SEC Form 20-F filed by Origin Agritech Limited

2/15/24 4:31:36 PM ET

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)


☐	REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934


☒	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023


☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934


☐	SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission file number: 000-51576

Origin Agritech Limited

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Not Applicable

(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

British Virgin Islands

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

No. 21 Sheng Ming Yuan Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China

(Address of principal executive offices)

Dr. Han Gengchen

No. 21 Sheng Ming Yuan Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China

Tel: (86-10) 5890-7588

Fax: (86-10) 5890-7577

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.

Title of each Class		Trading Symbol		Name of each exchange on which registered
Ordinary Shares		SEED		NASDAQ

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.

None

(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.

None

(Title of Class)

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period (September 30, 2023) covered by the annual report: there were issued and outstanding 6,334,998 ordinary shares as of September 30, 2023, and 6,334,998 ordinary shares as of February 15, 2024.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

☐ Yes ☒ No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

☐ Yes ☒No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

☒Yes ☐No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

☒Yes ☐No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company.


☐ Large accelerated filer	☐ Accelerated filer	☒ Non-accelerated filer	☐ Emerging growth company

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by a check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:


U.S. GAAP ☒	International Financial Reporting Standard as Issued by the	Other ☐
	International Accounting Standards Board ☐

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

☐Item 17 ☐Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

☐Yes ☒No

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ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

TABLE OF CONTENTS


Introduction		1

PART I
Item 1.	Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisors	13
Item 2.	Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable	13
Item 3.	Key Information	13
Item 4.	Information on the Company	37
Item 4A	Unresolved Staff Comments	49
Item 5.	Operating and Financial Review and Prospects	50
Item 6.	Directors, Senior Management, and Employees	59
Item 7.	Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions	67
Item 8.	Financial Information	67
Item 9.	The Offer and Listing	68
Item 10.	Additional Information	68
Item 11.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	77
Item 12.	Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities	77

PART II
Item 13.	Defaults, Dividend Arrearages, and Delinquencies	78
Item 14.	Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds	78
Item 15.	Controls and Procedures	78
Item16A.	Audit Committee Financial Expert	79
Item 16B.	Code of Ethics	79
Item 16C.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	79
Item 16D.	Exemption from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees	80
Item 16E.	Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers	80
Item 16F.	Change in registrant’s certifying accountant	80
Item 16G.	Corporate Governance	80

PART III
Item 17.	Financial Statements	81
Item 18.	Financial Statements	81
Item 19.	Exhibits	82

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INTRODUCTION

Except where the context otherwise requires and for purposes of this Annual Report only:

●

“we,” “us,” “our company,” “our,” the “Company” and “Origin” refer to Origin Agritech Limited and an intermediate holding company, State Harvest Holdings Limited, both companies formed in the British Virgin Islands and the following, which are collectively described in this Annual Report as “our PRC Operating Companies.”

The PRC Operating Companies are:

1.State Harvest Holdings Limited (“State Harvest”), a company formed in British Virgin Islands, which is a 100% equity owned company of Origin, as a holding company for our other direct and indirect subsidiaries in China, including:

2.Beijing Origin State Harvest Biotechnology Limited (“Origin Biotechnology”), a company formed in China, collectively for itself and its China formed subsidiaries listed below, all of which are, directly or indirectly, wholly or partly equity owned by State Harvest.

(i)

Hubei Aoyu Agricultural Technology Limited, (“Hubei Aoyu”) in Hubei province,

(ii)

Anhui Aoyu Zhongye Technology Ltd. (“Anhui Aoyu”) in Anhui province,

(iii)

Xuzhou Aoyu Agricultural Technology Ltd. (“Xuzhou Aoyu”) in Jiangsu province,

(iv)

Henan Aoyu Zhongye Limited (“Henan Aoyu”) in Henan province,

(v)

Shandong Aoruixinong Agricultural Technology Limited (Shandong Aoruixinong),

(vi)

Hainan Aoyu Biotechnology Limited (“Hainan Aoyu”) in Hainan province and its subsidiary Xinjiang Originbo Seed Limited ("Xinjiang Originbo"),

(vii)

Henan Baodao Origin Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd (“Baodao Origin”) in Henan province, and its subsidiaries Shihezi Baodao Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd (“Shihezi Baodao”) in Xinjiang, and

(viii)Beijing Origin Seed Limited.

3.OAL SMY Limited, a company formed in New Jersey, United States, is a 100% equity owned company of Origin.

●

“last year,” “fiscal year 2023,” “the year ended September 30, 2023” and “the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023” refer to the twelve months ended September 30, 2023, which is the period covered by this Annual Report;

●

all references to “Renminbi,” “RMB” or “yuan” are to the legal currency of China; all references to “U.S. dollars,” “dollars,” “$” or “US$” are to the legal currency of the United States. Any discrepancies in any table between totals and sums of the amounts listed are due to rounding. The translation of Renminbi amounts into United States dollar amounts has been made for the convenience of the reader. Such translation amounts should not be construed as representations that the Renminbi amounts could be readily converted into United States dollar amounts at that rate or any other rate;

●

“China” or “PRC” refers to the mainland of People’s Republic of China;

●

“Hong Kong” refers to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China; and

●

“shares” and “ordinary shares” refer to our ordinary shares, “preferred shares” refers to our preferred shares.

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Corporate Structure

The public company, Origin, in which investors hold shares, is a holding company incorporated in the British Virgin Islands. All of our business activities currently take place in China. Part of our operations are conducted in China through a variable interest enterprise, or VIE. The portion of the business that is a VIE is Hainan Aoyu and its subsidiary Xinjiang Origin. This portion of the business is the seed development operations of Origin. The balance of our operations are conducted through wholly and partly equity owned operations, in or under Origin Biotechnology, which in turn is 100% equity owned by State Harvest.

Due to PRC legal restrictions on foreign ownership in certain food development and production related businesses, such as our general seed development operations, we do not have full equity ownership of those parts of our business. Instead, we rely on contractual arrangements among our PRC subsidiaries and their nominee shareholders to control the portion of the business operations not owned by means of the VIE arrangements. These VIE contractual agreements enable us, we believe, to (i) exercise contractual control over the VIE, (ii) receive the economic benefits of the VIE, and (iii) have an exclusive call option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in the VIE when and to the extent permitted by PRC law. As a result of these contractual arrangements, we consolidate the financial results of the VIE in our financial statements under U.S. GAAP. Investors in our ordinary shares are purchasing an equity interest in a British Virgin Islands holding company, which in turn has equity interests in some of its subsidiaries in China and a contractual arrangement with owners of the VIEs in another entity.

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We and the VIE face various legal and operational risks and uncertainties related to doing business in China. Origin and the VIE are subject to complex and evolving PRC laws and regulations as a result. For example, we and the VIE face risks associated with regulatory approvals of offshore offerings, the use of variable interest entities, anti-monopoly regulatory actions, cybersecurity and data privacy, which may impact our ability to conduct certain businesses, accept foreign investments, or list on a United States or other foreign exchange. These risks could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of the ordinary shares of the parent holding company, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, or cause such securities to significantly decline in value or become worthless. Additionally, these concerns may limit the ability to maintain the listing of our ordinary shares on a securities exchange in the United States and in other capital markets.

Our corporate structure is subject to risks associated with the contractual arrangements with the VIE and the parties to those contractual arrangements. Investors in the BVI holding company may never have a direct ownership interest in the part of the business that is conducted by the VIE. If the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating our business in China do not comply with PRC laws and regulations, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change or are interpreted differently in the future, we and the VIE could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those parts of the operations. This would result in the VIE being deconsolidated for financial statement purposes. The seed development assets, including certain licenses to conduct that part of the business in China, are held by the VIE. A part of our revenues are generated by the VIE. An event that results in the deconsolidation of the VIE would have a material effect on our operations and result in the value of the ordinary shares being diminished or even becoming worthless. Our holding company, our PRC subsidiaries and the VIE, and investors of our ordinary shares face uncertainty about potential future actions by the PRC government that could affect the enforceability of the contractual arrangements with the VIE and, consequently, significantly affect the financial performance of the VIE and our company as a whole.

Because of our operations in the development of genetically modified seeds and involvement in the production of seeds as well as for other reasons, the PRC government may intervene or act to influence our operations, or may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in us. Such intervention or influence over the manner in which we operate could result in a material change in our operations or the value of our ordinary shares. Any actions by the PRC government to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas or foreign investment in China-based issuers could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities and our other outstanding securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

On July 6, 2021, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued the Opinions on Severe and Lawful Crackdown on Illegal Securities Activities. These opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies. These opinions proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems, to deal with the risks and incidents facing China-based overseas-listed companies and the demand for cybersecurity and data privacy protection. These opinions and any related implementation rules may subject us to additional compliance requirement in the future.

With the trend of strengthening anti-monopoly supervision around the world, the PRC government has issued a series of anti-monopoly laws and regulations since 2021, paying more attention to corporate compliance. On February 7, 2021, the Anti-monopoly Commission of the State Council of the PRC promulgated the Guidelines for Anti-monopoly in the field of Platform Economy. On November 15, 2021, the State Administration for Market Regulation of the PRC promulgated the Guidelines for the Overseas Anti-monopoly Compliance of Enterprises. We believe that these regulations currently have little impact on us, but we cannot guarantee that regulators will agree with us or that these regulations will not affect our business operations in the future.

Cybersecurity and data privacy and security issues are subject to increasing legislative and regulatory focus in China. The State Council of the PRC promulgated the Security Protection Regulations for Critical Information Infrastructure (the “CII Regulation”) on July 30, 2021, which took effect on September 1, 2021. This regulation requires, among others, certain competent authorities to identify critical information infrastructures. The Cybersecurity Administration of China (the “CAC”) and a number of other departments under the State Council promulgated the Measures for Cybersecurity Review on December 28, 2021, which became effective on February 15, 2022. According to this regulation, critical information infrastructure operators purchasing network products and services and network platform operators carrying out data processing activities, which affect or may affect national security, are required to conduct cybersecurity review. We believe that these regulations have little impact on us, because we are neither a critical information infrastructure operator nor a network platform operator within the meanings of these regulation. However, we cannot guarantee that the regulators will agree with us.

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On September 1, 2021, the PRC Data Security Law became effective, which imposes data security and privacy obligations on entities and individuals conducting data-related activities, and introduces a data classification and hierarchical protection system. In addition, the Standing Committee of the PRC National People’s Congress promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law (the “PIPL”) on August 20, 2021, which took effect on November 1, 2021. The PIPL further emphasizes processors’ obligations and responsibilities for personal information protection and sets out the basic rules for processing personal information and the rules for cross-border transfer of personal information. On July 7, 2022, the CAC promulgated the Security Assessment Measures for Outbound Data Transfers (the “Assessment Measures”) which became effective on September 1, 2022, subject to a six month implementation grace period, along with the guidelines. According to the Assessment measures, a data processor shall declare security assessment for its outbound data transfer to the CAC through the local cyberspace administration at the provincial level under any of the following circumstances: (a) where a data processor provides critical data abroad; (b) where a critical information infrastructure operator or a data processor processing the personal information of more than one million individuals provides personal information abroad; (c) where a data processor has provided personal information of 100,000 individuals or sensitive personal information of 10,000 individuals in total abroad since January 1 of the previous year; and (d) other circumstances prescribed by the CAC for which declaration for security assessment for outbound data transfers is required. We have the opportunity to contact, obtain or be exposed to personal information of our subscribers and their close relatives. We may be required to declare security assessment once we fall under any of the aforementioned circumstances and our business operations may be restricted according to the regulations above mentioned.

On December 24, 2021, the China Securities Regulatory Commission (“CSRC”) published the Provisions of the State Council on the Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (Draft for Comments), and Administrative Measures for the Filing of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (Draft for Comments), or, collectively, the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations, which set out the new regulatory requirements and filing procedures for Chinese companies seeking direct or indirect listing in overseas markets. The Draft Overseas Listing Regulations, among others, stipulate that Chinese companies that seek to offer and list securities in overseas markets must fulfill the filing procedures with and report relevant information to the CSRC, and that an initial filing must be submitted within three working days after the application for an initial public offering in an overseas market is submitted, and a second filing must be submitted within three working days after the listing is completed. Moreover, an overseas offering and listing is prohibited under circumstances if (i) it is prohibited by PRC laws, (ii) it may constitute a threat to or endanger national security as reviewed and determined by competent PRC authorities, (iii) it has material ownership disputes over equity, major assets, and core technology, (iv) in the past three years, the Chinese operating entities and their controlling shareholders and actual controllers have committed relevant prescribed criminal offenses or are currently under investigations for suspicion of criminal offenses or major violations, (v) the directors, supervisors, or senior executives have been subject to administrative punishment for severe violations, or are currently under investigations for suspicion of criminal offenses or major violations, or (vi) it has other circumstances as prescribed by the State Council. The Draft Overseas Listing Regulations, among others, stipulate that when determining whether an offering and listing shall be deemed as “an indirect overseas offering and listing by a Chinese company”, the principle of “substance over form” will be followed, and if the issuer meets the following conditions, its offering and listing will be determined as an “indirect overseas offering and listing by a Chinese company” and is therefore subject to the filing requirement: (i) the revenues, profits, total assets or net assets of the Chinese operating entities in the most recent financial year accounts for more than 50% of the corresponding data in the issuer’s audited consolidated financial statements for the same period; and (ii) the majority of senior management in charge of business operation are Chinese citizens or have domicile in PRC, and its principal place of business is located in PRC or main business activities are conducted in PRC. We cannot predict the impact of the Draft Overseas Listing Regulations on us at this stage.

Since these regulatory actions are relatively new, it is uncertain how soon legislative or administrative regulation-making bodies will respond and what existing or new laws or regulations or detailed implementations and interpretations will be modified or promulgated, if any, or the potential impact such modified or new laws and regulations will have on our daily business operation, or our ability to accept foreign investments and listing on a U.S. or other foreign exchange. PRC laws and their interpretations and enforcement continue to develop and are subject to change, and the PRC government may adopt other rules and restrictions in the future.

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Our financial statements contained in this annual report have been audited by B F Borgers CPA PC, an independent registered public accounting firm that is headquartered in Lakewood, Colorado. It is a firm registered with the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the “PCAOB”), and is required by the laws of the U.S. to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess its compliance with the laws of the U.S. and professional standards. Therefore, we believe, Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, which became effective in March 2020, should not apply to us. That law provides that no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the territory of the PRC. Accordingly, without the consent of competent PRC securities regulators and relevant authorities, no organization or individual may provide the documents and materials relating to securities business activities to overseas parties. The United States Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCA Act, was enacted on December 18, 2020. The HFCA Act states that if the SEC determines that a company has filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspection by the PCAOB for three consecutive years beginning in 2021, the SEC shall prohibit such ordinary shares from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the U.S. The SEC has adopted rules to implement the HFCA Act and, pursuant to the HFCA Act, the PCAOB has issued a report notifying the Securities and Exchange Commission of its determination that it is currently unable to inspect accounting firms headquartered in mainland China or Hong Kong. Further, the United States Senate has passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the AHFCA Act, which, if enacted, would decrease the number of “non-inspection years” from three years to two years, and thus, would reduce the time before securities may be prohibited from trading or be delisted. Currently, we do not believe that we are subject to the various laws mentioned above, and we do not believe our ordinary shares will be delisted from NASDAQ because of these laws.

On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB issued a report that vacated its December 16, 2021 determination and removed the Chinese mainland and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. For this reason, we do not expect to be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA.

On December 29, 2022, the President signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, which, among other things, amended the HFCAA to reduce the number of consecutive years an issuer can be identified as a Commission - Identified Issuer before the Commission must impose an initial trading prohibition on the issuer's securities from three years to two years. Therefore, once an issuer is identified as a Commission - Identified Issuer for two consecutive years, the Commission is required under the HCFAA to prohibit the trading of the issuer's securities on a national securities exchange and in the over - the - counter market.

Internal Cash Transfers and Dividends

Cash is transferred through our organization in the following manner:

●Origin, a holding company and the British Virgin Islands entity that is listed on a national stock exchange in the U.S., through State Harvest, a British Virgin Islands holding company and wholly owned subsidiary of Origin, controls several direct and indirect subsidiaries and has a VIE. State Harvest owns Origin Biotechnology, which in turn has a controlling equity interest in each of several other companies. State Harvest also has a VIE arrangement with Hainan Aoyu, the latter having a controlling interest in Xinjiang Origin.

●As of the date of this report, Origin has never paid dividends or made distributions to U.S. investors.

●Within our corporate structure, the cross-border transfer of funds from Origin to its Chinese subsidiaries and controlled entities is legal and compliant with the laws and regulations of China. Origin is permitted to provide funding to its subsidiaries in mainland China in the form of shareholder loans or capital contributions, subject to satisfaction of applicable government registration, approval and filing requirements of the respective jurisdiction. There are no amount limits on Origin’s ability to make capital contributions to its subsidiaries in mainland China under the PRC regulations. If Origin transfers any funds to one of the PRC subsidiaries or contractually affiliated companies through loans, however, then under current PRC law we will need to register the loans with the SAFE, and the amount that we may convert into RMB, and the loan will be limited by applicable SAFE regulations to the greater of (i) the difference between the approved total investment in the entity and its total registered capital, and (ii) two times the net assets of the PRC entity.

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●Origin relies on equity based dividends and other distributions paid by its operating companies in the PRC for a portion of its cash requirements, including funds that may be necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to its shareholders or to fund any expenses it may incur. For the operating companies in the PRC, they will first transfer funds to State Harvest in accordance with applicable laws and regulations of the PRC, and then State Harvest will transfer legally available funds, if any, to Origin. Origin will then distribute dividends, if any, to its shareholders in proportion to their respective shareholding. As of the date of this report, none of our subsidiaries or controlled companies has made any transfers, dividends or other distributions to fund dividends or distributions by Origin. We intend to retain all of our available funds and any future earnings to the development and growth of our business in the PRC and do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future.

●The ability of our entities in the PRC to distribute dividends is based upon their distributable earnings. Current PRC regulations permit companies to pay dividends to their respective shareholders only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, companies in the PRC are required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of its registered capital. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. In addition, if a company incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends. We believe, other than above, current PRC regulations do not prohibit or limit using cash generated from one entity within a corporate group to fund another company in the corporate group for its operations. We currently do not have our own cash management policy and procedures that dictate how funds are transferred.

Please refer to the selected condensed consolidated financial information below in this Section and the consolidated financial statements commencing at page F-1, included in this Annual Report on Form 20-F, as amended.

VIE Structure Evaluation

The consignment agreement, or VIE, structure that we have, provides contractual opportunity for foreign investment in China-based companies where Chinese law prohibits direct foreign investment in the operating companies. For example, foreign ownership in food production is subject to significant regulations in China. For accounting purposes, we receive the economic benefits of Hainan Aoyu and its subsidiary, in part, through certain contractual arrangements. Such contractual arrangements enable us to consolidate the financial results of the VIE and its subsidiary in our consolidated financial statements under US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or GAAP, which VIE structure involves unique risks to investors. Our ordinary shares are shares of Origin, the holding company in the British Virgin Islands, instead of shares of our PRC subsidiaries, or the VIEs or its subsidiary in China. As of the date of this report, the contractual arrangements have not been tested in court in either the PRC or the United States. Neither the investors in the holding company nor the Company have an full equity ownership in, direct foreign investment in, or control as effective as equity ownership of, the VIE.

Because we do not directly hold all equity interests in the VIE or its subsidiary, we and the VIE are subject to risks and uncertainties of the interpretations and applications of PRC laws and regulations, including but not limited to, the validity and enforcement of the contractual arrangements and uncertainties about any future actions of the PRC government resulting in disallowing the VIE structure. The loss of our operations conducted under the contractual arrangements would likely result in a material change in our operations, and the value of our ordinary shares may depreciate significantly or become worthless.

Origin evaluates all transactions and relationships with variable interest entities (“VIE”) to determine whether the Company is the primary beneficiary of the entities in accordance with FASB ASC 810, Consolidation. Origin’s overall methodology for evaluating transactions and relationships under the VIE requirements includes the following two steps:

●determine whether the entity meets the criteria to qualify as a VIE; and

●determine whether the Company is the primary beneficiary of the VIE.

In performing the first step, the significant factors and judgments that the Company considers in making the determination as to whether an entity is a VIE include:

●the design of the entity, including the nature of its risks and the purpose for which the entity was created, to determine the variability that the entity was designed to create and distribute to its interest holders;

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●the nature of the Company’s involvement with the entity;

●whether control of the entity may be achieved through arrangements that do not involve voting equity;

●whether there is sufficient equity investment at risk to finance the activities of the entity; and

●whether parties other than the equity holders have the obligation to absorb expected losses or the right to receive residual returns.

If the Company identifies a VIE based on the above considerations, it then performs the second step and evaluates whether it is the primary beneficiary of the VIE by considering the following significant factors and judgments:

●whether the entity has the power to direct the activities of a variable interest entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance; and

●whether the entity has the obligation to absorb losses of the entity that could potentially be significant to the variable interest entity or the right to receive benefits from the entity that could potentially be significant to the variable interest entity.

Based on its evaluation of the above factors and judgments, as of September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023, the Company consolidated any VIEs in which it was the primary beneficiary.

Risks Associated with VIE Structure

We discuss the risks of being a BVI holding company with operations only in the PRC in greater detail In Item 3, subpart D, to the Annual Report on Form 20-F, for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023.

Selected Condensed Consolidated Financial Information

The following table presents our condensed consolidating schedule of financial position for our top-tier holding company, Origin Agritech Limited, our wholly-owned subsidiaries that are the primary beneficiaries of the VIEs under U.S. GAAP (the “Primary Beneficiaries of VIEs”), our other subsidiaries that are not VIEs (the “Other Subsidiaries”), and VIEs and their subsidiaries that we consolidate as of the dates presented were as follows:

(1) Parent: Origin Agritech Limited (BVI);

(2) Other subsidiaries that are equity owned: OAL SMY Limited (United States), Beijing Origin State Harvest Biotechnology (PRC) and its partly owned subsidiaries Anhui Aoyu, Henan Aoyu, Hubei Aoyu, Shandong Aoruixinong, Xuzhou Aoyu, Beijing Origin and Baodao Origin and the subsidiary of BaoDao Origin, Shihezi Baodao (all PRC);

(3) Primary Beneficiary of VIE: State Harvest Holdings Limited (PRC); and

(4) VIE and VIE subsidiary : Hainan Aoyu Biotechnology Limited (PRC) and Xinjiang Originbo Seed Limited (PRC)

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Selected Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets Data

In RMB’000


	As of September 30, 2023
		Other	Primary	VIE and	Eliminations	Consolidated
	Parent	Subsidiaries	Beneficiary of VIE	VIE subsidiary (PRC)	adjustments	Total
Intercompany receivables (1)	237,923	119,300	—	—	(357,223)	—
Total current assets	246,788	181,944	—	70,273	(357,223)	141,782
Investments in subsidiaries (2)	—	11,386	—	130,541	(141,927)	—
Benefits through VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries (2)	—	—	233,520	—	(233,520)	—
Working capital	239,913	(38,630)	(215,363)	(157,599)	—	(171,679)
Total Assets	246,788	241,062	233,520	220,777	(703,641)	238,506
Intercompany payables (1)	—	—	215,347	141,876	(357,223)	—


	Fiscal year ended September 30, 2022
		Other	Primary	VIE and	Eliminations	Consolidated
	Parent	Subsidiaries	Beneficiary of VIE	VIE subsidiary (PRC)	adjustments	Total
Intercompany receivables	216,571	—	—	59,417	(275,988)	—
Total current assets	223,896	56,807	—	76,825	(275,988)	81,540
Intercompany payables	—	63,040	212,948	—	(275,988)	—
Working capital	223,172	(52,156)	(212,964)	(169,376)	—	(211,325)
Investments in subsidiaries	—	90,907	—	—	(90,907)	—
Benefits through VIEs and VIE’s subsidiaries	—	—	233,520	—	(233,520)	—
Total Assets	223,896	165,831	233,520	112,123	(600,415)	135,955

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Selected Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations Data


	For the Year Ended September 30, 2023
		Other	Primary	VIE and	Eliminations	Consolidated
	Parent	Subsidiaries	Beneficiary of VIE	VIE subsidiary (PRC)	adjustments	Total
Third-party revenues	—	39,696	—	53,611	—	93,307
Intra- group revenues	—	18,574	—	—	(18,574)	—
Total revenue	—	58,270	—	53,611	(18,574)	93,307
Third-party costs of Revenue	—	(30,208)	—	(45,876)	24	(76,060)
Intra- group costs of Revenue	—	(18,574)	—	—	18,574	—
Total costs of Revenue	—	(48,782)	—	(45,876)	18,598	(76,060)
Total Operating expenses	(5,022)	(20,448)	—	(7,568)	800	(32,238)
Income from subsidiaries and VIE	39,458	—	39,458	—	(78,916)	—
Income (loss) from non-operations	—	(39,394)	—	89,807	27,409	77,822
Income before income tax expenses	34,436	(50,354)	39,458	89,974	(50,683)	62,831
Less: income tax (benefit) expenses	—	(162)	—	—	—	(162)
Net income	34,436	(50,516)	39,458	89,974	(50,683)	62,669
Less: net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests	—	—	—	7,337	—	7,337
Net income attributable to Origin Agritech Limited’s shareholders	34,436	(50,516)	39,458	82,637	(50,683)	55,332


	For the Year Ended September 30, 2022
		Other	Primary	VIE and	Eliminations	Consolidated
	Parent	Subsidiaries	Beneficiary of VIE	VIE subsidiary (PRC)	adjustments	Total
Third-party revenues	—	45,000	—	7,580	—	52,580
Intra- group revenues	—	2,584	—	3,224	(5,808)	—
Total revenue	—	47,584	—	10,804	(5,808)	52,580
Third-party costs of Revenue	—	(31,591)	—	(4,795)	—	(36,386)
Intra- group costs of Revenue	—	(2,584)	—	(3,224)	5,808	—
Total costs of Revenue	—	(34,175)	—	(8,019)	5,808	(36,386)
Total Operating expenses	(5,261)	(17,000)	—	(10,345)	3,516	(29,090)
Income from subsidiaries and VIE	6,316	—	—	6,316	—	(12,632)
Income (loss) from non-operations	—	(57,603)	—	75,056	(2,246)	15,207
Income before income tax expenses	1,055	—	(61,194)	6,316	—	67,496
Less: income tax (benefit) expenses	—	14	—	—	—	—
Net income (loss)	1,055	—	(61,180)	6,316	—	67,496
Less: net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests	—	—	—	8,590	—	8,590
Net income (loss) attributable to Origin Agritech Limited’s shareholders	1,055	(61,180)	6,316	58,906	(11,362)	(6,265)

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	For the Year Ended September 30, 2021
		Other	Primary	VIE and	Eliminations	Consolidated
	Parent	Subsidiaries	Beneficiary of VIE	VIE subsidiary (PRC)	adjustments	Total
Third-party revenues	—	40,660	—	5,765	—	46,425
Intra- group revenues	—	9,965	3,416	(13,381)	—	—
Total revenue	—	50,625	—	9,181	(13,381)	46,425
Third-party costs of Revenue	—	(28,135)	—	(5,476)	—	(33,611)
Intra- group costs of Revenue	—	(9,965)	—	(3,416)	13,381	—
Total costs of Revenue	—	(38,100)	—	(8,892)	13,381	(33,611)
Total Operating expenses	(19,316)	(57,790)	—	(78,357)	4,735	(150,728)
Income from subsidiaries and VIE	(110,363)	(110,363)	220,726	—	—	—
Income (loss) from non-operations	—	(3,792)	—	16,940	(2,137)	11,011
Income before income tax expenses	(129,679)	(49,057)	(110,363)	(61,128)	223,324	(126,903)
Less: income tax (benefit) expenses	—	(178)	—	—	—	(178)
Net income (loss)	(129,679)	(49,235)	(110,363)	(61,128)	223,324	(127,081)
Less: net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests	1,492	(37,044)	(35,552)	—	—	—
Net income (loss) attributable to Origin Agritech Limited’s shareholders	(129,679)	(49,235)	(111,855)	(24,084)	223,324	(91,529)

Selected Condensed Consolidated Cash Flows Information


	For the Year Ended September 30, 2023
		Other	Primary	VIE and	Eliminations	Consolidated
	Parent	Subsidiaries	Beneficiary of VIE	VIE subsidiary (PRC)	adjustments	Total
Total cash provided by operating activities	(19,864)	2,717	—	11,691	—	(5,456)
Total cash used in investing activities	—	(2,312)	—	(8,912)	—	(11,224)
Total cash used in financing activities	17,636	6,884	—	(1,587)	—	22,933
Effect of exchange rate changes	(214)	—	—	—	—	(214)
Restricted cash	—	—	—	—	—	—
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(2,442)	7,289	—	1,192	—	6,039


	For the Year Ended September 30, 2022
		Other	Primary	VIE and	Eliminations	Consolidated
	Parent	Subsidiaries	Beneficiary of VIE	VIE subsidiary (PRC)	adjustments	Total
Total cash provided by operating activities	(4,567)	(2,661)	—	10,519	—	3,291
Total cash used in investing activities	—	(480)	—	(622)	—	(1,102)
Total cash used in financing activities	1,614	7,306	—	(9,252)	—	(332)
Effect of exchange rate changes	447	—	—	—	—	447
Restricted cash	—	—	—	14	—	14
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(2,506)	4,165	—	659	—	2,318


	For the Year Ended September 30, 2021
		Other	Primary	VIE and	Eliminations	Consolidated
	Parent	Subsidiaries	Beneficiary of VIE	VIE subsidiary (PRC)	adjustments	Total
Total cash provided by operating activities	—	(24,693)	—	(384)	—	(25,077)
Total cash used in investing activities	—	639	—	(1,715)	(133)	(1,209)
Total cash used in financing activities	(8,637)	26,142	—	2,200	133	19,838
Effect of exchange rate changes	(816)	—	—	—	—	(816)
Restricted cash	—	—	—	133	—	133
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(9,453)	2,088	—	234	—	(7,131)

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FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION

This Annual Report on Form 20-F contains forward-looking statements that are based on our current expectations, assumptions, estimates, and projections about our company and industry. All statements other than statements of historical fact in this Annual Report are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements can be identified by words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “plan,” “believe,” “is/are likely to” or other similar expressions. The forward-looking statements included in this Annual Report relate to, among others:

●

our expectations for our future business and product development, business prospects, results of business operations and current financial condition;

●

future development of China based agricultural biotechnology as a whole, including our genetically modified seed research and development and its distribution and acceptance in the China market;

●

our ability to develop and commercialize any alternative businesses;

●

address the scope and impact of the governing and regulatory policies and laws on our business, including that of the research and development of genetically modified seed products and any other ancillary businesses in which we engage, and importantly the regulation of VIE business structures in the United States and China;

●

our plans to license or co-develop seed products or technologies;

●

likelihood of recurrence of accounting charges or impairments;

●

expected changes in our sources of revenues and income base and our ability to generate income from our diversified business lines, and how funds might be up-streamed to our holding company, and any limitations thereon imposed by China regulation;

●

competition in our business lines, including the crop seed industry, development of GM seeds;

●

our plans for current staffing requirements and research and development and business expansion;

●

our ability to successfully raise capital to accommodate company needs which are under acceptable terms and at an acceptable share price; and

●

adequacy of our facilities for our operations.

We believe it is important to communicate our expectations to our shareholders. However, there may be certain events in the future that we are not able to predict with accuracy or over which we have no control. The risk factors and cautionary language discussed in this Annual Report provide examples of risks, uncertainties and events that may cause actual results to differ materially from the expectations in these forward-looking statements, including among other things:

●

changing interpretations of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”);

●

outcomes of PRC and international government reviews, inquiries, investigations and related litigations, including PCAOB compliance issues and VIE issues;

●

continued compliance with government regulations of PRC and other governments, including that about our business operations and corporate structure;

●

legislative and regulatory environments, requirements or changes adversely affecting the businesses in which we and our PRC operating companies are engaged; and

●

management of the growth of our business and introduction of genetically modified products.

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The forward-looking statements in this Annual Report involve various risks, assumptions, and uncertainties. Although we believe that our expectations expressed in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot be certain that our expectations will materialize. Our actual results could be materially different from our expectations. Important risks and factors that could cause our actual results to be materially different from our expectations are generally set forth in the risk factors included in this Annual Report.

The forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report relate only to events or information as of the date of the statements. Readers should read these statements in conjunction with the risk factors disclosed in this Annual Report.

All forward-looking statements included herein attributable to us or other parties or any person acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this section. Except to the extent required by applicable laws and regulations, we undertake no obligations to update these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Annual Report or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

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PART I

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISORS

Not Applicable.

ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not Applicable.

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

A. Selected financial data.

The following selected consolidated financial information was derived from our fiscal year end consolidated financial statements. The following information should be read in conjunction with those statements and Item 5, “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.”

Our summary consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income data for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023, and our summary consolidated balance sheet data as of September 30, 2022 and 2023, as set forth below, are derived from, and are qualified in their entirety by reference to, our audited consolidated financial statements, including the notes thereto, which are included in this Annual Report.

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Our consolidated financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or U.S. GAAP.


	2021	2022	2023	2023
	RMB’000	RMB’000	RMB’000	US$’000
Revenues	46,425	52,580	93,307	12,996
Cost of revenues	(33,611)	(36,386)	(76,060)	(10,594)
Gross profit	12,814	16,194	17,247	2,402
Operating expenses
Selling and marketing	(5,564)	(7,335)	(8,359)	(1,164)
General and administrative	(73,315)	(14,321)	(14,228)	(1,982)
Research and development	(1,979)	(7,434)	(7,447)	(1,037)
Impairment of assets	(69,870)	—	(2,204)	(307)
Total operating expenses, net	(150,728)	(29,090)	(32,238)	(4,490)
Loss from operations	(137,914)	(12,896)	(14,991)	(2,088)
Interest income, net	(8,558)	(8,228)	(982)	(137)
Impairment of long-term investment	(5,958)	(2,906)	(1,490)	(208)
Rental income	10,603	10,603	10,603	1,477
Other non-operating income (expense), net	14,924	15,738	69,691	9,707
Loss before income taxes	(126,903)	2,311	62,831	8,751
Income tax (expense) benefits, Current	(178)	14	(162)	(23)
Net loss	(127,081)	2,325	62,669	8,728
Less: Net (loss) income attributable to non-controlling interests	(35,552)	8,590	7,337	1,022
Net loss attributable to Origin Agritech Limited	(91,529)	(6,265)	55,332	7,706
Other comprehensive loss
Net loss	(127,081)	2,325	62,669	8,728
Foreign currency translation difference	(816)	447	(214)	(30)
Comprehensive loss	(127,897)	2,772	62,455	8,698
Less: Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to non-controlling interests	(35,552)	8,590	7,337	1,022
Comprehensive loss attributable to Origin Agritech Limited	(92,345)	(5,818)	55,118	7,676
Basic and diluted net income (loss) per share (note 21)
Continuing operations	(16.29)	(1.09)	8.45	1.18
Basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to Origin Agritech Limited (note 21)	(16.29)	(1.09)	8.43	1.17
Shares used in computing earnings per share:
Shares used in calculating basic and diluted net income (loss) per share*	5,617,424	5,773,094	6,546,153	6,546,153
Diluted*	5,617,424	5,773,094	6,562,278	6,562,278

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	Sept 30	Sept 30	Sept 30
	2022	2023	2023
	RMB’000	RMB’000	US$’000
Consolidated balance sheet data:
Cash and cash equivalents	17,669	23,708	3,302
Restricted cash	—	561	78
Current working capital (2)	(211,325)	(171,679)	(23,912)
Total assets	135,955	238,506	33,220
Total current liabilities	292,865	313,461	43,660
Total liabilities	308,597	319,766	44,538
Non-controlling interests	(38,770)	(23,862)	(3,323)
Total Origin Agritech Limited shareholders’ equity	(172,642)	(81,260)	(11,318)

(1)

Translation of Renminbi amounts into United States dollar amounts has been made for the convenience of the reader for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, and has been made at the exchange rate quoted by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange in China on September 30, 2023, of RMB 7.1798 to US$1.00. Such translation amounts should not be construed as a representation that the Renminbi amounts could be readily converted into United States dollar amounts at that rate or any other rate.

(2)	Current working capital is the difference between total current assets and total current liabilities.

Exchange Rate Information

The conversion of Renminbi into U.S. dollars in this Annual Report is based on the statistics of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange. The consolidated financial statements are presented in Renminbi, which is our reporting currency. The translation of Renminbi amounts into United States dollar amounts has been made for the convenience of the reader and has been made at the exchange rate quoted by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange in China on September 30, 2023, of RMB 7.1798 to US$1.00. Unless otherwise noted, for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2023, all translations from Renminbi to U.S. dollars in this Annual Report were made at RMB 7.0998 and RMB 7.1798 per US $1.00, respectively, which were the prevailing year or period end closing rates for those periods. We make no representation that any Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate, the rates stated below, or at all. The PRC government imposes controls over its foreign currency reserves in part through direct regulation of the conversion of Renminbi into foreign exchange and through restrictions on foreign trade.

