall require the approval of 60% of the shareholders actually voting at the shareholders meeting.

The Company may, subject to any applicable law, issue redeemable securities on such terms as determined by the Board of Directors, provided that the general meeting of shareholders approves the Board of Director’s recommendation and the terms determined (Article 27).

The Board of Directors may only make calls for payment upon shareholders in respect of monies not yet paid for shares held by them (Article 7.2).

No provision in the Company’s Articles of Association discriminates against an existing or prospective holder of securities, as a result of such shareholder owning a substantial amount of shares.

The general meeting of shareholders may resolve to create new shares of an existing class or of a new class with special rights and/or restrictions (Article 9.1).

So long as not otherwise provided in the shares’ issue terms and subject to the provisions of any law, the rights attached to a particular class of shares may be altered, after a resolution is passed by the Company and with the approval of a resolution passed at a general meeting of the holders of the shares of such class or the written agreement of all the class holders. The provisions of the Company’s Articles of Association regarding general meetings shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to a general meeting of the holders of a particular class of shares (Article 10.1). The rights vested in the holders of shares of a particular class that were issued with special rights shall not be deemed to have been altered by the creation or issue of further shares ranking equally with them, unless otherwise provided in such shares’ issue terms (Article 10.2).

The above mentioned conditions are not more onerous than is required by law.

An Annual Meeting shall be convened at least once a year at such place and time as determined by the Board of Directors but no later than 15 months from the last Annual Meeting. The Company’s other meetings shall be referred to as “Special Meetings” (Article 12.1). The Annual Meeting’s agenda shall include a discussion of the Board of Directors’ reports and the financial statements as required by the Companies Law. The Annual Meeting shall appoint an auditor, appoint the directors (according to the recent amendment in the our Articles of Association, directors may only be appointed at the Annual Meeting) and discuss all the other matters which must be discussed at the Company’s Annual Meeting, pursuant to Company’s Articles or the Companies Law, as well as any other matter determined by the Board of Directors (Article 12.2).

The Board of Directors may convene a Special Meeting pursuant to its resolution and it must convene a Special Meeting if it receives a written requisition from any one of the following (i) two directors or one quarter of the directors holding office; and/or (ii) one or more shareholders holding at least 5% of the issued capital and at least 1% of the voting rights in the Company; and/or (iii) one or more shareholders holding at least 5% of the voting rights in the Company (Article 12.3). A requisition must detail the objects for which the Special Meeting must be convened and shall be signed by the persons requisitioning it and sent to the Company’s registered office. The requisition may be made up of a number of documents in an identical form of wording, each of which shall be signed by one or more of the persons requisitioning the Special Meeting (Article 12.4). When the Board of Directors is required to convene a Special Meeting, it shall do so within 21 days of the Requisition being submitted to it, for a date that shall be specified in the invitation and subject to the law (Article 12.5).

One or more shareholders, holding at least 1% of the voting rights in the Company are entitled to request the Board of Directors to include a certain matter in the agenda of an upcoming general meeting, provided that such matter is appropriate for discussion at general meetings.

Notice to the Company’s shareholders regarding the convening of an Annual Meeting or a Special Meeting shall be sent to all the shareholders listed in the Company’s shareholders’ register at least 21 days prior to the general meeting and shall be published in other ways insofar as required by the Companies Law. The notice shall include the agenda, proposed resolutions and arrangements with regard to a written vote. The accidental omission to give notice of a meeting to any member, or the non-receipt of notice sent to such member, shall not invalidate the proceedings at such meeting (Article 12.6).

The shareholders entitled to participate in and vote at the general meeting are the shareholders on the date specified by the Board of Directors in the resolution to convene the meeting, and subject to the law (Article 14.1).

No discussions may be commenced at the general meeting unless a quorum is present at the time of the discussion’s commencement. A quorum is the presence of at least two shareholders holding at least 33⅓% of the voting rights (including presence through a proxy or a voting instrument), within half an hour of the time fixed for the meeting’s commencement (Article 13.1). If no quorum is present at a general meeting within half an hour of the time fixed for the commencement thereof, the meeting shall be adjourned for one week, to the same day, time and place, or to a later time if stated in the invitation to the meeting or in the notice of the meeting (Article 13.2). The quorum for the commencement of the adjourned meeting shall be any number of participants. 

There are no limitations on the rights to own the Company’s securities, including the rights of non-residents or foreign shareholders to do so.

Under the Israeli Companies Law, a merger is generally required to be approved by the shareholders and Board of Directors of each of the merging companies. Shareholder approval is not required if the company that will not survive is controlled by the surviving company. Additionally, the law provides some exceptions to the shareholder approval requirement in the surviving company. If the share capital of the company that will not be the surviving company is divided into different classes of shares, the separate approval of each class is also required, unless determined otherwise by the court. A majority of votes approving the merger shall suffice, unless the company (like ours) was incorporated in Israel prior to the enactment of Israeli Companies Law, in which case a majority of 75% of the voting power is needed in order to approve the merger. Additionally, unless the court determines otherwise, a merger will not be approved if it is objected to by a majority of the shareholders present at the meeting, after excluding the shares held by the other party to the merger, by any person who holds 25% or more of the other party to the merger and by the relatives of and corporations controlled by these persons. Upon the request of a creditor of either party to the proposed merger, the court may delay or prevent the merger if it concludes that there exists a reasonable concern that, as a result of the merger, the surviving company will be unable to satisfy the obligations of any of the parties of the merger. Also, a merger can be completed only after all approvals have been submitted to the Israeli Registrar of Companies and provided that 30 days have elapsed since shareholder approval was received and 50 days have elapsed from the time that a proposal for approval of the merger was filed with the Registrar by each merging company.

