SEC Form 20-F filed by ParaZero Technologies Ltd.

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 20-F

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report ____________

For the transition period from ____________ to ____________

Commission File No.: 001-41760

ParaZero Technologies Ltd.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Translation of registrant’s name into English: Not applicable

Boaz Shetzer

Chief Executive Officer

1 Hatachana Street

Kfar Saba, 4453001, Israel

Tel: +972-50-275-3666

Email: [email protected]

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None

Number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of December 31, 2024: 12,817,092 ordinary shares.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company.

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing.

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. ☐ Item 17 ☐ Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company. Yes ☐ No ☒

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this annual report on Form 20-F, or this Annual Report, to the “Company,” “Parazero,” “we,” “us,” “our” and other similar designations refer to Parazero Technologies Ltd. All references to “ordinary shares” are to our ordinary shares, par value NIS 0.02.

The financial statements were prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or GAAP.

Unless otherwise indicated, or the context otherwise requires, references in this Annual Report to financial and operational data for a particular year refer to the fiscal year of our Company ended December 31 of that year.

Our reporting currency and functional currency is the U.S. dollar. In this Annual Report, “NIS” means New Israeli Shekel, and “$,” “US$” and “U.S. dollars” mean United States dollars.

EMERGING GROWTH COMPANY STATUS

We qualify as an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the U.S. Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions, including exemptions from various reporting requirements that are otherwise applicable to public traded entities that do not qualify as emerging growth companies. These exemptions include:

Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This means that an “emerging growth company” can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to take advantage of the extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards and to adopt certain of the reduced disclosure requirements available to emerging growth companies. As a result of the accounting standards election, we will not be subject to the same implementation timing for new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies which may make comparison of our financials to those of other public companies more difficult. In addition, the information that we provide in this annual report may be different than the information you may receive from other public companies in which you hold equity interests.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of: (i) the last day of the first fiscal year in which our annual gross revenues exceed $1.235 billion; (ii) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of our initial public offering; (iii) the date that we become a “large accelerated filer” as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, which would occur if the aggregate worldwide market value of our ordinary shares, including ordinary shares represented by warrants, held by non-affiliates is at least $700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter; or (iv) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during any three-year period. 

TRADEMARKS

All trademarks or trade names referred to in this Annual Report on Form 20-F are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, the trademarks and trade names in this Annual Report on Form 20-F are referred to without the ^® and ™ symbols, but such references should not be construed as any indicator that their respective owners will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, their rights thereto. We do not intend the use or display of other companies’ trademarks and trade names to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies.

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain information included or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 20-F may be deemed to be “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and other securities laws. Forward-looking statements are often characterized by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “aim,” “anticipate,” “assume,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “could,” “due,” “estimate,” “expect,” “goal,” “intend,” “may,” “objective,” “plan,” “predict,” “potential,” “positioned,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would,” or other similar words, but are not the only way these statements are identified.

These forward-looking statements may include, but are not limited to, statements relating to our objectives, plans and strategies, statements that contain projections of results of operations or of financial condition, expected capital needs and expenses, statements relating to the research, development, completion and use of our products, and all statements (other than statements of historical facts) that address activities, events or developments that we intend, expect, project, believe or anticipate will or may occur in the future.

Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks and uncertainties. We have based these forward-looking statements on assumptions and assessments made by our management in light of their experience and their perception of historical trends, current conditions, expected future developments and other factors they believe to be appropriate.

Important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from any future results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Many factors could cause our actual activities or results to differ materially from the activities and results anticipated in forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, the factors summarized below:

These statements are only current predictions and are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause our or our industry’s actual results, levels of activity, performance, or achievements to be materially different from those anticipated by the forward-looking statements. We discuss many of these risks in this Annual Report on Form 20-F in greater detail under the heading “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-F. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events.

Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance, or achievements. Except as required by law, we are under no duty to update or revise any of the forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date of this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

MARKET, INDUSTRY AND OTHER DATA

Market data and certain industry data and forecasts used throughout this Annual Report on Form 20-F were obtained from sources we believe to be reliable, including market research databases, publicly available information, reports of governmental agencies, and industry publications and surveys. We have relied on certain data from third party sources, including industry forecasts and market research, which we believe to be reliable based on our management’s knowledge of the industry. While we are not aware of any misstatements regarding the industry data presented in this Annual Report on Form 20-F, our estimates involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

Statements made in this Annual Report on Form 20-F concerning the contents of any agreement, contract or other document are summaries of such agreements, contracts or documents and are not a complete description of all of their terms. If we filed any of these agreements, contracts or documents as exhibits to this Report or to any previous filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, you may read the document itself for a complete understanding of its terms.