The following table sets forth information concerning exchange rates between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar for the periods indicated. These rates are not necessarily the exchange rates that we used in this Annual Report or will use in the preparation of our periodic reports or any other information to be provided to you. The source of the rates is the State Administration of Foreign Exchange in China.


	Average (1)	High	Low	Period-end
2019	6.8694	7.0884	6.685	7.0729
2020	6.9969	7.1316	6.7591	6.8101
2021	6.5059	6.7796	6.3572	6.4854
2022	6.7324	6.7620	6.6863	6.7437
2023	7.0467	7.2157	7.1265	7.1305
July 2023	6.7949	6.8906	6.7324	6.8906
August 2023	6.9621	7.1107	6.8821	7.0998
September 2023	7.1287	7.1768	7.0992	7.1768
October 2023	7.1628	7.2555	7.0363	7.1769
November 2023	6.9833	7.1225	6.9565	6.9646
December 2023	7.1039	7.1176	7.0827	7.0827

(1)	Annual averages are calculated from month-end rates. Monthly averages are calculated using the average of the daily rates during the month.

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B. Capitalization and indebtedness.

Not Applicable

C. Reasons for the offer and use of proceeds.

Not Applicable.

D. Risk factors.

Summary of Risk Factors

Below is a summary of what the Company believes to be the primary risk factors that an investor should consider when judging an investment in the Company. Those risk factors identified below should not be to the exclusion of all the other risk factors discussed in this report.

●

We operate a portion of our seed business, the seed development business, through a VIE structure, which means investors ultimately may be found not to own a part of our business. There are many risks associated with a VIE structure, which are explained at length herein.

●

Aspects of our business are conducted under technical service agreements and other contractual arrangements, which may not provide the business results and assurances we expect from our contract partners.

●

Our auditor has issued their opinion with a going concern qualification. We expect to need working capital from time to time in the future; we have no assured means of raising capital.

●

We need to continue to develop new seed traits to maintain our biotech pipeline of products. If we do not develop new products and keep up with industry trends, our business will experience setbacks.

●

Although we believe there is a significant, encouraging change in the regulatory approach to GMO products in the PRC, these changes are recent, and there still is uncertainty about full government acceptance and consumer acceptance of GMO products.

●

Development of aspects of our business is through joint ventures. Therefore we rely on others to help us develop our business; we may not be able to maintain these relationships or control our business partners cooperation.

●

We face competition from many sources, including traditional seed products and international competition in the GM seed market.

●

To maintain our product integrity, we must protect our intellectual property rights and the quality of our products in the market place.

●

We operating in a regulated industry, therefore if we do not comply with the different applicable laws and regulations, our business may be impaired and we may suffer economic disruption and penalties.

●

As a foreign private issuer, you may not be able to enforce rights common to investors in companies based in or founded in the United States. Also, under SEC and Nasdaq rules, we do not have to provide in our reports and corporate governance certain information and investor protections.

●

The trading of our ordinary shares on Nasdaq is volatile and inconsistent. You may not be able to effect transactions in your shares at a posted price or in the quantity you desire.

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Risks relating to our business

We currently use regional joint venture companies for our seed distribution business; These companies may not be able to perform as we expected.

We have regional joint venture companies for our seed distribution business. The Company has stock positions of 51% or 50% in these joint ventures. Most of the joint venture partners were the Company’s regional distributors in the past. As this is a new business model for the Company and our joint venture partners are engaging with the Company differently than before, no assurance can be given that the joint ventures will perform as well as we expect, which could impact the overall performance of the Company. Because these are separate companies, we may not be able to control their distribution methods for our seed products, with the consequence that our sales may not be as expected.

If we do not manage our ongoing operations successfully, our growth and chances for profitability will be hindered or impeded.

Our Company engages in corn seed research and development, deploying our biotechnology assets. These activities are conducted through the VIE. We plan to continue our seed research and development activities, with a view to licensing our seed traits and seed germplasm characteristics and performing contract research and development services. Our business continues to require substantial investment, human resources and on our cash assets. Our current resources are not likely to be fully support our longer term planned operations and expansion.

Our independent auditors have issued their reports with a going concern statement.

The reports on our financial statements for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023, included in this Annual Report on Form 20-F, contain a going concern statement. During fiscal years 2021, 2022 and 2023, we raised capital through the sale of our ordinary shares under an at-the-market arrangement and a self-sell registered transaction. Notwithstanding this additional capital, based on our financial resources and our planned operations, we will need to obtain a capital to continue our business as planned, for which we do not have any long term arrangements, and/or generate increased revenue from operations to cover our expenses, of which we cannot be certain. If we are unable to fund our operations, we may have to curtail substantial parts of our business operations or cease our business operations. Investors should evaluate their investment in the Company based on these financial uncertainties.

The successful development and commercialization of our biotech pipeline of products will be important for our growth.

We focus our seed business on biotechnology development in the seed industry. We conduct our own research and development efforts for genetically modified seeds, referred to as GM. We also collaborate with the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the National Maize Improvement Center, China Agricultural University, and Zhejiang University in the PRC under various agreements for seed genetic modifications and other seed biotechnologies that give us the right to market the seeds and technologies they develop. We also seek other development and marketing arrangements with other entities in China and elsewhere. The length of time and the risk associated with seed breeding and biotech pipelines are similar and interlinked because both are required as a package for commercial success in markets where biotech traits are approved for growers. Regulatory requirements affect the development of our biotech products, including the GM crop testing of seeds containing the biotech traits. If we do not meet the regulatory requirements, our business and results of operations will be adversely affected. The testing procedures can be lengthy and costly, with no guarantee of success. It could have an adverse effect on our operations if our genetically modified products are unable to pass the safety evaluation for genetically modified agricultural organisms.

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The potential uncertainty in the government regulation in China of genetic technology and genetically modified, or GM, agricultural products and the acceptance of these products by the public could have an adverse effect on our business.

Genetically modified seed products are controversial; thus genetic modification has not yet been accepted in many countries throughout the world. The Chinese government has only recently begun to issue GM crop safety certificates for eventual commercial cultivation of GM seeds. The Chinese government is encouraging food independence as a country, and we believe that it will increasingly favor GM food products as these products provide better yield and can accommodate changing climatic changes. Consumer reaction to GM products is also becoming a factor in the overall approval process and the ability of companies, such as ours, to sell or license our GM products. Food related GM products have had limited approvals in China, and Chinese consumers continue to be reluctant to embrace GM food products and food using GM products in production. The relative novelty and the potential uncertainty in the government regulation of genetic technology and ultimate consumer acceptance will have an effect on our business development strategy and research activities and may cause us to re-evaluate our development programs for developing new seeds.

The government may not approve or may limit commercialization of genetically modified corn products, which could have an adverse impact on the future of the company.

Even though we believe biotechnology is important in agricultural applications in China, and the Chinese government has supported and approved some uses of genetically modified seeds, we cannot predict whether or when the government will approve the full commercialization of GM seeds, including genetically modified corn such as we develop. We have received research grants in the past that are related to our GM research, which we believe demonstrates support for at least some GM seed use in the future. Notwithstanding expressions of government support, it is still possible that the government may not approve the full commercialization of GM seeds, including GM corn, and it may even ultimately conclude to limit or ban commercialization and/or research relating to genetically modified corn and other seed products. Local governments in China may also seek to evaluate GM seed products and issue their own interpretations and regulations. Any of these actions could have an adverse impact on our future development, and we would not be able to recover our research and development costs spent in developing biotechnology products.

Any sales or operations outside China will be subject to foreign regulatory and legislative requirements, and it will be costly to comply with those regulatory requirements. If we are unable to meet these requirements, we will not be able to distribute our products.

Foreign regulatory and legislative requirements will impact the development and distribution of our seed products in the global market. Certain markets require rigorous testing and pre-approval prior to a market release of the GM seeds. For example, prior to the entry into the United States market, importers of non-United States seeds will need to obtain regulatory approval from various federal and state governmental agencies. The United States Department of Agriculture has to determine if there are any “plant pest” issues with the specific crop and traits. Further, some products may have to be submitted to the US Environmental Protection Agency (the “EPA”) to determine if there are any pesticide-related traits that are subject to regulation. There may also have to be submitted a Microbial Commercial Activity Notice (MCAN) to the EPA, which includes detailed information describing the seed’s characteristics and genetic construction, health and environmental effects, and other data, before GM seeds can be used in the United States for commercial purposes. Finally, even if a seed product has the required certificates and permits, there will be continuous Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) regulation compliance about food safety, which place responsibility on the seed producer to assure the safety of the GM seed in the food chain and proof that GM crop seeds are “substantially equivalent” to non-modified versions of the seed. In the United States, there is also substantive state regulations applying to seeds: for example, some states have required specific labeling, banned planting and cultivation, and imposed additional certification requirements for use of GM seeds. These types of central and local government regulation and restrictions exist in many other countries around the world.

Obtaining and maintaining permits and certificates for production and sales, and obtaining and maintaining testing, planting and import approvals for our GM seeds, can be time-consuming and costly, with no guarantee of success. In addition, regulatory and legislative requirements may change over time which may affect sales and profitability in those markets. The failure to receive necessary permits or approvals could have long-term effects on our ability to enter into foreign markets.

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Joint ventures, partnerships, and companies with which we will engage for various aspects of our business present a number of challenges that could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations and cash flows.

We use  joint ventures in China for our seed business and, as part of our business strategy, we may enter into other joint ventures or similar transactions. These transactions typically involve a number of risks and present financial, managerial and operational challenges, including the existence of unknown potential disputes, liabilities or contingencies that arise after entering into the joint venture related to the counterparties to such joint ventures We could experience financial or other setbacks if transactions encounter unanticipated problems due to challenges, including problems related to execution or integration. Any of these risks could reduce our revenues or increase our expenses, which could adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows.

If we fail to keep up with industry trends or technological developments, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

The seed business and distribution channels are evolving and subject to continuous technological and market preference changes. Our success in this business area will depend on our ability to keep up with the changes in technology and user behavior, developing new products and creating innovations. Research, development and technological changes and innovations will require substantial capital expenditures in product development as well as in modification of products, services or infrastructure. We cannot assure that we can obtain financing to cover such expenditure. If we fail to adapt our products and services to such changes in an effective and timely manner, we may suffer from decreased user traffic and user base, which, in turn, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We operate in an evolving market.

Some aspects of our business and prospects depend on the continuing development and growth of e-commerce in China as well as the expansion of the communication network of rural China, and the continuing modernization of rural logistics system, which are affected by numerous factors and not within our control. Furthermore, product quality, user experience, technological innovations, development of internet and internet-based services, and the regulatory environment and macroeconomic environment are also important factors that have the potential to affect our business and prospects. The markets for our products, in particular our genetically modified seeds, are relatively new and rapidly developing and are subject to significant challenges. In addition, our continued growth depends, in part, on our ability to respond to constant changes in the e-commerce industry, particularly in the use e-commerce platforms in rural China, rapid technological evolution, continued shifts in customer demands, frequent introductions of new products and services and constant emergence of new industry standards and practices. Developing and integrating products, services or infrastructure could be expensive and time-consuming, and these efforts may not yield the benefits we expect to achieve. If we cannot successfully access e-commerce platforms to address markets in rural China or maintain and grow our customer base once platforms are available, our business, financial condition and results of operation may be materially and adversely affected.

The degree of public acceptance or perceived public acceptance of our biotechnology products can affect our operations.

Although all genetically modified products must go through rigorous testing, some opponents of the technology consistently attempt to raise public concern about the potential for adverse effects of genetically modified seed products on human or animal health, other plants and the environment. The potential for the adventitious presence of commercial biotechnology traits in conventional seed, or in the grain or products produced from conventional or organic crops, is another factor that could affect the public’s acceptance of these traits. Public concern can affect the timing of, and whether we are able to obtain, government approvals. Even after approvals are granted, public concern may lead to increased regulation or legislation, which could affect our business and operations, and may adversely affect sales of our products to farmers, due to their concerns about available markets for the sale of crops or other products derived from biotechnology.

The seed production business is competitive both in China and throughout the rest of the world.

All levels of the seed development, marketing and distribution business is competitive throughout the world, dominated by a limited number of companies. Increasingly, foreign seed producers are entering the China market with their seed products, which also include GM seeds. In addition to international competitors, we also face China based competition from many seed producers who deploy both traditional seed development methods and more advanced technologically oriented seed producers. Pricing of seed products, which favor the less expensive traditional seeds, is also an issue for those producers of technologically advanced seeds and GM seeds, such as us. To the extent we are uncompetitive, our business will be adversely affected and our financial results negatively impacted.

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The global competition in biotechnology will affect our business.

We believe we are a leader in biotechnology in China since we have been conducting our proprietary biotechnology research program for many years and have an internal biotech research center. However, as multinational corporations engaged in the crop seed business expand into the agricultural market in China, we anticipate that they will have a greater portfolio of seed products and more advanced technologies than us. Major multinational competitors have a long history in the research and commercialization of their products, sophisticated marketing capabilities, and strong intellectual property estates, all of which may give them competitive advantage over us. Any of these competitive advantages could cause our existing or future products to become less competitive or outdated, and adversely affect our product acceptance in the market place and our results of operations.

We face significant international competition in the GM seed market and the competition may affect our overall sales.

The GM seed market outside China is highly competitive, dominated by a limited number of major, multi-national companies. Compared to us, these companies have greater experience of the GM market and substantially greater resources in the research and development of plant biotechnology. These companies also have substantial production facilities for crop seeds. In addition, they have established market presence, have obtained patent protection in some instances for different seeds, and have built up their brand reputation and distribution networks globally. For example, in the United States, Monsanto (Bayer) and Corteva Agriscience, dominate the GM corn seed market with an estimated 70% of that market. These companies’ extensive GM portfolio of seeds and their success in developing new traits in the seeds could render our existing products less competitive within the China markets, resulting in reduced sales and licensing opportunities compared to our expectations.

A reversion in the Chinese government’s policy of favoring state owned enterprises, including seed companies, at the expanse of privately owned companies may disadvantage our competitive position in the industry.

In China, state owned enterprises including state owned seed companies typically enjoy preferential policy treatments such as more favorable access to capital, tax breaks and subsidies at various levels of government. These treatments have created barriers of entry protecting state companies at the expense of private ones, both domestic and international. Despite the reform of the Chinese seed industry in implemented in the 2008 time frame and the anticipated market-driven industry consolidation going forward, any reversion in the Chinese government’s policy to protect state owned seed companies may again pose competitive challenges to non-state owned companies such as Origin.

We may not be able to maintain our market advantage by improving our GM seeds to fit the needs of the market.

GM seeds varieties need to be improved and altered over a relatively short time frame because the weeds and insects develop resistance to herbicides and pesticides, which often renders the benefits of a particular GM traits less effective. GM seeds need to be altered to tolerate higher doses and/or new varieties of herbicides and pesticides and other farming practices. Changing climatic conditions, such as changes in average rainfall and temperatures will require other modifications to GM seed so that they can be drought resistant. If our GM seed portfolio does not keep pace with these changes or goes in a direction that is not effective in the market, our position in the market would be adversely impacted. Alternatively, we believe that this characteristic of GM seeds gives us an opportunity to introduce our products into various seed markets needing new varieties. We will be required to continue to invest in new research to develop our portfolio of GM seeds so that our GM seeds can adapt to new herbicides and pesticides and differing soil, weather (drought) and growing conditions.

We have a comparatively short operating history in the field of biotechnology research when compared with international seed companies, and our business is subject to the risks of any evolving and developing enterprise, any one of which could limit our growth and our product and market development.

It continues to be difficult to predict how our continuing seed business will develop over the long term. Accordingly, we are still facing all of the risks and uncertainties encountered by companies in the earlier stages of development, such as:

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uncertain and continued market acceptance for our product extensions and our services;

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evolving nature of the crop seed industry in the PRC, which is marked by seed company consolidation, changing aspects of government subsidies to farmers and becoming more limited, over production of crop seeds, and less adherence to the qualities of branded seeds, among other things;

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highly competitive conditions from both other branded seeds and unbranded seeds and changing customer preferences or needs that will harm sales of our products;

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the competitive landscape of e-commerce in the PRC and the evolving use of e-commerce by the Chinese population and their needs and preferences;

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maintaining our competitive position in the PRC and competing with Chinese and international companies, many of which have longer operating histories and greater resources than us;

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the aging technology of our seed products that do not reflect current agricultural and farmer needs and the continual need to develop new seed products;

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the cost of our products compared to other sources of seeds for the same crop types;

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maintaining our current licensing arrangements and entering into new ones to expand our product offerings in both our domestic market and sought after international markets;

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using a joint venture model for our continuing business where we maintain only a simple majority stake;

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continuing to offer commercially successful products to attract and retain a larger base of direct customers and ultimate users;

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continuing our existing arrangements with farms that grow our crop seed products and entering into new arrangements with additional production farms;

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maintaining effective control of our costs and expenses; and

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retaining our management and skilled technical staff and recruiting additional key employees.

If we are not able to meet the challenges of our businesses and managing our business plan, the likely result will be slowed growth, lower margins, additional operational costs and lower income, any of which will affect shareholder value.

Any diversion of management attention to matters related to corporate reorganization or any delays or difficulties encountered in connection with changing operations may have an adverse effect on our core business, results of operations, and/or financial condition.

Corporate reorganization and transformation activities present challenges, including geographical coordination, personnel integration and retention of key management personnel, system integration and the unification of corporate culture. These efforts generally divert management attention from our core business, cause a temporary interruption of or loss of momentum in our business and the loss of key personnel from the acquired companies. In addition, any proposed acquisitions and corporate reorganization activities will cause us to incur substantial costs, none of which are generally recoverable.

From time to time we must evaluate whether or not to discontinue a line of business or an expansion effort, which if discontinued could have an adverse impact on our financial position.

From time to time we evaluate whether or not to continue a particular line of business or an expansion effort. In the past we implemented restructuring programs to modify or eliminate our activities in agricultural chemicals and cotton seed development, sales centers, seed distribution and other unprofitable activities. Whenever a company undertakes to discontinue a line of business, there are expenses associated with the sale or closing of those related operations, which are reflected in the accounting for discontinued operations. The actual and accounting costs for discontinued operations may have an adverse effect on the financial position of the company in the period of discontinuance, which may result in an adverse market reaction and decline in our stock price.

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We or our licensors may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims, which may force us to incur substantial legal expenses and, if determined adversely against us or our licensors, may materially disrupt our business.

We cannot be certain that our licensed or self-developed proprietary seed products and any other intellectual property that we develop or use do not or will not infringe the intellectual property rights held by third parties. We, or any of our licensors, may be subject to legal proceedings and claims from time to time related to the intellectual property of others. If we, or any of our licensors, are found to have violated the intellectual property rights of others, we may be required to pay damages and be enjoined from using such intellectual property, and we may incur new or additional licensing fees if we wish to continue using the infringing products, or be forced to develop or license alternative products. In addition, we may incur substantial expenses in defending against these third party infringement claims, regardless of their merit.

Efforts to protect our intellectual property rights and to defend against claims can increase our costs and may not always succeed. Any failures could adversely affect our sales and results of operations or restrict our ability to conduct our business.

Intellectual property rights are important to our business, as our seeds depend on long and complicated development processes. In our experience, the seed markets in China have substantial counterfeiting, and we believe many other kinds of agricultural products also are subject to counterfeiting. Overall, we plan to obtain and protect our intellectual property rights and those to which we have intellectual property rights of use and distribution. However, we may be unable to obtain protection for our intellectual property. Even if protection is obtained, competitors, growers or others in the chain of commerce may raise legal challenges to our rights or illegally infringe our rights, including through means that may be difficult to prevent, detect or defend. In addition, because of the rapid pace of technological change and the confidentiality of patent applications in some jurisdictions, competitors may be issued patents from applications that were unknown to us prior to issuance. These patents could reduce the value of our commercial or pipeline products and services or, to the extent they cover key technologies on which we have unknowingly relied, require that we obtain licenses at a financial cost to us or cease using the technology, no matter how valuable the patents may be to our business. We cannot assure you that we would be able to obtain such licenses on acceptable terms. Litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights, protect our trade secrets or determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others. There is a risk that the outcome of such potential litigation may not be in our favor. Such litigation may be costly and may divert management attention as well as consume other resources which could otherwise be devoted to our business. An adverse determination in any such litigation will impair our intellectual property rights and harm our business, prospects and reputation. In addition, we have no insurance coverage against litigation costs due to lack of this kind of insurance being available in China, and we would have to bear all the costs arising from such litigation to the extent we are unable to recover such costs from other parties. The occurrence of any of the foregoing may harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Although the seed law made significant improvements in plant variety protection and germplasm IP protection, intellectual property protection is still a developing legal sector in China. Implementation of PRC intellectual property-related laws has historically been lacking and difficulties in enforcement. Accordingly, intellectual property rights and confidentiality protections in China may not be as effective as they are in the United States or other countries, which increases the risk that we may not be able to adequately protect our intellectual property. The increase in counterfeiting seed products in the market, we believe, is also affecting the sales of our products.

Failure to develop and market new products could impact the Company’s competitive position and have an adverse effect on the Company’s financial results.

The Company’s operating results will depend on our ability to develop new seed products and to bring those products to the market. This ability could be adversely affected by difficulties or delays in product development such as the inability to identify viable new products, greater than anticipated development costs, technical difficulties, regulatory obstacles, competition, lack of demand, insufficient intellectual property protection, or lack of market acceptance of new products and services. Due to the lengthy development process, technological challenges and intense competition, there can be no assurance that any of the products the Company is currently developing, or could begin to develop in the future, will achieve substantial commercial success. Consequently, if we are not able to fund our research and development activities and deliver new products to the markets we serve on a timely basis, our growth and operations will be harmed. In addition, sales of the Company’s new products could cannibalize sales of some of its current products, offsetting the benefit of even a successful product introduction.

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We may be exposed to product quality claims, which may cause us to incur substantial legal expenses and, if determined adversely against us, may cause us to pay significant damage awards.

The performance of our seeds depends on climate, geographical areas, cultivation method, farmers’ degree of knowledge and other factors in addition to genetic traits and the quality of our seeds. Natural disasters may also affect the performance of our seeds, particularly when farmers are not able to timely and effectively respond to those disasters. Furthermore, the cultivability of some farmland is deteriorating because of toxic and hazardous materials resulting from farmers’ overuse of chemical herbicides and pesticides and the fall-out from other sources of environmental pollution. These factors generally cause underproduction, but farmers may attribute underproduction to seed quality. We may be subject to legal proceedings and claims from time to time relating to our seed quality. The defense of these proceedings and claims can be both costly and time consuming and may significantly divert efforts and resources of our management personnel. An adverse determination in any such proceeding could subject us to significant liability and damage our market reputation and prevent us from achieving increased sales and market share. Protracted litigation could also result in our customers or potential customers deferring or limiting their purchase of our products. The company is having a pending lawsuit with a Henan corn dealer regarding corn supply contract in December 2023. See Note 21 for further discussion.

We have limited business insurance coverage in China.

PRC insurance companies do not offer extensive business insurance products. As a result, we have very limited business liability insurance, business disruption insurance, or product liability coverage for our operations in China. We have determined that the difficulties associated with acquiring such insurance on commercially acceptable terms make it impractical for us to obtain such coverage. Most likely we would bear the effects of any business disruption, litigation or natural disaster resulting in our incurring substantial costs and the diversion of our resources, and could adversely affect our operations and financial condition.

Risks relating to doing business in China

The effect of the Coronavirus pandemic on our company cannot fully be determined at this time, and the effects of the PRC government response cannot be gauged at this time.

We do not believe that the Coronavirus lockdown period had a significant impact on the Company and on our ability to produce and distribute products has been insignificant. As government policies change as a result of the end of the lock down period, however, our business may be adversely impacted. At this time we cannot guage the future effect on our business of the government Coronavirus policies, if they continue. We could face adverse consequences to our ability to perform research, generate products and effect distribution of products and otherwise pursue our business. Therefore, investors should monitor aspects of the pandemic and its overall effect on the Chinese economy and trade as well as the world economic situation.

If we do not comply with PRC regulations, we may not be able to operate our business or we may be fined, both of which would adversely affect our business, operations and revenues.

The PRC has many regulations relating to the seed business and internet sales business. These laws and regulations are undergoing substantial changes in recent years, resulting in substantially greater regulation and rules that we must adapt to and follow. Seed products must be licensed and undergo a stringent review process before they may be sold in the PRC. Environmental regulation in the future may be potentially concerned with the development, growing and use of GM seed products. Seed development companies also have requirements for their facilities, personnel and investment. The internet sales business has evolving operating, consumer protection and privacy regulations. We believe we currently have all the necessary licenses for our businesses, and that we are in compliance with the other applicable laws and regulations. If we are not in compliance, we may be fined or lose the ability to sell a particular seed or operate our business altogether. If the fines are substantial or if our ability to sell or operate is withdrawn, this will result in additional costs or the loss of revenues and could prevent us from continuing as an operating business.

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The technical services agreements between Origin Biotechnology and the other operating subsidiaries, including the VIE arrangement, may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities for transfer pricing adjustments.

We could face adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities determine that our technical service agreements between Origin Biotechnology and the other PRC operating subsidiaries (and possibly our former subsidiaries), were not entered into based on arm’s length negotiations. If the PRC tax authorities make that determination, they may adjust our income and expenses for PRC tax purposes in the form of a transfer pricing adjustment. A transfer pricing adjustment could result in a reduction, for PRC tax purposes, of deductions recorded by the operating subsidiaries, which could adversely affect us by:

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increasing the PRC operating subsidiaries’ tax liability without reducing Origin Biotechnology’s tax liability, which could further result in late payment fees and other penalties to our PRC operating subsidiaries for under-paid taxes; or

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limiting Origin Biotechnology’s ability to maintain preferential tax treatment and government financial incentives, which, if the transfer pricing adjustment is significant, could result in Origin Biotechnology failing to qualify for those preferential tax treatments and government financial incentives.

As a result, any transfer pricing adjustment could have an adverse impact on our financial condition.

The discontinuation of any of the preferential tax treatments currently available to our PRC subsidiaries could materially increase our tax liabilities.

Beijing Origin is entitled to a preferential enterprise income tax rate of 15% as a result of having the qualification of a “high and new technology enterprise”. This qualification is subject to an annual evaluation by the relevant government authorities in China.

The termination of any of our preferential tax treatments could materially increase our tax obligations.

Tax treatment for the subsidiaries in China may change from past tax treatment, which could increase our tax liabilities in future fiscal years.

Origin has several joint venture subsidiaries and directly owned subsidiaries and VIE arrangements through which it operates its business. These differing kinds of ownerships and arrangements may not provide preferential tax rates as had been applicable in the past. Therefore, our overall tax liabilities could be greater than in the past when the Company had the benefit of reduced corporate tax rates.

Under China’s Enterprise Income Tax Law, we may be classified as a “resident enterprise” of China. Such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders

Under the current Enterprise Income Tax Law, or the New EIT Law, an enterprise established outside of China with “de facto management bodies” within China is considered a “resident enterprise,” meaning that it can be treated in a manner similar to a Chinese enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes. The implementing rules of the EIT Law define de facto management as “substantial and overall management and control over the production and operations, personnel, accounting, and properties” of the enterprise. In April 2009, the SAT issued a circular, known as Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Although this circular only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners like us, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the SAT’s general position on how the “de facto management body” text should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its global income only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in the PRC; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in the PRC; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions, are located or maintained in the PRC; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in the PRC.

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However, it is unclear how tax authorities will determine tax residency based on the facts of each case. If the PRC tax authorities determine that our British Virgin Islands holding company is a “resident enterprise” for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, a number of unfavorable PRC tax consequences could follow. We may be subject to enterprise income tax on our worldwide taxable income as well as PRC enterprise income tax reporting obligations. We may be required to withhold a 10% withholding tax from dividends we pay to our shareholders that are non-resident enterprises. In addition to the uncertainty in how the “resident enterprise” classification could apply, it is also possible that the rules may change in the future, possibly with retroactive effect.

Adverse changes in political and economic policies of the PRC, including its policy of reforming its economic system, could have an adverse effect on the growth of private businesses in the PRC such as ours.

Although the PRC has been reforming its economic system to rely more on market forces to influence the deployment of economic resources, it still has strong elements of a planned economy based on governmental dictates and priorities that determine or at least influence business endeavors. There continues to be a focus on large and state owned enterprises as well as a general economic evolutionary shift to these types of companies. We cannot predict whether or not the government will continue to encourage economic liberalization as it had in past decades and adjust its levels of control over the economy. We also cannot predict the timing or extent of future economic policy that may be proposed. Any imposition of planned economy regulation or similar kinds of restrictions could reduce the freedom of private businesses to operate in a profitable manner, restrict inflows of capital or stifle investor willingness to participate in the PRC economy. To the extent we need additional capital; any restrictions on foreign ownership, foreign investment and repatriation of profits will hamper our ability to find capital outside of the PRC.

A return to profit repatriation controls may limit our ability to pay dividends and expand our business, and may reduce the attractiveness of investing in PRC business opportunities.

PRC law allows enterprises owned by foreign investors to remit to other countries their current account items, such as profits, dividends and bonuses earned in the PRC, and the remittance does not require prior approval by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, upon the proper production of qualified commercial vouchers or legal documents as required by the regulations. However, dividend payments are subject to prior satisfaction of corporate and withholding tax obligations, corporate reserve requirements and board determined social benefit allocations. SAFE regulations generally require extensive documentation and reporting about other kinds of payments to be transmitted outside of China, some of which is burdensome and slows payments. The availability of foreign exchange assets in the banking system will also affect the ability to repatriate profits as well as provide funding for foreign operations. If there is a return to payment restrictions and reporting, the ability of a PRC company to attract investors will be reduced.

Also, our investors may not be able to obtain the benefits of the profits of the business generated in the PRC for other reasons. Relevant PRC laws and regulations permit payment of dividends only from accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Each of our subsidiaries and our affiliated entities in China is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of its registered capital, and to further set aside a portion of its after-tax profits to fund the employee welfare fund at the discretion of the shareholders’ meeting or the board. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may require us to adjust our taxable income under the contractual arrangements we currently have in place in a manner that would materially and adversely affect our subsidiary’s ability to pay dividends and other distributions to us. Any limitation on the ability of our subsidiary and our affiliated entity to distribute dividends or other payments to us could materially limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our businesses or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

Pursuant to PRC enterprise income tax law, dividends payable by a foreign-invested enterprise, or FIE, including Origin Biotechnology, from sources in the PRC to its foreign investors are subject to a 10% withholding tax, unless any such foreign investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a different withholding arrangement. No such treaty currently exists with the British Virgin Islands. Prior to 2008, dividend payments to foreign investors made by FIEs were exempt from PRC withholding tax.

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Any fluctuations in exchange rates may adversely affect your investment.

The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions. Because our earnings and cash from operations are denominated in Renminbi, as the reporting currency, fluctuations in exchange rates between U.S. dollars and Renminbi will affect our balance sheet and earnings per share when stated in U.S. dollars. The translation of Renminbi amounts into United States dollar amounts has been made for the convenience of the reader. Such translation amounts should not be construed as representations that the Renminbi amounts could be readily converted into United States dollar amounts at that rate or any other rate. The appreciation or depreciation in the value of the Renminbi relative to the U.S. dollar would affect our financial results when reported in U.S. dollar terms without giving effect to any underlying change in our business or results of operations. Fluctuations in the exchange rate will affect the relative value of any dividend we issue which will be exchanged into U.S. dollars, the value of any U.S. dollar denominated investments we make in the future and any earnings on such investments.

PRC regulations relating to offshore investment activities by PRC residents may increase the administrative burden we face and create regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our overseas and cross-border investment activity. Failure by our shareholders who are PRC residents to make any required applications and filings pursuant to such regulations may prevent us from being able to distribute profits, if any, and could expose us and our PRC resident shareholders to liability under PRC law.

SAFE promulgated regulations that require registration with local SAFE offices in connection with direct or indirect offshore investment by PRC residents, including PRC individual residents and PRC corporate entities. These regulations apply to our shareholders who are PRC residents and also apply to our prior and future offshore acquisitions. In particular, the SAFE regulations require PRC residents to file with competent SAFE offices information about offshore companies in which they have directly or indirectly invested and to make follow-up filings in connection with certain material transactions involving such offshore companies, such as increases or decreases in investment amount, transfers or exchanges of shares, mergers or divisions, long-term equity or debt investments, or external guarantees or other material events that do not involve return investment.

The SAFE regulations required prior registration of direct or indirect investments previously made by PRC residents in offshore companies. If a PRC resident with a direct or indirect stake in an offshore parent company fails to make the required SAFE registration, the PRC subsidiaries of such offshore parent company may be prohibited from making distributions of profit to the offshore parent and from paying the offshore parent proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation in respect of the PRC subsidiaries. Further, failure to comply with various SAFE registration requirements described above could result in liability under PRC law for foreign exchange evasion.

We believe our major shareholders who are PRC residents, or whose shares are beneficially owned by PRC residents, have completed foreign exchange registration with the local foreign exchange bureau according to these SAFE regulations. However, with these regulations there is uncertainty concerning the reconciliation of the new regulations with other approval requirements, it is unclear how the regulations, and any future legislation concerning offshore or cross-border transactions, will be interpreted, amended and implemented by the relevant government authorities. We cannot assure you that all of our shareholders who are PRC residents will comply with our request to make or obtain any applicable registrations or approvals required by the regulations or other related legislation. The failure or inability of our PRC resident shareholders to receive any required approvals or make any required registrations may subject us to fines and legal sanctions, restrict our overseas or cross-border investment activities, limit our PRC subsidiary to make distributions or pay dividends or affect our ownership structure. As a result, our business operations and our ability to distribute a dividend to you could be adversely affected.

The PRC legal system has inherent uncertainties that could limit the legal protections available to you.

All of our assets and all of our operations are in the PRC. The PRC legal system is based on written statutes. Prior court decisions may be cited for reference but are not binding on subsequent cases and have limited precedential value. Since 1979, the PRC legislative bodies have promulgated laws and regulations dealing with such economic matters as foreign investment, corporate organization and governance, commerce, taxation and trade. However, because of the limited volume of published decisions and their non-binding nature, the interpretation and enforcement of these laws and regulations involve uncertainties. The laws in the PRC differ from the laws in the United States and may afford less protection to our non-PRC shareholders. Investors in our securities should consider the uncertainties of the legal system within China as part of their evaluation of whether or not to invest or retain their investment in the Company.

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You may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing original actions in the PRC based on United States judgments against us, our subsidiaries, officers and directors.

We are incorporated in the British Virgin Islands and our PRC operating subsidiaries are formed under PRC law. Substantially all of our assets are located in the PRC. In addition, many of our directors and executive officers reside within the PRC, and substantially all of the assets of these persons are located within the PRC. It may not be possible to affect service of process within the United States or elsewhere outside the PRC upon our directors, or executive officers and experts, including effecting service of process with respect to matters arising under United States federal securities laws or applicable state securities laws. The PRC does not have treaties providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments of courts with the United States and many other countries. As a result, recognition and enforcement in the PRC of judgments of a court in the United States or many other jurisdictions in relation to any matter, including securities laws, may be difficult or impossible. Furthermore, an original action may be brought in the PRC against our assets and our subsidiaries, our directors and executive officers and experts only if the actions are not required to be arbitrated by PRC law and only if the facts alleged in the complaint give rise to a cause of action under PRC law. In connection with any such original action, a PRC court may award civil liability, including monetary damages. Notwithstanding the foregoing, for a non-resident person of China to bring such an action may be difficult and expensive, with no or little chance of being able to pursue an action to conclusion. Investors should consider the foregoing limitations when making a decision to invest or retain an investment in the Company.

We may become a passive foreign investment company, which could result in adverse U.S. tax consequences to U.S. holders.

Depending upon the value of our shares and the composition of our assets and income over time, we could be classified as a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, by the IRS, for U.S. federal income tax purposes. If we were classified as a PFIC in any taxable year in which you hold our shares and you are a U.S. investor, you would generally be taxed at higher ordinary income rates, rather than lower capital gain rates, when we dispose of those shares at a gain in a later year, even if we are not a PFIC in that year. In addition, a portion of the tax imposed on your gain would be increased by an interest charge. Moreover, if we were classified as a PFIC in any taxable year, you would not be able to benefit from any preferential tax rate with respect to any dividend distribution that you may receive from us in that year or any later year. Finally, you would also be subject to special U.S. tax reporting requirements.

Based on our understanding and current assessment, we believe that we were not a PFIC for the taxable year 2023. However, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for the taxable year and/or later taxable years, as PFIC status is re-tested each year and depends on the facts in such year. For example, we would be a PFIC for a taxable year if the sum of our average market capitalization, which is our share price multiplied by the total number of our outstanding shares, and our liabilities over that taxable year is not more than twice the value of our cash, cash equivalents, and other assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. We could also be a PFIC for any taxable year if the gross income that we and our subsidiaries earn from passive investments is substantial in comparison with the gross income from our business operations. While we will continue to examine our PFIC status, we cannot assure you that we will not be a PFIC for any future taxable year.