The Israeli Companies Law also provides that an acquisition of shares in a public company must be made by means of a tender offer if, as a result of the acquisition, the purchaser would become a holder of 25% or more of the voting power at general meetings. This rule does not apply if there is already another holder of 25% or more of the voting power at general meetings. Similarly, the Israeli Companies Law provides that an acquisition of shares in a public company must be made by means of a tender offer if, as a result of the acquisition, the purchaser would become a holder of more than 45% of the voting power of the company. This rule does not apply if someone else already holds 45% of the voting power of the company. An acquisition from a 25% or 45% holder, which turns the purchaser into a 25% or 45% holder respectively, does not require a tender offer. An exception to the tender offer requirement may also apply when the additional voting power is obtained by means of a private placement approved by the general meeting of shareholders.

Under the Israeli Companies Law, a person may not acquire shares in a public company if, after the acquisition, he will hold more than 90% of the shares or more than 90% of any class of shares of that company, unless a tender offer is made to purchase all of the shares or all of the shares of the particular class. The Israeli Companies Law also provides that as long as a shareholder in a public company holds more than 90% of the company’s shares or of a class of shares, that shareholder shall be precluded from purchasing any additional shares. If such tender offer is accepted and less than 5% of the shares of the company are not tendered, and a majority of the offeree shareholders not having a personal interest accepted the offer, all of the shares will transfer to the ownership of the acquirer. Similarly, all of the shares will transfer to the ownership of the acquirer in the event that less than 2% of the shares of the company are not tendered. The Companies Law provides for appraisal rights if any shareholder files a request in court within six months following the consummation of a full tender offer. However, the acquirer may stipulate in the tender offer that any shareholder tendering his shares will not be entitled to appraisal rights. If ownership in all of the shares is not transferred to the acquirer as described above, then the acquirer may not acquire shares in the tender offer that will cause his shareholding to exceed 90% of the outstanding shares.

The classified board structure adopted by the shareholder in October 2019 may increase the amount of time required for a takeover bidder to obtain control of the Company without the cooperation of the Board, even if the takeover bidder were to acquire a majority of the voting power of the Company’s outstanding Ordinary Shares. Without the ability to obtain immediate control of the Board, a takeover bidder will not be able to take action to remove other impediments to its acquisition of the Company. Thus, the Company’s board structure could discourage certain takeover attempts, perhaps including some takeovers that shareholders may feel would be in their best interests.

The Company has no bylaw provisions governing the ownership threshold, above which shareholder ownership must be disclosed.

All material contracts have been described in detail throughout this form, wherever applicable.

There are currently no Israeli currency control restrictions on payments of dividends or other distributions with respect to our Ordinary Shares or the proceeds from the sale of the shares, except for the obligation of Israeli residents to file reports with the Bank of Israel regarding certain transactions. However, legislation remains in effect pursuant to which currency controls can be imposed by administrative action at any time.

The following is a summary of the material Israeli tax consequences, Israeli foreign exchange regulations and certain Israeli government programs affecting the Company.

To the extent that the discussion is based on tax or other legislation that has not been subject to judicial or administrative interpretation, there can be no assurance that the views expressed in the discussion will be accepted by the judiciary tax or other authorities in question.

EACH INDIVIDUAL OR CORPORATION IS URGED TO CONSULT THEIR OWN TAX ADVISORS AS TO THE ISRAELI OR OTHER TAX CONSEQUENCES OF THE PURCHASE, OWNERSHIP AND OTHER DISPOSITION OF OUR ORDINARY SHARES OR ADSs, INCLUDING, IN PARTICULAR, THE EFFECT OF ANY FOREIGN, STATE OR LOCAL TAXES. 

The following is a general discussion only and is not exhaustive of all possible tax considerations. It is not intended, and should not be construed, as legal or professional tax advice and should not be relied upon for tax planning purposes. In addition, this discussion does not address all of the tax consequences that may be relevant to holders or purchasers of our ordinary shares in light of their particular investment circumstances, or certain types of holders or purchasers of our ordinary shares subject to special tax treatment, such as of this kind of investor traders in securities and persons that own, directly or indirectly, 10% or more of our outstanding voting capital, who are subject to special tax regimes not covered in this discussion.

Israeli Tax Considerations

The following summary describes the current tax structure applicable to companies in Israel, with special reference to its effect on us. The following also contains a discussion of the material Israeli tax consequences to holders of our ordinary shares.

Special Provisions Relating to Tax Reporting in United States Dollars

The Company and its subsidiaries, respectively, have elected to measure their taxable income and file their Israeli tax return in United States Dollars, under the Israeli Income Tax Regulations (Principles Regarding the Management of Books of Account of Foreign Invested Companies and Certain Partnerships and the Determination of Their Taxable Income), 5746-1986. 

General Corporate Tax Structure in Israel

Israeli companies are generally subject to corporate tax on their taxable income at a flat rate. Effective January 2018 and thereafter, the Israeli corporate tax rate is 23%. Under the Tax Ordinance, a company will be considered as an “Israeli resident” if: (a) it was incorporated in Israel; or (b) the control and management of its business are operated from Israel.