Risks relating to our shares

Certain provisions in our organizational documents may discourage our acquisition by a third party, which could limit your opportunity to sell your shares at a premium.

Our memorandum and articles of association include provisions that could limit the ability of others to acquire control of us. Under those provisions, our board of directors has the power to issue preferred shares with such rights attaching to them as they decide and this power could be used in a manner that would delay, defer or prevent a change of control of us. These provisions could have the effect of depriving you of the opportunity to sell your shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to acquire control of us in a tender offer or similar transactions.

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We qualify as a foreign private issuer and, as a result, are subject to reduced requirements with respect to the reporting of financial statements and other material events to our shareholders and the SEC.

As a foreign private issuer, we are obligated to file an Annual Report with audited financial statements and Form 6-K reports with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, at such times as we release information to the public either voluntarily or pursuant to the laws of the British Virgin Islands or the PRC. As a listed Nasdaq company, we also only file a Form 6-K with unaudited six month condensed financial statements. Therefore, the regularity of financial and other information may be less than would be applicable to a domestic United States registered company under the rules and regulations of the SEC. Investors may not receive information on a timely basis, which could increase their risk of investment in us.

Because we are a foreign private issuer, we have elected to follow British Virgin Islands law in connection with compliance under the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules, which restrict the application of the Nasdaq corporate governance requirements.

The Nasdaq Marketplace Rules permit foreign private issuers to elect not to be governed by all the corporate governance rules. We have elected to avail ourselves of the exemption provided by Nasdaq, and we have elected to be governed by only the British Virgin Island laws and the terms of our memorandum and articles, which for example do not require us to hold an annual meeting each year. Consequently, investors may not have the ability to express their opinion on our business and the actions of directors through the voting process for directors. In other respects, we do follow the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules, such as having a nominations and compensation committee, but these are voluntary and may be eliminated at any time.

A consistently active trading market for shares of our ordinary shares may not be sustained.

Historically, trading in our ordinary shares has been volatile. Generally, the market for our ordinary shares is characterized as “thinly-traded.” There have been, and may in the future be, extended periods when trading activity in our shares is minimal, as compared to a seasoned issuer with a large and steady volume of trading activity. The trading volume at a point in time, combined with the availability of stock, generally will impact the price at which our ordinary shares trade. Trading of a relatively small quantity of ordinary shares may disproportionately influence the market price of our ordinary shares. A consistently active and liquid trading market in our securities may never develop or be sustained.

Our stock price may be volatile.

The market price of our ordinary shares is likely to be volatile and could fluctuate in response to various factors, many of which are beyond our control, including the following: our ability to execute our business plan; operating results that fall below expectations; industry or regulatory developments; investor perception of our industry or our prospects; economic and other external factors; and the other risk factors as discussed below.

In addition, the securities markets have from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These market fluctuations may also materially and adversely affect the market price of our ordinary shares.

Although our independent registered public accounting firm is located in and operates from the United States, investors should be aware that public accounting firms operating only in the China market are not permitted to be subject to inspection by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board of the United States, and as such, investors in companies with only a China based accounting firm may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection.

Independent registered public accounting firms, such as Borgers, the firm we use, that issue the audit reports included in annual reports filed with the SEC are required by the laws of the United States to undergo regular inspections by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”) to assess compliance with the laws of the United States and professional standards.

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Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, which became effective in March 2020, states that no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the territory of the PRC. Accordingly, without the consent of competent PRC securities regulators and relevant authorities, no organization or individual may provide the documents and materials relating to securities business activities to overseas parties. The United States Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCA Act, was enacted on December 18, 2020. The HFCA Act states that if the SEC determines that a company has filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspection by the PCAOB for three consecutive years beginning in 2021, the SEC shall prohibit such ordinary shares from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the U.S. The SEC has adopted rules to implement the HFCA Act and, pursuant to the HFCA Act, the PCAOB has issued a report notifying the Securities and Exchange Commission of its determination that it is currently unable to inspect or investigation completely accounting firms headquartered in mainland China or Hong Kong. Further, the United States Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the AHFCA Act, which, if enacted, would decrease the number of “non-inspection years” from three years to two years, and thus, would reduce the time before our securities may be prohibited from trading or be delisted.

On January 3, 2020, the Company engaged Borgers as its independent registered public accounting firm. The firm is registered with the PCAOB and operates in Lakewood, Colorado, USA, and is subject to PCAOB rules regarding periodic inspection.

Although the Company does not believe that it is subject to any delisting because of the laws discussed above by reason of having a US accounting firm that is PCAOB registered as its auditor of its financial statements, it is possible that in the future the laws of the United States and PRC could be changed to make our current auditor arrangement inadequate. In that event we might face delisting of our securities from NASDAQ and the value of our ordinary shares in the market would decline in valuable.

Risks relating to our corporate structure

Below are risk factors that relate to our business structure, which should be carefully reviewed before making an investment in the securities that may be offered by the company or in the public market. Of particular note, investors should understand the following:

a)investors are buying shares in a company formed under the laws of the British Virgin Islands, with operations in the Peoples Republic of China. Some of our PRC operations, being those related to the seed research and seed production are through operating entities established in the PRC that are variable interest entities, collectively, the VIE;

b)the Company and investors, in respect of the portion of our business operating in the PRC through a VIE, face uncertainty about future actions by the government of the PRC that could significantly limit and adversely affect the Company’s financial performance and the enforceability of the contractual arrangements of the VIE;

c)the Company has filed this annual report on Form 20-F detailing the financial aspects of the company, including consolidation of the VIE operations, which are not separately stated;

d)because the Company is a British Virgin Islands company formed in 2004, the Company was not required to apply for approval from the government of the PRC to be listed on a United States stock exchange, however, that could change in the future; and

e)the United States Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, which requires that the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) be permitted to inspect the issuer’s public accounting firm within three years, may result in the delisting of the operating company in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect the firm.

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Part of our PRC operations is conducted through contractually controlled subsidiaries rather than by direct ownership of 100% of their equity, the terms of which may have to be enforced, which would require us to incur extra costs, create uncertainty as to ownership of the operating businesses involved, and risk the possible loss of rights.

Under PRC law, foreign entities are not currently permitted to own more than 49% of seed production companies. As a result, 71.76% of Beijing Origin is owned through stock consignment agreements. In order to address those restrictions, Origin the holding company, a non-Chinese entity that cannot directly own all the shares of our PRC operating subsidiary, believes it holds the right to control such shares in all respects, including voting, dividends, nomination of directors, and corporate management, through stock consignment agreements executed by the owners of that portion of the stock of these companies. In addition, if we engage in the research, production and sale of genetically modified seed products, then foreign entities are not currently permitted to own any portion of the seed production company, therefore we have to carefully structure our company.

There is the risk, however, that a consigning shareholder will not fulfill its obligations under the stock consignment agreement. In that event, we may need to resort to the PRC courts to have our rights under the applicable agreement enforced. Such enforcement will cause us to incur legal expenses. In addition, while a case is pending there will be uncertainty regarding our rights as to Beijing Origin, the PRC operating subsidiary involved as a VIE. A PRC court may decide not to enforce the agreements in whole or in part. To the extent these agreements are neither observed nor enforced as intended, the PRC operating subsidiaries will not be controlled by us as intended, which will affect our enterprise value and restrict our ability to obtain the income and other rights of ownership associated with the consigned stock. It may also prevent the consolidation of our financial statements with the PRC operating subsidiaries, which would reduce the reported earnings of the consolidated companies. The uncertainty of ownership may also adversely affect the market value of our ordinary shares.

Our consignment agreements and VIE arrangements have not been tested in the courts for their legality or enforceability. Therefore, there is no assurance that the rights that we believe we have are in fact substantiated. If these agreements and VIE arrangements are tested, we may be found to not own or control all of our business as reported in the financial statements of the Company. In such a case, our business would be impaired, and the value of the Company and the ordinary shares would decrease in value, and may in fact be deemed worthless.

The stock consignment agreements relating to our control of the stock of two of our PRC operating subsidiaries, Origin Beijing and Xinjiang Origin, may be terminated after three years upon mutual agreement between us and the consignees. One of the PRC consignees, Mr. Han, also serves as an officer and director of the Company.

There are corporate protections in place designed to protect our interests, such as an independent Board of Directors, an audit committee comprised of independent directors that must approve insider transactions, a code of conduct requiring fair dealing with the Company, and the British Virgin Islands statutory provision that a disposition of more than 50% of the assets of a company must be approved by a majority of the shareholders. Moreover, if consigned stock is transferred to us as provided in the stock consignment agreements when the restrictions under PRC law are lifted, that stock will no longer be subject to the stock consignment agreements, and the termination of the stock consignment agreements would then have no effect on the ownership of that stock. However, if the stock consignment agreements are terminated, then we would lose our rights with respect to the consigned stock and the profits from the issuing corporation. Such a loss would impair the value of the Company, impair the value of any interest in our ordinary shares, and would reduce our ability to generate revenues.

If the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating some of our operations in China do not comply with PRC regulations relating to the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations.

Foreign ownership in entities that directly and indirectly provide food and agricultural products is subject to restrictions under current PRC laws and regulations. Specifically, foreign ownership may not exceed 49%.

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We are a British Virgin Islands company and our PRC subsidiaries are considered to be a foreign-invested enterprise. To ensure compliance with the PRC laws and regulations, we conduct part of our foreign investment-restricted business, generally the seed development aspects of the business in China, through a variable interest enterprise, or a VIE and part of our business through wholly owned and partly owned subsidiaries for the businesses that are not restricted. The VIE currently holds the seed development business license and other licenses necessary for the operation of the agricultural restricted business, based on a series of contractual arrangements with the shareholders of that entity. These contractual agreements enable us, we believe, to (i) exercise contractual control over the VIE, (ii) receive the economic benefits of the VIE, and (iii) have an exclusive call option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in the VIE when and to the extent permitted by PRC law. As a result of these contractual arrangements, we exert control over the VIE and consolidate financial results of the VIE in our financial statements under U.S. GAAP.

In the opinion of our PRC legal counsel, when the overall structure was developed in 2004, (i) the ownership structures of the VIE in China were not then in violation of mandatory provisions of applicable PRC laws and regulations; and (ii) the agreements under the contractual arrangements among the VIE and its shareholders governed by PRC law are valid and binding upon each party to such agreements and enforceable against each party thereto in accordance with their terms and applicable PRC laws and regulations currently in effect. However, we understand that that there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current or future PRC laws and regulations that may be applicable to the VIE. Thus, the PRC government may ultimately find that we are in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations or lack the necessary permits or licenses to operate our business, the relevant governmental authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with such violation, including, without limitation:

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revoking the business licenses and/or operating licenses of our PRC entities;

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imposing fines on us;

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confiscating any of our income that they deem to be obtained through illegal operations, or imposing other requirements with which we or the VIE may not be able to comply;

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discontinuing or placing restrictions or onerous conditions on our operations;

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placing restrictions on our right to collect revenues;

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requiring us to restructure the ownership structure or operations of the Company, including terminating the contractual arrangements with the VIE and deregistering the equity rights of the VIE, which in turn would affect our ability to consolidate, derive economic interests from, or exert contractual control over the VIE and its subsidiary;

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restricting or prohibiting our use of the proceeds from any securities offering we may make or other of our financing activities to finance the business and operations of the VIE and the other of our subsidiaries and joint ventures; or

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taking other regulatory or enforcement actions that could be harmful to our business.

Any of these events could cause significant disruption to our overall business operations and severely damage our reputation, which would in turn have a material adverse effect on our overall business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations. If occurrences of any of these events results in our inability to direct the activities of the VIE and the other subsidiaries and joint ventures that most significantly impact their economic performance, and/or our failure to receive the economic benefits and residual returns from the VIE and the other subsidiaries and joint ventures, and we are not able to restructure our ownership structure and operations in a satisfactory manner, we may not be able to consolidate the financial results of the VIE and its subsidiaries in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. As a result, our ordinary shares would likely decline in value or become valueless.

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The contractual arrangements with the VIE and its shareholders may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing operational control.

We have to rely on the contractual arrangements with the VIE and its shareholders to operate the business in areas where foreign ownership is restricted. Currently, this is the seed development operations of the business. These contractual arrangements, however, may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us with control over the VIE. For example, the VIE and its shareholders could breach their contractual arrangements with us by, among other things, failing to conduct the operations of the VIE in an acceptable manner, or taking other actions that are detrimental to our interests, notwithstanding their contractual obligations.

If we had direct ownership of the VIE in China, we would be able to exercise our rights as a shareholder to effect changes in the board of directors of the VIE, which in turn could implement changes, subject to any applicable fiduciary obligations, at the management and operational levels. However, under the current contractual arrangements, we rely on the performance by the VIE and its shareholders of their obligations under the contracts to allow the Company to exercise control over the VIE. The shareholders of the VIE may not act in the best interests of the Company or may not perform their obligations under these contracts. If any dispute relating to these contracts remains unresolved, we will have to enforce our rights under these contracts through the operations of PRC law and arbitration, litigation and other legal proceedings and therefore will be subject to uncertainties in the PRC legal system.

Any failure by the VIE or its shareholders to perform their obligations under the contractual arrangements with them would have a material and adverse effect on our business.

If the VIE or its shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under the contractual arrangements, we may have to incur substantial costs and expend additional resources to enforce such arrangements. We may also have to rely on legal remedies under PRC law, including seeking specific performance or injunctive relief, and contractual remedies, which we cannot assure you will be sufficient or effective under PRC law. For example, if the shareholders of the VIE were to refuse to transfer their equity interests in the VIE to us or our designee if we exercise the purchase option pursuant to these contractual arrangements, or if they were otherwise to act in bad faith toward us, then we may have to take legal actions to compel them to perform their contractual obligations. In addition, if any third parties claim any interest in such shareholders’ equity interests in the VIE, our ability to exercise shareholders’ rights according to the contractual arrangements may be impaired. If these or other disputes between the shareholders of the VIE and third parties were to impair our control over the VIE, our ability to consolidate the financial results of the VIE would be affected, which would in turn result in a material adverse effect on our business, operations and financial condition.

All the agreements under our contractual arrangements are governed by PRC law and provide for the resolution of disputes through the courts in China. Accordingly, these contracts would be interpreted in accordance with PRC law and any disputes would be resolved in accordance with PRC legal procedures. The legal system in the PRC is not as developed as in some other jurisdictions, such as the United States. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements. Meanwhile, there are very few precedents and little formal guidance as to how contractual arrangements in the context of a consolidated VIE should be interpreted or enforced under PRC law. There remain significant uncertainties regarding the ultimate outcome of such arbitration should legal action become necessary. In the event we are unable to enforce these contractual arrangements, or if we suffer significant delay or other obstacles in the process of enforcing these contractual arrangements, we may not be able to exert contractual control over the VIE, and our ability to conduct our business may be negatively affected.

The shareholders of the VIE may have actual or potential conflicts of interest with us.

The shareholders of the VIE may have actual or potential conflicts of interest with us. The shareholders may breach, or cause the VIE to breach, or refuse to renew, the existing contractual arrangements we have with them and the VIE, which would have a material and adverse effect on our ability to effectively control the VIE and receive economic benefits from it. For example, the shareholders may be able to cause our agreements with the VIE to be performed in a manner adverse to us by, among other things, failing to remit payments due under the contractual arrangements to us on a timely basis. We cannot assure you that when conflicts of interest arise any or all of these shareholders will act in the best interests of the Company or such conflicts will be resolved in our favor.

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Currently, we do not have any arrangements to address potential conflicts of interest between these shareholders and the Company, except that we could exercise our purchase rights under the agreements with these shareholders to request them to transfer all of their equity interests in the VIE to a PRC entity or individual designated by us, to the extent permitted by PRC law. We cannot assure you that such method, or any other methods that we may explore, will be effective in resolving the potential conflicts of interest between these shareholders and the Company. In addition, we rely on the laws of the British Virgin Islands, which provide that directors and officers owe a fiduciary duty to the Company that requires them to act in good faith and in what they believe to be the best interests of a company and not to use their position for personal gains. The shareholders of the VIE have executed powers of attorney to appoint the Company to vote on their behalf and exercise voting rights as shareholders of the VIE. If we cannot resolve any conflict of interest or dispute between us and the shareholders of the VIE, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which could result in disruption of our business and subject us to substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings.

The shareholders of the VIE may be involved in personal disputes with third parties or other incidents that may have an adverse effect on their respective equity interests in the VIE and the validity or enforceability of our contractual arrangements with the VIE and its shareholders. For example, a spouse of a VIE shareholder may claim that the equity interest of the VIE held by such shareholder is part of their community property in China and should be divided between such shareholder and the spouse. If such claim is supported by the court, the relevant equity interest may be obtained by the shareholder’s spouse or another third party who may be found not to be subject to obligations under our contractual arrangements, which could result in a loss of the contractual control over the VIE by us. Similarly, if any of the equity interests of the VIE is inherited by a third party with whom the current contractual arrangements are not binding, we could lose our control over the VIE or have to maintain such control by incurring unpredictable costs, which could cause significant disruption to our business and operations and harm our financial condition and results of operations.

Our use of a VIE structure within our overall corporate organization exposes the Company to potential loss of that portion of the business. Our involvement in food seed development, an industry that has limits on foreign ownership, could encourage the PRC government to intervene in our operations.

Because of our operations in the development of genetically modified seeds and involvement in the production of seeds as well as for other reasons, the PRC government may intervene or act to influence our operations, or may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in us Such intervention or influence over the manner we operate could result in a material change in our operations or the value of our ordinary shares. Any actions by the PRC government to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas or foreign investment in China-based issuers could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities and our other outstanding securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

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Contractual arrangements in relation to the VIE may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities and they may determine that we or the VIE owes additional taxes, which could negatively affect our financial condition and the value of your investment.

Under applicable PRC laws and regulations, arrangements and transactions among related parties may be subject to audit or challenge by the PRC tax authorities. We could face material and adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities determine that the contractual arrangements in relation to the VIE were not entered into on an arm’s length basis in such a way as to result in an impermissible reduction in taxes under applicable PRC laws, rules and regulations, and adjust the taxable income of the VIE in the form of a transfer pricing adjustment. A transfer pricing adjustment could, among other things, result in a reduction of expense deductions recorded by the VIE for PRC tax purposes, which could in turn increase its tax liabilities without reducing our PRC subsidiary’s tax expenses. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may impose late payment fees and other penalties on the VIE for the adjusted but unpaid taxes according to the applicable regulations. Our financial position could be materially and adversely affected if the VIE’s tax liabilities increase or if it is required to pay late payment fees and other penalties.

Our current corporate structure and business operations may be substantially affected by the newly enacted Foreign Investment Law.

On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress promulgated the Foreign Investment Law, which took effect on January 1, 2020. Since it is relatively new, substantially uncertainties exist in relation to its interpretation and implementation. The Foreign Investment Law does not explicitly classify whether VIEs that are controlled through contractual arrangements would be deemed as foreign invested enterprises if they are ultimately “controlled” by foreign investors. However, it has a catch-all provision under definition of “foreign investment” that includes investments made by foreign investors in China through other means as provided by laws, administrative regulations or other methods prescribed by the State Council. Therefore, it still leaves leeway for future laws, administrative regulations or provisions of the State Council to provide for contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment, at which time it will be uncertain whether our contractual arrangements will be deemed to be in violation of the market access requirements for foreign investment in the PRC and if yes, how our contractual arrangements should be dealt with.

The Foreign Investment Law grants national treatment to foreign-invested entities, except for those foreign-invested entities that operate in industries specified as either “restricted” or “prohibited” from foreign investment in the Special Administrative Measures (Negative List) for Foreign Investment Access jointly promulgated by the Ministry of Commerce and the National Development and Reform Commission, or the NDRC, and took effect in July 2020. The Foreign Investment Law provides that (i) foreign-invested entities operating in “restricted” industries are required to obtain market entry clearance and other approvals from relevant PRC government authorities;(ii) foreign investors shall not invest in any industries that are “prohibited” under the Negative List. If our control over the VIE through contractual arrangements are deemed as foreign investment in the future, and any business of the VIE is “restricted” or “prohibited” from foreign investment under the Negative List effective at the time, we may be deemed to be in violation of the Foreign Investment Law, the contractual arrangements that allow us to have control over the VIE may be deemed as invalid and illegal, and we may be required to unwind such contractual arrangements and/or restructure our business operations, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our business operation.

Furthermore, if future laws, administrative regulations or provisions mandate further actions to be taken by companies with respect to existing contractual arrangements, we may face substantial uncertainties as to whether we can complete such actions in a timely manner, or at all. Failure to take timely and appropriate measures to cope with any of these or similar regulatory compliance challenges could materially and adversely affect our current corporate structure and business operations.

We may lose the ability to use and enjoy assets held by the VIE that are critical to the operation of our business, if the VIE declares bankruptcy or become subject to a dissolution or liquidation proceeding.

The Company holds certain assets, notably the seed development business, which are critical to the operation of our business, under a VIE arrangement. If the shareholders of the VIE entity breach the contractual arrangements and successfully liquidate the VIE, or if the VIE declares bankruptcy and all or part of its assets become subject to liens or rights of third-party creditors or are otherwise disposed of without our consent, we may be unable to continue some or all of our business activities, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if the VIE undergoes an involuntary liquidation proceeding, third-party creditors may claim rights to some or all of its assets, thereby hindering our ability to operate our business, which could materially or adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Apart from our capital funding, we may rely on dividends and other distributions from our wholly and partly owned subsidiaries and the VIE to upstream legally available funds for operational costs and any distributions that might be made by the BVI holding company to investors.

We are a BVI holding company with wholly and partly owned subsidiaries and a VIE in the PRC. To the extent that the PRC located companies are profitable and have legally distributable funds, we could ultimately receive those funds in the BVI holding company, which then would be available for distribution to investors. Subject to being profitable and statutory reserves that must be maintained and social payment funding, if the operating companies in the PRC incur debt on their own behalf, they may be limited by these debt obligations in their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may require us to adjust our taxable income under the contractual arrangements our PRC operating companies and the VIE currently have in place in a manner that would materially and adversely affect their ability to pay dividends and other distributions to us.

Under PRC laws and regulations, our PRC based companies, may pay dividends only out of their accumulated profits as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, these companies are required to set aside at least 10% of its accumulated after-tax profits after making up the previous year’s accumulated losses each year, if any, to fund statutory reserve funds, until the aggregate amount of such fund reaches 50% of its registered capital. It may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to discretionary reserve funds according to its shareholders’ decision. These statutory reserve funds and discretionary reserve funds are not distributable as cash dividends.

In addition, the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules provide that withholding tax rate of 10% will be applicable to dividends payable by PRC companies to non-PRC-resident enterprises unless otherwise exempted or reduced according to treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and governments of other countries or regions where the non-PRC-resident enterprises are incorporated.

Any limitation on the ability of our PRC located companies and VIE to pay dividends or make other distributions to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

The oversight of the China Securities Regulatory Commission, Cyberspace Administration of China or other governmental authorities may adversely affect our business and their approval may be required in connection with this offering, and, if required, we cannot predict whether we will be able to obtain such approval.

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, require an overseas vehicles formed for listing purposes through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies and controlled by PRC companies or individuals to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. If CSRC approval is required, it is uncertain whether it would be possible for us to obtain the approval, and any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining CSRC approval for this offering would subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC and other PRC regulatory agencies. It should be noted that the regulations are unclear and our ordinary shares were listed on Nasdaq in 2004.

At this time, we believe that no permission is required from any Chinese authorities (including the CSRC and the CAC) for or continued listing or any offering that may be made under a current or future registration statement and the listing of the ordinary shares on NASDAQ given that: (i) the CSRC currently has not issued any definitive rule or interpretation concerning whether any offering contemplated by the Company is subject to the M&A Rules; (ii) the date of our original listing, and (iii) our PRC subsidiaries were either incorporated as wholly foreign-owned enterprises by means of direct investment or by merger or acquisition of equity interest or assets of a PRC domestic company not subject to the M&A Rules. There can be no assurance that the relevant PRC government agencies, including the CSRC, would reach the same conclusion.

The recently issued Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities call for strengthened regulation over illegal securities activities and supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies and propose to take effective measures, such as promoting the development of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies. There are still uncertainties regarding the interpretation and implementation of these opinions, and further explanations or detailed rules and regulations with respect to these opinions may be issued in the future. There is still substantial uncertainty as to whether or not these opinions will impose additional requirements on us.

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In addition, the Data Security Law was promulgated on June 10, 2021, and became effective in September 2021. The Personal Information Protection Law was promulgated on August 20, 2021, and officially implemented on November 1, 2021. The Data Security Law, among other things, provides for security review procedures for data activities that may affect national security. The Personal Information Protection Law stipulates that critical information infrastructure operators and personal information processors that process personal information up to the number prescribed by the national cyberspace administration must store personal information and important data collected and generated within the territory of the PRC. If it is necessary to provide it overseas, the organization is required to pass the security assessment organized by the national cybersecurity and information department. Furthermore, Measures for Cybersecurity Review, which became effective on June 1, 2020, set forth the cybersecurity review mechanism for critical information infrastructure operators, and provide that critical information infrastructure operators who intend to purchase internet products and services that affect or may affect national security will be subject to a cybersecurity review. Although we do not believe we are a critical information infrastructure provider, the PRC authorities could interpret such term broadly. If our company is deemed to be a critical information infrastructure operator under such rules, we could be subject to cybersecurity review by the CAC and other relevant PRC regulatory authorities and be required to change our existing practices in data privacy and cybersecurity matters at substantial costs. During such cybersecurity review, we may be required to stop providing services to our customers, and such review could also result in negative publicity to us and diversion of our managerial and financial resources.

In addition, the draft amendment to the Measures for Cyber Security Review, or draft measures, published by the Cyberspace Administration of China in July 2021 provides that an application for cyber security review should be made by an issuer who is a “critical information infrastructure operator (CIIO)” or a “data processing operator” as defined therein when an issuer’s securities are listed in a foreign country if the issuer possesses personal information of more than one million users, and that the relevant governmental authorities in the PRC may initiate cyber security review if such governmental authorities determine an operator’s cyber products or services, data processing or potential listing in a foreign country affect or may affect national security. If the CSRC or other PRC regulatory body subsequently determines that we need to obtain the CSRC’s approval for any offering we may make or our continued listing on NASDAQ or if the CSRC or any other PRC government authorities promulgates any interpretation or implements rules that would require us to obtain CSRC or other governmental approvals, we may not be able to proceed with any offering and other overseas offerings, continued listing overseas of our ordinary shares, or face adverse actions or sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies. In any such event, these regulatory agencies may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our operating privileges in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds of any offering into the PRC or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, reputation and prospects, as well as our ability to complete this offering.

As of the date of this prospectus, the scope of CIIOs and important data under the current laws, regulations and regulatory regime are being developed, and the authorities may have wide discretion in the interpretation and enforcement of the related laws and regulations. To date, given the current nature of our business in China, we do not believe we are either a “CIIO” or a “data processing operator” holding personal information of more than one million users who is required to file for a cybersecurity review pursuant to the draft measures. However, we cannot guarantee that the relevant PRC regulatory authority will take a view that is not contrary to or otherwise from the opinion stated above. Currently, the measures have not materially affected our business and operations. If we are deemed as a CIIO, or as an operator who collects, uses and processes important data according to the Data Security Law, Personal Information Protection Law and other relevant laws and regulations, we may need to perform or be subject to certain prescribed obligations. If we were found to be in violation of these applicable laws and regulations, we may be subject to administrative penalties, including fines and service suspension.

To date, we have not been involved in any investigations on cybersecurity review initiated by the CAC, and we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, sanctions in such respect or any regulatory objections to this offering. As there are still uncertainties regarding the further enactment of new laws and regulations as well as the revision, interpretation and implementation of those existing laws and regulations, we cannot assure you that we will be able to comply with such regulations in all respects, and we may be ordered to rectify, suspend or terminate any actions or services that are deemed illegal or incompliant by the regulatory authorities and become subject to fines and/or other penalties. If we are unable to address such issue in a timely manner, or at all, we may be required to suspend or terminate our related businesses or face other penalties, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could be materially harmed.

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ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A. History and development of the Company.

Origin was first incorporated in the British Virgin Islands on February 10, 2005, and is governed by the BVI Business Companies Act, 2004, or BCA, by re-registration on July 10, 2006.

Chardan China Acquisition Corp. (“Chardan”), the predecessor of Origin, was a blank check company (SPAC) organized as a corporation under the laws of the State of Delaware on December 5, 2003, formed for the purpose of effecting a business combination with companies having operations based in China.

On December 20, 2004, Chardan entered into a stock purchase agreement, referred to as the Stock Purchase Agreement, with State Harvest Holdings Limited, a company incorporated in the British Virgin Islands (“State Harvest BVI”) on October 6, 2004, and all the shareholders of State Harvest (BVI). On February 10, 2005, Chardan formed a wholly-owned subsidiary under the laws of the British Virgin Islands, under the name “Origin Agritech Limited,” referred to as Origin, to complete the stock acquisition of State Harvest (BVI). Chardan merged into Origin to re-domesticate out of the United States, and immediately thereafter, Origin acquired all of the issued and outstanding stock of State Harvest (BVI).

Our ordinary shares, have traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market since June 5, 2019. Prior to trading on that market, our ordinary shares were traded on the Nasdaq Global Market from November 8, 2005 to June 25, 2007, and the Nasdaq Global Select Market from June 26, 2007 to June 4, 2019.

Our business focus is primarily on the corn seed development and distribution business and research focused on genetically enhanced breeding technologies in agricultural crops.

We were founded as a private sector traditional seed development, marketing, and distribution company. Our development activities include creating genetically modified seeds. In 2015, we began our corporate strategic transition from a traditional seed company to a biotechnology seed company. We developed transgenic corn seed products, including our first generation biotech product phytase traits, second generation biotech product glyphosate tolerance traits and our new technologies of stacked traits of Bt and glyphosate tolerance genes. In 2016, we completed the laboratory and field production trials for our first generation pest/weed trait.

In September 2016, as part of our corporate re-focusing, we entered into a Master Transaction Agreement, along with our controlled companies Beijing Origin Seed Limited (“Beijing Origin”), Denong Zhengcheng Seed Limited (“Denong”), Changchun Origin Seed Technology Development Limited, (“Changchun Origin”), Linze Origin Seed Limited (“Linze Origin”), with Beijing Shihui Agricultural Development Co. Ltd., a company incorporated under the Laws of the PRC (“Shihui”), to sell our commercial seed production and distribution assets and certain other assets in the PRC to Shihui (the “Sale”). In 2018, we closed the first phase of the Master Transaction Agreement and sold the subsidiaries Denong, Changchun Origin and Linze Origin. We terminated the second phase of the Master Transaction Agreement and retained our commercial seed business under Beijing Origin along with the headquarters building in Beijing.

During 2018 and 2019, we entered into regional joint ventures for the seed distribution. This is also part of our long-term strategy to operate these distribution businesses under an e-commerce platform. These joint ventures include: Hubei Aoyu in Hubei Province, Anhui Aoyu in Anhui province, Xuzhou Aoyu in Jiangsu province, Shandong Aoruixinong in Shandong province and Henan Aoyu in Henan province. Origin indirectly holds 50% of the equity in Anhui Aoyu and 51% of equity in the other joint ventures. The remaining equity interests in those joint ventures are held by local distributors. Origin owns these joint ventures through Origin Biotechnology.

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In 2019, the Company entered into a Cooperation Framework Agreement with Beijing Changping Technology Innodevelop Group (BC-TID), an entity owned by the government of Changping District of Beijing City. Under this agreement, BC-TID and the Company formed a new entity, of which 51% and 49% of equity interests would be owned by BC-TID and the Company, respectively. Beijing Origin contributed the headquarters building in Beijing and certain of its seed technology assets related to genetically modified seeds to the new entity. As of September 30, 2022, BC-TID has invested a total of RMB137.7 million ($20.2 million) as part of the agreement. The deal documents have been completed by both Origin and BC-TID and have been approved by government officials. With the closing of this deal in August 2023, BC - TID and Beijing Origin State Harvest Biotechnology Limited (Origin Biotechnology) own 51% and 47% of Beijing Origin, respectively. Beijing Origin also has transferred all of its ownership of Xinjiang Originbo to Hainan Aoyu during fiscal 2023. The cash amount was used to repay the bank loan of the Company on the headquarters building and provide working capital. As part of the agreement, the Company transferred its seed business of Beijing Origin to Beijing Origin State Harvest Biotechnology Limited (Origin Biotechnology), which is the Company’s wholly owned entity in China.

In 2022, we registered Hainan Aoyu in Hainan province which is located in the tropical region of China. Having a subsidiary and operations in Hainan will allow us to conduct research during the winter period. Origin State Harvest holds the 100% ownership of Hainan Aoyu through a VIE arrangement. Also in 2022 we founded a US subsidiary OAL SMY Limited in New Jersey, which has conducted limited operations.

In 2023, we entered into regional joint venture for corn supply chain and Nutrition Enhanced Corn (NEC) grow - by - contract business. The joint venture is Baodao Origin in Henan province. Origin indirectly holds 51% of the joint venture and the remaining equity interest is held by a feed process enterprise.

Our principal executive offices are located at No. 21 Sheng Ming Yuan Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China, and our telephone number is (86-10) 5890-7588.

B. Business Overview.

Overview

Origin Agritech Limited, along with its subsidiaries, is focused on agricultural biotechnology, operating in the PRC. Our seed research and development activities specialize in crop seed breeding and genetic improvement. Origin believes that it has built a solid capacity for seed breeding technologies, including marker-assisted breeding and doubled haploids technologies, which it believes, along with its rich germplasm resources, will allow it to become a significant seed technology company in China.

We built an agricultural biotechnology research center in 2005 and have been leading the development of biotechnology among crop seed companies in China since then. We have established plant genetic engineering technology platforms, including transforming herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, nitrogen utilization efficiency, and drought stress tolerance traits into corn inbred lines. Of note, we made significant strides in developing our exclusive herbicide tolerance, insect resistance and phytase products, and recently drought resistant products. In November 2009, our genetically modified phytase corn received the Bio-Safety Certificate from China’s Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (“MARA”). This was the world’s first genetically modified phytase corn and also the first genetically modified corn seed product in China. The certificate was renewed by MARA in January 2015. We also are pursuing the approval of other GM seed products in China, including glyphosate tolerant corn and insect resistant corn. We believe we have established a substantial seed product and germplasm pipeline.

Through the subsidiary Xinjiang Origin, the Company maintains its “Green Pass” status, providing the Company with the competitive advantage of introducing new hybrid varieties to the Chinese market under an expedited government approval process.

We seek to utilize China’s emerging technology base for our future development. In particular, from time to time we enter and further develop cooperative agreements with publicly funded research institutes in China. In exchange for providing funding to these institutes, we receive rights, which are frequently exclusive rights, to market any seeds developed by these institutes. When a seed is ready to be marketed, we negotiate with the institute to establish an arrangement by which we are permitted to sell the newly developed seeds in exchange for the payment of certain fees to the institute. We believe that these cooperative agreements allow us to access new products without expending substantial costs for our own research and development.

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In April 2016, we entered into a commercial licensing agreement with DuPont Pioneer, the advanced seed and genetic business of DuPont. Pursuant to the license, the Company and DuPont would jointly develop new seeds for Chinese farmers. This arrangement is now terminated.

In September 2017, Origin entered into a commercial license and collaboration agreement with KWS SAAT SE (“KWS”). KWS is a global seed company, active in the business of maize, sugar beet and cereal seed production and marketing, as well as research and development in plant breeding. The agreement is the continuation of a collaborative effort dating back to 2011 when the two companies formed an arrangement under which Origin granted rights to certain of its transgenic traits in maize to KWS and performed services on behalf of KWS relating to those traits and accompanying technologies. The 2017 agreement provides for the prolongation and extension of the collaboration between the companies covering the rights of KWS to use the traits for commercial purposes, including marketing seeds with improved performance. This arrangement is now terminated.

In December, 2019, the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, MARA, announced a list of GMO traits, including two corn traits, that were awarded biosafety certificates. This signifies the potential commercialization of GMO corn technologies in China. Our double stacked Bt and GT genes are currently in the process to be reviewed by the MARA for biosafety certificates. In September, 2020, the Standard Testing Method and Procedures of the Company’s two GMO corn seed traits were approved in a newly published National Standards Catalog by MARA. The traits that received the National Testing Standard approval are GH5112E-117C, the Company’s double stack of insect resistance and herbicide tolerance corn and G1105E-823, the Company’s herbicide tolerance corn. As part of the approval process, the traits were tested and reviewed by third-party institutes appointed by the MARA. This method will be the national standard for testing procedures for these traits in future variety development and commercialization.