Capital Gains Tax on Sales of Our Ordinary Shares

Israeli law generally imposes a capital gains tax on the sale of any capital assets by Israeli residents, as defined for Israeli tax purposes, and on the sale of capital assets by non-residents of Israel if those assets (i) are located in Israel, (ii) are shares or a right to shares in an Israeli resident corporation, or (iii) represent, directly or indirectly, rights to asset located in Israel, unless a specific exemption is available or an applicable tax treaty between Israel and the shareholder’s country of residence provides otherwise. The Tax Ordinance distinguishes between “Real Capital Gain” and “Inflationary Surplus”. The Inflationary Surplus is a portion of the total capital gain equivalent to the increase of the relevant asset’s purchase price attributable to the increase in the Israeli consumer price index or, in certain circumstances, a foreign currency exchange rate, between the date of purchase and the date of sale. Real Capital Gain is the excess of the total capital gain over the Inflationary Surplus. Inflationary Surplus is currently not subject to tax in Israel.

Taxation of Israeli Residents Shareholders

Generally, the tax rate applicable to capital gains derived from the sale of shares, whether listed on a stock market or not, is 25% for Israeli individuals, unless such shareholder claims a deduction for financing expenses in connection with such shares, in which case the gain is generally taxed at a rate of 30%. Additionally, if such individual shareholder is considered a “substantial shareholder” at the time of sale or at any time during the 12-month period preceding such sale, such gain will be taxed at the rate of 30%. A “substantial shareholder” is generally a person who alone or together with such person’s relative or another person who collaborates with such person on a permanent basis, holds, directly or indirectly, at least 10% of any “means of control” in the company. “Means of control” generally include the right to vote, receive profits, receive assets upon liquidation, nominate a director or an executive officer, or order someone who holds any of the aforesaid rights how to act, regardless of the source of such right. Real Capital Gain derived by an Israeli resident corporation is generally subject to the corporate tax rate (currently 23%). Notwithstanding the foregoing, dealers in securities in Israel whose gains from selling or otherwise disposing of the shares are deemed to be business income are taxed at regular tax rates applicable to business income (a corporate tax rate for a company and a marginal tax rate of up to 47% for an individual in 2024, excluding Surtax, as discussed below) unless contrary provisions in a relevant tax treaty apply.

Taxation of Non-Israeli Residents Shareholders  

Non-Israeli residents, both companies and individuals, are generally exempt from Israeli capital gains tax on any gains derived from the sale of shares of Israeli companies publicly traded on a recognized stock exchange or regulated market outside of Israel, provided, among other conditions, that such capital gains are not attributable to a permanent establishment of the shareholder maintained in Israel, and the shares are not traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange on the date of their sale. However, a non-Israeli “Body of Persons” (as defined under the Tax Ordinance), which includes corporate entities, partnerships and other entities, will not be entitled to such exemption if Israeli residents (i) have, alone or together with such person’s relatives or another person who, according to an agreement, collaborates with such person on a permanent basis regarding material affairs of the company, or with another Israeli tax resident, a controlling interest of more than 25% in any of the means of control of such non-Israeli Body of Persons, or (ii) are the beneficiaries or are entitled to 25% or more of the revenues or profits of such non-Israeli corporation, in each case, whether directly or indirectly.

Additionally, a sale of securities in an Israeli resident company by a non-Israeli resident may be exempt from Israeli capital gains tax under the provisions of an applicable tax treaty. For example, pursuant to the treaty between the government of the United States and the government of Israel with respect to taxes on income, as amended (the “U.S.” and the “U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty”, respectively), the sale, exchange or other disposition of ordinary shares by a person who (i) holds the ordinary shares as a capital asset, (ii) qualifies as a resident of the United States within the meaning of the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty, and (iii) is entitled to claim the benefits afforded to such person by the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty, generally, will not be subject to the Israeli capital gains tax. Such exemption will not apply if (i) such U.S. resident holds, directly or indirectly, shares representing 10% or more of our voting power during any part of the 12-month period preceding such sale, exchange or other disposition, subject to certain conditions, (ii) the capital gains arising from such sale, exchange or other disposition can be attributed to a permanent establishment in Israel, (iii) the capital gains arising from such sale, exchange or other disposition is attributed to real estate located in Israel; (iv) the capital gains arising from such sale, exchange or other disposition is attributed to royalties, or (v) such Treaty U.S. Resident is an individual and was present in Israel for 183 days or more during the relevant taxable year. In any such case, the sale, exchange or other disposition of ordinary shares would be subject to Israeli tax, to the extent applicable; however, under the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty, such U.S. resident would be permitted to claim a credit for such taxes against the U.S. federal income tax imposed with respect to such sale, exchange or other disposition, subject to the limitations in U.S. laws applicable to foreign tax credits. The U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty does not relate to any specific U.S. state or local taxes.

Regardless of whether shareholders may be liable for Israeli income tax on the sale of our ordinary shares, the payment of the consideration may be subject to the withholding of Israeli tax at the source. Therefore, shareholders may be required to demonstrate that they are exempt from tax on their capital gains in order to avoid withholding at the time of sale by providing a valid certificate from the Israel Tax Authority allowing for an exemption from withholding tax at source at the time of sale. Specifically, in transactions involving a sale of all of the shares of an Israeli resident company, in the form of a merger or otherwise, the Israel Tax Authority may require shareholders who are not liable for Israeli tax to sign certain declarations or obtain a specific exemption from the Israel Tax Authority to confirm their status as a non-Israeli resident for tax purposes, and, in the absence of such declarations or exemptions, may require the purchaser of the shares to withhold Israeli taxes at source.

Taxation of Dividends Paid on our Ordinary Shares

The following discussion refers to dividends paid on our ordinary shares. We cannot assure you that, in the event we declare a dividend, we will designate the profits that we distribute in a way that will reduce shareholders’ tax liability.