During the third fiscal quarter of 2020, the Company was awarded an RMB6.5 million (US$0.95 million) grant from MARA for the successful evaluation of the effects of two of its GMO corn traits, GH5112E-117C and G1105E-823. The MARA’s grant program was established to award achievement in agricultural technology innovation and to speed up the technology’s applications in agriculture production. The grant award of Origin’s two GMO traits not only validates the success of our past research efforts but also shows the government’s strong support of GMO research and product development in China.

Recently, the Ministry of Agriculture has taken a number of steps to encourage the GMO industry. Of primary importance is that passage of a new law with regard to hybrid seed approvals. As a result of the law change, three new corn traits have received biosafety certificate approvals in December of 2021. Overall, the renewed government activity with regards to GM biosafety certificate approvals is very positive after a decades-long pause in biosafety certificates approvals. Also, in December 2021, the Ministry of Agriculture published GMO corn and soybean variety approval procedures and standards which cleared the last regulatory obstruction in China. In June 2022, the Chinese National Crop Variety Approval Committee released two standards that should clear the path for cultivating genetically modified (GM) crops in the country. These are a "safety certificate" and a "variety approval" before crops can be commercially cultivated. Of particular importance is the "variety approval." The Company believes that since variety approval hurdle has been cleared, commercialization of genetically modified crops in China is a real possibility.

These indicators are generally seen as the country preparing to allow GM enhanced corn to be commercialized in China. However, the exact timing and nature of the future GM corn regulation is still uncertain. So, there continues to be regulatory uncertainty.

Seed Research and Development

Developments in the science of genetics have allowed seed producers to create entirely new products. Compared with conventional varieties, the obvious advantages of these new products, known as GM products, are higher yield, better quality and increased insect-resistance and herbicide tolerance. We are also working on drought resistant traits for corn and next generation quadruple stacked traits. Farmers plant GM varieties to save time and cost, while also reducing field labor. GM corn, soybeans and cotton, among other crops, have been widely used in the United States and many other countries to guard against insect damage and to increase yield. Since receiving the Chinese government approval in 1997, cotton that has been genetically modified to guard against damage from borer insects, is now widely planted and accepted in China. MARA has approved other crops, including GM traits in corn, rice and soybeans in biosafety evaluations. We believe that the Chinese government also is encouraging of GM crops, generally, although it is moving cautiously. China permits the importation of certain corn and soy products that are GM varieties. Notwithstanding, the government approvals, GM food products continue to face a low level of public acceptance. We believe that GM food crop seeds in time will be approved by MARA for production and sale and will be accepted in the Chinese market over time.

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It is a fundamental fact that to get the highest yield of production with the least input on the land from fertilizers and pesticides, the seed industry will need to breed super varieties that are pest and disease resistant as well as drought and salt tolerant. All this means the seed industry will need to find the key genes and to work with them and gain government approvals and ultimately consumer acceptance.

Utilizing our existing hybrid seed product line, the Company seeks to further increase crop yield and produce higher quality seeds with the addition of GM traits. We commenced our own biotechnology research program in the early 2000’s with a goal of having technology in place to produce GM products when demand for these products is sufficiently high. In 2005, we built an internal research and development center in China for GM crop seeds. Our key focus is biotechnology for GM varieties of corn. We currently employ people who are primarily engaged in genetic transformation, molecular biomarker testing and genetic mapping activities. Our development efforts go beyond our internal biotechnology center, as this unit serves as a central hub to connect with other research facilities in other parts of China. We are collaborating with the China Agricultural University, Zhejiang University, National Maize Improvement Center, and China Academy of Agriculture Science in the field of biotechnology. These cooperative arrangements help enhance our research capabilities and will help enable us to develop and commercialize our products. We have established several plant genetic engineering technology platforms, which incorporate increased herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, nitrogen efficiency, and drought stress tolerance traits into corn inbred lines. The GM traits and products we are working on now include increased herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, nitrogen efficiency, and drought stress tolerance in corn. We developed phytase GM corn, the first genetically modified corn seed product in China. We have applied for biosafety certificates for our drought resistance traits. Notwithstanding our obtaining the Bio-Safety Certificate from the Chinese government and our applications, there can be no assurance that GM products generally will be approved in China, and we expect that the introduction and acceptance of GM products will be cautious.

Intellectual Property

Our intellectual property includes trademarks and patents relating to our seed products. Substantially all of the intellectual property has been registered for IP protection in China (or is the subject of a pending application). We believe that our Chinese intellectual property is important to our seed and other businesses, and impacts our ability to generate revenues. Other international intellectual property rights that we may have are not significant to our business at this time.

It is common in the seed industry at present that smaller seed companies will slightly modify seed products and pass them off as their own. We believe that the government is increasingly concerned about this as part of its drive to protect the country food supply and is taking a more robust approach to protecting the intellectual property rights of seed producers.

We currently have twenty Chinese patents registered with the State Intellectual Property Office (“SIPO”) and with similar government offices in various countries related to our seed products. Among these twenty patents, seventeen patents are registered in China, and one in each in the United States, Brazil and Argentina.

In addition, we currently have thirty-one Chinese trademarks registered with the Trademark Office of China’s State Administration for Industry and Commerce (“SAIC”).

Licensed Seed Products

We signed research agreements with domestic seed companies to incorporate certain traits into their leading seed varieties in a similar relationship as we have developed with the multinational seed companies. The process is generally planned in two steps: first to introgress the traits into partners parental lines and conduct field tests to confirm efficacy; once the results are confirmed and meet the expectations, then we enter into the second step which involves negotiation of a commercial agreement to define rights and benefit sharing.

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With regards to the licensed GM varieties, we have entered into a strategic cooperation agreement with the China Academy of Agriculture Science, or CAAS, to work on biotechnology research and development. That agreement gives us the right to produce and sell the GM crop varieties that are developed in connection with this arrangement, subject to our obligation to reimburse certain of CAAS’ expenses. We continue to cooperate with the Institute of Biotechnology of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences to promote the safety declaration of drought - resistant transgenic corn event NAZ - 4. At present, we have completed all the relevant experimental work required for the production experiment of the GM safety declaration and submitted the application in November 2023. Meanwhile we continue to integrate the drought resistance characteristics of this event into the Origin corn inbred line through backcross breeding technology, It is expected to obtain the first batch of drought - resistant transgenic corn hybrids in 2024.

In terms of insect - resistant and herbicide - tolerant transgenic corn, BFL4 - 2, an insect - resistant and herbicide - tolerant transgenic corn developed in cooperation with the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, it has recently obtained a safety certificate. At the same time, Origin has integrated the insect - resistant and herbicide - tolerant corn inbred line and completed seed production in Sanya, Hainan in the winter of 2022. In May 2023, it participated in the production experiment of the approved new insect - resistant and herbicide - tolerant transgenic corn varieties organized by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. It is expected to obtain the approval certificates of new transgenic corn varieties in 2024, and introduce these products into market in 2024 or 2025.

At the same time, DBN9953 and three others events developed in cooperation with Dabeinong Biotechnology Co., Ltd. continue to integrate the traits of insect resistance and herbicide tolerance of the three events into corn inbred lines of Origin by using backcross breeding technology and molecular marker technology. The corn inbred line with integrated insect - resistant and herbicide - tolerant traits has completed hybrid seed production in Hainan in the winter of 2022. In May 2023, it participated in the production experiment of insect - resistant and genetically modified corn variety approval organized by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. It is expected to obtain the new variety approval certificate of genetically modified corn in 2024, and enter market in 2024 or 2025.

In terms of corn gene editing, since Origin has set up the corn gene editing experimental platform in 2017, we have been committed to creating nutrition - enhanced corn (NEC) and improving the traits of corn plant height. At present, the laboratory has created a number of gene - editing corn transformation events such as high lutein, high lysine, high sterol, stem dwarfing and extension of growth period. These events are under laboratory verification and field experiment verification.

Competition

We face competition at three primary levels in respect of our seed products, including large Chinese companies, small local seed companies, and large multinational hybrid and GM seed producers. Currently, we believe that we can compete effectively with each of these competitors and that we can continue to do so in the future. We also face competition from the counterfeiting of corn seeds, which has become an increasing problem in China, notwithstanding the efforts of the government to step up intellectual property protection.

We believe we possess a competitive technology base, including the capability to develop genetically modified seeds. However, there is little public information in this regard and, as a result, other companies’ internal research pipelines remain largely unknown. Much of the genetically-modified product research remains at the academic level. The majority of the largest crop seed companies have been in existence for considerably longer periods of time than we have, and though they have breeding techniques, they are somewhat entrenched in their ways. Some of these larger entities are evolved state owned enterprises and some stayed as state-owned entities.

We compete within this group on the basis of our consistent product quality, brand identity, customer and technical support, enforcement of our intellectual property rights and a pipeline of proprietary products.

The local seed companies in China, in many respects, are the legacy of a centrally planned agricultural economy. Most of these companies were affiliated with county governments, which played a role in determining what crops would be grown and by whom. As was often the case with planned economies, these extensions of the bureaucracy had no profit motive, and no incentive to improve efficiencies, increase sales or innovate with new products. Market expansion was limited by the tight geographic boundaries within which they were designed to operate.

The majority of these local companies continue to lack the scale and the resources to compete with us in a number of ways. Principally, they lack access to the improved, proprietary hybrids. Also, for the most part they do not have research and development programs for new seeds, effective marketing, advertising, technical support or customer service operations.

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Two local companies, Beijing DaBeiNong Biotechnology Co. Ltd. and Yuan LongPing High-Tech agriculture Co., Ltd. have received biosafety certificates for their corn traits, which may become competitors in the future. The Company, however, has entered into an agreement with DaBeiNong to explore the combining of their traits with our germplasm for an enhanced GM corn product. The Company also sees this as a validation of the germplasm (seed bank) of owned by the Company and its research capabilities.

We also face competition from the large multinational companies, including Pioneer (DuPont), Monsanto and Syngenta. These companies present a formidable competitive threat because of their financial resources, the high quality of their seed products, and biotechnological capabilities. These companies will present significant competition in the international market context and increasingly will present a competitive position within the China market. These companies are investing in research within China and development of seeds that can be planted in China using GM traits and are engaged in many joint venture projects.

The multinational seed companies rely heavily on GM seed products in the non-PRC markets. GM seed products have only begun to be accepted in China. The extent of future acceptance of GM products is not yet determinable, although there are positive regulatory signs. To date, five corn traits have been approved, including phytase corn, and Bt Rice, but they have yet to obtain approval for commercial seed sales in China. The limited GM technology approval therefore currently limits their competitive advantage. Should GM seed products become more widely approved by the government and begin to gain broader acceptance in the market, as we expect they will in the future, the large biotech companies will become more serious competitors.

PRC Government Regulation on Operations

PRC Seed Law and Other Relevant Regulations

Participation in the crop seed business is a highly regulated activity in the PRC. In July 2000, China enacted its Seed Law, which became effective on December 1, 2000 (the “Seed Law”). The Seed Law was amended in August 2004, September 2011 and November 2015 and January 2016. The latest revision to the Seed Law amendment became effective on March 1, 2022 (the “Revised Law”). The Seed Law sets forth provisions concerning the development, approval, production and distribution of crop seeds and the protection of legal rights and interests of owners of new plant varieties.

Of particular importance is the expansion of the scope of protection for new plant variety rights and the enhancing of protection mechanisms. The seed law extends the scope of protecting the rights to a new variety from propagation to harvest from the unauthorized use of the protected seed. Protected activities have been expanded from "production, propagation, and sales" to "production, propagation, processes supporting propagation, sales offers, marketing, import, export, or storage in support of the above," etc. In this way, protection of the rights to new varieties can be implemented at every stage of the supply chain. The seed law, however, stipulates that if the owner of new variety rights has had a reasonable opportunity to exercise rights over the seed, it may no longer exercise rights over the harvested crops.

The seed law has increased efforts to crack down on infringement of the rights to new plant varieties. The amount of punitive damages for intentional infringement of the rights to a new plant variety has been increased. According to Article 72 of the seed law, if the losses of the rights holder, the profit of the infringer, or the fee for licensing the new plant variety can be determined, the upper limit of the compensation amount will be increased from three times to five times. If it is difficult to determine the actual amount, the compensation limit will be increased from three million yuan to five million yuan.

In addition, these revisions are expected to further strengthen scientific and technological research in the seed industry, strengthen the protection of germplasm resources, promote efforts to streamline administration and delegate power, and increase punishment for the production and sale of fake and inferior seeds. Overall, the law is expected to boost the commercialization and standardization of genetically modified (GM) germplasm. Initial emphasis is expected to be for soybeans and corn used as raw materials for biomass.

In addition to the Seed Law, China regulates the seed and plants through a series of other laws, including the Plant Quarantine Law, Administrative License Law, Administrative Penalties Law, Plant Varieties Law (PVP) and Genetically Modified Organisms Safety Law. Local provincial laws may also apply but these vary from province to province. Rules are also made by government departments responsible for administering the laws covering administrative arrangements, procedures and standards including labelling of seed containers.

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Seed Production and Operation License

The Revised Law combines the seed production license and distribution license regimes into one Seed Production and Operation License (“SP&O License”) and greater intellectual property protection. An SP&O License can be obtained at either the provincial level or the national level. Depending on the variety of seeds that the licensee is seeking to produce, the license application requires minimum facility size with respect to office space, laboratory space, breeding space, and storage space; minimum equipment and machinery specifications; minimum number of technical personnel on-site; and minimum number of registered seed breed being produced.

Seed Registration Process

In September 2012, the Ministry of Agriculture (now referred to as the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) issued the first group of Breed-Produce-Distribute Vertically-Integrated Crop Seed Distribution Licenses (BPDVI License) based on new administrative measures. Beijing Origin was included as a licensee among the first 32 crop seed companies that received the BPDVI License.

Many types of seeds must undergo a stringent regulatory review before they may be sold in China. Prior to 2016, 28 types of seeds were subject to approval requirements before being sold in China. The Revised Law has reduced the seed types that need pre-sale approval from 28 to 5 major seeds that now are rice, corn, wheat, soybean and cotton seeds. The reduction is intended to incentivize seed research innovation and guarantee China’s food security. Producers for seeds other than the abovementioned five major ones will only need to register their products with the regulators under the Revised Law.

Seed approval can be applied at the provincial level and/or the national level. Under the Revised Law, seeds that have been approved in one province can be distributed in other provinces that share a similar ecological region, as long as the approved seeds register with the relevant agricultural department in those provinces. An approval at the national level means the approved seed can be distributed nationwide.

The approval process requires the applicant to submit the application to the provincial variety authorization committee and/or the national variety authorization committee. The seed must have undergone two growing seasons of monitored growth in at least five different locations in a province (depending on the type of seed, some seeds may require monitored growth in up to 20 different locations in the province). These tests are conducted and administered by the government designated institutes, the number of products one Company may submit for testing is usually limited to a small number due to testing capacity limitation. Seeds submitted for testing are planted together with control seeds that are typically the most popular seeds with farmers in the testing locations. Only seeds that have an increased yield of 8% or higher versus the control seeds and that rank among the top six seeds then being tested are cleared to proceed to the second year of testing, during which the results of the initial test season must be confirmed.

The most significant development in the hybrid corn seed approval process in China is the introduction of the Corn Seed Green Pass Test System. Origin is now one of a few major seed companies in China able to use the national level Corn Seed Green Pass Test System. Under this system, Origin can introduce to the market our new hybrid varieties with the field tests conducted by us at our own test sites following a protocol developed by the government. This is an important step to accelerate new product introduction to the market.

Seeds developed outside of China must also follow the above procedures before they can be distributed in China.

The ability to process an application for approval is an important element of success, especially in view of the long timeframe associated with obtaining approval after the seed has been developed. Failures and delays in getting the approvals on a timely basis can seriously disrupt the production company’s seed production plan. A minimum of six years – three years to obtain approval and three years to develop the first crop of seed for commercial distribution – generally is required to bring a seed to the market after it has been developed. Because of our extensive network of seed-producing farmers, we have consistently been able to bring new products to the market within a short period of time. Other seed companies often take an additional season or more to bring an approved product to the market, which can be a significant disadvantage for other companies.

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Seed GMO Safety Regulations

The Chinese government published Regulations on Administration of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms Safety in December 2011 and the regulations were updated in October 2017 (the “GMO Regulations”). On July 22, 2022, MARA published a revised “Guideline for Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified (GM) Plants” (the “Guideline”) for public comments. The Guideline aligns MARA’s technical guidance with recently updated “Administrative Measures for the Safety Assessment of Agricultural GMOs,” which came into force originally on June 30, 2023. The Guideline applies to bio-safety certificate application for both domestic production (cultivation) and importation as processing materials.

The GMO Regulations govern the research, experiment, production, processing, marketing, import and export of agricultural genetically modified organisms (“GMO”) in China. The GMO Regulations classified agricultural genetically modified organisms, or GMO, into Classes I, II, III and IV according to the extent of their risks to human beings, animals, plants, microorganisms and the ecological environment. The principal difference among the classes is the reporting obligation to the relevant agricultural administration. The testing of agricultural GMO will normally go through three stages; restricted field testing, enlarged field testing and productive testing. Depending on the classification of the GMO, the GMO research entity will have differing levels of reporting obligation to the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (“MARA”) prior to the commencement of the testing and when the GMO advances from one testing stage to the next testing stage. After the completion of productive testing, the GMO research entity may make an application to the MARA for a safety certificate of the tested GMO. Our products are generally classified as Class I. As of September 30, 2023, the Company has received safety certificate for its phytase corn products.

A production license from MARA is required for the production of GMO seeds (the “GMO License”). To obtain a GMO License, the business must obtain a bio-safety certificate of agricultural GMO and passed variety examination, plant and breed in the designated areas, adopt appropriate safety administration and precautionary measures and comply with other conditions provided for by MARA. We are in the process of applying for GMO Biosafety certificate and actively discussing with related authorities to meet the requirements for the biosafety certificate.

Foreign Ownership Restrictions of Chinese Seed Companies

Currently, China restricts foreign ownership of businesses in the seed industry. A foreign invested enterprise, or FIE that is engaged in the production, marketing, distribution and sale of food crop seeds is limited to 49% foreign ownership pursuant to the Regulation on the Approval and Registration of Foreign Investment Enterprises in Agricultural Seed Industry (effective on September 8, 1997) and the Foreign Investment Industrial Guidance Catalogue (effective on December 1, 2007).

In addition to restrictions in the conventional seed business, China limits FIEs from engaging in the development, production and distribution of genetically modified corn seeds pursuant to the Foreign Investment Industrial Guidance Catalogue distributed by the Ministry of Commence of China in 2007. Furthermore, FIEs need to obtain government approvals to engage in the breeding of GM research and testing pursuant to the Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms Safety Regulation.

Based on the foregoing, we conducted our seed development activities under Beijing Origin, a VIE, which is considered a domestic company and not a FIE. Recently, we have restructured our business and formed seed distribution businesses under Beijing Biotechnology, which is the Company’s wholly owned entity in China.

Tax

Origin and State Harvest (BVI) are both tax-exempted companies organized in the British Virgin Islands.

Our PRC Operating Companies are organized in the PRC and governed by PRC laws. PRC enterprise income tax, or EIT, is calculated based on taxable income determined under PRC accounting principles. Under the New EIT law, effective January 1, 2008, FIEs and domestic companies are now subject to a uniform EIT rate of 25% and the tax exemption, reduction and preferential treatments which were applicable only to FIEs were ended. However, any enterprises established before the promulgation of the New EIT law in 2008 that were entitled to preferential tax treatments for a fixed period continued to be entitled to such preferential tax treatment until the expiration of those periods.

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The applicable tax rate under the new EIT law to Beijing Origin is 15% since January 1, 2008, because Beijing Origin has been approved as new technology enterprises and enjoys the reduced New EIT rate of 15%. Our other operating companies are subject to the New EIT at a uniform rate of 25%. The preferential treatment of high and new technology enterprise or HNTE, is subject to a reapplication every three-year period. The financial position of the Company after the sale of our corn related production and distribution assets may cause the termination of the HNTE qualification or restrict reapplication for that status, in which event there would be an adverse impact on our tax obligations and tax rate.

Pursuant to the Provisional Regulation of China on Value Added Tax, or VAT, and their implementing rules, all entities and individuals that are engaged in the sale of goods, the provision of repairs and replacement services and the importation of goods in China are generally required to pay VAT at a rate of 13% of the gross sales proceeds received since April 1, 2019, less any deductible VAT already paid or borne by the taxpayer. Pursuant to the Notice of the Ministry of Finance and the State Taxation Administration on Exempting the Value Added Tax for Agricultural Material, self-produced agricultural products sold by agricultural producers shall be exempt from VAT. Pursuant to an approval document received from Beijing Haidian District State Tax Bureau, Beijing Origin has been entitled to exemption from VAT since August 1, 2001.

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C. Organizational structure.

Origin Agritech Limited is a holding company, formed in the British Virgin Islands, with no operations of its own. Investors hold ordinary shares in the holding company. We conduct our operations in China primarily through our PRC Operating Companies, of which Hainan Aoyu (and its subsidiary, Xinjiang Origin) is a VIE arrangement, and the other companies are either full equity or part equity owned by State Harvest, which is full equity owned by the holding company. The following diagram illustrates our current organizational structure as of September 30, 2023.

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The table below lists each of our group companies, their place of incorporation and their percentage of ownership interest as of September 30, 2023:


	Place of incorporation	Percentage
Name	(or establishment)/operation	of ownership

State Harvest BVI	British Virgin Islands	100% equity owned by Origin

OAL SMY Limited	New Jersey, United States	100% equity owned by Origin

Origin Biotechnology	Haidian District, Beijing, PRC	100% equity owned by State Harvest BVI

Hainan Aoyu	Sanya, Hainan Province, PRC	100% VIE owned and controlled by State Harvest BVI

Xinjiang Originbo	Jinbo City, Xinjiang Province, PRC	70.52% equity owned by Hainan Aoyu

Henan Aoyu	Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, PRC	51% equity owned by Origin Biotechnology

Anhui Aoyu	Hefei, Anhui Province, PRC	50% equity owned by Origin Biotechnology

Hubei Aoyu	Wuhan, Hubei Province, PRC	51% equity owned by Origin Biotechnology

Xuzhou Aoyu	Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, PRC	51% equity owned by Origin Biotechnology

Shandong Aoruixinong	Qingdao, Shandong Province, PRC	51% equity owned by Origin Biotechnology

Beijing Origin	Beijing, PRC	48.27% equity owned by Origin Biotechnology

Baodao Origin	Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PRC	51% equity owned by Origin Biotechnology

Shihezi Baodao	Shihezi, Xinjiang Province, PRC	100% equity owned by Baodao Origin

Stock Consignment Agreements

Under Chinese law, foreign ownership of businesses engaged in the breeding of new varieties, development, production, marketing, distribution and sale of hybrid food crop seeds is limited to 49% pursuant to the Regulation on the Approval and Registration of Foreign Investment Enterprises in Agricultural Seed Industry and The Foreign Investment Industrial Guidance Catalogue. Origin is limited in the ownership level of those our operating companies in China that it may own directly and those that may only be partly owned. Chinese law, we believe, does not forbid the owner of stock to consign rights associated with the stock, as long as the owner does not transfer title to the stock to a prohibited owner. Moreover, if we engage in the research and development of genetically modified seed products, then foreign entities are not currently permitted to own any of the seed production company.

To gain control over those companies that Origin may not fully own, State Harvest entered into a stock consignment agreement with shareholders of those companies or, the parent of those entities. These agreements consign all of the rights of ownership of the shares not able to be held directly other than legal title, thus, effectively transferring the control of the shares subject to the agreements. Those rights include the right to manage in all respects the shares held in title by the shareholders that are parties to them, including all shareholder rights to call meetings of shareholders, to submit shareholder proposals, to elect directors, to vote the shares on all matters and to exercise all other rights of a shareholder in respect of the shares consigned. More specifically, the consignment agreements include giving the right to select, replace and increase the number of the directors and supervisors, recommend new directors and supervisory personnel and to exercise management rights, controlling rights and decision-making power over the shares of the subject company. Additionally, the shares of the PRC operating companies are pledged.

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Each title holder of these shares has agreed not to interfere with the consignee’s exercise of its rights and to cooperate fully and promptly to permit them to exercise its authority over the consigned shares. This includes all limitations on the ability of the consignee to transfer or dispose of the shares to someone other than to the consignee, give guarantees using the shares, consign the shares to another, alter the ownership proportion in any way, dispose of any rights in the ownership of the shares, and agree to any debt or restructuring of the shares. The consignee has the right to take all action in respect of the consigned shares to avoid any damage or infringement of its rights, including in the event of the consigning shareholder’s bankruptcy. The consignee, under the agreements, has virtually all of the property rights of the consigned shares, including the profits, interests, dividends, bonuses and residual assets, except for legal title. If in the future any stock subject to the consignment agreements can be legally transferred, then, without further action by the consignee, it shall be transferred to the consignee in whole or in part for no additional consideration to the consigning shareholder.

The stock consignment agreements also provide that if and when the restriction on foreign ownership of food production companies to 49% is removed or the allowed ownership percentage is increased, the consigned shares will then be transferred to the consignee. If not, the consignment agreements continue in full force and govern the consignee’s rights over the shares.

The agreements are subject to force majeure limitations. The term of the agreements is initially three years, but they are automatically renewed indefinitely until both the consignee and the consignor agree to terminate. There is no unilateral right of termination except in the event of a breach, in which event the non-breaching party may cancel the consignment agreement after notice and a reasonable cure period has passed and the breach continues. The consigning shareholders have warranted their authority to enter into the agreements and that the consignee has the exclusive right to control the shares that are subject to the consignment agreements. The agreements are binding on the successors, assignors and heirs of the respective consigning shareholders.

The importance of the stock consignment agreements is that, under U.S. GAAP, the consignee corporation may consolidate the financial reporting of those companies whose shares are subject to stock consignment agreements in the manner of wholly and majority owned subsidiaries and enjoy the economic benefits of such subsidiaries.

Each stock consignment agreement is subject to enforceability and other limitations of the laws and rules of PRC. The consignee may not transfer the consignment agreement, except as permitted by PRC law. However, we may transfer the Company interest in the intermediate consignee corporation without limitation. If there is non-performance by the shareholder or some or all of an agreement is unenforceable, we and the consignee may lose the benefits of the agreements and suffer severe economic loss as a result. No assurance can be given that the consignee will be able to enforce its rights vis-à-vis the consigning shareholders in the courts of the PRC, and we are not aware of any cases where these types of stock consignment agreements have been interpreted by PRC courts.

We believe that these agreements are enforceable under current PRC law. However, none of these kinds of agreements have yet been subject to judicial review or interpretation. The consignment agreements provide that if there is any interpretation of the terms by a PRC court, the agreements should be construed in such a way as to give the consignee as much of the full and actual ownership and full beneficial rights and benefits of the consigned stock as is possible, so as to approximate full ownership under all applicable law.

In the event that the consignment agreement is not enforced or is terminated because of a breach by the consignee that is not cured, the right to the underlying stock would be lost and the economic rights would be terminated. However, such a termination would not terminate the separate agreements entered into by Beijing Origin and Henan Origin to transfer technology from those companies to Origin Biotechnology, so even in the event of a termination of a consignment agreement, the Company would continue to own the applicable PRC entity’s technology and intellectual property through Origin Biotechnology, its wholly owned subsidiary (see “Technical Service Agreements” below). Also, the termination of one shareholder’s consignment agreement does not cause the termination of any of other consignment agreement, so it may only result in a reduction in consigned shares under the consignee’s control.

The following is a table of the parties to the consignment agreements of the Company:


		% of Shares
PRC Operating Company	Consigning Owner	Consigned
Hainan Aoyu	Gengchen Han	99	%
	Dezhi Deng	1	%
		100	%

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Technical Service Agreements

All of the intellectual property rights of the Company are held by Origin Biotechnology, some of which are pursuant to technical service agreements dated December 25, 2004, and similar arrangements. The BVI holding company, through State Harvest, has the 100% equity interest of Origin Biotechnology. The purpose of this arrangement is to permit better management and licensing of the intellectual property. Under the technical service agreements, Origin Biotechnology provides technical research and production and distribution services to the other of the Company’s operating companies. These services include support in the research and development of agricultural seeds, analysis of breeding technologies, environment and feasibility suggestions, technical tutorials and breeding field supervision, market analysis and seed promotion, insect prevention and technical education to distributors and farmers. The fees payable under the agreements are variable, depending on differing formulae for different categories of seeds, and are to be charged on the sales of certain seed products in each fiscal year. These agreements are considered intra-company transactions.

D. Property, plant and equipment.

Our principal executive offices are located in the Changping District in Beijing, PRC. We own or lease manufacturing facilities, laboratories, seed production and other agricultural facilities, office space, warehouses, research stations and breeding centers in other various locations in China. The leased facilities are rented at regular commercial rates, and management believes other facilities are available at competitive rates should it be required to change locations or add facilities.

From the beginning of 2020 to date, our capital expenditures consisted primarily of construction and purchase of plant and equipment, which are located in the PRC. We started the construction project of Shihezi grain drying and storage factory during fiscal 2023.

ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not Applicable

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ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

The following discussion of our financial results of operations and condition is based upon and should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and their related notes included in this Annual Report on Form 20-F. This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, including, without limitation, statements regarding our expectations, beliefs, intentions or future strategies that are signified by the words “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “believe,” or similar language. All forward-looking statements included in this Annual Report are based on information available to us on the date hereof, and we assume no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements. Actual results could differ materially from those projected in these forward-looking statements. In evaluating our business, you should carefully consider the information provided under the caption “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F. We caution you that our businesses and financial performance are subject to substantial risks and uncertainties.

A. Operating Activities and Results.

Corporate Strategies

Origin started as a hybrid corn seed company in 1997 as the first private seed company in China. Origin started its seed biotechnology research in early 2000’s and established the Origin Life Science Center in 2005. The Company has invested in the seed biotech product development and funded the biotech research and development with its free cash flow and other capital raised from the sale of securities, loans and other capital sources. The Company continues to actively pursue approval and commercialization of its biotech seed products. Additionally, the Company is making increasing efforts in the development of nutrition enhanced corn (NEC).

Biotechnology Progress

While we continue to advance our GMO product pipelines with phytase traits and glyphosate tolerance technologies. Our most significant progress made in the last several years is in the new biotech pipelines of stacked traits of insect resistance and herbicide tolerance, drought resistance and next generation quadruple stacked traits. The Company continues to test the double stacked products of Bt and glyphosate tolerance genes against the technologies currently used in the global market.

In 2016, Origin completed the laboratory and field production trials for its first generation PEST/WEED trait. In these trials, molecular characteristics, field efficacy, environmental safety and food safety were thoroughly evaluated and the results met critical biosafety regulation standards. Dossiers summarizing the laboratory and field-test studies internal to Origin and in collaboration with third party research labs were submitted in November 2016 to request Phase 5 Safety Certificate approval. In 2017 we conducted more tests following the feedback from the National Committee of Biosafety. Optimized and complete regulatory dossiers were re-submitted in November 2017 to request Safety Certificate approval. Origin’s first generation WEED and PEST/WEED traits have been incorporated into the elite corn inbred lines of Origin and into the products of leading Chinese seed industry partners preparing for future regulatory approval and commercialization.

For the double stacked Bt and GT genes, our repeated field testing in both our northern testing site (for summer testing) and southern testing site (for winter testing and with heavy natural insect pressure) has shown very positive and stable insect resistance results. We believe the Bt gene (Cry1Ah) used in our double stacked traits could be highly valuable in markets outside of China.

Origin’s first generation biotechnology trait for insect resistance and herbicide tolerance (PEST/WEED) were successfully exported in 2017 from China to the United States. This represented the first export of such technology by a Chinese seed company to a strategic partner based in the U.S for GM seed products. These corn seeds with insect resistance and herbicide tolerance technologies were entered into collaborative field experiments in the summer of 2017 which confirmed their efficacy of the traits.

Based on our successful development in biotech seed products, we have continued to take steps to secure our biotechnologies intellectual property protections. In 2021, changes to the seed law significantly improved protection for plant varieties and germplasm IP protection. We believe these patents will strengthen our position in the genetically modified seed technologies and will allow us to maintain our leading position in China and enter the global biotech traits market.

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Since December, 2019, the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, MARA, announced a list of GMO traits, including five corn traits, that were awarded biosafety certificates.In September, 2020, the Standard Testing Method and Procedures of the Company’s two GMO corn seed traits were approved in a newly published National Standards Catalog by MARA. The traits that received the National Testing Standard approval are GH5112E-117C, the Company’s double stack of insect resistance and herbicide tolerance corn and G1105E-823, the Company’s herbicide tolerance corn. As part of the approval process, the traits were tested and reviewed by third-party institutes appointed by the MARA. This method will be the national standard for testing procedures for these traits in future variety development and commercialization.

During the fourth quarter fiscal quarter of 2020, the Company was awarded an RMB6.5 million (US$0.95 million) grant from MARA for the successful evaluation of the effects of two of its GMO corn traits, GH5112E-117C and G1105E-823. The MARA’s grant program was established to award achievement in agricultural technology innovation and to speed up the technology’s applications in agriculture production. The grant award of Origin’s two GMO traits not only validates the success of our past research efforts but also shows the government’s strong support of GMO research and product development in China.

In 2022, we continued to cooperate with the Institute of Biotechnology of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences to promote the safety declaration of drought-resistant transgenic corn event NAZ-4. We have completed all the relevant experimental work required for the production experiment of the GM safety declaration and submitted the application in November 2023. Meanwhile we continue to integrate the drought resistance characteristics of this event into the Origin corn inbred line through backcross breeding technology, It is expected to obtain the first batch of drought-resistant transgenic corn hybrids in 2024.

In terms of insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant transgenic corn, BFL4-2, an insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant transgenic corn developed in cooperation with the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, it has recently obtained a safety certificate. At the same time, Origin has integrated the insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant corn inbred line of the event and completed seed production in Sanya, Hainan in the winter of 2022. In May 2023, it participated in the production experiment for approval of new insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant transgenic corn varieties organized by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. It is expected to obtain the approval certificates of new transgenic corn varieties in 2024, and introduce them into the market in 2024 or 2025.

At the same time, DBN9953 and other three events have been developed in cooperation with Dabeinong Biotechnology Co., Ltd. that continue to integrate the traits of insect resistance and herbicide tolerance of the three events into corn inbred lines of Origin by using backcross breeding technology and molecular marker technology. The corn inbred line with integrated insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant traits has completed hybrid seed production in Hainan in the winter of 2022. In May 2023, it participated in the production experiment of insect-resistant and genetically modified corn variety approval organized by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. It is expected to obtain the new variety approval certificates of genetically modified corn in 2024, and enter market in 2024 or 2025.

In terms of corn gene editing, since Origin has set up the corn gene editing experimental platform in 2017, we have been committed to creating nutrition-enhanced corn (NEC) and improving the traits of corn plant height. At present, the laboratory has created a number of gene-editing corn transformation events such as high lutein, high lysine, high sterol, stem dwarfing and extension of growth period. These events are under laboratory verification and field experiment verification.

Overall Analysis

For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, revenue was RMB 93.3 million (US$13 million), compared to RMB52.6 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022. The increase in revenues was mainly from our Xinjiang facility, the good market performance of our new hybrids and investment income from subsidiary disposal.Total operating expenses from continuing operations for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023 were RMB32.2 million (US$4.5 million), compared to the operating expenses of RMB29.1 million in fiscal year 2022. Selling and marketing expenses for fiscal year 2023 were RMB8.4 million (US$1.2 million), fiscal year 2022 were RMB7.3million (US$1 million). General and administrative expenses for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023 were RMB 14.2 million (US$ 2 million), compared to RMB14.3 million year-over-year. Research and development expenses were RMB7.4 million (US$1.04 million) in fiscal year 2023, compared to RMB7.4 million in fiscal year 2022.

Net income from continuing operations for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023 was RMB62.7 million (US$ 8.7 million), compared with net income from continuing operation of RMB2.3 million in fiscal year 2022. The increase is from investment income by subsidiary disposal.

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Net loss attributable to Origin for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023 was RMB 55.3 million (US$7.7 million), compared to the net loss of RMB6.27 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022.

Net income per share was RMB8.45 or US$1.18 for the fiscal year 2023, compared with net loss per share of RMB1.09 in fiscal year 2022.

Total assets was RMB 238.5 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, compared with 136 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022. The increase is from the conversion of a controlled subsidiary into a long-term investment.

As of September 30, 2023, and 2022, we had approximately RMB 23.7 million (US$3.3 million) and RMB17.7 million, respectively, in cash and cash equivalents for continuing operations. Total borrowings as of September 30, 2023 and 2022 were RMB -nil-million (US$19.4 million) and RMB137.7 million, respectively. The borrowings as of September 30, 2022 was an loan from BC-TID and has been converted to the equity of the joint venture being formed between the Company and BC-TID. The BC-TID loan converted into equity in 2023. During fiscal year 2023, net cash provided by operating activities was RMB5.5 million (US$0.76 million), compared with net cash used in operating activities RMB 3.3 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022. Net cash used in investing activities was RMB11.2 million (US$ 1.6 million) for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, compared with net cash used in investing activities of RMB1.1 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022. Net cash used in financing activities was RMB22.9 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, compared with net cash used in financing activities of RMB0.3 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022.