Taxation of Israeli Residents Shareholders on Receipt of Dividends

Israeli resident individuals are generally subject to Israeli income tax on the receipt of dividends paid on our ordinary shares. The tax rate generally applicable to such dividends is 25%, or 30% for an individual shareholder that is considered a substantial shareholder (described above) at any time during the 12-month period preceding such distribution. Israeli resident companies are generally exempt from income tax from dividends sourced from income produced or accrued in Israel, received directly or indirectly from another company that is subject to Israeli corporate tax.

Taxation of Non-Israeli Residents Shareholders on Receipt of Dividends

Non-Israeli residents, both companies and individuals, are generally subject to Israeli income tax on the receipt of dividends paid on our ordinary shares, at the rate of 25%, or 30% for a shareholder that is considered a substantial shareholder (described above) at any time during the 12-month period preceding such distribution. Such dividends are generally subject to Israeli withholding tax at a rate of 25% if the shares are registered with a nominee company (whether or not the recipient is a substantial shareholder). The tax will be withheld at source, unless a reduced rate is provided in a treaty between Israel and the shareholder’s country of residence (subject to the receipt in advance of a valid tax certificate from the Israel Tax Authority allowing for a reduced tax rate).

Under the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty, the following withholding rates will apply with respect to dividends distributed by an Israeli resident company to a U.S. resident entitled to claim the benefits of the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty (if a certificate for a reduced withholding tax rate would be provided in advance from the Israel Tax Authority and): (i) if the U.S. resident is a corporation which holds during that portion of the taxable year which precedes the date of payment of the dividend and during the whole of its prior taxable year (if any), at least 10% of the outstanding voting shares of the Israeli resident paying corporation and not more than 25% of the gross income of the Israeli resident paying corporation for such prior taxable year (if any) consists of certain type of interest or dividends — the withholding tax rate is 12.5%, (ii) if both the conditions mentioned in (i) above are met and the dividend is paid from an Israeli resident company’s income which was entitled to a reduced tax rate applicable to an Approved Enterprise— the withholding tax rate is 15% and (iii) in all other cases, the withholding tax rate is 25%. The aforementioned rates under the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty would not apply if the dividend income is derived through a permanent establishment that the U.S. Resident has in Israel.

A non-Israeli resident who receives a dividend derived from or accrued in Israel, from which tax was fully withheld at source, is generally exempt from the duty to file tax returns in Israel with respect to such income, provided that : (i) such income was not derived from a business conducted in Israel by the taxpayer; (ii) the taxpayer has no other taxable sources of income in Israel with respect to which a tax return is required to be filed; and (iii) the taxpayer is not obligated to pay Surtax (as further explained below). 

Israeli Transfer Pricing Regulations

Section 85A of the Tax Ordinance and the transfer pricing regulations promulgated thereunder require that all cross-border transactions carried out between related parties be conducted on an arm’s length basis and be taxed accordingly.

 Surtax

Subject to the provisions of an applicable tax treaty, individuals who are subject to tax in Israel (whether any such individual is an Israeli resident or non-Israeli resident) are also subject to an additional tax at a rate of 3% on annual income (including, but not limited to, income derived from dividends, interest and capital gain) exceeds NIS 698,280 for 2023 and NIS 721,560 for 2024.

Estate and Gift Tax

Israeli law presently does not impose estate or gift taxes.

Certain Material United States Federal Income Tax Considerations

Subject to the limitations described herein, this discussion summarizes certain material U.S. federal income tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of our Ordinary Shares to a U.S. holder (as defined below) that holds our Ordinary Shares as “capital assets” within the meaning of Section 1221 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) (generally property held for investment). A U.S. holder is a beneficial owner of our Ordinary Shares who is:

A non-U.S. holder is a beneficial owner of our Ordinary Shares that is not a U.S. holder. Unless otherwise specifically indicated, this discussion does not consider the U.S. federal income tax consequences to a person that is a non-U.S. holder of our Ordinary Shares and considers only U.S. holders that will own the Ordinary Shares as capital assets (generally for investment).

If a partnership (or any other entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) holds our Ordinary Shares, the tax treatment of the partnership and a partner in such partnership will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Such a partner or partnership should consult its tax advisor as to its tax consequences.

The discussion in this summary is based on current provisions of the Code, current and proposed Treasury Regulations promulgated under the Code and administrative and judicial interpretations of the Code, all as currently in effect and all of which are subject to differing interpretations or to change, possibly with retroactive effect so as to result in U.S. federal income tax consequences different from those discussed below. This discussion does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be relevant to any particular U.S. holder based on the U.S. holder’s particular circumstances (including the potential application of the alternative minimum tax). In particular, this discussion does not address the U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. holders who are a bank, broker-dealers or who own, directly, indirectly or constructively, 10% or more, by voting power or value, of our Ordinary Shares, real estate investment trusts, regulated investment companies, grantor trusts, S corporations, U.S. holders holding the Ordinary Shares as part of a hedging, straddle or conversion transaction, U.S. holders whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar, U.S. holders who have elected to-market accounting, insurance companies, tax-exempt organizations, financial institutions, persons that receive Ordinary Shares as compensation for the performance of services, certain former citizens or former long-term residents of the United States and persons subject to the alternative minimum tax, who may be subject to special rules not discussed below. Additionally, this discussion does not address the possible application of U.S. federal estate or gift taxes or any aspect of state, local or non-U.S. tax laws.

This summary of certain material U.S. federal income tax considerations is for general information only and is not intended to be, and should not be considered to be, legal or tax advice or relied upon for tax planning purposes. Accordingly, each U.S. holder of our Ordinary Shares is advised to consult with its own tax advisor with respect to the specific U.S. federal, state, local and foreign income tax consequences to which it is subject with respect to purchasing, holding or disposing of our Ordinary Shares and the effect of possible changes in applicable tax laws.

U.S. Holders of Ordinary Shares

Taxation of distributions on Ordinary Shares

Subject the discussion below under “Tax consequences if we are a passive foreign investment company (a “PFIC”),” a distribution paid by us with respect to our Ordinary Shares, including the amount of any non-U.S. taxes withheld, to a U.S. holder will be treated as dividend income to the extent that the distribution does not exceed our current and accumulated earnings and profits, as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Dividends that are received with respect to Ordinary Shares by U.S. holders that are individuals, estates or trusts generally will be taxed at preferential tax rates (currently a maximum rate of 20%), provided that such dividends meet the requirements of “qualified dividend income” and we are not a PFIC in the year in which the dividend is paid (or the prior taxable year). For this purpose, qualified dividend income generally includes dividends paid by a non-U.S. corporation if certain holding period and other requirements are met and either (i) the stock of the non-U.S. corporation with respect to which the dividends are paid is “readily tradable” on an established securities market in the U.S. (e.g., the Nasdaq Global Market); or (ii) the non-U.S. corporation is eligible for benefits of a comprehensive income tax treaty with the U.S. which includes an information exchange program and is determined to be satisfactory by the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. The United States Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) has determined that the U.S.-Israel income tax treaty is satisfactory for this purpose and includes an exchange information program. Dividends that fail to meet such requirements, and dividends received by corporate U.S. holders, are taxed at ordinary income rates. No dividend received by a U.S. holder will be a qualified dividend (i) if the U.S. holder held the ordinary share with respect to which the dividend was paid for less than 61 days during the 121-day period beginning on the date that is 60 days before the ex-dividend date with respect to such dividend, excluding for this purpose, under the rules of Section 246(c) of the Code, any period during which the U.S. holder has an option to sell, is under a contractual obligation to sell, has made and not closed a short sale of, is the grantor of a deep-in-the-money or otherwise nonqualified option to buy, or has otherwise diminished its risk of loss by holding other positions with respect to, such ordinary share (or substantially identical securities); or (ii) to the extent that the U.S. holder is under an obligation (pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to positions in property substantially similar or related to the ordinary share with respect to which the dividend is paid. If we were to be considered a “passive foreign investment company” or PFIC (as such term is defined in the Code) for any taxable year, dividends paid on our Ordinary Shares in such year or in the following taxable year would not be qualified dividends. See discussion below regarding our PFIC status at “Tax Consequences If We Are A Passive Foreign Investment Company.” In addition, a non-corporate U.S. holder will be able to take a qualified dividend into account in determining its deductible investment interest (which is generally limited to its net investment income) only if it elects to do so. In such case the dividend will be taxed at ordinary income rates.

The amount of any distribution which exceeds the amount treated as a dividend will be treated first as a non-taxable return of capital, reducing (but not below zero) the U.S. holder’s tax basis in its Ordinary Shares to the extent thereof, and then as capital gain from the deemed disposition of the Ordinary Shares (subject to the PFIC rules discussed below). Such distributions (treated as capital gain) would not give rise to income from sources outside the United States. Corporate holders will not be allowed a deduction for dividends received in respect of the Ordinary Shares.

There is no assurance that dividends received by a U.S. holder from the Company will be eligible for the preferential tax rates mentioned above. Dividends that are not eligible for the preferential tax rates will be taxed at ordinary income rates. U.S. holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the availability of the preferential tax rate for dividends paid with respect to our Ordinary Shares.

Dividends paid by us in NIS will be included in the gross income of U.S. holders at the U.S. dollar amount of the dividend (including any non-U.S. taxes withheld therefrom), based upon the exchange rate in effect on the date the distribution is included in income, regardless of whether the NIS is converted into U.S. dollars. If the NIS is not converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, U.S. holders will have a tax basis in the NIS for U.S. federal income tax purposes equal to that dollar value. Any subsequent gain or loss in respect of the NIS arising from exchange rate fluctuations on a subsequent conversion or any other disposition of the NIS will be treated as ordinary income or loss, and generally will be income or loss from sources within the United States for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. 

Dividends received with respect to our Ordinary Shares will constitute “portfolio income” for purposes of the limitation on the deductibility of passive activity losses and, therefore, generally may not be offset by passive activity losses. Dividends received with respect to our Ordinary Shares also generally will be treated as “investment income” for purposes of the investment interest deduction limitation contained in Section 163(d) of the Code, and generally as foreign-source passive income for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. Subject to certain limitations, U.S. holders may elect to claim as a foreign tax credit against their U.S. federal income tax liability for any Israeli income tax withheld from distributions with respect to our Ordinary Shares which constitute dividends under U.S. income tax law. A U.S. holder that does not elect to claim a foreign tax credit may instead claim a deduction for Israeli income tax withheld, but only if the U.S. holder elects to do so with respect to all foreign income taxes in such year. If a refund of the tax withheld is available under the applicable laws of Israel or under the Israel-U.S. income tax treaty, the amount of tax withheld that is refundable will not be eligible for such credit against your U.S. federal income tax liability (and will not be eligible for the deduction against your U.S. federal taxable income). In addition, special rules may apply to the computation of foreign tax credits relating to “qualified dividend income,” as defined above. The calculation of foreign tax credits and, in the case of a U.S. holder that elects to deduct foreign income taxes, the availability of deductions involve the application of complex rules that depend on a U.S. holder’s particular circumstances. U.S. holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the availability to them of foreign tax credits or deductions in respect of any Israeli tax withheld or paid with respect to any dividends which may be paid with respect to our Ordinary Shares, including limitations pursuant to the U.S.-Israel income tax treaty.