The Company raised $2.73 million from the sale of 320,000 ordinary shares during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. The proceeds from the sale of the ordinary shares will be used for working capital and the grant amount will be used for the successful evaluation of the effects of two of its GMO corn traits. These funds will partially offset the losses generated by the ongoing operations of the Company.

Research and Development Activities

Origin was built on its research and development platform, and we believe a commitment to research and development is essential to the growth of the Company, particularly as we orientate our operations to biotechnology.

Key developments for Origin’s GM corn seeds:

We have engaged in extensive research on GM corn seeds since the early 2000’s. We believe currently that we have already established an extensive pipeline, including the phytase trait, glyphosate trait, double stacked traits for glyphosate tolerance and insect resistance and triple stacked traits:

Phytase: Four commercial hybrids with phytase traits have completed a number of variety production tests. These varieties with phytase traits have been submitted to the Chinese government to obtain variety safety certificates. We are waiting for the final approval from the Chinese government.

Glyphosate Tolerance: One GM glyphosate tolerance event (the unique DNA recombination event that took place in one plant cell) completed a third year Phase 4 – Production Test and the summary of test results has been submitted to the Chinese Government for the Phase 5 – Safety Certificate.

Glyphosate(G2) Tolerance insect resistance (Bt): The double stacked traits of insect resistance and glyphosate tolerance genes have completed the second year Production Test (Phase 4). The lab and field tests conducted internally and in collaborations with 3^rd party research institutes and universities that are certified by the Chinese government showed consistently positive performance same as that we have observed in the tests of previous years. The molecular characteristics, field efficacy of insect resistance and herbicide tolerance traits, agronomic performance, environmental safety, food safety of the transgenic event were thoroughly evaluated. These results meet the standards of the government GM regulations. The summary of these results has been submitted to the Chinese Government for safety certificate (phase 5).

Triple Stacked Traits: Stacked triple and quadruple traits of insect resistance and herbicide tolerance genes with different resistance mechanisms have been under intermediate testing. These traits are expected to increase herbicide tolerance and expand the insecticidal spectrum and durability. More than 3,000 events of the stacked traits were screened in a greenhouse environment of Phase 1-Laboratory Research. More events will be generated to meet the high standard of efficacies.

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In addition to the GM trait pipeline, we have also prepared for the commercialization of the key GM corn seeds. During recent years, we have initiated several backcrossing Programs: Multiyear programs of backcrossing of our biotech products, including phytase, glyphosate tolerance, and stacked traits of Bt and G2 genes, into corn varieties from our own product lines as well as several product lines of multinational companies are progressing well. Many of these backcrossing programs have been completed and are ready for commercialization. Successful backcrossing products into our own varieties are and will be submitted for government approvals in due course.

Key developments for Origin’s CRISPR Research

We established our CRISPR gene editing technology platform in 2017 to research genetic advancements to improve both the yield and nutritional composition of our corn hybrids. In September 2021, we began collaborating with China Agricultural University to develop new techniques which could reduce the time and cost of producing new corn varieties as compared to conventional hybrid breeding. We have made significant progress in this line of research and expect to develop new products using CRISPR in the coming planting season.

Research and Development Outlook

Our primary business activity is biotechnology research. We seek to become the leader in biotechnology and GM product commercialization in China. There has been some acceptance of GM crop seeds to date, and we expect wider acceptance will follow over time. We believe there are encouraging signs of greater acceptance of GM crop seeds at the government level. For this reason we continue to pursue biotechnology seed development and invest in genetic modification programs that focus on improving yields, product quality, and insect resistance and disease tolerance for corn seeds and other selected crop seeds. The development of biotechnology attributes remains one of our business strategies. A significant proportion of our management resources are dedicated to building these capabilities across the Company.

During the past few years, we have established several plant genetic engineering technology platforms. These include introducing traits such as herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, nitrogen efficiency, and drought stress tolerance into inbred corn lines. We seek to efficiently utilize modern biotechnology in China and aim to expand beyond China.

Currently, we possess exclusive rights to five genetic traits in various stages of testing and development. We have continued to build our technology platform based upon cooperative relationships with top universities and research institutes in China. These cooperative arrangements allow us to limit our own risk exposure and fixed cost structure and maximize our flexibility in developing applicable technology.

Under government regulations, a registrant company must follow the following procedures prior to registration and marketing GM crops in China. Each step (except laboratory research) has an associated reporting and approval process established by the Chinese Government, the clearance of which is necessary in order to proceed:

Laboratory Research: defined by genetic manipulations and research work conducted under a control system within laboratory;

Intermediate Testing Phase: a small-scale test conducted under a regulated control system;

Environmental Release Test: a medium-scale test conducted under natural condition by taking relatively secure measures;

Production Test: a relatively large-scale test before production and application; and

Obtaining the safety certificate on genetically modified organisms

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Key factors affecting our growth, operating results and financial condition

We expect our future growth, operating results and financial condition to be driven and affected by a number of factors and trends including but not limited to:

●

our ability to strategically manage our growth and expansion, organically or through mergers and acquisitions. If we do not manage our growth effectively, our growth may slow down and we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability;

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our ability to fit acquisitions and our corporate reorganization into our overall growth strategies to generate sufficient value to justify their cost;

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our ability to develop new products and new commercial avenues;

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our ability to evaluate our business lines and take action to discontinue aspects of our business as well as to take cost savings measures for the future growth of the company;

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our ability to partner or joint venture for the creation of more advanced bio-technology products or develop new enterprises;

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our ability to launch and develop our on-line marketing platform;

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our ability to continue to license or acquire crop seeds from third party developers and our ability to develop proprietary crop seeds;

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future consolidations in the crop seed industry in China that may give rise to new or strengthened competitors;

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the possibility that the crop seed industry in China may favor genetically modified seeds over hybrid seeds, and our ability to develop and market such products;

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the impact of regulation affecting our industry; and

We also believe our business benefits importantly from certain government incentives including tax incentives, the expiration of which, or changes to which, could have an adverse effect on our operating results.

Critical Accounting Policies

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of those financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our financial statements. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Critical accounting policies are those that reflect significant judgments or uncertainties, and potentially result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. We have described below what we believe are our most critical accounting policies that involve a high degree of judgment and the methods of their application. For a description of all of our significant accounting policies, see Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements.

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Revenues

The Company derives most of its revenues from hybrid corn seed.

Effective with the October 1, 2018 adoption of ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606),” and the associated ASUs (collectively, “Topic 606”), the Company recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for the arrangements that the Company determines are within the scope of Topic 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (1) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

Income taxes

Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which these temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance would be provided for those deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that the related benefit will not be realized. A full valuation allowance has been established against all net deferred tax assets as of September 30, 2022 and 2023 based on our estimates of recoverability.

Stock-based compensation

We adopted FASB ASC 718-10, to measure our issued share options based on the grant-date fair value of the options and recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service period, with a corresponding addition to equity. We used the Black-Scholes Model to value the fair value of the share options.

Results of Operations

Fiscal Year ended September 30, 2023, compared to Fiscal Year ended September 30, 2022

Revenues

Operating expenses

Total operating expenses for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023 were RMB32.2 million (US$4.5 million), compared to the operating expenses of RMB29.1 million in fiscal year 2022.

Selling and marketing

Selling and marketing expenses for fiscal year 2023 were RMB8.3 million (US$1.2 million), compared to RMB7.3 million in fiscal year 2022. Selling and marketing expenses remained low as the Company’s strategy to form seed distribution joint ventures helped to improve efficiency in the distribution businesses.

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General and administrative

General and administrative expenses from continuing operations primarily consist of salary and compensation, depreciation and amortization, legal fees, professional expenses and other expenses, including travel and other general business expenses and office supplies. General and administrative expenses for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, were RMB14.2 million (US$1.99 million), compared to RMB14.3 million year-over-year.

Impairment

Impairment of long-term investment for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023 was RMB 1.49 million (US$ 0.21 million)

Research and development

Research and development expenses from continuing operations primarily consist of salary and compensation expenses of personnel engaged in the research and development of our proprietary crop seeds and genetically modified products, travelling expenses, depreciation of plant and equipment, and expenses paid to certain research institutes to carry out research projects on behalf of Origin during the period. Research and development expenses were RMB7.4 million (US$1 million) in fiscal year 2023, same to fiscal year 2022.

Income before income taxes

Income Income before income taxes for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023 was RMB 62.8 million (US$ 8.8 million), compared with net income from continuing operation of RMB2.3 million in fiscal year 2022.

Interest expense

Interest expense, net was RMB 0.98 million (US$ 0.14 million) for the fiscal year 2023 compared to RMB8.2 million a year ago.

Rental income and other non-operating income (expenses), net

The company received rental income for its headquarters building of RMB10.6 million (US$1.5million) and incurred other non-operating income of RMB69.7 million (US$9.7 million) during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. For the year ended September 30, 2022, the rental income was RMB10.6 million and the other non-operating expenses were RMB15.7 million.

Net Income

Net Income attributable to Origin for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, was RMB62.7 million (US$8.7 million), compared to the net income of RMB2.35 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022.

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B. Liquidity and Capital Resources.

As of September 30, 2023, and 2022 we had approximately RMB23.7million (US$3.3 million) and RMB17.7 million, respectively, in cash and cash equivalents for continuing operations. Total borrowings as of September 30, 2023 and 2022 were RMB-nil- and RMB137.7 million, respectively. The borrowings as of September 30, 2023 is an loan from the BC-TID and will be converted to the equity of the joint venture being formed between the Company and BC-TID. The transactions documentation for which has been completed and submitted to government officials for approval. Excluding the borrowings from BC-TID, the Company doesn’t have any other financial debt. The loan is converted into equity in 2023. During fiscal year 2023, net cash used in operating activities was RMB5.5 million (US$0.76 million), compared with RMB3.3 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022. Net cash used in investing activities was RMB11.2 million (US$1.6 million) for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, compared with net cash used in investing activities of RMB1.1 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022. Net cash provided by financing activities was RMB22.9 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, compared with net cash used in financing activities of RMB0.3 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022. The Company raised $2.73 million from the sale of 320,000 ordinary shares during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. The proceeds from the sale of the ordinary shares will be used for working capital and the grant amount will be used for our corn supply chain facilities in Xinjiang and other region. As of September 30, 2023 and 2022, we had approximately RMB23.7million (US$3.3million) and RMB17.7 million, respectively, in cash and cash equivalents for continuing operations. Our cash and cash equivalents primarily consisted of cash on hand and short-term liquid investments with maturities of three months or less deposited with banks and other financial institutions.

The following table shows our cash flows with respect to operating activities, investing activities and financing activities for the 12 months ended September 30, 2021, 2022, and 2023.


Item	2021	2022	2023	2023
(In thousands)	RMB	RMB	RMB	US$
Net cash used in operating activities	(25,077)	3,291	5,456	759

Net cash provided by investing activities	(1,209)	(1,102)	(11,224)	(1,563)

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	19,838	(332)	22,933	3,193

Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents	(6,448)	1,857	6,252	869

Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year	22,482	15,351	17,669	2,461

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	(816)	447	(214)	(30)

Operating activities:

Net cash provided by operating activities was RMB 5.5 million (US$0.76 million) during fiscal year 2023, compared with net cash provided by operating activities RMB 3.3 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022.

Investing activities:

Net cash used in investing activities was RMB11.2 million (US$1.6 million) for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, compared with net cash used in investing activities of RMB1.1 for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022.

Financing activities:

Net cash provided by financing activities was RMB22.9 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, compared with net cash used in financing activities of RMB 0.32 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022.

Relevant PRC laws and regulations permit payments of dividends by our PRC operating companies only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, the statutory general reserve fund requires that annual appropriations of 10% of net after-tax income be set aside prior to payment of any dividends. As a result of these and other restrictions under PRC laws and regulations, our PRC Operating Companies are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their net assets to Origin either in the form of dividends, loans or advances.

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Even though Origin currently does not require any such dividends, loans or advances from the PRC Operating Companies, Origin may in the future require additional cash resources from our PRC Operating Companies due to changes in business conditions, to fund future acquisitions or developments, or merely to declare and pay dividends or distributions to our shareholders, although we currently have no intention to do so.

Substantial doubt about the ability to continue as going concern

The Company incurred net losses from continuing operations of RMB127.1million, net income of RMB2.3 million and RMB62.7 million(US$8.7 million) in the years ended September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively. Our working capital deficit was RMB211.3 million and RMB171.6million (US$23.9 million) as of September 30, 2022 and 2023, respectively. Accumulated deficit was RMB656.9 million and RMB545.5 million (US$76 million) as of September 30, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

On May 17, 2019, the Company entered into a Cooperation Framework Agreement with Beijing Changping Technology Innodevelop Group (BC-TID), an entity owned by the government of Changping District of Beijing City. Under this agreement, BC-TID and the Company acted to have a joint venture entity, which is 51% and 49% owned by BC-TID and the Company, respectively. Based on the agreement, Beijing Origin will contribute the headquarters building in Beijing and certain of its seed technology assets related to genetically modified seeds to the entity. Since the Cooperation Framework Agreement was signed, both parties have been actively involved to complete the formation of joint venture. However, the process has taken longer than originally expected mainly due to the complicated tax related issues with the Origin Life Science Center building in Beijing and the government approval process. Both parties are now agreed to use Beijing Origin as the joint venture entity in order to expedite the process. The original terms remain the same and both parties are cooperating to complete the process as soon as possible. As of February 1, 2021, BC-TID has invested a total of RMB137.7 million ($20.2 million) as part of the agreement. The deal documents have been completed by both Origin and BC-TID and have been submitted to government officials for final approval. The cash amount was used to repay the bank loan of the Company on the headquarters building and provide working capital. According to the agreement, RMB137.7 million cash booked as long-term debt was an loan and has been converted to equity for the joint venture namely Beijing Origin when the deal was completed in August 2023. And Beijing Origin has transferred all of its ownership of Xinjiang Originbo to Hainan Aoyu during fiscal 2023.

For the three fiscal years 2021, 2022 and 2023, the Company had raised $2.62 million, $1.65 million and $2.73 million through equity financing. A total of 219,440, 201,000 and 320,000 ordinary shares were issued for these equity financing.

Besides the aforementioned cash inflows, the Company is also seeking funds from other resources including but not limited to licensing its core seed traits to its customers, applying for more government grants for research and development activities, pursuing other capital investment from investors and selling certain company assets. The Company consistently reviews its working capital requirements.

Despite the Company’s effort to obtain additional funding and reduce operating costs, there is no assurance that the Company’s plans and actions will be successful. In addition, there can be no assurance that in the event additional sources of funds are needed they will be available on acceptable terms, if at all. Our independent auditors have issued their opinion with the qualification that there is a substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern.

C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.

We focus our research and development efforts on biotechnology, crop breeding and the development of new crop seeds. In November 2001, we established a seed research and development center in Tongzhou, Beijing, which conducts research and development of commercial crop breeding. In September 2005, we established the “Origin Life Science Research Center” in Zhong-Guan-Cun (ZGC) Life Science Park in Beijing, the principal activities of which include crop gene engineering, molecular marker-assisted breeding, and molecular identification. We established our southern breeding center in Hainan, China in 2002 and started biotechnology center at the same location in 2010.

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We have established technological cooperative relationships with five universities and sixteen research institutes in China, including Zhejiang University, China Agricultural University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the National Maize Improvement Center, and Henan Agriculture University.

D. Trend Information.

Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this Annual Report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events in the period from October 1, 2022, to September 30, 2023, that were reasonably likely to have a material effect on our net revenues, income, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that caused the disclosed financial information to be not necessarily indicative of future operating results or financial conditions, or that had the trends relating to the current-year increases in expenses and reduction in revenues and profits.

E. Off-balance Sheet Arrangements.

We do not have any off-balance sheet guarantees, interest rate swap transactions or foreign currency forward contracts or outstanding derivative financial instruments. We do not engage in trading activities involving non-exchange traded contracts.

F. Tabular Disclosure of Commitments and Contingencies.

In July, 2022, Origin Biotechnology entered into a supply agreement with Henan Yingdafeng Agricultural Development Limited (“Yingdafeng”) to supply 100,000 tonnes corn bulk commodities. Due to the impact of Covid-19 and quarantine policies in Xinjiang province, the products were not delivered as scheduled. Yingdafeng filed lawsuit and the local court in Neixiang County issued first legal judgement on August 16, 2023 that requires Origin to pay a total of RMB22 million to Yingdafeng.

After Origin appealed the decision from the local court in Neixiang County, the Intermediate People's Court of Nanyang City (a higher-level court over Neixiang County People’s Court) decided on December 14, 2023 to revoke the judgement of Neixiang Contry People’s Court. The case is now sent back to the People's Court of Neixiang County, Henan Province for retrial.

We have no other contractual obligations as of September 30, 2023 that could potentially affect our liquidity.

G. Safe Harbor.

Except for historical facts and financial data, the information included in Items 5.A through 5.D and 5.F is deemed to be a “forward looking statement” as that term is defined in the statutory safe harbors. The safe harbor provided in Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act shall apply to all forward-looking information provided in this Item 5.

ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

A. Directors and Senior Management.

The following table sets forth certain information regarding our directors and executive officers as of September 30, 2023.


Name	Age	Position
Gengchen Han	68	Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer
Michael W. Trimble	66	Independent Director
Shaojiang Chen	58	Independent Director
Fei Wang	46	Independent Director
Min Lin	58	Independent Director

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Dr. Gengchen Han is the Chairman of Origin and has been the Chief Executive Officer of Origin since December 3, 2018. He also served, in the past, as the President and the Chief Executive of Origin at various times. Dr. Han is also the Executive Chairman of Beijing Origin and its affiliated companies, a position that he has held since founding the business in 1997. Dr. Han was the Co-Chief Executive Officer and Chief Executive Officer of the Company from its inception in 1997 until January 1, 2009 and from August 1, 2011 to April 25, 2016. Dr. Han has more than 20 years of experience in research and development of hybrid seed products, particularly corn seed. From 1982 until 1984, Dr. Han was a lecturer at the Henan Agriculture University. From 1984 to 1987, Dr. Han received his Ph.D. degree in Plant Breeding and Cytogenics from Iowa State University. From 1989 until 1990 he worked for the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, or CIMMYT, in Mexico. He worked for Pioneer Hi-bred International from 1990 to 1996; his positions there included Regional Technical Coordinator for Asia/Pacific and Regional Supervisor for China Business.

Dr. Michael W. Trimble has been a director of Origin since May 2006. Dr. Trimble is the founder of Trimble Genetics International LLC, or Trimble Genetics, and has been the President of Trimble Genetics since 2001. Trimble Genetics is a plant genetics research company that has expanded business and research relationships to include activities in North America, South America, Asia, Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Dr. Trimble is a leader in plant genetics research with over thirty years of experience in crop breeding and the agricultural seed industry. Dr. Trimble is an inventor of numerous patents in the field of plant genetics. Dr. Trimble graduated with a Ph.D. degree from the University of Minnesota and also completed graduate programs at Purdue University and Iowa State University.

Mr. Shaojiang Chen became a director of Origin in November, 2022. Dr. Chen is currently a professor at the China Agricultural University, Agronomy College, where he has been teaching since 2000. During 2017 to 2022, Dr. Chen also served as the Director at the Maize Breeding Engineering Center of the MOE, and has served as the Vice Director at the National Maize Improvement Center of China. Dr. Chen is widely published on many topics relating to fertilization and corn plant genetics. He also worked on a Sino-German Program at the University of Hohenheim, Germany from 2003 to 2013. Dr. Chen has a BA from Henan Agricultural University in Agronomy, a MSc in Crop Genetics and Breeding from Henan Agricultural University, and a PhD in Crop Genetics and Breeding, from Northeast Agricultural University.

Ms. Fei Wang became a director of Origin in February 2019. Ms. Wang currently serves as Global Finance Director of UTStarcom Holdings Corp. (“UTStarcom”), a provider of broadband equipment and solutions, which is listed on NASDAQ. Ms. Wang has served in various financial functions, including Investor Relation Director, since 2011. Prior to UTStarcom, Ms. Wang has had more than seven years financial experience in several publicly listed multinational companies based in the United States. Ms. Wang received her master’s degree in Financial Accountancy from the Rutgers University and her bachelor’s degree in Accounting from City University of New York. Ms. Wang is a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.

Dr. Min Lin is currently a professor at the Biotechnology Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) located in Beijing, China. From 2005 to 2019, Dr. Lin served as the director of the Biotechnology Research Institute of CAAS. Dr. Lin also served as Executive Vice President for the Chinese Society of Agri-Biotechnology and Vice President for Chinese Society of Biotechnology. Dr. Lin has been a visiting scientist at the Institut Pasteur in France and at the Research Institute for Plant Protection (IPO-DLO) in the Netherlands. Dr. Lin received his Ph.D. and Master’s Degree from CAAS and his Bachelor’s degree in Biology from University of Sichuan.

B. Compensation.

The aggregate cash compensation paid to our directors and executive officers as a group was RMB nil (US$ nil) for the twelve months ended September 30, 2023. Directors and executives are awarded with equities and stock options, which are stated in the chart found below.

2014 Performance Equity Plan

On December 22, 2014, the company adopted the 2014 Performance Equity Plan, under which we are able to issue equity awards for up to 5,000,000 ordinary shares to our directors, officers, employees, individual consultants and advisors. The main purpose of the plan is to provide an existing structure and renewable benefit plan for senior management and directors and others providing services to the company. In addition to current equity awards to the directors and officers, we plan to expand our equity awards to a broader range of employees in order to align our employee incentives towards our stock performance. The outstanding awards under this plan as of 9/30/2023 is 224,700, and the ordinary shares available for future grant as of 9/30/2023 is zero.

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2021 Performance Equity Plan

On April 30, 2021, the company adopted the 2021 Performance Equity Plan, under which we are able to issue equity awards for up to 1,000,000 ordinary shares to our directors, officers, employees, individual consultants and advisors. The main purpose of the plan is to provide an existing structure and renewable benefit plan for senior management and directors and others providing services to the company in order to align our employee incentives towards our stock performance. We had outstanding awards for 36,000 options under the 2021 Plan at September 30, 2023. There are 886,320 ordinary shares available for future grant as of September 30, 2023.

Those awards held by the directors and officers are listed below.


	Ordinary
	Shares
	Underlying
	Outstanding	Exercise
	Option	Price		Grant Date	Expiration Date
Gengchen Han
	12,000	$	5.19 /Share	January 2, 2019	January 2, 2024
	12,000	$	5.30 /Share	January 2, 2020	January 2, 2025
	12,000	$	13.99 /Share	January 5, 2021	January 5, 2026
	12,000	$	7.23 /Share	January 3, 2022	January 3, 2027
	12,000	$	6.79/Share	May 22, 2023	May 22, 2028

Michael Trimble
	2,000	$	5.19 /Share	January 2, 2019	January 2, 2024
	2,000	$	5.30 /Share	January 2, 2020	January 2, 2025
	2,000	$	13.99 /Share	January 5, 2021	January 5, 2026
	2,000	$	7.23 /Share	January 3, 2022	January 3, 2027
	2,000		6.79	May 22, 2023	May 22, 2028

Min Lin
	2,000	$	7.23 /Share	January 3, 2022	January 3, 2027
	2,000		6.79	May 22, 2023	May 22, 2028

Fei Wang	2,000	$	5.30 /Share	January 2, 2020	January 2, 2025
	2,000		6.79	May 22, 2023	May 22, 2028

Shaojiang Chen	2,000		6.79	May 22, 2023	May 22, 2028

C. Board Practices.

Terms of directors and executive officers

Our directors are not subject to a specific term of office and hold office until an annual meeting of shareholders where there is an election of directors or until the director’s earlier resignation, removal from office, death or incapacity. Any vacancy on the board of directors resulting from death, resignation, removal or other cause and any newly created directorship resulting from any increase in the authorized number of directors between meetings of shareholders may be filled either by the affirmative vote of a majority of all the directors then in office (even if less than a quorum) or by a resolution of shareholders.

Our officers are appointed by the board of directors and hold office until their successors are duly elected and qualified, but may be removed at any time, with or without cause, by resolution of directors. Any vacancy occurring in any office may be filled by resolution of directors.

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Board Diversity

Each year the board of directors, will review the appropriate characteristics, skills, and experience required for the board of directors as a whole and its individual members. In evaluating the suitability of individual candidates, we will consider factors including, without limitation, an individual's character, integrity, judgment, potential conflicts of interest, other commitments, and diversity. While we have no formal policy regarding board diversity for our board of directors as a whole or for each individual member, our board of directors will consider such factors as gender, race, ethnicity and experience, area of expertise, as well as other individual attributes that contribute to the total diversity of viewpoints and experience represented on the board of directors.

The following is a table indicating the current board diversity.

Board Diversity Matrix (As of September 30, 2023)


Total Number of Directors	Five
				Did Not Disclose
				Demographic
	Female	Male	Non-Binary	Background
Part I: Gender Identity
Directors	1	4	—	—
Part II: Demographic Background
African American or Black			—	—
Alaskan Native or Native American			—	—
Asian	4		—	—
Hispanic or Latinx			—	—
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander			—	—
White	1		—	—
Two or More Races or Ethnicities			—	—
LGBTQ+			—	—
Did Not Disclose Demographic Background			—	—

Employment Agreements

Dr. Han has an employment agreement with us. The agreement currently has a term of three years commencing on January 1, 2024. Dr. Han is entitled to insurance benefits, five weeks’ vacation, a car and reimbursement of business expenses and, if necessary, relocation expenses. The agreement is terminable by Origin for death, disability and cause. Dr. Han may terminate the agreement and his employment for good reason, which includes Origin’s breach, the executive’s loss of his seat on the board of directors, and change of control of Origin. In the event of termination for good reason or without cause, the executive will receive compensation and benefits under his employment agreement through the earlier of two years from the date of termination or through the term of the agreement. The agreements contain provisions for the protection of confidential information and a three-year non-competition period within China.

Board committees

Our board of directors has established an Audit Committee, a Compensation Committee and a Nominations Committee.

Audit Committee

The members of our Audit Committee are Fei Wang (chairman), Michael Trimble and Min Lin. Our board of directors has determined that all of our Audit Committee members are independent directors within the meaning of Nasdaq Marketplace Rule 4200(a)(15) and meet the criteria for independence set forth in Rule 10A-3(b)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

The board of directors has determined that each of Ms. Fei Wang and Mr. Michael Trimble has an understanding of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and financial statements, the ability to assess the general application of such principles in connection with our financial statements, including estimates, accruals and reserves, experience in analyzing or evaluating financial statements of similar breadth and complexity as our financial statements, an understanding of internal controls and procedures for financial reporting and an understanding of Audit Committee functions.

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The board of directors believes that Ms. Wang qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” within the meaning of all applicable rules. The board of directors believes that Ms. Wang has financial expertise because of her educational backgrounds and her extensive experience in financial reporting for private and public companies.

We adopted an Audit Committee charter, amended by the board of directors at the board meeting held on August 16, 2007, under which the Audit Committee is responsible for reviewing the scope, planning and staffing of the audit and preparation of our financial statements. This includes consultation with management, the auditors and other consultants and professionals involved in the preparation of the financial statements and reports. The Audit Committee is responsible for performing oversight of our relationship with our independent auditor. The Audit Committee also has a general compliance oversight role in assuring that our directors, officers and management comply with our code of ethics, reviews and approves related party transactions, deals with complaints regarding accounting, internal controls and auditing matters, and oversees compliance with accounting and legal requirements applicable to us.

Pursuant to the terms of its charter, as amended, the Audit Committee’s responsibilities include, among other things:

●

annually reviewing and reassessing the adequacy of the Audit Committee’s form of charter;

●

reviewing our annual audited financial statements with our management and our independent auditors and the adequacy of our internal accounting controls;

●

reviewing analyses prepared by management and independent auditors concerning significant financial reporting issues and judgments made in connection with the preparation of our financial statements;

●

engaging of the independent auditor;

●

reviewing the independence of the independent auditors;

●

reviewing our auditing and accounting principles and practices with the independent auditor and reviewing major changes to our auditing and accounting principles and practices as suggested by the independent auditor or our management;

●

appointment of the independent auditor; and

●

approving professional services provided by the independent auditors, including the range of audit and non-audit fees.

The Audit Committee pre-approves the services to be provided by our independent auditors. The Audit Committee also reviews and recommends to the board of directors whether or not to approve transactions between us and any officer or director that occurs outside the ordinary course of business.

Compensation Committee

The members of our Compensation Committee are Shaojiang Chen (chairman), Michael Trimble and Ms. Fei Wang. The Compensation Committee also administers our equity award plans, including the authority to make and modify awards under each of the 2009, 2014 and 2021 Performance Equity Plans. The current charter of the Compensation Committee, which was adopted March 16, 2007, provides that the committee is responsible for:

●

reviewing and making recommendations to our board of directors regarding our compensation policies and forms of compensation provided to our directors, officers and other senior employees;

●

reviewing and determining performance-based awards and compensation for our officers and other employees;

●

reviewing and determining share-based compensation (including the 2009, 2014 AND 2021 Performance Equity Plans) for our directors, officers, employees and consultants;

●

administering our equity incentive plans (including the 2009, 2014 AND 2021 Performance Equity Plans) in accordance with the terms thereof; and

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●

such other matters that are specifically delegated to the Compensation Committee by our board of directors from time to time.

Nominating Committee

Our Nominating Committee consists of Michael W. Trimble (chairman), Shaojiang Chen and Fei Wang. The Nominating Committee is responsible for overseeing the selection of persons to be nominated to serve on our board of directors. The Nominating Committee will identify, evaluate and recommend candidates to become members of the Board of Directors with the goal of creating a balance of knowledge and experience. The Nominating Committee is not a fully independent committee.

Pursuant to a vote by the board of directors taken at a board meeting held March 16, 2007, the Nominating Committee charter was amended. Pursuant to the terms of its charter, as amended, the Nominating Committee’s responsibilities include, among other things:

●

actively seeking and evaluating qualified individuals to become new directors as needed;

●

reviewing current directors’ suitability when their terms expire or one has a significant change in status;

●

making recommendations with respect to succession planning for the co-chief executive officer and other officers; and

●

such other matters that are specifically delegated to the Nominating Committee by our board of directors from time to time.

Summary of Significant Differences in Corporate Governance Practices for Purposes of Rule 5615 of the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules

We are incorporated under the laws of the British Virgin Islands. Our ordinary shares are registered with the SEC and are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market. As a result, our corporate governance framework is subject to laws of the British Virgin Islands, or BVI, the securities laws and regulations of the United States and the listing requirements of the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules.

Under Rule 5615 of the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules, a foreign private issuer may follow its home country practice in lieu of the requirements of the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules. Rule 5605 requires U.S. domestic listed companies have a majority of independent directors on its board of directors. We are not required to have a majority of independent directors on our board of directors under BVI laws. However, currently, three of our five directors are independent directors under applicable Nasdaq rules.

Under Rule 5605 a U.S. domestic listed company is required to have a nominations committee and compensation committee. We are not required to have such committees under the BVI laws, and therefore are not required to have these committees under the Nasdaq rules. Notwithstanding the fact that they are not required, we do have these two committees, and follow the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules in the independence requirements of the members.

Under Rule 5620, a U.S. domestic issuer must solicit proxies and provide proxy statements for all meetings of shareholders. There are no such mandatory requirements under BVI laws, and therefore, we are not required to hold an annual meeting of the shareholders. We follow our home country practice as to annual meetings.

Under Rule 5635, a US domestic listed company is required to obtain shareholder approval of equity award plans and issuances of equity securities in excess of certain amounts based on our outstanding ordinary shares when at less than the market price or book value. There are no such mandatory requirements under BVI law. We do not plan to get shareholder approval for changes in or increases of shares in the 2014 Plan, approval of the 2021 Plan, or for any other equity award plan approved by the directors in the future or for issuances of equity securities that exceed 20% of the outstanding ordinary shares of the Company if they are sold at less than the market price or book value.

We have filed documentation with Nasdaq exempting the company under those provisions of the Nasdaq regulations that BVI law does not require the company to follow.

In June 2023, the Board of Directors adopted a “clawback” policy, compliant with Nasdaq regulations.

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D. Employees.

We currently have 63 employees, including management, managers and research and related personnel. All of our employees are located in China.

We offer our employees additional annual merit-based bonuses in accordance with the overall performance of our company, his or her department and the individual. We are required by applicable PRC regulations to contribute amounts approximate to 16%, 10%, 9.7%, 0.8%, 0.5% and 0.8%, of our employees’ aggregate salary to a pension contribution plan, a medical insurance plan, a housing fund, an unemployment insurance plan, a personal injury insurance plan and a maternity insurance plan, respectively, for our employees.

Our employees are not covered by any collective bargaining agreement. We believe that we have a good relationship with our employees.

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E. Share Ownership.

The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares as of January 8, 2024, by each of our directors and executive officers who beneficially own our ordinary shares, and other principal shareholders.


	Shares Beneficially Owned
	*( )**
		Percentage of
	Number	Total
Directors and Executive Officers:
Gengchen Han, Chairman of the Board and CEO (1)(2)	836,383	13.2	%
Michael W. Trimble, Director (3)	51,900	**	%
Shaojiang Chen Director (1)	—	**	%
Fei Wang, Director (1)(4)	4,000	**	%
Min Lin, Director (1)	4,000	**	%
Shaojiang Chen	2,000	**	%

All Officers and Directors (5 persons)	898,283	14.18	%

5% and Greater Shareholders
Comane International Group Ltd (5)	1,000,000	15.79	%

* Beneficial ownership and percentage are determined in accordance with Rule 13d-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

** Less than 1%

(1)The business address of each of the individuals is c/o 21 Shengmingyuan Road, Changping District, Beijing, PRC 102206.

(2)Includes 48,000 shares that may be acquired under stock options held by Dr. Han. The shares reported in the above table are held by Dr. Han through a personal holding company, Sinodream Limited, a company formed under the laws of the British Virgin Islands of which he is the sole shareholder, officer and director. Therefore, Dr. Han will have voting and dispositive authority over all the shares.

(3)Includes 8,000 shares that may be acquired under stock options held by Mr. Trimble. The business address of Mr. Trimble is 6159 Brandywine Drive, Johnston, IA 50131.

(4)Includes 2,000 shares that may be acquired under stock options held by Ms. Fei Wang.

(5)The business address of Comane International Group Ltd is 2 Pacific Square, Suite 106, Central, Hong Kong. This includes 1,000,000 ordinary shares issuable under a warrant held by Comane International Group Ltd that expire January 4, 2027.

None of the above shareholders have voting rights that differ from the voting rights of other shareholders.

A substantial number of the ordinary shares are held in “street name,” and the company believes that a large portion of these shares represent holdings of non-United States shareholders through brokers in non-United States jurisdictions. Because these holdings are in street name, the company cannot determine the actual number or jurisdictions in which these shares are held. The company believes that it continues to qualify as a foreign private issuer.

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ITEM 7 MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

A Major shareholders.

Please refer to Item 6.E “Directors, Senior Management and Employees – Share Ownership.”

1. Related party transactions.

Stock Consignment Agreements

We operate our business in China through our PRC Operating companies. We have entered into stock consignment agreements in connection with the share ownership with certain of the company subsidiaries. The material provisions of these agreements are discussed under Item 4.C of this Annual Report.

Technical Service Agreements

All of the intellectual property rights of the company are held by Origin Biotechnology pursuant to technology service agreements dated December 25, 2004 and other similar arrangements among the company subsidiaries. The material provision of the technology service agreements are discussed under Item 4.C of this Annual Report.

2. Interests of experts and counsel.

Not applicable.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

A. Consolidated statements and other financial information.

We have appended consolidated financial statements filed as part of this Annual Report. See Item 18 “Financial Statements.”

Legal Proceedings

We may from time to time be subject to various legal or administrative proceedings, either as plaintiff or defendant, arising in the ordinary course of our business. As disclosed earlier, the company is having a pending lawsuit with a Henan corn dealer regarding corn supply contract. Except otherwise disclosed in this report, we are not currently a party to, nor are we aware of, any legal proceeding, investigation or claim that, in the view of our management, is likely to materially and adversely affect our business, financial position or results of operations.

Dividend Policy Relating to Public Shareholders

We have never declared or paid any dividends to the public shareholders of Origin. We do not have any present plan to pay any cash dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain all of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business.

Our board of directors by resolution may authorize payment of dividends if the directors are satisfied, on reasonable grounds, that Origin will, immediately after the distribution of dividends, (i) satisfy the solvency test as stipulated in Section 56 of the BVI Business Companies Act, (ii) any of our applicable contractual obligations, and (iii) the laws of China. Even if our board of directors decides to pay dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that the board of directors may deem relevant.

Significant changes.

We have not experienced any significant changes since the date of the audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

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ITEM 9 THE OFFER AND LISTING

A. Offering and listing details.

Origin’s ordinary shares are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market where they trade under the “SEED” ticker symbol.

B. Plan of distribution.

Not applicable.

C. Markets.

See Item 9.A above.

D. Selling shareholders.

Not applicable.