Taxation of the disposition of Ordinary Shares

Subject to the discussion below under “Tax consequences if we are a passive foreign investment company,” upon the sale, exchange, redemption or other disposition of our Ordinary Shares (other than in certain non-recognition transactions), a U.S. holder will recognize capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized on the disposition (including the amount of any foreign taxes withheld therefrom) and the U.S. holder’s tax basis in the Ordinary Shares; which is usually the cost to the U.S. holder of the Ordinary Shares. The gain or loss recognized on the disposition of the Ordinary Shares will be considered a long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. holder had held the Ordinary Shares for more than one year at the time of the disposition and otherwise will generally be short-term capital gain or loss. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations. Long-term capital gains of certain non-corporate shareholders are generally taxed at preferential rates (currently a maximum of 20%). Gain or loss recognized by a U.S. holder on a sale, exchange or other disposition of Ordinary Shares generally will be treated as U.S. source income or loss for U.S. foreign tax credit limitation purposes.

A U.S. holder that uses the cash method of accounting calculates the U.S. dollar value of the proceeds received on the sale as of the date that the sale settles. However, a U.S. holder that uses the accrual method of accounting is required to calculate the value of the proceeds of the sale as of the trade date and may therefore realize foreign currency gain or loss. An accrual method U.S. holder may avoid realizing a foreign currency gain or loss by electing to use the settlement date to determine the proceeds of sale for purposes of calculating the foreign currency gain or loss. In addition, a U.S. holder that receives foreign currency upon disposition of Ordinary Shares and converts the foreign currency into U.S. dollars after the settlement date or trade date (whichever date the U.S. holder is required to use to calculate the value of the proceeds of sale) may have foreign exchange gain or loss based on any appreciation or depreciation in the value of the foreign currency against the U.S. dollar, which will generally be U.S. source ordinary income of loss. U.S. holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the foreign tax credit rules with respect to any foreign taxes withheld from a taxable disposition of our Ordinary Shares, as well as regarding any foreign currency gain or loss in connection with such disposition.

Net Investment Income Tax

Certain non-corporate U.S. holders may be subject to an additional 3.8% surtax on all or a portion of their “net investment income”, which may include dividends on, or capital gains recognized from, the disposition of, our Ordinary Shares. In each case, the 3.8% surtax applies only to the extent the U.S. holder’s total adjusted income exceeds certain thresholds. U.S. holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the implications of the additional Net Investment Income tax on their investment in our Ordinary Shares.

Tax consequences if we are a passive foreign investment company

For U.S. federal income tax purposes, we will be considered a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for any taxable year in which, after applying certain look-through rules, either (i) 75% or more of our gross income in a taxable year is passive income; or (ii) 50% or more of the value (determined on the basis of a quarterly average) of our assets in a taxable year produce or are held for the production of passive income. For this purpose, cash is considered to be an asset which produces passive income. Passive income includes dividends, interest, royalties, rents annuities, the excess of gains over losses from the disposition of certain assets which produce passive income and gains from commodities and securities transactions. If we own (directly or indirectly) at least 25% by value of the stock of another corporation, we will be treated for purposes of the foregoing tests as owning our proportionate share of that other corporation’s assets and as directly earning our proportionate share of that other corporation’s income.

Based on an analysis of our income, assets and market capitalization, we believe that we were not a PFIC for our taxable year ended December 31, 2023. However, there can be no assurance that the IRS will agree with our position or that the IRS could not successfully challenge our position. PFIC status is determined as of the end of the taxable year and is dependent on a number of factors, including the relative value of our passive assets and our non-passive assets, our market capitalization and the amount and type of our gross income. It is difficult to make accurate predictions of our future income, assets, activities and market capitalization, including fluctuations in the price of our Ordinary Shares which are relevant to this determination. There can be no assurance that we will not become a PFIC for the current taxable year ending December 31, 2024, or in a future taxable year. 

If we are a PFIC, a U.S. holder of our Ordinary Shares could be subject to increased tax liability upon the sale or other disposition (including gain deemed recognized if the Ordinary Shares are used as security for a loan) of its Ordinary Shares or upon the receipt of distributions that are treated as “excess distributions”, which could result in a reduction in the after-tax return to such U.S. holder. In general, an excess distribution is the amount of distributions received during a taxable year that exceed 125% of the average amount of distributions received by a U.S. holder in respect of the Ordinary Shares during the preceding three taxable years, or if shorter, during the U.S. holder’s holding period prior to the taxable year of the distribution. Under these rules, the distributions that are excess distributions and any gain on the disposition of Ordinary Shares would be allocated ratably over the U.S. holder’s holding period for the Ordinary Shares. The amount allocated to the current taxable year and any taxable year prior to the first taxable year in which we were a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income. The amount allocated to each of the other taxable years would be subject to tax at the highest marginal rate in effect for the applicable class of taxpayer for that taxable year, and an interest charge for the deemed deferral benefit would be imposed on the resulting tax allocated to such other taxable years. The tax liability with respect to the amount allocated to taxable years prior to the year of the disposition or distribution cannot be offset by net operating losses. In addition, holders of stock in a PFIC may not receive a “step-up” in basis on shares acquired from a decedent. Furthermore, if we are a PFIC, each U.S. holder generally will be required to file an annual report with the IRS.

As an alternative to the tax treatment described above, a U.S. holder could elect to treat us as a “qualified electing fund” (“QEF”), in which case the U.S. holder would be required to include in income, for each taxable year that we are a PFIC, its pro rata share of our ordinary earnings as ordinary income and its pro rata share of our net capital gains as capital gain, subject to a separate election to defer payment of taxes where such deferral is subject to an interest charge. There is no assurance we will provide such information as the IRS may require in order for U.S. holders to report income and gain under a QEF election, if we are a PFIC. Moreover, there is no assurance that we will have timely knowledge of our status as a PFIC in the future. Neither the Company nor its advisors have the duty to or will undertake to inform U.S. holders of changes in circumstances that would cause the Company to become a PFIC. The Company does not currently intend to take the action necessary for a U.S. holder to make a “qualified electing fund” election in the event the Company is determined to be a PFIC. Prospective investors should assume that a QEF election will not be available.

As an alternative to making a QEF election, a U.S. holder of PFIC stock which is “marketable stock” (e.g., “regularly traded” on the Nasdaq Stock Market) may in certain circumstances avoid certain of the tax consequences generally applicable to holders of stock in a PFIC by electing to mark the stock to market as of the beginning of such U.S. holder’s holding period for the Ordinary Shares. As a result of such election, in any taxable year that we are a PFIC, a U.S. holder generally would be required to report gain or loss to the extent of the difference between the fair market value of the Ordinary Shares at the end of the taxable year and such U.S. holder’s tax basis in its Ordinary Shares at that time. Any gain under this computation, and any gain on an actual disposition of the Ordinary Shares in a year in which we are a PFIC, would be treated as ordinary income. Any loss under this computation, and any loss on an actual disposition of the Ordinary Shares in a year in which we are a PFIC, generally would be treated as ordinary loss to the extent of the cumulative net-mark-to-market gain previously included in income by the U.S. holder under the election for prior taxable years. Any remaining loss from marking Ordinary Shares to market will not be allowed, and any remaining loss from an actual disposition of Ordinary Shares generally would be capital loss. A U.S. holder’s tax basis in its Ordinary Shares is adjusted annually for any gain or loss recognized under a mark-to-market election. There can be no assurances that there will be sufficient trading volume with respect to the Ordinary Shares in order for the Ordinary Shares to be considered “regularly traded” or that our Ordinary Shares will continue to trade on the Nasdaq Stock Market. Accordingly, there are no assurances that the Ordinary Shares will be marketable stock for these purposes. As with a QEF election, a mark-to-market election is made on a shareholder-by-shareholder basis, applies to all Ordinary Shares held or subsequently acquired by an electing U.S. holder and can only be revoked with consent of the IRS (except to the extent the Ordinary Shares no longer constitute “marketable stock”).

If we are determined to be a PFIC, the general tax treatment for U.S. holders described in this section would apply to indirect distributions and gains deemed to be realized by U.S. holders in respect of any of our subsidiaries that also may be determined to be PFICs.

If a U.S. holder owns Ordinary Shares during any year in which we are a PFIC and the U.S. holder recognized gain on a disposition of our Ordinary Shares or receives distributions with respect to our ordinary shares, the U.S. holder generally will be required to file an IRS Form 8621 (Information Return by a Shareholder of a Passive Foreign Investment Company or Qualified Electing Fund) with respect to the Company, generally with the U.S. holder’s federal income tax return for that year. If our Company were a PFIC for a given taxable year, then you should consult your tax advisor concerning your annual filing requirements.

The U.S. federal income tax rules relating to PFICs are very complex. U.S. holders are strongly urged to consult their own tax advisors with respect to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our Ordinary Shares, the consequences to them of an investment in a PFIC, any elections available with respect to our Ordinary Shares and the IRS information reporting obligations with respect to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our Ordinary Shares.

Tax return disclosure and backup withholding

A U.S. holder generally is subject to information reporting and may be subject to backup withholding (currently at a rate of 24%) with respect to dividend payments made with respect to, and proceeds from the disposition of, the Ordinary Shares. Backup withholding will not apply with respect to payments made to exempt recipients, including corporations, or if a U.S. holder provides a correct taxpayer identification number and a duly executed IRS Form W-9 or certifies that such holder is not subject to backup withholding or otherwise establishes an exemption. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. It may be claimed as a credit against the U.S. federal income tax liability of a U.S. holder or the U.S. holder may be eligible for a refund of any excess amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules, provided, in either case, that the required information is furnished to the Internal Revenue Service.

The Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (“FATCA”) generally subjects U.S. individuals that hold certain specified foreign financial assets (which include stock of a non-U.S. corporation) to U.S. return disclosure obligations (and related penalties for failure to disclose). The definition of specified foreign financial assets includes not only financial accounts maintained in foreign financial institutions, but also, unless held in accounts maintained by a financial institution, any stock or security issued by a non-U.S. person, any financial instrument or contract held for investment that has an issuer or counterparty other than a U.S. person and any interest in a foreign entity. Such U.S. individuals are required to file IRS Form 8938, “Statement of Specified Foreign Financial Assets,” with their U.S. Federal income tax returns, if the aggregate value of all of these assets exceeds certain threshold amounts. Generally, U.S. holders may be subject to these reporting requirements unless their Ordinary Shares are held in an account at a domestic financial institution or certain other exceptions apply. Penalties for failure to file certain of these information returns may be substantial. In addition, in the event a holder that is required to file IRS Form 8938 does not file such form, the statute of limitations on the assessment and collection of U.S. federal income taxes of such holder for the related tax year may not close until three years after the date that the required return information is filed. Each U.S. holder is urged to consult with its own tax advisors regarding its obligation to file an IRS Form 8938 in light of its own particular circumstances.