E. Dilution.

Not applicable.

F. Expense of the issue.

Not applicable.

ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

A. Share capital.

Not applicable.

B. Memorandum and articles of association.

We incorporate by reference into this Annual Report the description of our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association contained in our 20-F annual report, as amended, initially filed with the Commission on July 14, 2006.

C. Material contracts.

We have not entered into any material contracts other than in the ordinary course of business and other than those described in Item 4, “Information on the Company,” Item 7, “Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions,” filed (or incorporated by reference) as exhibits to this Annual Report or otherwise described or referenced in this Annual Report.

D. Exchange controls.

British Virgin Islands

There are no material exchange controls restrictions on payment of dividends, interest or other payments to the holders of our ordinary or preferred shares or on the conduct of our operations in the BVI, where we are incorporated. There are no material BVI laws that impose any material exchange controls on us or that affect the payment of dividends, interest or other payments to nonresident holders of our ordinary or preferred shares. BVI law and our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association impose no material limitations on the right of non-residents or foreign owners to hold or vote our ordinary or preferred shares.

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China

The State Administration for Foreign Exchange (SAFE)

The principal regulations governing foreign currency exchange in the PRC are the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations, as amended in August 2008, and the Administration Rules of the Settlement, Sale and Payment of Foreign Exchange. Under these regulations, the Renminbi is freely convertible for payments of current account items, such as trade and service related foreign exchange transactions and dividend payments, but not for expenses of capital, such as direct investment, loan or investment in securities, outside the PRC unless the prior approval of the SAFE is obtained and prior registration with the SAFE is made.

Under the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations, foreign-invested enterprises in the PRC may purchase or remit foreign exchange without the approval of the SAFE for trade and service related foreign exchange transactions by providing commercial documents evidencing these transactions. They may also retain foreign exchange (subject to a cap approved by the SAFE) to satisfy foreign exchange liabilities or to pay dividends. However, the relevant PRC government authorities, which have significant administrative discretion in implementing the laws, may restrict or eliminate the ability of foreign-invested enterprises to purchase and retain foreign currencies in the future. In addition, foreign exchange transactions involving direct investment, loan and investment in securities outside the PRC are subject to limitations and require approvals from the SAFE.

Under the Administration Rules for the Settlement, Sale and Payment of Foreign Exchange effective in 1996, foreign-invested enterprises may only buy, sell and/or remit foreign currencies at banks authorized to conduct foreign exchange business after providing valid supporting documents and, in the case of capital account item transactions, obtaining approval from the SAFE or its competent local counterpart.

Under the Foreign Investment Law, FIL, foreign investors may, according to applicable laws, freely remit into or out of the PRC, in Renminbi or any other foreign currency, their contributions, profits, capital gains, income from asset proposal, intellectual property royalties, lawfully acquired compensation, indemnity or liquidation income and so on within the territory of the PRC.

The SAFE promulgated the Circular on the Relevant Operating Issues Regarding Administration Improvement of Payment and Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or Circular 142, on August 29, 2008. Under Circular 142, registered capital of a foreign-invested enterprise settled in Renminbi converted from foreign currencies may only be used within the business scope approved by the applicable governmental authority and may not be used for equity investments in the PRC. In addition, foreign-invested enterprises may not change how they use such capital without the SAFE’s approval, and may not in any case use such capital to repay Renminbi loans if they have not used the proceeds of such loans.

The SAFE promulgated the Notice of the SAFE on Reforming the Administrative Approach Regarding the Settlement of the Foreign Exchange Capitals of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or Circular 19, on June 1, 2015, which superseded Circular 142. Under Circular 19, foreign-invested enterprises are allowed to settle 100% of their capital in foreign currencies in Renminbi on a discretionary basis. The Renminbi obtained by foreign-invested enterprises from the discretionary settlement of their capital in foreign currencies shall be managed under the accounts for foreign exchange settlement pending payment, and foreign-invested enterprises shall make various payments from such account for the following scope of use: expenditure within the business scope, payment for domestic equity investment and Renminbi deposits, transfers to the special centralized fund management account and the account for foreign exchange settlement pending payment under the same name, repayment of the Renminbi loans that have been fully used, repayment of external debts directly or by foreign exchange purchase and payment, external payment of funds to foreign investors due to capital reduction or divestment directly or by foreign exchange purchase and payment, external payment of current account expenditure directly or by foreign exchange purchase and payment, and other capital account expenditure registered by the relevant foreign exchange bureau (bank) or approved by the relevant foreign exchange bureau. Foreign-invested enterprises shall not use their capital and the Renminbi obtained from foreign exchange settlement for any of the following purposes: direct or indirect use for expenditure beyond its business scope or expenditure prohibited by PRC laws and regulations; directly or indirect use for investment in securities, unless otherwise prescribed by laws and regulations; directly or indirect use for granting entrusted loans (unless permitted under its business scope), repaying inter-company loans (including third party advances) and repaying Renminbi bank loans that have been transferred to a third party; or use for the expenses related to the purchase of real estate not for self-use, unless it is a foreign-invested real estate enterprise. Circular 19 may adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business in the PRC.

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The SAFE promulgated the Notice of the SAFE on Reforming and Standardizing the Administrative Provisions on Capital Account Foreign Exchange Settlement, or Circular 16, on June 9, 2016. Under Circular 16, onshore enterprises (including Chinese-funded enterprises and foreign-invested enterprises, excluding financial institutions) may all settle their external debts in foreign currencies according to the method of voluntary foreign exchange settlement. The banks shall, in handling each transaction of foreign exchange settlement for an onshore enterprise according to the principle of payment-based foreign exchange settlement, review the authenticity and compliance of the use by the domestic institution of the foreign exchange funds settled in the previous transaction (including voluntary settlement and payment-based settlement). The earnings and expenditures of the account for foreign exchange settlement pending payment are limited to certain scope. The use of foreign exchange earnings under capital account shall be within the enterprise’s business scope and in a truthful manner for proprietary purposes.

Regulations Relating to Foreign Exchange Registration of Offshore Investment by PRC Residents

Under Circular 75 issued on October 21, 2005, (i) a PRC resident, including a PRC resident natural person (e.g., a PRC citizen or a foreign citizen who resides primarily in China), shall register with the local branch of the SAFE before it establishes or controls an overseas special purpose vehicle for the purpose of overseas equity financing (including convertible debt financing); (ii) when a PRC resident contributes the assets of or its equity interests in a domestic enterprise to an overseas special purpose vehicle, or engages in overseas financing after contributing assets or equity interests to an overseas special purpose vehicle, such PRC resident shall register his or her interest in the overseas special purpose vehicle and the change thereof with the local SAFE branch; and (iii) when the overseas special purpose vehicle undergoes a material event outside of China, such as a change in share capital, or merger or acquisition, the PRC resident shall, within 30 days of the occurrence of such event, register such change with the local SAFE branch.

PRC residents who are shareholders of overseas special purpose vehicles established before November 1, 2005 were required to register with the local SAFE branch before March 31, 2006.

The SAFE promulgated Circular 37 on July 4, 2014, which superseded Circular 75. Circular 37 requires PRC residents to register with local branches of the SAFE in connection with their direct establishment or indirect control of an offshore entity, for the purpose of overseas investment and financing, with such PRC residents’ legally owned assets or equity interests in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests, referred to in Circular 37 as a “special purpose vehicle.” Circular 37 further requires amendment to the registration in the event of any significant changes with respect to the special purpose vehicle, such as increase or decrease of capital contributed by PRC individuals, share transfer or exchange, merger, division or other material event. According to Circular 13 issued by the SAFE on February 13, 2015, starting from June 1, 2015, all new such registrations required under Circular 37 (other than make-up registrations) will be handled by qualified banks instead of the local SAFE branches. The qualified banks, under the supervision of the SAFE, will directly review the applications and process the registration.

Under Circular 37, in the event that a PRC shareholder holding interests in a special purpose vehicle fails to fulfill the required SAFE registration, the PRC subsidiaries of that special purpose vehicle may be prohibited from making profit distributions to the offshore parent and from carrying out subsequent cross-border foreign exchange activities, and the special purpose vehicle may be restricted in its ability to contribute additional capital into its PRC subsidiary. Moreover, failure to comply with the various SAFE registration requirements described above could result in liability under PRC law for evasion of foreign exchange controls.

Regulations Relating to Employee Stock Option Plans

On December 25, 2006, the People’s Bank of China promulgated the Measures for the Administration of Individual Foreign Exchange, and on January 5, 2007, the SAFE further promulgated the implementation rules on those measures. Both became effective on February 1, 2007. According to the implementation rules, if individuals in the PRC participate in any employee stock ownership plan or stock option plan of an overseas-listed company, those individuals must apply as a group through the company or a domestic agency to the SAFE or the appropriate local branch for approval for any foreign exchange-related transactions concerning that plan.

On March 28, 2007, the SAFE promulgated the Stock Option Rule. Under the Stock Option Rule, PRC citizens who are granted stock options by an overseas-listed company are required, through a PRC agent or PRC subsidiary of such overseas-listed company, to register with the SAFE and complete certain other procedures.

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On February 15, 2012, the SAFE promulgated the New Stock Option Rule. Upon the effectiveness of the New Stock Option Rule on February 15, 2012, the 2007 Stock Option Rule became replaced, although the basic requirements and procedures provided under the Stock Option Rule are kept unchanged in the New Stock Option Rule, i.e., the domestic employees participating in stock incentive plan of an overseas-listed company shall appoint the PRC subsidiary of the overseas-listed company or a domestic qualified agent to make the registration of the stock incentive plan with the SAFE and handle all foreign exchange-related matters of the stock incentive plan through the special bank account approved by the SAFE. The New Stock Option Rule clarifies that the domestic subsidiary of an overseas-listed company shall include a limited liability company, partnership and the representative office directly or indirectly established by such overseas-listed company in China and the domestic employees shall include the directors, supervisors, the senior management and other employees of the domestic subsidiary, including the foreign employees of the domestic subsidiary who continuously reside in China for no less than one year.

Similar to the Stock Option Rule, the New Stock Option Rule requires that the annual allowance with respect to the purchase of foreign exchange in connection with stock holding or stock option exercises shall be subject to the approval of the SAFE. The New Stock Option Rule further requires that the material amendments of the stock incentive plan shall be filed with the SAFE within three months following the occurrence of the material amendments. The domestic agent shall also make a quarterly update to the SAFE to disclose the information with respect to the stock option exercises, the stock holding and foreign exchange matters. If the domestic employees or the domestic agent fails to comply with the requirements of the New Stock Option Rule, the SAFE may require various remedies and penalties that the SAFE deems appropriate.

In addition, the State Administration for Taxation, SAT, has issued circulars concerning employee share options. Under these circulars, individuals working in China who exercise share options will be subject to PRC individual income tax. We have obligations to file documents related to employee share options with relevant tax authorities and withhold the individual income taxes of employees who exercise their share options.

Regulations Relating to Dividend Distribution

The principal regulations governing distribution of dividends paid by wholly foreign owned enterprises and Sino-foreign equity joint ventures include:

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Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprise Law (1986), as amended;

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Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprise Law Implementing Rules (1990), as amended;

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Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law (1979), as amended;

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Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law Implementing Rules (1983), as amended; and

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PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its Implementation Rules (2007), amended in 2017 and 2018.

Under these regulations, foreign-invested enterprises in the PRC may pay dividends only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, foreign-invested enterprises in the PRC are required to set aside certain amounts out of their accumulated profits each year, if any, to fund certain reserve funds. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends.

Regulations Relating to Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors

In August 2006, six PRC regulatory agencies jointly adopted the M&A Rules, which became effective in September 2006 and were further amended in June 2009. The M&A Rules established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex. These rules require, among other things, that the MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor will take control of a PRC domestic enterprise or a foreign company with substantial PRC operations, if certain thresholds under the Provisions on Thresholds for Prior Notification of Concentrations of Undertakings issued by the State Council on August 3, 2008 are triggered.

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Under the FIL, where a foreign investor acquires any domestic enterprise in the PRC or participates in the concentration of business operators by other means (i.e., obtaining control over or decisive influence on other business operators by means of merger, acquisition of equity interests or assets, or contracts, etc., as defined in the PRC Anti-Monopoly Law), it is subject to review on concentration of business operators pursuant to the PRC Anti-Monopoly Law.

E. Taxation.

The following is a general summary of certain material British Virgin Islands and U.S. federal income tax considerations. The discussion is not intended to be, nor should it be construed as, legal or tax advice to any existing or prospective shareholder. The discussion is based on laws and relevant interpretations thereof in effect as of the date hereof, all of which are subject to change or different interpretations, possibly with retroactive effect. The discussion does not address United States state or local tax laws, or tax laws of jurisdictions other than the British Virgin Islands and the United States.

Taxation in British Virgin Islands Taxation

The British Virgin Islands, or BVI, does not impose a tax on dividends paid by us to holders of our ordinary or preferred shares, nor does the BVI levy any capital gains or income taxes on us.

A holder of our ordinary or preferred shares who is not a resident of the BVI is exempt from the BVI income tax on dividends paid with respect to the ordinary or preferred shares. Holders of ordinary or preferred shares are not subject to the BVI income tax on gains realized on the sale or disposition of the ordinary or preferred shares.

Our ordinary and preferred shares are not subject to transfer taxes, stamp duties or similar charges in the BVI. However, as a business company, we are required to pay the BVI government an annual license fee based on the number of shares we are authorized to issue.

There is no income tax treaty or convention currently in effect between the United States and the BVI.

Taxation in China

We are a holding company incorporated in the BVI, which indirectly holds our equity interests in our PRC operating subsidiaries. The EIT Law and its implementation rules, provide that a PRC enterprise is subject to a standard income tax rate of 25%, and China-sourced income of foreign enterprises, such as dividends paid by a PRC subsidiary to its overseas parent, will normally be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of 10%, unless there are applicable treaties between the overseas parent’s jurisdiction of incorporation and China to reduce such rate.

According to the Notice Regarding Interpretation and Recognition of Beneficial Owners under Tax Treaties, the term “beneficial owner” refers to a person who has the right to own and dispose of the income and the rights or properties generated from the said income. The “beneficial owner” may be an individual, a company or any other organization which is usually engaged in substantial business operations. A conduit company is not a “beneficial owner.” The term “conduit company” refers to a company which is usually established for purposes of dodging or reducing taxes, and transferring or accumulating profits. Such a company is only registered in the country of domicile to satisfy the organizational form as required by law, but it does not engage in such substantial business operations as manufacturing, distribution and management.

Under the EIT Law, an enterprise established outside of China with “de facto management bodies” within China is considered a resident enterprise and will normally be subject to an EIT of 25% on its global income. The implementing rules define the term “de facto management bodies” as “an establishment that exercises, in substance, overall management and control over the production, business, personnel, accounting, etc., of a Chinese enterprise.”

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It remains unclear whether the PRC tax authorities would require or permit our overseas registered entities to be treated as PRC resident enterprises. We do not currently consider our company to be a PRC resident enterprise. However, if the PRC tax authorities determine that we are a “resident enterprise” for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, a number of unfavorable PRC tax consequences could follow. First, we may be subject to the enterprise income tax at a rate of 25% on our worldwide taxable income as well as PRC enterprise income tax reporting obligations. In our case, this would mean that income such as interest on offering proceeds and non-China source income would be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at a rate of 25%. Second, although under the EIT Law and its implementing rules dividends paid to us from our PRC subsidiaries would qualify as “tax-exempt income,” we cannot guarantee that such dividends will not be subject to a 10% withholding tax, as the PRC foreign exchange control authorities, which enforce the withholding tax, have not yet issued guidance with respect to the processing of outbound remittances to entities that are treated as resident enterprises for PRC enterprise income tax purposes. Finally, it is possible that future guidance issued with respect to the new “resident enterprise” classification could result in a situation in which a 10% withholding tax is imposed on dividends we pay to our non-PRC shareholders and with respect to gains derived by our non-PRC shareholders from transferring our shares.

United States Federal Income Taxation

This discussion describes the material U.S. federal income tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares. This discussion does not address any aspect of U.S. federal gift or estate tax, or the state, local or foreign tax consequences of an investment in our ordinary shares. This discussion applies to you only if you hold and beneficially own our ordinary shares as capital assets for tax purposes. This discussion does not apply to you if you are a member of a class of holders subject to special rules, such as:

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dealers in securities or currencies;

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traders in securities that elect to use a mark-to-market method of accounting for securities holdings;

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banks or other financial institutions;

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insurance companies;

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tax-exempt organizations;

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partnerships and other entities treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes or persons holding ordinary shares through any such entities;

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persons that hold ordinary shares as part of a hedge, straddle, constructive sale, conversion transaction or other integrated investment;

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U.S. Holders (as defined below) whose functional currency for tax purposes is not the U.S. dollar;

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persons liable for alternative minimum tax; or

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persons who actually or constructively own 10% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of our shares (including ordinary shares) entitled to vote.

This discussion is based on the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to in this discussion as the Code, its legislative history, existing and proposed regulations promulgated there under, published rulings and court decisions, all as currently in effect. These laws are subject to change, possibly on a retroactive basis. In addition, this discussion relies on our assumptions regarding the value of our shares and the nature of our business over time.

You should consult your own tax advisor concerning the particular U.S. federal income tax consequences to you of the purchase, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares, as well as the consequences to you arising under the laws of any other taxing jurisdiction.

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For purposes of the U.S. federal income tax discussion below, you are a “U.S. Holder” if you beneficially own ordinary shares and are:

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a citizen or resident of the United States for U.S. federal income tax purposes;

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a corporation, or other entity taxable as a corporation, that was created or organized in or under the laws of the United States or any political subdivision thereof;

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an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income tax regardless of its source; or

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a trust if (a) a court within the United States is able to exercise primary supervision over its administration and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust, or (b) the trust has a valid election in effect to be treated as a U.S. person.

If you are not a U.S. person, please refer to the discussion below under “Non-U.S. Holders.”

For U.S. federal income tax purposes, income earned through a foreign or domestic partnership or other flow-through entity is attributed to its owners. Accordingly, if a partnership or other flow-through entity holds ordinary shares, the tax treatment of the holder will generally depend on the status of the partner or other owner and the activities of the partnership or other flow-through entity.

U.S. Holders

Dividends on ordinary shares

Subject to the “Passive Foreign Investment Company” discussion below, if we make distributions and you are a U.S. Holder, the gross amount of any distributions you receive on your ordinary shares will generally be treated as dividend income if the distributions are made from our current or accumulated earnings and profits, calculated according to U.S. federal income tax principles. Dividends will generally be subject to U.S. federal income tax as ordinary income on the day you actually or constructively receive such income. However, if you are an individual and have held your ordinary shares for a sufficient period of time, dividend distributions on our ordinary shares will generally constitute qualified dividend income taxed at a preferential rate as long as our ordinary shares continue to be readily tradable on the Nasdaq Capital Market and certain other conditions apply. You should consult your own tax adviser as to the rate of tax that will apply to you with respect to dividend distributions, if any, you receive from us.

We do not intend to calculate our earnings and profits according to U.S. tax accounting principles. Accordingly, distributions on our ordinary shares, if any, will generally be taxed to you as dividend distributions for U.S. tax purposes. Even if you are a corporation, you will not be entitled to claim a dividends-received deduction with respect to distributions you receive from us. Dividends generally will constitute foreign source passive income for U.S. foreign tax credit limitation purposes.

Sales and other dispositions of ordinary shares

Subject to the “Passive Foreign Investment Company” discussion below, when you sell or otherwise dispose of ordinary shares, you will generally recognize capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized on the sale or other disposition and your adjusted tax basis in the ordinary shares, both as determined in U.S. dollars. Your adjusted tax basis will generally equal the amount you paid for the ordinary shares. Any gain or loss you recognize will be long-term capital gain or loss if your holding period in our ordinary shares is more than one year at the time of disposition. If you are an individual, any such long-term capital gain will be taxed at preferential rates. Your ability to deduct capital losses will be subject to various limitations.

Passive Foreign Investment Company

If we were a PFIC, in any taxable year in which you hold our ordinary shares, as a U.S. Holder, you would generally be subject to adverse U.S. tax consequences, in the form of increased tax liabilities and special U.S. tax reporting requirements.

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We will be classified as a PFIC in any taxable year if either: (1) the average percentage value of our gross assets during the taxable year that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income is at least 50% of the value of our total gross assets, or (2) 75% or more of our gross income for the taxable year is passive income (such as certain dividends, interest or royalties). For purposes of the first test: (1) any cash, cash equivalents, and cash invested in short-term, interest-bearing debt instruments or bank deposits that is readily convertible into cash, will generally count as producing passive income or held for the production of passive income, and (2) the average value of our gross assets is calculated based on our market capitalization. We will be treated as owning our proportionate share of the assets and earning our proportionate share of the income of any other corporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, 25% or more (by value) of the stock.

We believe that we were not a PFIC for the taxable year 2023. However, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for that taxable year and/or later taxable years, as PFIC status is re-tested each year and depends on the facts in such year. For example, we would be a PFIC for the taxable year 2023 if the sum of our average market capitalization, which is our share price multiplied by the total number of our outstanding shares, and our liabilities over that taxable year was not more than twice the value of our cash, cash equivalents, and other assets producing passive income or held for production of passive income. We could also be a PFIC for any taxable year if the gross income that we and our subsidiaries earn from passive investments is substantial in comparison with the gross income from our business operations.

If we were a PFIC, you would generally be subject to additional taxes and interest charges on certain “excess distributions” we make and on any gain realized on the disposition or deemed disposition of your ordinary shares, regardless of whether we continue to be a PFIC in the year in which you receive an “excess distribution” or dispose of or are deemed to dispose of your ordinary shares. Distributions in respect of your ordinary shares during a taxable year would generally constitute “excess distributions” if, in the aggregate, they exceed 125% of the average amount of distributions in respect of your ordinary shares over the three preceding taxable years or, if shorter, the portion of your holding period before such taxable year.

To compute the tax on “excess distributions” or any gain, (1) the “excess distribution” or the gain would be allocated ratably to each day in your holding period, (2) the amount allocated to the current year and any tax year before we became a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income in the current year, (3) the amount allocated to other taxable years would be taxable at the highest applicable marginal rate in effect for that year, and (4) an interest charge at the rate for underpayment of taxes for any period described under (3) above would be imposed with respect to any portion of the “excess distribution” or gain that is allocated to such period. In addition, if we were a PFIC, no distribution that you receive from us would qualify for taxation at the preferential rate discussed in the “Dividends on ordinary shares” section above.

If we were a PFIC in any year, and if you are a U.S. Holder, you would be required to make an annual return on IRS Form 8621 regarding your ordinary shares. However, we do not intend to generate, or share with you, information that you might need to properly complete IRS Form 8621. You should consult with your own tax adviser regarding reporting requirements with regard to your ordinary shares.

If we were a PFIC in any year, you would generally be able to avoid the “excess distribution” rules described above by making a timely so-called “mark-to-market” election with respect to your ordinary shares provided our ordinary shares are “marketable.” Our ordinary shares will be “marketable” as long as they remain regularly traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market. If you made this election in a timely fashion, you would generally recognize as ordinary income or ordinary loss the difference between the fair market value of your ordinary shares on the first day of any taxable year and their value on the last day of that taxable year. Any ordinary income resulting from this election would generally be taxed as ordinary income rates and would not be eligible for the reduced rate of tax applicable to qualified dividend income. Any ordinary losses would be limited to the extent of the net amount of previously included income as a result of the mark-to-market election, if any. Your basis in the ordinary shares would be adjusted to reflect any such income or loss. You should consult with your own tax adviser regarding potential advantages and disadvantages to you of making a “mark-to-market” election with respect to your ordinary shares. Separately, if we were a PFIC in any year, you would be able to avoid the “excess distribution” rules by making a timely election to treat us as a so-called “Qualified Electing Fund”, or QEF. You would then generally be required to include in gross income for any taxable year (1) as ordinary income, your pro rata share of our ordinary earnings for the taxable year, and (2) as long-term capital gain, your pro rata share of our net capital gain for the taxable year. However, we do not intend to provide you with the information you would need to make or maintain a QEF election and you will, therefore, not be able to make or maintain such an election with respect to your ordinary shares.

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Non-U.S. Holders

If you beneficially own ordinary shares and are not a U.S. Holder for U.S. federal income tax purposes, or a Non-U.S. Holder, you generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax or withholding on dividends received from us with respect to ordinary shares unless that income is considered effectively connected with your conduct of a U.S. trade or business and, if an applicable income tax treaty so requires, as a condition for you to be subject to U.S. federal income tax with respect to income from your ordinary shares, such dividends are attributable to a permanent establishment that you maintain in the United States. You generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax, including withholding, on any gain realized upon the sale or exchange of ordinary shares, unless:

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that gain is effectively connected with the conduct of a U.S. trade or business and, if an applicable income tax treaty so requires as a condition for you to be subject to U.S. federal income tax with respect to income from your ordinary shares, such gain is attributable to a permanent establishment that you maintain in the United States; or

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you are a nonresident alien individual and are present in the United States for at least 183 days in the taxable year of the sale or other disposition and either (1) your gain is attributable to an office or other fixed place of business that you maintain in the United States or (2) you have a tax home in the United States.

If you are engaged in a U.S. trade or business, unless an applicable tax treaty provides otherwise, the income from your ordinary shares, including dividends and the gain from the disposition of ordinary shares, that is effectively connected with the conduct of that trade or business will generally be subject to the rules applicable to U.S. Holders discussed above. In addition, if you are a corporation, you may be subject to an additional branch profits tax at a rate of 30% or any lower rate under an applicable tax treaty.

U.S. information reporting and backup withholding rules

In general, dividend payments with respect to the ordinary shares and the proceeds received on the sale or other disposition of those ordinary shares may be subject to information reporting to the IRS and to backup withholding (currently imposed at a rate of 24%). Backup withholding will not apply, however, if you (1) are a corporation or come within certain other exempt categories and, when required, can demonstrate that fact, or (2) provide a taxpayer identification number, to certify as to no loss of exemption from backup withholding and otherwise comply with the applicable backup withholding rules. To establish your status as an exempt person, you will generally be required to provide certification on the appropriate IRS Form. Any amounts withheld from payments to you under the backup withholding rules will be allowed as a refund or a credit against your U.S. federal income tax liability, provided that you furnish the required information to the IRS.

HOLDERS OF OUR ORDINARY SHARES SHOULD CONSULT WITH THEIR OWN TAX ADVISORS REGARDING THE APPLICATION OF THE U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX LAWS TO THEIR PARTICULAR SITUATIONS AS WELL AS ANY TAX CONSEQUENCES RESULTING FROM PURCHASING, HOLDING OR DISPOSING OF THE ORDINARY SHARES, INCLUDING THE APPLICABILITY AND EFFECT OF THE TAX LAWS OF ANY STATE, LOCAL OR FOREIGN JURISDICTION AND INCLUDING ESTATE, GIFT, AND INHERITANCE LAWS.

F. Dividends and paying agents.

Not applicable.

G. Statement by experts.

Not applicable.

H. Documents on display.

We have filed this Annual Report on Form 20-F with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. Statements made in this Annual Report as to the contents of any document referred to are not necessarily complete. With respect to each such document filed as an exhibit to this Annual Report, reference is made to the exhibit for a more complete description of the matter involved, and each such statement shall be deemed qualified in its entirety by such reference.

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We are subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act as a foreign private issuer and file reports and other information with the SEC. Reports and other information filed by us with the SEC, including this Annual Report on Form 20-F, may be inspected and copied at prescribed rates at the public reference room of the SEC at the Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. Additionally, copies of this material may be obtained from the SEC’s Internet site at http://www.sec.gov.

I. Subsidiaries information.

See Item 4. “Information on the Company, Subpart C – Organizational Structure.”

ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Interest rate risk

Our exposure to market rate risk for changes in interest rates also relates to the interest income generated by excess cash invested in short term money market accounts and certificates of deposit. We have not used derivative financial instruments in our investment portfolio. Interest earning instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk. We have not been exposed nor do we anticipate being exposed to material risks due to changes in interest rates. However, our future interest income may fall short of expectations due to changes in interest rates.

Foreign currency risk

All our revenues and expenses are denominated in Renminbi and a substantial portion of our cash is kept in Renminbi. Only a small portion of our cash is kept in U.S. dollars. Although we believe that, in general, our exposure to foreign exchange risks should be limited, the value of our shares may be affected by the foreign exchange rate between U.S. dollars and Renminbi. For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars into Renminbi for our operational needs and the Renminbi appreciates against the U.S. dollar at that time, our financial position may be adversely affected. Conversely, if we decide to convert our Renminbi into U.S. dollars for corporate purposes and the U.S. dollar appreciates against the Renminbi, the U.S. dollar equivalent will increase our expenses.

We have recorded RMB0.78 million (US$0.11 million) of foreign exchange loss in our net loss for the twelve months ended September 30, 2023, due to fluctuations in the currency exchange rate. The PRC government may further readjust the current rate at which Renminbi - U.S. dollar exchanges are exchanged, as well as re-evaluate its policy of using a fixed-rate regime to a basket of currencies govern foreign currency transactions, although the PRC government has not committed itself to take any such action currently. Since we have not engaged in any hedging activities, we may experience economic loss as a result of any foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations.

Inflation

The inflation rate in China averaged 1.93 % from 2015 to the end of 2022. In October 2023, the inflation rate was -0.1%. The producer price index was -3.7% in October 2023 over the year before, according to China’s National Bureau of Statistics. The Company expects inflation to affect food prices as the producer price increase pushes through to consumer prices, causing an increase. According to the China Statistical Bureau, China’s overall national inflation rate, as represented by the general consumer price index, was approximately 2.4%, 1.07% and 2.8% in the fiscal years ended September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively. Sustained or increased inflation in China could have an adverse impact on China’s economy, which could affect our operational costs and demand for our products and services. As we have not previously operated during a period of significant inflation, we cannot predict with confidence the effect that such inflation may have on our business.

ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES

Not Applicable.

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PART II

ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES

Not Applicable.

ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS

The rights of securities holders have not been materially changed during the period covered by this Annual Report.

ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

(a) Disclosure Controls and Procedures: As of September 30, 2023 (the “Evaluation Date”), the Company conducted an evaluation (under the supervision and participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, which positions are filled by the same person, pursuant to Rule 13a-15 promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures. We concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2023 were ineffective as management has identified a material weaknesses which is detailed in the accompanying Item 15(b), Report of Origin’s Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.

(b) Report of Origin’s Management on Internal Control over Financial Reporting: Origin’s Board of Directors and management are responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The Company’s internal control system is designed to provide reasonable assurance to the Company’s management and Board of Directors regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation and fair presentation of its published consolidated financial statements.

All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective may not provide or detect mis-statements and can only provide reasonable assurances with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Origin’s management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of September 30, 2023. In making this assessment, it used the criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on the evaluation under these criteria, the management identified a material weakness in the Company’s internal control over financial statement closing process, and as a result, management concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of September 30, 2023.

Management is aware of the following material weakness in internal control over financial reporting:

(a) the lack of sufficient qualified financial reporting and accounting personnel with an appropriate level of expertise to properly address complex accounting issues under U.S. GAAP, and to prepare and review our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures to fulfill U.S. GAAP and Securities and Exchange Commission financial reporting requirements on a timely basis,

(b) the lack of a sufficient number of personnel to effectively have a separation of duties,

(c) the lack of a sufficient number of personnel to be able to timely gather financial and other information and prepare required reports; and

(d) the fact that the positions of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer are filled by the same person.

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Management has plans to address these identified issues by recruiting someone to fill the CFO position and seeking to expand its accounting staff to address the issues related to internal controls over financial reporting, however filling these positions is difficult. Currently, there is a lack of qualified persons available, and the employment situation due to the Covid-19 Pandemic response of the PRC government has made staffing difficult. The existing controls and procedures will continue to be reviewed and additional steps will be taken to improve the efficiencies of the reviewed controls and procedures. There is no assurance, however, that the Company will have a full complement of accounting personnel to provide for a complete level of risk management for a public company given the restrictions on capital and the smaller size of the Company operations. Management will monitor its controls and procedures periodically to evaluate this situation and report to the registered public accounting firm to the Company about this condition.

This annual report does not include an attestation report of the company’s registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by the Company’s registered public accounting firm.

ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT.

The board of directors believes that Ms. Fei Wang, a member of our Audit Committee, meets the criteria for an “audit committee financial expert” as established by the SEC, and she is an independent director.

Ms. Wang will not be deemed an “expert” for any purpose, including, without limitation, for purposes of Section 11 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, as a result of being designated or identified as an audit committee financial expert. The designation or identification of Ms. Wang as an audit committee financial expert does not impose on her any duties, obligations or liability that are greater than the duties, obligations and liability imposed on her as a member of our Audit Committee and board of directors in the absence of such designation or identification. The designation or identification of Ms. Wang as an audit committee financial expert does not affect the duties, obligations or liability of any other member of our Audit Committee or board of directors, and Ms. Wang is determined to be independent director.

ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS.

On January 18, 2007, our board of directors adopted a code of ethics for senior executive and financial officers, including our chief executive officer and our principal financial officer (i) to promote the honest and ethical conduct of our senior executive and financial officers, including the ethical handling of actual or apparent conflicts of interest between personal and professional relationships, (ii) to promote full, fair, accurate, timely and understandable disclosure in periodic reports required to be filed with or submitted to the SEC and in other public communications by us; (iii) to promote compliance with all applicable laws, rules and regulations that apply to us and our senior executive and financial officers; (iv) to deter wrongdoing; and (v) to promote prompt internal reporting of breaches of, and accountability for adherence to, this code. A copy of the code of ethics is filed as an exhibit to this Annual Report by incorporation by reference.

On January 18, 2007, our board of directors also adopted a code of conduct for our employees, including directors and officers. The purpose of this code of conduct is to provide a summary of certain of our key policies and procedures and to help ensure lawful and ethical conduct. A copy of the code of conduct is filed as an exhibit to this Annual Report by incorporation by reference.

ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES.

(a) Audit Fees.

The aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered by BF Borgers CPA PC in connection with the audit of the consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, were US$200,000, and for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, were $200,000.

(b) Audit - Related Fees.

The aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered by BF Borgers CPA PC for the performance of agreed upon procedures on the quarterly financial statements during the year ended September 30, 2022 and 2023 were US$20,000 and US$$20,000, respectively.

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(c) Tax Fees.

We did not enter into any engagement during the fiscal years ended September 30, 2022 or 2022 for professional services rendered by our principal accountant for tax compliance, tax advice or tax planning.

(d) All Other Fees.

No fees were billed in either of the last two fiscal years for products and services provided by our principal accountant, other than the services reported in paragraphs (a) through (b) of this Item 16C for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2022 and 2023.

(e) Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures.

Our Audit Committee pre-approves all auditing services and permitted non-audit services to be performed for us by our independent auditor, including the fees and terms thereof (subject to the de minimums exceptions for non-audit services described in Section 10A(i)(l)(B) of the Exchange Act that are approved by our Audit Committee prior to the completion of the audit).

(f) Not applicable.

ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES.

We have been granted an exemption from the applicable listing standards for the Audit Committee of our board of directors available to foreign private issuers. See Item 6, Subpart C – Summary of Significant Differences in Corporate Governance Procedures for an explanation of the exemptions from the listing standards of The Nasdaq Stock Market listing standards that apply to the company as a foreign private issuer.

ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS.

None.

ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT.

On January 3, 2020, the Audit Committee and the Board of Directors of Origin Agritech Limited (the “Company”) decided to engage BF Borgers CPA PC (“Borgers”) to replace the then independent certified public accounts of the Company, BDO China Shu Lun Pan Certified Public Accountants (“BDO”). The effective date of the end of the BDO engagement was January 2, 2020, and the commencement date of the Borgers engagement was January 3, 2020.

ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE.

As a foreign private issuer (“FPI”) whose securities are listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market, we are permitted to follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of the requirements of the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules pursuant to Rule 5615, which provides for an exemption from compliance with the Rule 5600 Series. We have provided to Nasdaq the necessary documentation to afford the Company these exemptions. See Item 6, Subpart C – Summary of Significant Differences in Corporate Governance Procedures for purposes of Rule 5615 of the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules.

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PART III

ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

We have provided financial statements pursuant to Item 18.

ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following financial statements are filed as part of this annual report on Form 20-F.

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ITEM 19. EXHIBITS

Index to Exhibits

Exhibit
Number		Description
1.1		Memorandum and Articles of Association of Origin Agritech Limited re-registered under the new Business Companies Act of the British Virgin Islands as of July 10, 2006 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 of our Annual Report 20-F (file no. 000-51576) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 14, 2006.

4.1		2005 Performance Equity Plan (Incorporated by reference to Annex D of the proxy statement/prospectus included in our Registration Statement S-4/A (file no. 333-124709) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 27, 2005).

4.2		2009 Performance Equity Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of our Registration Statement on Form S-8 (file no. 333-166226) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 22, 2010).

4.3		2021 Performance Equity Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of our Registration Statement on Form S-8 (file no. 333-256186) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 17, 2021).