Non-U.S. Holders of Ordinary Shares

Except as provided below, a non-U.S. holder of Ordinary Shares will not be subject to U.S. federal income or withholding tax on the receipt of dividends on, and the proceeds from the disposition of, an Ordinary Share, unless that item is effectively connected with the conduct by the non-U.S. holder of a trade or business in the United States and, in the case of a resident of a country which has an income tax treaty with the United States, that item is attributable to a permanent establishment in the United States or, in the case of an individual, a fixed place of business in the United States. In addition, gain recognized by an individual non-U.S. holder on the disposition of the Ordinary Shares will be subject to tax in the United States, if such non-U.S. holder is present in the United States for 183 days or more during the taxable year of the sale and other conditions are met.

Non-U.S. holders are generally not subject to information reporting or backup withholding with respect to the payment of dividends on, or proceeds from the disposition of, Ordinary Shares, provided that the non-U.S. holder provides its taxpayer identification number, certifies to its foreign status or otherwise establishes an exemption.

A non-U.S. holder will be required to provide a certificate of non-U.S. status on an appropriate IRS Form W-8.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

You may read and copy this annual report on Form 20-F, including the related exhibits and schedules, and any document we file with the SEC through the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.

We maintain a corporate website at www.boscorporate.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute a part of this annual report on Form 20-F. We have included our website address in this annual report on Form 20-F solely as an inactive textual reference.

The documents concerning the Company that are referred to in the form may be inspected at the Company’s office in Israel.

For information relating to the Company’s subsidiaries, see “Item 4C. Organizational Structure” as well as the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements (Items 8 and 18 of this form). 

Not Applicable

Item 11:  Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk 

Market risk represents the risk of changes in the value of our financial instruments caused by fluctuations in interest rates, foreign exchange rates and equity prices. We do not engage in trading market-risk instruments or purchase hedging or “other than trading” instruments that are likely to expose us to market risk, whether interest rate, commodity price or equity price risk. We have purchased forward contracts but do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative trading purposes.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

We are exposed to currency transaction risks because some of our expenses are incurred in a different currency from the currency in which our revenues are received. Our most significant currency exposures are to the NIS. In periods when the U.S. dollar is significantly devaluated against the NIS, our reported results of operations may be adversely affected. The Company enters into foreign currency contracts, with financial institutions to reduce the risk of exchange rate fluctuations. Such contracts are not designated as hedging instruments. From time to time, the Company recognizes derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet at fair value.

ASC 815, “Derivatives and Hedging”, requires the presentation of all derivatives as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet and the measurement of those instruments at fair value. For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as a cash flow hedge (i.e., hedging the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows that is attributable to a particular risk) the Company applied the following:

Recognize all changes in fair value of the derivative instruments designated for hedging purposes that were determined as qualifying for hedging purposes (including the ineffective components of the hedging relationship) as a component of OCI, net of tax; such amounts are reclassified into earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings.

Other derivatives which do not qualify for hedge accounting, or which have not been designated as hedging instruments, are recognized in the balance sheet at their fair value, with changes in the fair value carried to the statements of income as incurred in financing income (expenses), net.

The Company entered into forward contracts to hedge against the risk of changes in future cash flow from payments of payroll and related expenses denominated in Israeli Shekels. These contracts are designated as cash flows hedges, as defined by ASC 815, and are considered highly effective as hedges of these expenses. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, and during the periods then ended, the impact on the Company’s financial statements of these forward contracts amounted to an income of ($57,000) and ($25,000), respectively

In addition, the Company previously entered into forward contracts in order to hedge the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows resulting from changes in related foreign currency exchange rates. These contracts did not meet the requirement for hedge accounting. The amount recorded as financial loss related to these contracts was $47 in the year 2020.

Although from time to time we enter into foreign currency contracts to reduce currency transaction risk, these transactions will not eliminate translation risk or all currency risk. For information concerning risk factors related to Foreign Currency Exchange see “Item 3D - Risk Factors.”

Credit Risk Management

The Company sells its products and purchases products from vendors on credit terms.

The trade receivables of the Company are derived from sales to customers located primarily in Israel, India and the Far East. The Company generally does not require collateral; however certain of the Company’s customers outside of Israel are insured against customer nonpayment through the Israeli Credit Insurance Company Ltd. and, in certain circumstances, the Company may require letters of credit, advanced payments, or other collateral.

Provisions are made for doubtful debts on a specific basis and, in management’s opinion, appropriately reflect the loss inherent in collection of the debts. Management bases this provision on its assessment of the risk of the debt. 

The table below presents the account receivables balance by geographical market as of December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022:

Interest Rate Risk

The Company’s exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates is due to loans that carry variable interest.

A material change in the interest rate payable on our loans may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial results and cash flow. In the event that interest rates associated with the Company’s variable rate borrowings were to increase 100 basis points, the after tax impact on future cash flows would be a decrease of $27 in year 2024.

Bank Risk

The Company manages its loans in Bank Beinleumi, which provides credit to the Company’s Israeli subsidiaries. In case of the termination or expiration of our credit lines, deterioration in our relations with our bank or adverse changes in the financial position of the bank, our liquidity could be materially adversely affected. 

Item 12:  Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 13:  Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies

Not applicable.

Item 14:  Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

Item 15:  Controls and Procedures

The Company’s Chief Executive Officer and its Chief Financial Officer evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 1a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, such Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable level of assurance (see paragraph (e) below) as of the end of the period covered by this report.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework and criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) as of the end of the period covered by this report.

Based on that evaluation, our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023. Notwithstanding the foregoing, there can be no assurance that our internal control over financial reporting will detect or uncover all failures of persons within the Company to comply with our internal procedures, as all internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective may not prevent or detect misstatements.