4.4		Technical Service Agreement between Origin Biotechnology and Beijing Origin (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 of our Registration Statement S-4/A (file no. 333-124709) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 22, 2005).

4.5		Technical Service Agreement between Origin Biotechnology and Henan Origin (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 of our Registration Statement S-4/A (file no. 333-124709) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 22, 2005).

4.6		Form of Stock Consignment Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 of our Registration Statement S-4/A (file no. 333-124709) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 22, 2005).

4.7		Technology Transfer Agreement between Henan Agriculture University and Beijing Origin (YuYu22) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 of our Registration Statement S-4/A (file no. 333-124709) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 22, 2005).

4.8		Joint Development Agreement with Corn Research Institute of Li County (1st Agreement) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 of our Registration Statement S-4/A (file no. 333-124709) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 22, 2005).

4.9		Joint Development Agreement with Corn Research Institute of Li County (2nd Agreement) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 of our Registration Statement S-4/A (file no. 333-124709) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 16, 2005).

4.10		Equity Transfer Agreement between Beijing Origin and Jilin Academy of Agriculture Science dated as of December 6, 2005 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.17 of our Annual Report 20-F (file no. 000-51576) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 14, 2006).

4.11		Equity Transfer Agreement between Beijing Origin and China National Center for Biotechnology Development dated as of December 28, 2004 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.18 of our Annual Report 20-F (file no. 000-51576) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 14, 2006)

4.12		New Corn Seed Liyu 35 Joint Development Agreement between Beijing Origin and Shijiazhuang Liyu Technology Development Co., Ltd. dated as of March 30, 2006 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.20 of our Annual Report 20-F (file no. 000-51576) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 14, 2006).

4.13		Joint Development Agreement between Beijing Origin and Corn Research Institute of Li County dated January 31, 2002 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.21 of our Annual Report 20-F (file no. 000-51576) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 14, 2006).

4.14		Joint Development Agreement between Beijing Origin and Corn Research Institute of Li County dated January 9, 2003 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.22 of our Annual Report 20-F (file no. 000-51576) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 14, 2006).

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4.15		2014 Performance Equity Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.16 of our Annual Report 20-F (file no. 000-51576) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 12, 2015).

4.16		Investment Agreement between the Registrant and Longhan Investment Management, Co., Ltd. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.15 of our Annual Report 20-F (file no. 000-51576) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 3, 2019).

4.17*		Description of ordinary shares, as of December 2023.

4.18*		Modification to Warrant dated December 20, 2023 to Warrant issued January 4, 2019

8.1*		List of Subsidiaries

11.1		Code of Ethics (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 11.1 of our Annual Report 20-F (file no. 000-51576) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 15, 2007).

11.2		Code of Conduct (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 11.2 of our Annual Report 20-F (file no. 000-51576) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 15, 2007).

12.1*		CEO Certification Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) (17 CFR 240.13a-14(a)) (17 CFR 240.13a-14(a)) or Rule 15d-1(a) (17 CFR 240.15d-14(a))

12.2*		CFO Certification Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) (17 CFR 240.13a-14(a)) or Rule 15d-1(a) (17 CFR 240.15d-14(a))

13.1*		CEO Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

13.2*		CFO Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

15.1*		Consent of B F Borgers CPA PC to the incorporation of its report on the Registrant’s consolidated financial statements for fiscal years ended September 30, 2022 and 2023 into Registrant’s Registration Statements on Form S-8 (#333-202947, #333-166226, #333-145865 and 33-256186) and Form F-3 (333-253866).

101.INS*		XBRL Instance Document.

101.SCH*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.

101.CAL*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.

101.DEF*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.

101.LAB*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.

101.PRE*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

104*		Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

*Filed herewith.

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SIGNATURE

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this Annual Report on its behalf.

Date: February 15, 2024	ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

	/S/ Gengchen Han
	Name:	Gengchen Han
	Title:	Chief Executive Officer

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ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


CONTENTS		PAGE
REPORTS OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRMS (PCAOB ID: 5041)		F-2

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS AS OF September 30, 2022 and 2023		F-4

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEARS ENDED September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023		F-5

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY FOR THE YEARS ENDED September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023		F-6

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS FOR THE YEARS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2021, 2022 AND 2023		F-7

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS		F-9

F-1

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Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the shareholders and the board of directors of Origin Agritech Limited

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Origin Agritech Limited (the “Company”) as of September 30, 2022 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss), equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended September 30, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of September 30, 2022 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended September 30, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.

Going concern uncertainty

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 2 to the financial statements, the Company incurred recurring losses from operations, has net current liabilities and an accumulated deficit that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 2. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Emphasis of Matters

The Company has significant transactions and account balances with related parties, including entities controlled by the close family members of the Company’s Chairman, which are described in Note 3 to the financial statements. Transactions involving related parties cannot be presumed to be carried out on an arm’s length basis, as the requisite conditions of competitive, free market dealings may not exist.

F-2

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Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Revenue recognition in relation to fraud

As described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, management applies FASB Topic 606, Revenue from Contacts with Customers (“ASC 606”) to recognize revenue. Management recognizes revenue upon transfer of control of promised products to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for those products. The Company’s revenue, inclusive of related party revenue, can be most simply divided into Government Subsidies revenues and Seed sale revenues.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures over the full completion of revenue contracts and subsequent payment collections is a critical audit matter. This in turn led to significant effort in performing our audit procedures which were designed to evaluate whether the contractual terms, the timing of revenue recognition and the subsequent collections were appropriately identified and accounted for by management under ASC 606.

Our audit procedures included, among others, understanding of controls relating to management’s revenue recognition process, examining transaction related documents, confirming revenues and outstanding receivables at the balance sheet date with a sample of the customers, and testing collections subsequent to the balance sheet date.


/s/ B F Borgers CPA PC

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2020.

Lakewood, Colorado

February 15, 2024

PCAOB ID Number 5041

F-3

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ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except number of share and per share data)


	September 30,
	2022	2023	2023
	RMB’000	RMB’000	US$’000
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	17,669	23,708	3,302
Accounts receivable, net	619	839	117
Due from related parties, net of bad debt allowance (note 3)	28,127	20,382	2,839
Advances to suppliers (note 5)	20,022	71,617	9,975
Inventories (note 6)	2,106	13,039	1,816
Other current assets (note 7)	12,997	12,197	1,699
Total current assets	81,540	141,782	19,748
Land use rights, net (note 9)	1,792	3,258	454
Plant and equipment, net (note 10)	46,389	21,102	2,939
Long-term investment (note 11)	1,690	66,648	9,283
Acquired intangible assets, net (note 12)	2,989	—	—
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net	1,555	821	114
Other assets (note 13)	—	4,895	682
Total assets (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs without recourse to the Company of RMB52,894 and RMB220,777 as of September 30, 2022 and 2023 respectively)	135,955	238,506	33,220
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Borrowings (note 14)	137,660	—	—
Accounts payable	10,161	4,936	687
Due to growers	404	404	56
Due to related parties (note 3)	18,629	174,484	24,302
Advances from customers	60,551	114,806	15,990
Income tax payable	773	773	108
Lease Liability - current	119	113	16
Other payables and accrued expenses (note 15)	64,568	17,945	2,501
Total current liabilities	292,865	313,461	43,660
Lease Liability - noncurrent	1,501	128	18
Other long-term liability	14,231	6,177	860
Total liabilities (including amounts of the consolidated VIEs without recourse to the Company of RMB276,371 and RMB91,261 as of September 30, 2021 and 2022, respectively)	308,597	319,766	44,538

Commitments and contingencies (note 23)
Shareholders’ equity (deficit):
Preferred stock(no par value; 1,000,000 shares authorized, none issued)	—	—	—
Common stock (no par value; 60,000,000 shares authorized, 6,011,127 and 6,341,630 shares issued as of September 30, 2023 and 2022; 5,990,604 and 6,321,107 shares outstanding as of September 30, 2023 and 2022 respectively)*	—	—	—
Additional paid-in capital	551,933	573,289	79,847
Accumulated deficit	(656,898)	(601,566)	(83,786)
Treasury stock at cost 20,523 and 20,523 shares as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively)* (note 18)	(6,133)	(6,133)	(854)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(22,774)	(22,988)	(3,202)
Total Origin Agritech Limited shareholders’ equity (deficit)	(133,872)	(57,398)	(7,995)
Non-controlling interests	(38,770)	(23,862)	(3,323)
Total equity (deficit)	(172,642)	(81,260)	(11,318)

Total liabilities and deficit	135,955	232,506	33,220

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-4

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ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (LOSS) AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(In thousands, except number of share and per share data)


	Year ended September 30,
	2021	2022	2023	2023
	RMB'000	RMB'000	RMB'000	US$'000
Revenues	46,425	52,580	93,307	12,996
Cost of revenues	(33,611)	(36,386)	(76,060)	(10,594)
Gross profit	12,814	16,194	17,247	2,402
Operating expenses
Selling and marketing	(5,564)	(7,335)	(8,359)	(1,164)
General and administrative	(73,315)	(14,321)	(14,228)	(1,982)
Research and development	(1,979)	(7,434)	(7,447)	(1,037)
Impairment of assets	(69,870)	—	(2,204)	(307)
Total operating expenses, net	(150,728)	(29,090)	(32,238)	(4,490)

Loss from operations	(137,914)	(12,896)	(14,991)	(2,088)
Interest expense, net	(8,558)	(8,228)	(982)	(137)
Impairment of long-term investment	(5,958)	(2,906)	(1,490)	(208)
Rental income	10,603	10,603	10,603	1,477
Other non-operating income (expense),net	14,924	15,738	69,691	9,707
Income (loss) before income taxes	(126,903)	2,311	62,831	8,751

Income tax (expense) benefits (note 20)	(178)	14	(162)	(23)
Net Income (loss)	(127,081)	2,325	62,669	8,728
Less: Net (loss) income attributable to non-controlling interests	(35,552)	8,590	7,337	1,022

Net loss attributable to Origin Agritech Limited	(91,529)	(6,265)	55,332	7,706
Other comprehensive loss
Net Income (loss)	(127,081)	2,325	62,669	8,728
Foreign currency translation difference	(816)	447	(214)	(30)
Comprehensive Income (loss)	(127,897)	2,772	62,455	8,698
Less: Comprehensive income (loss) income attributable to non-controlling interests	(35,552)	8,590	7,337	1,022
Comprehensive loss attributable to Origin Agritech Limited	(92,345)	(5,818)	55,118	7,676

Basic and diluted net income(loss) per share attributable to Origin Agritech Limited (note 21)
Basic	(16.29)	(1.09)	8.45	1.18
Diluted	(16.29)	(1.09)	8.43	1.17
Shares used in computing earnings per share:
Basic	5,617,424	5,773,094	6,546,153	6,546,153
Diluted	5,617,424	5,773,094	6,562,278	6,562,278

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY

(In thousands, except number of share and per share data)


	Equity attributable to Origin Agritech Limited
					Accumulated
			Additional	Accumulated	Other		Non-
	Common stock		Paid-in	Deficit	Comprehensive	Treasury	controlling	Total
	Shares*	Amount	Capital	Unrestricted	Loss	Stock	Interests	Equity
		RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB	RMB
Balance as of September 30, 2020	5,431,724	—	514,675	(559,104)	(22,405)	(10,356)	(8,272)	(85,462)

Net loss for the year	—	—	—	(91,529)	—	—	(35,552)	(127,081)
Exercise of share option	21,930	—	745	—	—	—	—	745
Share-based compensation expense	—	—	6,729	—	—	4,223	—	10,952
Business disposal	—	—	—	—	—	—	(1,102)	(1,102)
Issuance of common shares	319,440	—	17,166	—	—	—	—	17,166
Translation adjustments	—	—	—	—	(816)	—	—	(816)
Balance as of September 30, 2021	5,773,094	—	539,315	(650,633)	(23,221)	(6,133)	(44,926)	(185,598)

Net loss for the year	—	—	—	(6,265)	—	—	8,590	2,325
Exercise of share option	16,510	—	566	—	—	—	—	566
Share-based compensation expense	—	—	1,038	—	—	—	—	1,038
Business disposal	—	—	—	—	—	—	(2,434)	(2,434)
Issuance of common shares	201,000	—	11,014	—	—	—	—	11,014
Translation adjustments	—	—	—	447	—	—	—	447
Balance as of September 30, 2022	5,990,604	—	551,933	(656,898)	(22,774)	(6,133)	(38,770)	(172,642)

Net loss for the year	—	—	—	55,332	—	—	7,337	62,669
Capital contribution							10,475	10,475
Exercise of share option	10,503	—	599	—	—	—	—	599
Share-based compensation expense			1,163			—		1,163
Commitment shares related to notes payable and Equity Purchase Agreement								—
Business disposal		—	—	—	—	—	(2,704)	(2,704)
Dividend							(200)	(200)
Issuance of common shares	320,000	—	19,594	—	—	—	—	19,594
Translation adjustments	—	—	—		(214)	—	—	(214)
Balance as of September 30, 2023	6,321,107	—	573,289	(601,566)	(22,988)	(6,133)	(23,862)	(81,260)

In US$ @ 7.1798	—	—	79,847	(83,786)	(3,202)	(854)	(3,323)	(11,318)

* Retrospectively restated for effect of reverse stock split

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)


	Year ended September 30,
	2021	2022	2023	2023
	RMB	RMB	RMB	USD
Operating activities:
Net loss	(127,081)	2,325	62,669	8,728
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	8,279	3,901	4,031	561
Loss/(gain) on disposal of plant and equipment	(3,642)	212	373	52
Gain on disposal of land use right	(6,426)	—	—	—
Loss on termination of business disposal	(106)	—	—	—
Gain on disposal of lease assets	—	—	(651)	(91)
Loss on disposal of subsidiaries and assets	—	—	(69,529)	(9,684)
Allowance for doubtful account	401	—	—	—
Allowance for due from related parties	3,789	—	500	70
Allowance for due from related party-noncurrent	40,540	—	—	—
Recovery on receivables	(189)	—	(10)	(1)
Recovery on Due from related parties	—	(2,131)	—	—
Impairment on intangible assets	87	—	2,204	307
Impairment on long-term equity investment	5,957	2,906	1,490	208
Impairment on land use rights	7,600	—	—	—
Impairment on plant and equipment	60,652	—	—	—
Inventory write off	7,976	—	—	—
Interest expense relief	—	—	(20,361)	(2,836)
Share-based compensation expense	10,952	1,038	1,163	162
Accounts receivable	3,040	(359)	1,654	230
Due from related parties	(10,663)	3,183	4,842	674
Advances to suppliers	(4,616)	(14,223)	(51,458)	(7,167)
Inventories	1,414	2,072	(10,933)	(1,523)
Other current assets	(2,178)	(8,929)	(17,476)	(2,434)
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net	—	—	(350)	(49)
Other assets	14	83	—	—
Accounts payable	(427)	991	2,193	305
Due to growers	—	(6,269)	—	—
Due to related parties	1,588	(2,388)	18,856	2,626
Advances from customers	(18,847)	14,797	50,048	6,971
Income tax payable	(28)	(135)	—	—
Lease liabilities	(119)	(1,491)	241	34
Other long-term liabilities	(7,357)	(1,486)	(2,270)	(316)
Other payables and accrued expenses	4,313	9,194	17,318	2,414
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	(25,077)	3,291	(5,456)	(759)

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ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)


	Year Ended September 30,
	2021	2022	2023	2023
	RMB	RMB	RMB	USD

Investing activities:
Proceeds from disposal of plant and equipment and land use right	(1,000)	—	—	—
Proceeds from other investment	—	1,520	1,000	139
Purchase of plant and equipment	(715)	(622)	(8,912)	(1,241)
Purchase of land use rights			(3,297)	(459)
Due from related party-noncurrent	1,706	—	—	—
Purchase of other investment	(1,200)	(2,000)	—	—
Cash from termination of second closing of disposal of commercial seed business (note 4)	—	—	(15)	(2)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	(1,209)	(1,102)	(11,224)	(1,563)

Financing activities:
Proceeds from long-term borrowings	—	—	—	—
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	472	340	226	31
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	17,166	11,014	19,594	2,729
Proceeds from due to related parties	2,200	—	—	—
Repayment of due to related parties	—	(9,252)	(1,587)	(221)
Dividends paid to minority shareholders	—	(2,434)	(200)	(28)
Proceeds from capital contribution	—	—	4,900	682
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	19,838	(332)	22,933	3,193
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents	(6,448)	1,857	6,253	871
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year	22,482	15,351	17,669	2,461
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	(816)	447	(214)	(30)
Restricted cash	133	14	—	—
Cash and cash equivalents, end of the year	15,351	17,669	23,708	3,302

Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
NCI capital contribution	—	—	5,575	776
Income taxes paid	—	—	—	—
Interest paid, net of interest capitalized	—	—	—	—

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023

(In thousands, except number of share, per share data and unless otherwise stated)

1. ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES

Origin Agritech Limited (“Agritech”), incorporated under the laws of the British Virgin Islands, and its subsidiaries and variable interest entities are referred to in this report as “we”, “us”, “our”, or “the Company”. We are principally engaged in hybrid crop seed development, production and distribution business.

As of September 30, 2023, the Company’s subsidiaries and variable interest entities included in continuing operations consisted of the following:


	Date of	Place of	Percentage
	Incorporation	Incorporation	of		Principal
Name	or Establishment	or Establishment	Ownership		Activity
Subsidiaries:
State Harvest Holdings Limited(“State Harvest”)	October 6, 2004	British Virgin Islands	100	%	Investment Holding

OAL SMY Limited	July 28, 2021	USA	100	%	Investment Holding

Beijing Origin State Harvest Biotechnology Limited (“BioTech”)	December 1, 2004	People’s Republic of China (“PRC”)	100	%	Hybrid seed technology development

Variable interest entity:
Hainan Aoyu Biotechnology Limited(Hainan Aoyu)	March 2, 2022	PRC	100	%	Hybrid crop seed development, production and distribution

Subsidiaries held by Hainan Aoyu:

Xinjiang Originbo Seed Company Limited (note ) (“Xinjiang Originbo”)	July 13, 2011	PRC	70.52	%	Hybrid crop seed development, production and distribution

Subsidiaries held by State Harvest:

Shandong Aoruixinong Agricultural Technology Limited (Shandong Aoruixinong)	September 27, 2019	PRC	51	%	Agricultural seed products distribution through e-commune network

Hubei Aoyu Zhongye Limited (Hubei Aoyu)	October 22, 2018	PRC	51	%	Agricultural seed products distribution through e-commerce network

Anhui Aoyu Zhongye Limited (Anhui Aoyu)	July 25, 2018	PRC	50	%	Agricultural seed products distribution through e-commerce network

Xuzhou Aoyu Zhongye Limited (Xuzhou Aoyu)	September 25, 2018	PRC	51	%	Agricultural seed products distribution through e-commerce network


Henan Aoyu Zhongye Limited (note (i)) (“Henan Aoyu”)	July 16, 2018	PRC	51	%	Agricultural seed products distribution through e-commerce network

Henan Baodao Origin Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd (“Baodao Origin”)	Nov 23, 2022	PRC	51	%	Agricultural seed products distribution

Subsidiary held by Baodao Origin:
Shihezi Baodao Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd	March 8, 2023	PRC	100	%	Agricultural seed and feed products distribution

Reorganization of State Harvest prior to the share exchange transaction with Chardan China Acquisition Corp. (“Chardan”)

On December 1, 2004, State Harvest established BioTech, a wholly-owned foreign enterprise (“WOFE”) under the laws of the PRC with an operating period of 20 years.

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ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023

(In thousands, except number of share, per share data and unless otherwise stated)

Under PRC law, foreign entities are not currently permitted to own more than 49% of a seed production company. In order to address those restrictions, State Harvest conducts substantially all of its business through contractual agreements with its variable interest entity (“VIE”), Beijing Origin. These agreements are summarized in the following paragraphs.

Stock Consignment Agreements

Under Chinese law, foreign ownership of businesses engaged in the breeding of new varieties, development, production, marketing, distribution and sale of hybrid food crop seeds is limited to 49% pursuant to the Regulation on the Approval and Registration of Foreign Investment Enterprises in Agricultural Seed Industry and The Foreign Investment Industrial Guidance Catalogue. State Harvest, as a non-Chinese corporation, may not directly own more than 49% of any of the PRC Operating Companies. However, Chinese law does not forbid the owner of stock to consign rights associated with the stock, as long as the owner does not transfer title to the stock. To gain control over the PRC Operating Companies, State Harvest entered into a series of stock consignment agreements with shareholders of those companies.

State Harvest has been assigned 98.58% voting rights by the shareholders of Beijing Origin through a consignment agreement which includes the following terms: (1) The shares of Beijing Origin cannot be transferred without the approval of State Harvest; (2) State Harvest has the right to appoint all directors and senior management personnel of Beijing Origin and (3) The shareholder rights including voting rights require the transfer of the shares of Beijing Origin to State Harvest or any party designated by State Harvest within three years upon the removal of the PRC legal restriction.

Technical Service Agreements

Beijing Origin entered into Technical Service Agreements with BioTech dated December 25, 2004. Under these agreements, BioTech shall provide, with its own technical research resource and team, technical services for the production and distribution of agricultural seeds during the period of the agreements. In return, Beijing Origin is required to pay BioTech a service fee calculated according to the weight of corn, rice and cotton seeds sold by the Beijing Origin.

Through the contractual agreements described above, State Harvest is deemed the sole beneficiary of Beijing Origin resulting in Beijing Origin being deemed a subsidiary of State Harvest under the requirements of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 810-10-05. The agreements described above provided for effective control of Beijing Origin to be transferred to State Harvest at December 25, 2004. Neither State Harvest nor BioTech had any operating activity prior to entering into the consignment agreements with Beijing Origin. In substance, State Harvest has substantially all the same shareholders of Beijing Origin. This transaction has been accounted for on a basis similar to reorganization between entities under common control. Accordingly, State Harvest’s consolidated financial statements are prepared by including the consolidated financial statements of Beijing Origin through December 24, 2004, and subsequently the Company’s consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of State Harvest, its majority owned subsidiary and Beijing Origin through the date of the Share Exchange Transaction.

Risks in relation to the VIE structure

Two of our PRC operating subsidiaries are controlled subsidiaries through stock consignment agreements rather than by direct ownership of shares, the terms of which may have to be enforced, which would require us to incur extra costs, create uncertainty as to ownership of the operating businesses involved and risk the possible loss of rights. There is the risk, however, that a consigning shareholder will not fulfill its obligations under the stock consignment agreement. In that event, we may need to resort to the PRC courts to have our rights under the applicable agreement enforced. Such enforcement will cause us to incur legal expenses. In addition, while a case is pending there will be uncertainty regarding our rights as to the three PRC operating subsidiaries involved. In addition, a PRC court may decide not to enforce the agreements in whole or in part. To the extent these agreements are neither observed nor enforced as intended, the PRC operating subsidiaries will not be controlled by us as intended, which will affect our enterprise value and restrict our ability to obtain the income and other rights of ownership associated with the consigned stock. It may also prevent the consolidation of our financial statements with the PRC operating subsidiaries, which would reduce the reported earnings of the consolidated companies. The uncertainty of ownership may also adversely affect the market value of our ordinary shares.

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ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023

(In thousands, except number of share, per share data and unless otherwise stated)

Whether or not a stock consignment agreement is terminated depends on the consensus of our Board and the consignees. Any such termination could result in a possible loss of certain rights or assets held by us without receiving fair value in return. The stock consignment agreements relating to our control of the stock of our PRC operating subsidiaries may be terminated after three years upon mutual agreement between us and the consignees. Holding this amount of stock will allow these officers to control or greatly influence the selection of directors and matters submitted to a vote of our shareholders, including voting to terminate the stock consignment agreements.

There are corporate protections in place designed to protect our interests, such as an independent Board of Directors, an audit committee comprised of independent directors that must approve insider transactions, a code of conduct requiring fair dealing with the Company, and the British Virgin Islands statutory provision that a disposition of more than 50% of the assets of a company must be approved by a majority of the shareholders. Moreover, if consigned stock is transferred to us as provided in the stock consignment agreements when the restrictions under PRC law are lifted, that stock will no longer be subject to the stock consignment agreements, and the termination of the stock consignment agreements would then have no effect on the ownership of that stock. However, if the stock consignment agreements are terminated, then we would lose our rights with respect to the consigned stock and the profits from the issuing corporation. Such a loss would impair the value of the Company and would reduce our ability to generate revenues.

The Company has aggregated the financial information of Beijing Origin and its subsidiaries in the table below. The aggregated carrying amount of assets and liabilities of Beijing Origin and its subsidiaries after elimination of intercompany transactions and balances consolidated in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2022 and 2023 are as follows:

F-11

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ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023

(In thousands, except number of share, per share data and unless otherwise stated)

Risks in relation to the VIE structure (Beijing Origin Consolidated Balance Sheet)


	September 30,
	2022	2023	2023
	RMB	RMB	US$
ASSETS
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	950	2,142	298
Due from related party	—	—	—
Accounts receivable	304	189	26
Advances to suppliers	8,456	64,502	8,984
Inventories	—	2,511	350
Other current assets	7,698	929	129
Total current assets	17,408	70,273	9,787
Land use rights, net	1,792	—	—
Plant and equipment, net	32,952	18,771	2,614
Equity investments	—	130,541	18,182
Other assets	1,554	1,192	166
Total assets	53,706	220,777	30,749
LIABILITIES
Current liabilities
Current portion of long-term borrowings	137,660	—	—
Accounts payable	10,064	318	44
Due to growers	404	404	56
Due to related parties	24,136	6,205	864
Advances from customers	29,420	76,936	10,716
Other payables and accrued expenses	58,954	1,266	176
Total current liabilities	260,638	85,129	11,856
Other long-term liability	15,732	6,177	860
Total liabilities	276,370	91,306	12,716

As of September 30, 2022 and 2023, consolidated assets of RMB 53.7 million and RMB 220.8 million, respectively, are collateral for the VIE’s obligations and may not be used to settle the liabilities of the Parent Company.

2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Principles of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements of the Company are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”); include the assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and cash flows of all subsidiaries and variable interest entities. Intercompany balances, transactions and cash flows are eliminated on consolidation.

Liquidity and Going Concern


	2022	2023
The Company incurred net income(losses) of	2,325	62,669
Working capital deficit	211,325	171,678
Accumulated deficit	656,898	601,566

F-12

Table of Contents

ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023

(In thousands, except number of share, per share data and unless otherwise stated)

The Company incurred net income of RMB62.7million in the year ended September 30, 2023. Working capital deficit was RMB171.6 million as of September 30, 2023. Accumulated deficit was RMB601.6 million as of September 30, 2023. These factors raise substantial doubts about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

There are new hybrids completed variety trails and will be in the market this season. Furthermore nutrition enhanced corn will be produced for animal feed which will greatly increase the revenue.

Despite the Company’s effort to obtain additional funding and reduce operating costs, there is no assurance that the Company’s plans and actions will be successful. In addition, there can be no assurance that in the event additional sources of funds are needed they will be available on acceptable terms, if at all. The accompanying financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary should we be unable to continue as a going concern.

Convenience translation into United States dollars

The consolidated financial statements are reported in Renminbi. The translation of Renminbi amounts into United States dollar amounts has been made for the convenience of the reader and has been made at the exchange rate quoted by the middle rate by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange in China on September 30, 2023 of RMB 7.0998 to US $1.00. Such translation amounts should not be construed as representations that the Renminbi amounts could be readily converted into United States dollar amounts at that rate or any other rate.

Use of estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates are adjusted to reflect actual experience when necessary. Significant accounting estimates reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements include inventory valuation, collectability evaluation of accounts receivables and due from related parties, useful lives of plant and equipment and acquired intangible assets, the valuation allowance for deferred income tax assets, valuation of long-lived assets and share-based compensation expense. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand, cash accounts, interest bearing savings accounts, time certificates of deposit and debt securities with a maturities of three months or less when purchased.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost, determined by weighted-average method, or net realizable value. Work-in-progress and finished goods inventories consist of raw materials, direct labor and overhead associated with the manufacturing process. Parent seed represents the seeds that are used for research and development activities.

The Company periodically performs an analysis of inventory to determine obsolete or slow-moving inventory and determine if its cost exceeds the estimated market value. Write down of potentially obsolete or slow-moving inventory are recorded based on management’s analysis of inventory levels.

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Table of Contents

ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023

(In thousands, except number of share, per share data and unless otherwise stated)

Land use rights, net

Land use rights are recorded at cost less accumulated amortization. Amortization is provided over the term of the land use right agreements on a straight-line basis for the beneficial period, which is 50 years.

Plant and equipment, net

Plant and equipment are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the following estimated useful lives:


Plant and building	20-40 years
Machinery and equipment	10-15 years
Furniture and office equipment	5-8 years
Motor vehicles	5-10 years
Leasehold improvements	Shorter of the useful lives or the lease term

The Company constructs certain of its facilities. In addition to costs under construction contracts, external costs directly related to the construction of such facilities, including duty and tariff, and equipment installation and shipping costs, are capitalized. Depreciation is recorded at the time assets are placed in service.

Acquired intangible assets, net

Acquired intangible assets primarily consist of purchased technology rights and distribution network and are stated at cost less accumulated amortization. Amortization is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of these assets and recorded in operating expenses. Amortization is calculated on a straight-line basis over the following estimated useful lives for the main acquired intangible assets:


Technology rights for licensed seeds	3-20 years
Distribution network	6-14 years
Trademark	Indefinite

Trademarks, which have indefinite lives are not amortized but are reviewed for impairment at least annually, at year end date, or earlier upon the occurrence of certain triggering events. The Company has performed an impairment analysis on the acquired intangible assets in Beijing Origin and recorded no impairment provision during the year ended September 30, 2023.

Leases

The Company leases certain office space and equipment from third-parties. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet and lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. For leases beginning in 2019 and later, at the inception of a contract management assesses whether the contract is, or contains, a lease. The assessment is based on: (1) whether the contract involves the use of a distinct identified asset, (2) whether the right to substantially all the economic benefit from the use of the asset throughout the period is obtained, and (3) whether the Company has the right to direct the use of the asset. At the inception of a lease, management allocates the consideration in the contract to each lease component based on its relative stand-alone price to determine the lease payments. The Company accounts for lease components (e.g., fixed payments including rent, real estate taxes and insurance costs) separately from the nonlease components (e.g., common-area maintenance costs).

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Table of Contents

ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023

(In thousands, except number of share, per share data and unless otherwise stated)

Most leases include one or more options to renew, with renewal terms that can extend the lease term from one year or more. The exercise of lease renewal options is at the Company’s sole discretion. Renewal periods are included in the lease term only when renewal is reasonably certain, which is a high threshold and requires management to apply judgment to determine the appropriate lease term. The Company’s leases do not include options to purchase the leased property. The depreciable life of assets and leasehold improvements are limited by the expected lease term. Certain lease agreements include rental payments adjusted periodically for inflation. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. All of the Company’s leases are classified as operating leases. The Company has elected not to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases that have a term of 12 months or less. The effect of short-term leases and initial direct costs on our right-of-use asset and lease liability was not material.

ASC 842 requires the Company to make certain assumptions and judgments in applying the guidance, including determining whether an arrangement includes a lease, determining the term of a lease when the contract has renewal or cancellation provisions, and determining the discount rate.

As the rate implicit in the lease is not usually available, the Company used an incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the adoption date of ASC 842 in determining the present value of lease payments for existing leases. The Company will use information available at the lease commencement date to determine the discount rate for any new leases.

The Company leases certain office space to third-parties. An operating lease is neither a sale nor financing of an asset. The Company keeps the asset underlying the lease on its balance sheet and continue to depreciate the asset based on its estimated useful life. Rental revenue should be recognized on a straight-line basis (or another systematic basis if that basis is more representative of the pattern in which income is earned from the underlying asset over the term of the respective lease). A lessor should record an unbilled rent receivable, which is the amount by which straight-line rental revenue exceeds rents currently billed in accordance with the lease.

Long-term investments

We utilize the measurement alternative for equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair values and measure these investments at cost less impairment plus or minus observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or similar investment of the same issuer.

We classify our investments as non-current assets on the consolidated balance sheets as those investments do not have stated contractual maturity dates.

We periodically review our equity investments for impairment. We consider impairment indicators such as negative changes in industry and market conditions, financial performance, business prospects, and other relevant events and factors. If indicators exist and the fair value of the security is below the carrying amount, we write down the security to fair value.

Valuation of long-lived asset

The Company reviews the carrying value of long-lived assets to be held and used, including other intangible assets subject to amortization, when events and circumstances warrants such a review. The carrying value of a long-lived asset is considered impaired when the anticipated undiscounted cash flow from such asset is separately identifiable and is less than its carrying value. In that event, a loss is recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair market value of the long-lived asset and intangible assets. Fair market value is determined primarily using the anticipated cash flows discounted at a rate commensurate with the risk involved. Losses on long-lived assets and intangible assets to be disposed are determined in a similar manner, except that fair market values are reduced for the cost to dispose.

Revenue recognition

The Company derives most of its revenue from hybrid corn seed.

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Table of Contents

ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023

(In thousands, except number of share, per share data and unless otherwise stated)

The Company adopted ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606),” and the associated ASUs (collectively, “Topic 606”).

The Company recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for the arrangements that the Company determines are within the scope of Topic 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (1) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

The majority of the Company’s customer contracts, which may be in the form of purchase orders, contracts or purchase agreements, contain performance obligations for delivery of agreed upon goods. Delivery of all performance obligations contained within a contract with a customer typically occurs at the same time. The Company also makes accounting policy elections to 1) treat shipping and handling activities that occur after the customer obtains control of the goods as fulfillment costs and 2) exclude sales (and similar) taxes from the measurement of the transaction price.

Government subsidies


	2022	2023
Government subsidies received	—	1,145
Government subsidies recognized as other income	1,158.00	2,271

A government subsidy is not recognized until there is reasonable assurance that: (a) the enterprise will comply with the conditions attached to the grant; and (b) the grant will be received.

When the Company received the government subsidies but the conditions attached to the grants have not been fulfilled, such government subsidies are deferred and recorded under other payables and accrued expenses, and other long-term liability. The reclassification of short-term or long-term liabilities is depended on the management’s expectation of when the conditions attached to the grant can be fulfilled.

Cost of revenues

Cost of revenues consists of expenses directly related to sales, including the purchase prices and development costs for seeds and, agricultural chemical products, depreciation and amortization, impairment of inventory, shipping and handling costs, salary and compensation, supplies, and license fees.

Research and development costs

Research and development costs relating to the development of new products and processes, including significant improvements and refinements to existing products, are expensed as incurred.

Advertising costs

Advertising costs are expensed when incurred and included in selling and marketing expenses. For the years ended September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023, advertising costs were RMB-nil-, RMB-nil- and RMB-nil-, respectively.

Borrowing cost

Borrowing costs attributable directly to the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying assets which require a substantial period of time to be ready for their intended use or sale, are capitalized as part of the cost of those assets. Income earned on temporary investments of specific borrowings pending their expenditure on those assets is deducted from borrowing costs capitalized. All other borrowing costs are recognized in interest expenses in the statement of income and comprehensive income in the period in which they are incurred.

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ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023

(In thousands, except number of share, per share data and unless otherwise stated)

Allowance for doubtful account

The Company regularly monitors and assesses the risk of not collecting amounts owed to the Company by customers. This evaluation is based upon a variety of factors including: an analysis of amounts current and past due along with relevant history and facts particular to the customer. Based on the result of this analysis, the Company records an allowance for doubtful accounts RMB 401, RMB- nil- and RMB- nil-,for the years ended September 30, 2021, 2022, and 2023, respectively.

Income taxes

Deferred income taxes are recognized for the future tax consequences of temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements, net of operating loss carry forwards and credits. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Current income taxes are provided for in accordance with the laws of the relevant tax authorities.

The Company adopted FASB ASC 740-10. The Company’s policy on classification of all interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits, if any, as a component of income tax provisions.

Foreign currency translation

The functional currency of the Company excluding Agritech (Parent) and State Harvest is Renminbi. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than Renminbi are translated into Renminbi at the rates of exchange ruling at the balance sheet date. Transactions in currencies other than Renminbi are converted into Renminbi at the applicable rates of exchange prevailing the transactions occurred. Transaction gains and losses are recognized in the consolidated statements of income (loss) and comprehensive income (loss).

The functional currency of Agritech (Parent) and State Harvest are maintained in United State dollars. Assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rates at the balance sheet date, equity accounts are translated at historical exchange rates and revenues, expenses, gains and losses are translated using the average rate for the period. Translation adjustments are reported as cumulative translation adjustments and are shown as a separate component of other comprehensive (loss)/income. The Company has chosen Renminbi as its reporting currency.

Comprehensive income (loss)

Comprehensive income (loss) is defined to include all changes in equity except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. Comprehensive income (loss) for the years has been disclosed within the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income for presentational purpose of the disclosure of comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Agritech and the non-controlling interests respectively.

Earnings (loss) per share

Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the years. Diluted earnings (loss) per share gives effect to all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the years. The weighted average number of common shares outstanding is adjusted to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if the dilutive potential common shares had been issued. In computing the dilutive effect of potential common shares, the average stock price for the period is used in determining the number of treasury shares assumed to be purchased with the proceeds from the exercise of options.

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ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023

(In thousands, except number of share, per share data and unless otherwise stated)

Share-based compensation

ASC 718-10 requires that share-based payment transactions with employees and nonemployees, such as share options, be measured based on the grant-date fair value of the equity instrument issued and recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service period, with a corresponding addition to equity. Under this method, compensation cost related to employee share options or similar equity instruments is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award and is recognized over the period during which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award, which generally is the vesting period.

Fair value measurement

The Company adopted FASB ASC 820-10, and which defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in GAAP, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. ASC 820-10 does not require any new fair value measurements, but provides guidance on how to measure fair value by providing a fair value hierarchy used to classify the source of the information.

ASC 820-10 establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy of valuation techniques based on observable and unobservable inputs, which may be used to measure fair value and include the following:

Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 - Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

Classification within the hierarchy is determined based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Deconsolidation of subsidiary

In accordance with ASC 810-40, deconsolidation of a subsidiary occurs when: (a) some or all of the ownership interests of the subsidiary are sold resulting in the loss of a controlling financial interest; (b) a contractual agreement granting control of the subsidiary expires; (c) the subsidiary issues its shares to outsiders reducing the parent’s ownership interest resulting in the loss of a controlling financial interest; or (d) the subsidiary becomes subject to the control of a government, court, administrator or regulator.

The parent should recognize a gain or loss measured as the difference between: (a) the aggregate of: (i) the fair value of any consideration received, (ii) the fair value of any retained non-controlling interest, and (iii) the carrying amount of any non-controlling interest at the date the subsidiary is deconsolidated; and (b) the carrying amount of the subsidiary’s assets and liabilities.

A subsidiary should be deconsolidated from the date a controlling financial interest is lost and should also consider the equity components included in the non-controlling interest and the amounts previously recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), i.e., the foreign currency translation adjustment.

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ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023

(In thousands, except number of share, per share data and unless otherwise stated)

Investments in equity method investee

Equity investments are comprised of investments in privately held companies. The Company uses the equity method to account for an equity investment over which it has the ability to exert significant influence but does not otherwise have control. The Company records equity method investments at the cost of acquisition, plus the Company’s share in undistributed earnings and losses since acquisition. For equity investments over which the Company does not have significant influence or control, the cost method of accounting is used.

If the Company’s share of the undistributed losses exceeds the carrying amount of an investment accounted for by the equity method, the Company continues to report losses up to the investment carrying amount, including any loans balance due from the equity investees.

The Company assesses its equity investments for impairment on a periodic basis by considering factors including, but not limited to, current economic and market conditions, the operating performance of the investees including current earnings trends, the technological feasibility of the investee’s products and technologies, the general market conditions in the investee’s industry or geographic area, factors related to the investee’s ability to remain in business, such as the investee’s liquidity, debt ratios, cash burn rate, and other company-specific information including recent financing rounds. If it has been determined that the equity investment is less than its related fair value and that this decline is other-than-temporary, the carrying value of the investment is adjusted downward to reflect these declines in value.

Recently issued accounting pronouncements

●

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326) amends guideline on reporting credit losses for assets held at amortized cost basis and available-for-sale debt securities. For assets held at amortized cost basis, Topic 326 eliminates the probable initial recognition threshold in current GAAP and, instead, requires an entity to reflect its current estimate of all expected credit losses. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial assets to present the net amount expected to be collected. For available-for-sale debt securities, credit losses should be measured in a manner similar to current GAAP, however Topic 326 will require that credit losses be presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down. ASU No. 2016-13 affects entities holding financial assets and net investment in leases that are not accounted for at fair value through net income. The amendments affect loans, debt securities, trade receivables, net investments in leases, off balance sheet credit exposures, reinsurance receivables, and any other financial assets not excluded from the scope that have the contractual right to receive cash. The amendments in this ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU No. 2016-13 will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

The Company believes that other recent accounting pronouncement updates will not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

F-19

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ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023

(In thousands, except number of share, per share data and unless otherwise stated)

3. RELATED PARTY BALANCES AND TRANSACTIONS (In RMB’000)

(1)

Related party relationships



Name of related parties		Relationship
Beijing Shihui(i)		Being owned by close family members of the Company’s Chairman
Linze Origin Seeds Ltd.(i)		Being owned by close family members of the Company’s Chairman
Henan Yingde Agricultural Ltd.		Being owned by close family members of the Company’s Chairman
Beijing Liantaide Biotechnology Co., Ltd.		Being owned by close family members of the Company’s Chairman
Beijing Agrite Co., Ltd.		Being owned by close family members of the Company’s Chairman
Fifth Division State-owned Assets Management and Operation Co., Ltd		Being the non-controlling interest of Xinjiang Origin
Shareholders		Non-controlling shareholders of Hubei Aoyu, Anhui Aoyu, Xuzhou
		Aoyu, Shandong Aoruixinong, Henan Aoyu, Shandong Aoruixinong

(i)Other than typical transactions between related parties, the Company has entered into a Restructuring Agreement with three parties: Linze Fumin Industrial Investment and Development Co., Ltd. (Linze Fumin), Beijing Shihui, Linze Origin Seeds Ltd (Linze Origin) in April 2020. According to the Restructuring Agreement, Linze Origin, which is currently a wholly owned subsidiary of Beijing Shihui, would be restructured. At the result of the planned restructuring, Linze Fumin, an investment company owned by the Linze county government, and the Company would have 51% and 49%, respectively, of the ownership of Linze Origin. The restructuring would require the Company to repay the borrowing amounted to RMB27.0 million from Beijing Agriculture Finance Leasing, LLC.(“BAFL”) for Linze Origin and to offer a loan of RMB20.0 million to Linze Origin. As of September 30, 2023, the restructuring for Linze Origin is in process.

(1)Due from related parties, net of bad debt allowance


	September 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB

Linze Origin Seeds Ltd	45	45
Beijing Shihui (iii)	29,998	17,060
Shareholders (i)	9,165	5,336
Henan Yingde Agricultural Ltd.	11,529	—
Beijing Liantaide (ii)	7,466	9,046
Beijing Origin	—	450
The Company’s Chairman (iv)	—	5,999
The Close family of the Company’s Chairman	6	6
Total	58,125	37,942
Allowance for doubtful account	29,998	17,560
Due from related parties, net	28,127	20,382

Note (i): As of September 30, 2023, the balance of due from shareholders include seed sales amounted RMB 15, advances for business use amounted RMB 4,421 and advances for purchases raw materials amounted RMB 900.

Note (ii): As of September 30, 2023, the balance of due from shareholders is advances for purchases raw materials amounted RMB 9,046.

Note (iii): As of September 30, 2023, the Company provide cash to fund the related party, Beijing Shihui’s operations amounted RMB 17,060. The Company made fully allowance of due from related party as of September 30, 2023.

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ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023

(In thousands, except number of share, per share data and unless otherwise stated)

Note (iv): As of September 30, 2023, the balance of due from the Company’s Chairman is advances to staff for business use amounted RMB 5,999.

(2)

Due to related parties


	September 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB

Linze Origin Seeds Ltd	300	—
Henan Agriculture University	1,000	—
Xinjiang Ginbo Seeds Center	54	54
Companies controlled by the Company’s directors (i)	1,702	1,721
Shareholders (i) (ii)	10,123	15,434
Beijing Origin (iii)	—	148,219
The Company’s Chairman (i)	970	3,657
YingDe(i)	187	5,399
The close family of the Company’s Chairman	4,293	—
	18,629	174,484

Note (i): In the ordinary course of business, the Company purchases raw materials from and sells product to related parties, and related parties also provide cash to fund the Company’s operations.

Note (ii): As of September 30, 2023, the balance of due to shareholders include borrowing amounted RMB5,381, which is unsecured, interest-bearing (the borrowing interest rate is from 5.8% to 12%) and repayable on demand, accrued interest amounted use amounted RMB 354 and advances from shareholders of selling seed amounted RMB 9,699.

Note (iii): As of September 30, 2023, Beijing Origin, an associate, provide cash to fund the Company’s operations amounted RMB 148,219, which is unsecured, interest-free and repayable on demand.

(3)

Transactions with related parties

(a)

Sales to


	Year ended
	September 30,
	2021	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB	RMB
YingDe	3,134	1,818	6,384
Shareholders (i)	4,701	3,574	4,677
Henan Agriculture University	—	5	—
The close family of the Company’s Chairman	—	2,618	—
	7,835	8,015	11,061

Note(i): RMB4,677 and RMB3,574, or 5% and 6.8% of the Company for the year ended September 30, 2023, respectively, are derived from shareholders and the sales price is market price.

F-21

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ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023

(In thousands, except number of share, per share data and unless otherwise stated)

(b)

Purchase from


	Year ended
	September 30,
	2021	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB	RMB
YingDe	11,700	14,012	162
Linze Origin Seeds Limited	4,706	—	—
Beijing Shihui	360	—	—
Liantaide	—	9,708	6,334
Close family of the Company’s Chairman	333	29	—
Shareholders	2,227	—	—
	19,326	23,749	6,496

5. ADVANCES TO SUPPLIERS


	September 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Prepayments for purchasing seed	18,378	67,048
Prepayments for purchasing package	630	163
Deposits for research and development fee	207	107
Others	807	4,299

	20,022	71,617

6. INVENTORIES

As of September 30, 2022 and 2023, inventories are comprised of work in progress of RMB 2.1 million and RMB 13 million, respectively. No inventories have been pledged as collateral for bank loans as of September 30, 2022 and 2023.


	September 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Work in progress	2,106	13,039

7. OTHER CURRENT ASSETS


	September 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Advances to staff for business use	680	1,756
Rental receivable	7,663	—
Receivable from third party (i)	1,300	9,823
Others	3,354	618

	12,997	12,197

Note (i) : As of September 30, 2023, receivable from third party mainly represents the borrowing of the third party from the Company.

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ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023

(In thousands, except number of share, per share data and unless otherwise stated)

8. LAND USE RIGHTS, NET

Land use rights, net consist of the following:


	September 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Land use rights	16,564	16,781
Accumulated amortization	(4,468)	(3,219)
Impairment provision	(10,304)	(10,304)
Land use rights, net	1,792	3,258

The depreciation expenses for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2023 were RMB331 and RMB95 respectively. The disposal of Beijing Origin led to decrease in Accumulated amortization.

9. PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET

Plant and equipment, net consist of the following:


	September 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Plant and building	143,808	100,478
Machinery and equipment	73,357	70,398
Furniture and office equipment	12,367	12,035
Motor vehicles	3,590	3,735
Accumulated depreciation	(76,196)	(57,257)
Accumulated impairment	(110,537)	(110,537)
Construction in progress	—	2,250
Plant and equipment, net	46,389	21,102

The depreciation expenses for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2023 were RMB2.7 million and RMB 3.13 million respectively. The disposal of Beijing Origin led to decrease in Accumulated depreciation.

10. LONG TERM INVESTMENTS

The Company owns 17.94% equity interest in Jilin Jinong Hi-tech Development Shares Co. Ltd. (“Jinong”) and accounted for the equity investment without readily determinable fair value (previously known as cost method investment) as of September 30, 2022 and 2023.

The Company owns 20% equity interest in Nianfeng Minfu (Beijing) Agricultural Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd. (“Nianfeng Minfu”)

The Company owns 48.27% equity interest in Beijing Origin which deconsolidated during fiscal year 2023 and changed to equity method investment.

F-23

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ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023

(In thousands, except number of share, per share data and unless otherwise stated)

The Company recorded an impairment on cost method investment of RMB17.2 million and RMB 18.7 million on its equity investment without readily determinable fair value for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2023, respectively.


	September 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Cost method investment	18,921	18,921
Equity investment(i)	—	66,448
Impairment on cost method investment	(17,231)	(18,721)
	1,690	66,648

Note (i) : It is represents that the cost method investment amounted RMB 37.66 million and fair value adjustment amounted RMB 28.79 million disclosed in Note 20.

11. ACQUIRED INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET

Acquired intangible assets, net consist of the following:


	September 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Technology rights for licensed seeds	75,899	72,748
Others	4,739	4,739
	80,638	77,487
Accumulated amortization	(73,092)	(73,877)
Impairment provision	(4,557)	(3,610)

Acquired intangible assets, net	2,989	—

Amortization expenses for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2023 were RMB0.79 million, and RMB 0.79 million respectively. The Company incurred impairment of acquired intangible assets of RMB 2.2 million for the year ended September 30, 2023. Then the acquired intangible assets, net is zero as of September 30, 2023.

The Company enters into technology transfer and usage agreements with strategic partners and pays up-front fees for the exclusive rights to certain seed technologies. Technology rights are amortized over an average usage period of 3 to 20 years and are charged to general and administrative expenses.

12. LEASES

As of September 30, 2023, the Company’s operating lease right of use assets and operating lease liability are RMB580 and RMB821, respectively. The Company made the impairment of right of use assets of RMB-nil- and RMB-nil- for the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2023, respectively. The weighted-average remaining lease term is 1.8 years and the weighted-average discount rate is 4.9%.

F-24

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ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023

(In thousands, except number of share, per share data and unless otherwise stated)

The following table summarizes the components of lease expense:


		Year ending
		September 30,
		RMB
Operating lease cost		241
Short-term lease cost		—
Total		6

The following table summarizes supplemental information related to leases:


		Year ended
		September 30,
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:		RMB
Operating cash flows from operating leases		—

As of September 30, 2023, the Company was obligated under the maturity of operating lease liabilities as follows:


Year ending September 30,		RMB
2024		178
2025		63
2026		—
2027		—
2028		—
Thereafter		—
		241

13. OTHER PAYABLES AND ACCRUED EXPENSES

Other payables and accrued expenses consist of:


	September 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Payable for purchase of plant and equipment	5,789	1,000
	1,420.0	1,580
Salaries and bonus payable	4,908	7,626
Accrued interest	20,388	—
Other taxes payable	4,159	—
Deposits from others	4,689	—
Deferred government subsidies	887	363
Payable for penalty	12,734	—
Others (i)	9,958	7,376
	64,932	17,945

Note (i) : As of September 30, 2023, others mainly represents that the third party provide cash to fund the Company’s operations amounted RMB 7,376.

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ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023

(In thousands, except number of share, per share data and unless otherwise stated)

14. OTHER LONG-TERM LIABILITY

In fiscal year 2023, the Company didn’t receive government subsidies from the local PRC government for equipment projects. The non-current portion of such government subsidies are recorded as long-term liability, which will be amortized over the estimated useful lives related to the plant and equipment and land use right. The increase in deferred government subsidies was due to reclassification from other payable account.

15. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

on April 14, 2021 the Company granted its employees options to purchase 160,000 ordinary shares at the price of US$13.99 (“Tranche 21”). On Jan 3, 2022 the Company granted its employees options to purchase 40,000 ordinary shares at the price of US$7.23. On May 22 2023, the Company granted its employees options to purchase 38,000 ordinary shares at the price of US$6.79.

All the options have an expiration date that is 5 to 10 years from the date of grant and vest immediately or over a period of 1 to 5 years. 33,000 and -nil- options under the 2009 Plan, and 284,370 and 303,060 options under the 2014 Plan were outstanding as of September 30, 2022 and 2023 respectively.

All the option awards have an exercise price of US$5.19 to US$20.7 and expire 5 to 10 years from the date of grant and vest immediately or over a period of 1 to 10 years.

For the options outstanding at September 30, 2022 and 2023, the weighted average remaining contractual lives are 0.26 and–nil- years, respectively.

The Company recorded share-based compensation expense for share options of RMB0.66 million and RMB 10.95 million and RMB1.04 million for the years ended September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023 respectively. As of September 30, 2022 and 2023, there were RMB-nil- and RMB 0.17 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested share-based compensation arrangement under the 2014 Plan.

Under the term of the 2014 Plan, on March 1, 2018, June 1, 2018 and September 1, 2018 the Company granted total of 22,500 restricted shares to its management at an aggregate value of US$167,925, based on the stock closing price of US$8.6, US$7.2 and US$6.6 at March 1, 2018, June 1, 2018 and September 1, 2018, respectively. The vesting period of these shares was 1 year from the grant date, which is March 1, 2019, June 1, 2019 and September 1, 2019, respectively. The Company issued a total of 320,000 restricted shares to its management and employees during the year ended September 30, 2020. The Company recorded share-based compensation expense for restricted shares of RMB11.6 million, RMB -nil- and RMB -nil- for the years ended September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2020, we awarded an aggregate of 30,000 treasury stock shares to its employees and recorded share-based compensation expense of RMB1,595, and resulted in decrease RMB7,212 cost of treasury stocks.

During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, we awarded an aggregate of 14,386 treasury stock shares to its employees, and resulted in decrease RMB4,223 cost of treasury stocks. We didn’t award any treasury stock shares in the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023.

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ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023

(In thousands, except number of share, per share data and unless otherwise stated)

A summary of the stock option activity under the 2009 and 2014 Plans is as follows:


	Tranche	Tranche	Tranche	Tranche	Tranche	Tranche	Tranche	Tranche	Tranche	Tranche	Tranche	Tranche	Tranche	Tranche
	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24
	January 4,	April 19,	May 16,	August 3,	January 3,	October 2,	December 22,	January 2,	March 1,	January 2,	January 2,	April 14,	January 3,	May 22,
Grant date	2016	2016	2016	2016	2017	2017	2017	2018	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023

Outstanding as of September 30, 2020	13,500	60,000	20,000	20,000	18,000	2,500	8,800	29,000	20,000	36,000	38,000	—	—	—

Number of options granted	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	160,000	—	—
Options exercised	—	—	—	—	—	—	(1,000)	—	—	—	—	(20,930)	—	—
Options cancelled/expired	(1,000)	(60,000)	(20,000)	(20,000)	—	(2,500)	(6,000)	(10,000)	—	—	—	—	—	—
Outstanding as of September 30, 2021	12,500	—	—	—	18,000	—	1,800	19,000	20,000	36,000	38,000	139,070	—	—

Number of options granted	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	40,000	—
Options exercised	—	—	—	—	—	—	(1,000)	—	—	—	—	(15,510)	—	—
Options cancelled/expired	—	—	—	—	(4,000)	—	(800)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Outstanding as of September 30, 2022	12,500	—	—	—	14,000	—	—	19,000	20,000	36,000	38,000	123,560	40,000	—

Number of options granted	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	36,000
Options exercised	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	(5,497)	—	—	—	—	—
Options cancelled/expired	(12,500)	—	—	—	(14,000)	—	—	(19,000)	(10,503)	—	—	(14,860)	(2,000)	—
Outstanding as of September 30, 2023	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	4,000	36,000	38,000	108,700	38,000	36,000
Options vested and exercisable	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
At September 30, 2021	12,500	—	—	—	18,000	—	1,800	19,000	20,000	36,000	38,000	139,070	—	—
At September 30, 2022	12,500	—	—	—	14,000	—	—	19,000	20,000	36,000	38,000	123,560	40,000	—
At September 30, 2023	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	4,000	36,000	38,000	108,700	38,000	36,000
Weighted average fair value at the grant date (US$)	9.0	15.4	12.4	14.4	4.0	7.7	4.4	5.1	5.1	4.0	2.5	12.5	5.4	4.6

The fair value of each option granted is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model:


	Tranche		Tranche		Tranche		Tranche		Tranche		Tranche		Tranche		Tranche		Tranche		Tranche		Tranche		Tranche		Tranche		Tranche
	11		12		13		14		15		16		17		18		19		20		21		22		23		24
Exercise price (US$)	13.8		20.5		16.5		20.0		20.7		16.50		8.0		9.1		8.2		5.19		5.30		15.85		7.23		6.79
Average risk-free interest rate	1.73	%	1.79	%	1.75	%	1.55	%	1.94	%	1.94	%	2.26	%	2.25	%	2.58	%	2.49	%	1.67	%	0.87	%	1.37	%	0.04	%
Expected option life (year)	5		10		10		10		5		5		5		5		5		5		5		5		5		10
Volatility rate	80.72	%	69.27	%	69.92	%	65.37	%	63.87	%	52.40	%	63.16	%	64.58	%	68.19	%	103.32	%	52.62	%	109.92	%	100.95	%	0.74	%
Dividend yield	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—

The aggregate intrinsic value as of September 30, 2023 and 2022 is US-nil- and US$319, respectively.

16. SHARE CAPITAL

During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2021, we sold an aggregate of 219,440 shares of the Company’s common stock under an “at the market” arrangement, for gross proceeds of $2.62 million (RMB17.2 million).

During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2021, the employees exercised an aggregate of 21,930 shares of stock options. Cash received from options exercised for the years ended September 30, 2021 was–nil-.

During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, we sold an aggregate of 201,000 shares of the Company’s common stock under an “at the market” arrangement, for gross proceeds of $1.65 million (RMB11 million).

During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, the employees exercised an aggregate of 16,510 shares of stock options. Cash received from options exercised for the years ended September 30, 2022 was US$53,580 (RMB340,454).

During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, we sold an aggregate of 320,000 shares of the Company’s common stock under an “at the market” arrangement, for gross proceeds of $2.78 million (RMB 19.96 million).

F-27

Table of Contents

ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023

(In thousands, except number of share, per share data and unless otherwise stated)

During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, the employees exercised an aggregate of 11,000 shares of stock options. Cash received from options exercised for the years ended September 30, 2023 was US$ –nil-.

During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, there was capital contribution from NCI of US$1.46 million (RMB 10.48 million).

During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, there was cash dividend to NCI of US$27,856 (RMB 200,000).

17. RENTAL INCOME

The Company has been renting its headquarters building and manage the property over the years. In May 2020, the Company entered into lease agreements with BC-TID. and leased the whole building of Beijing Origin located in Changping District, Beijing 102206, China from May 1, 2020 to April 30, 2040. The Company classify the lease as an operating lease and recognize rental income on a straight-line basis. Rental income amounted toRMB10.6 million, RMB10.6 million and RMB10.6 million for the years ended September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

18. INCOME TAXES

Agritech and its subsidiary, State Harvest are incorporated in the British Virgin Islands and are exempted from the income tax under the laws of the British Virgin Islands. State Harvest’s subsidiaries and State Harvest’s variable interest entity, Beijing Origin and its majority owned subsidiaries (together, the “PRC entities”) were incorporated in the PRC and governed by the PRC laws.

The applicable tax rate of the PRC Enterprise Income Tax (“EIT”) was changed from 33% to 25% on January 1, 2008, according to the Corporate Income Tax Law. The preferential tax rate previously enjoyed by the PRC entities is gradually transitioned to the new standard rate of 25% over a five-year transitional period. In addition, article 28 of the new tax law stated that the income tax rate of a “high technology” company (high-tech status) is to remain at 15%.

The Company’s liability for income taxes includes the liability for unrecognized tax benefits, interest and penalties which relate to tax years still subject to review by taxing authorities. Audit periods remain open for review until the statute of limitations has passed. The completion of review or the expiration of the statute of limitations for a given audit period could result in an adjustment to the Company’s liability for income taxes. Any such adjustment could be material to the Company’s results of operations for any given quarterly or annual period based, in part, upon the results of operations for the given period. Until September 30, 2023, the management considered that the Company had no uncertain tax positions affected its consolidated financial position. The Company’s uncertain tax positions are related to tax years that remain subject to examination by the relevant tax authorities and the major one is the China tax authority. The open tax years for examinations in China are 5 years.

F-28

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ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023

(In thousands, except number of share, per share data and unless otherwise stated)

The principal components of the deferred income tax assets are as follows:


	September 30,
	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB
Non-current deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carry forward	118,410	40,621
Impairment loss	36,567	35,119
Others	22,859	18,933

Non-current deferred income tax assets	177,836	94,673
Valuation allowances	(177,836)	(94,673)

Net non-current deferred income tax assets	—	—

The Company did not have any significant temporary differences relating to deferred tax liabilities as of September 30, 2022 and 2023.

A significant portion of the deferred tax assets recognized relates to net operating loss and credit carry forwards. The Company operates through the PRC entities and the valuation allowance is considered on each individual basis.

Reconciliation between total income tax expenses and the amount computed by applying the statutory income tax rate to income before taxes is as follows:


	Year ended
	September 30,
	2021	2022	2023
	%	%	%
Statutory rate	25	25	25
Effect of preferential tax treatment	—	—	—
Change in valuation allowance	(25)	(25)	(25)
Over provision in prior year	—	(1)	—

Effective income tax rate	—	(1)	—

19. INCOME/(LOSS) PER SHARE

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted loss per share for the years indicated:


	Year ended
	September 30,
	2021	2022	2023
	RMB	RMB	RMB
Numerator:
Net loss attributable to Origin Agritech Limited	(91,529)	(6,265)	55,332

Denominator:
Average common stock outstanding - basic and Diluted	5,617,424	5,773,094	6,546,153

Basic and Diluted Per Share Data:
Basic and diluted loss per share attributable to Origin Agritech Limited:	(16.29)	(1.09)	8.45

F-29

Table of Contents

ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023

(In thousands, except number of share, per share data and unless otherwise stated)

For the years ended September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023, the effect of the outstanding options was anti-dilutive.

20. Divestitures

In 2019, the Company entered into a Cooperation Framework Agreement with Beijing Changping Technology Innodevelop Group (BC-TID), an entity owned by the government of Changping District of Beijing City. Under this agreement, BC-TID and the Company formed a new entity, of which 51% and 49% of equity interests would be owned by BC-TID and the Company, respectively. Beijing Origin contributed the headquarters building in Beijing and certain of its seed technology assets related to genetically modified seeds to the new entity. As of September 30, 2022, BC-TID has invested a total of RMB137.7 million ($20.2 million) as part of the agreement. The deal documents have been completed by both Origin and BC-TID and have been approved by government officials. With the closing of this deal in August 2023, BC - TID and Beijing Origin State Harvest Biotechnology Limited (Origin Biotechnology) own 51% and 48.27% of Beijing Origin, respectively. Beijing Origin also has transferred all of its ownership of Xinjiang Originbo to Hainan Aoyu during fiscal 2023. The cash amount was used to repay the bank loan of the Company on the headquarters building and provide working capital. As part of the agreement, the Company transferred its seed business of Beijing Origin to Beijing Origin State Harvest Biotechnology Limited (Origin Biotechnology), which is the Company’s wholly owned entity in China.

For the transaction of Beijing Origin in August, 2023, the Company now owns less than 50% of Beijing Origin. To account for the consolidation and deconsolidation of a VIE subsidiary, the Company follows ASC 810 Consolidation accounting principles. ASC 810 provides a framework for the initial consolidation or deconsolidation of a variable interest entity. For the fiscal year ending September 30, 2023, the Company changed from consolidation of Beijing Origin to using equity method for investment.

In accordance with ASC 205-20, the disposal did not present a strategic shift and should not be reported discontinued operation as August 30, 2023.

The Company recognized a disposal gain of US$5.67 million(RMB40.74 million) as a result of the deconsolidating Beijing Origin and US$4.01 million(RMB28.79 million) of the gain is attributable to the 48.27% ownership interest retained in Beijing Origin, respectively , and such gain was recorded in “Other non-operating income (expense),net” in the consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023.


		Year ended
		September 30, 2023
		RMB
Fair value of consideration received		—
Historical cost of remained investment		37,660
Carrying amount of Beijing’s net liabilities deconsolidated		378
Carrying amount of noncontrolling interest		2,703
Disposal gain of the deconsolidating Beijing Origin		40,741

Fair value of retained investment		66,448
Historical cost of remained investment		37,660
Gain is attributable to the 48.27% ownership interest retained in Beijing Origin		28,788

Gain on deconsolidated of subsidiary		69,529

F-30

Table of Contents

ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023

(In thousands, except number of share, per share data and unless otherwise stated)

21. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLAN AND PROFIT APPROPRIATION

Full time employees of the PRC entities participate in a government mandated multi-employer defined contribution plan pursuant to which certain pension benefits, medical care, unemployment insurance, employee housing fund and other welfare benefits are provided to employees. Chinese labor regulations require the Company to accrue for these benefits based on certain percentages of the employees’ salaries. The total provisions for such employee benefits were RMB1.69 million, RMB1.28 million and RMB 1.7 million for the years ended September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

Pursuant to the laws applicable to the PRC, domestic PRC entities must make appropriations from after-tax profit to non-distributable reserves funds including: (i) the statutory surplus reserve and; (ii) the statutory public welfare fund. Subject to the limits of 50% of the entity’s registered capital, the statutory surplus reserve fund requires annual appropriations of 10% of after-tax profit (as determined under accounting principles generally accepted in the PRC (“PRC GAAP”) at each year-end). The Company’s wholly foreign owned subsidiary, BioTech, however subject to the law applicable to foreign invested enterprises in the PRC, was required annual appropriation of the general reserve fund, no less than 10% of after-tax profit (as determined under PRC GAAP at each year-end). These reserve funds can only be used for specific purposes of enterprise expansion and staff welfare and are not distributable as cash dividends. No appropriation has been made for the years ended September 30, 2022, 2023. On the other hand, the amount set aside as of September 30, 2022 and 2023 were RMB15,133 and RMB15,133.

22. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Legal proceeding

23. OPERATING RISK

Concentrations of customers and risk

During the fiscal year 2023, our largest and second largest customers represented approximately 8% and 4% of total consolidated revenues.

Interest risk

The interest rate and term of repayment of other borrowing is 6.0%, which are fixed at the inception of the borrowing. Other financial assets and liabilities do not have material interest rate risk.

Liquidity risk

We believe our working capital is sufficient to meet our present requirements. We may, however, require additional cash due to changing business conditions or other future developments, including any investments or acquisitions we may decide to pursue. In the long-term, we intend to rely primarily on cash flow from operations and additional borrowings from banks to meet our anticipated cash needs. If our anticipated cash flow is insufficient to meet our requirements, we may also seek to sell additional equity, debt or equity-linked securities.

F-31

Table of Contents

ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023

(In thousands, except number of share, per share data and unless otherwise stated)

Country risk

The Company has significant investments in the PRC. The operating results of the Company may be adversely affected by changes in the political and social conditions in the PRC and by changes in Chinese government policies with respect to laws and regulations, anti-inflationary measures, currency conversion and remittance abroad, and rates and methods taxation, among other things. There can be no assurance; however, those changes in political and other conditions will not result in any adverse impact.

Coronavirus risk

The effect of the Coronavirus on our company cannot fully be determined at this time; however, as China has been largely successful in controlling the spread of the virus, currently it is not expected to have a major impact on either the overall Chinese economy or on the Company.

At this time, because of the Chinese government steps taken during 2021, the impact of the Coronavirus on the Company and on our ability to produce and distribute products has been insignificant. Although there was a strict lock-down in China in the middle of our fiscal year, we have largely overcome the adverse impact of that period. Currently, we do not expect any long term adverse impact of the Coronavirus on our business, due to the fact that we operate in China and our products are distributed in China. At this time, because the Chinese economy has not been so disrupted by the Coronavirus and government response, we do not expect the pandemic situation to have any significant adverse results on our overall financial condition.

Notwithstanding the above, if the medical situation should change as the world-wide pandemic continues, we could face adverse consequences to our ability to perform research, generate products and effect distribution of products and otherwise pursue our business. Therefore, investors should monitor aspects of the pandemic and its overall effect on the Chinese economy and trade as well as the world economic situation.

24. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

There are no significant subsequent events.

25. CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF THE PARENT COMPANY

The condensed financial statements of Origin Agritech Limited (the “parent company”) have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Under the PRC laws and regulations, the Company’s PRC subsidiaries are restricted in their ability to transfer certain of their net assets to the parent company in the form of dividend payments, loans or advances. The amounts restricted include paid-in capital, capital surplus and statutory reserves, as determined pursuant to PRC generally accepted accounting principles, totaling RMB45,457 and RMB45,457 as of September 30, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

F-32

Table of Contents

ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023

(In thousands, except number of share, per share data and unless otherwise stated)

The following represents condensed unconsolidated financial information of the parent company only:

CONDENSED BALANCE SHEET


	September 30
	2022	2023	2023
	RMB	RMB	US$
ASSETS (LIABILITIES)
Current assets (liabilities)
Cash and cash equivalents	6,394	3,952	550
Other receivables	235	619	86
Due from inter-companies	216,571	237,923	33,138
Due to related parties	696	4,294	(237)
Total current assets (liabilities)	223,896	246,788	33,537
Investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries	(356,347)	(302,606)	(41,311)
Total assets (liabilities)	(132,451)	(55,818)	(7,774)

AND EQUITY
Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)	(133,872)	(57,398)	(7,994)

CONDENSED STATEMENT OF INCOME AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME


	Year ended September 30,
	2021	2022	2023	2023
	RMB	RMB	RMB	US$

Revenues	—	—	—	—
Operating expenses
General and administrative	(19,302)	(5,246)	(5,019)	(699)
Loss from operations	(19,302)	(5,246)	(5,019)	(699)
Equity method loss	(72,213)	(1,004)	60,354	8,406
Interest expense	(14)	(15)	(3)	—
Loss before income taxes	(91,529)	(6,265)	55,332	7,707
Income tax expense	—	—	—	—

Net loss	(91,529)	(6,265)	55,332	7,707
Other comprehensive loss
Foreign currency translation difference	(816)	447	(214)	(30)
Total comprehensive loss	(92,345)	(5,818)	55,118	7,677

F-33

Table of Contents

ORIGIN AGRITECH LIMITED

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED September 30, 2021, 2022 and 2023

(In thousands, except number of share, per share data and unless otherwise stated)

CONDENSED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS


	Year ended September 30,
	2021	2022	2023	2023
	RMB	RMB	RMB	US$

Net cash provided by operating activities	—	(4,567)	(19,864)	(2,767)
Net cash provided by financing activities	(8,637)	1,614	17,636	2,456
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	(8,637)	(2,953)	(2,228)	(311)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year	18,353	8,900	6,394	891
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	(816)	447	(214)	(30)
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year	8,900	6,394	3,952	550

BASIS OF PRESENTATION

The condensed financial information has been prepared using the same accounting policies as set out in the Company’s consolidated financial statements except that the parent company has used equity method to account for its investments in subsidiaries.

F-34

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SEC Form 20-F filed by Origin Agritech Limited

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Origin Agritech Sees FY24 Revenue $14.5M; Sees FY25 Revenue $24.75M; FY26 Revenue $40.6M; Sees FY27 Revenue $64.72M; Sees FY28 Revenue $92.32M; Sees FY29 Revenue $132M

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Origin Agritech to Hold Business Update Investor Webcast on Thursday, July 11 at 8 a.m. ET

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Origin Agritech Reports First Half of 2022 Revenue Growth of 300% and Achievement of Profitability

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Origin Agritech Establishes Biotechnology Service Consortium to Accelerate Licensing and Commercialization of GMO and Gene Editing Technologies

Origin Agritech Appoints Mr. Weibin Yan as Chief Executive Officer and Member of the Board of Directors; Dr. Gengchen Han to Remain as Chairman of the Board

Origin Agritech Appoints Patrick Cheng as Chief Financial Officer and Board Director

Origin Agritech Appoints Mr. Weibin Yan as Chief Executive Officer and Member of the Board of Directors; Dr. Gengchen Han to Remain as Chairman of the Board

Origin Agritech Appoints Patrick Cheng as Chief Financial Officer and Board Director

Origin Agritech Appoints Li Yang as Chief Operating Officer and Board Director

SEC Form 20-F filed by Origin Agritech Limited

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Origin Agritech Sees FY24 Revenue $14.5M; Sees FY25 Revenue $24.75M; FY26 Revenue $40.6M; Sees FY27 Revenue $64.72M; Sees FY28 Revenue $92.32M; Sees FY29 Revenue $132M

Shares of consumer staples stocks are trading higher possibly amid sympathy with Walmart after the company reported better-than-expected Q1 financial results.

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SEC Form 6-K filed by Origin Agritech Limited

SEC Form 6-K filed by Origin Agritech Limited

SEC Form 6-K filed by Origin Agritech Limited

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Live finance-specific insights

Origin Agritech to Hold Business Update Investor Webcast on Thursday, July 11 at 8 a.m. ET

Origin Agritech to Hold Business Update Conference Call on Tuesday, November 21 at 8 a.m. ET

Origin Agritech Reports First Half of 2022 Revenue Growth of 300% and Achievement of Profitability

$SEED Press Releases

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$SEED Leadership Updates

Live Leadership Updates

Origin Agritech Establishes Biotechnology Service Consortium to Accelerate Licensing and Commercialization of GMO and Gene Editing Technologies

Origin Agritech Appoints Mr. Weibin Yan as Chief Executive Officer and Member of the Board of Directors; Dr. Gengchen Han to Remain as Chairman of the Board

Origin Agritech Appoints Patrick Cheng as Chief Financial Officer and Board Director

Origin Agritech Appoints Mr. Weibin Yan as Chief Executive Officer and Member of the Board of Directors; Dr. Gengchen Han to Remain as Chairman of the Board

Origin Agritech Appoints Patrick Cheng as Chief Financial Officer and Board Director

Origin Agritech Appoints Li Yang as Chief Operating Officer and Board Director

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Market Insights

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