PART I

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

A. [Reserved]

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D. Risk Factors

You should carefully consider the risks described below, together with all of the other information in this Annual Report on Form 20-F. The risks and uncertainties described below are those material risk factors, currently known and specific to us, that we believe are relevant to an investment in our securities. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we now deem immaterial may also harm us. If any of these risks materialize our business, results of operations or financial condition could suffer, and the price of our ordinary shares could decline substantially.

Summary Risk Factors

Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those highlighted in the section titled “Risk Factors” below. These risks include, among others, the following:

Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and Capital Requirements

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

Risks Related to the Ownership of Our Ordinary Shares

Risks Related to Our Incorporation, Location and Operations in Israel

General Risk Factors

Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and Capital Requirements

We are an early commercialization stage company and have incurred significant losses since the date of our inception, and anticipate that we will continue to incur significant losses until we are able to successfully commercialize our products.

We are an early commercialization stage company and have incurred net losses since our inception in 2013, including net losses of $11,054,230 and $3,771,379 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As a result, we had accumulated losses of $29,477,287 as of December 31, 2024.

We have devoted substantially all of our financial resources to develop our products. We have financed our operations primarily through the issuance of equity securities, including convertible securities and loans. The amount of our future net losses will depend, in part, on completing the development of our products, the rate of our future expenditures and our ability to obtain funding through the issuance of our securities, strategic collaborations or grants. We expect to continue to incur significant losses until we are able to successfully commercialize our products. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if and as we:

We have not generated any significant revenue from the sale of our current products and may never be profitable.

We are an early commercialization stage company and we have not yet generated any significant revenue since our inception. Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability depends on our ability to successfully complete the development of, and to commercialize, our products. Our ability to generate future revenue from product sales depends heavily on our success in many areas, including but not limited to:

We expect that we will need to raise substantial additional capital before we can expect to become profitable from sales of our products. This additional capital may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed may force us to delay, limit or terminate our product development efforts or other operations.

We expect that we will require substantial additional capital to commercialize our products. In addition, our operating plans may change as a result of many factors that may currently be unknown to us, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including but not limited to:

Any additional fundraising efforts may divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our products. In addition, we cannot guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Moreover, the terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of our shareholders and the issuance of additional securities, whether equity or debt, by us, or the possibility of such issuance, may cause the market price of our ordinary shares to decline. The incurrence of indebtedness could result in increased fixed payment obligations, and we may be required to agree to certain restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. We could also be required to seek funds through arrangements with collaborative partners or otherwise at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable, and we may be required to relinquish rights to some of our technologies or products or otherwise agree to terms unfavorable to us, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects. Even if we believe that we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans, we may seek additional capital if market conditions are favorable or if we have specific strategic considerations.

If we are unable to obtain funding on a timely basis, we may be required to significantly curtail, delay or discontinue one or more of our research or development programs or the commercialization of our products or be unable to expand our operations or otherwise capitalize on our business opportunities, as desired, which could materially affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

The Company expects to incur substantial research and development costs and devote significant resources to identifying and commercializing new products and services, which could significantly reduce its profitability and may never result in revenue to the Company.

The Company’s future growth depends on penetrating new markets, adapting existing products to new applications and introducing new products and services that achieve market acceptance. The Company plans to incur substantial research and development costs as part of its efforts to design, develop and commercialize new products and services and enhance its existing products. The Company believes that there are significant opportunities in a number of business areas. Because the Company accounts for research and development costs as operating expenses, these expenditures will adversely affect its earnings in the future. Further, the Company’s research and development programs may not produce successful results, and its new products and services may not achieve market acceptance, create any additional revenue or become profitable, which could materially harm the Company’s business, prospects, financial results and liquidity.

The Company’s adoption of new business models could fail to produce any financial returns.

Forecasting the Company’s revenues and profitability for new business models is inherently uncertain and volatile. The Company’s actual revenues and profits for its business models may be significantly less than the Company’s forecasts. Additionally, the new business models could fail for one or more of the Company’s products or services, resulting in the loss of Company’s investment in the development and infrastructure needed to support the new business models, and the opportunity cost of diverting management and financial resources away from more successful businesses.

The Company will be affected by operational risks and may not be adequately insured for certain risks.

The Company will be affected by a number of operational risks and the Company may not be adequately insured for certain risks, including labor disputes, catastrophic accidents, fires, blockades or other acts of social activism, changes in the regulatory environment, impact of non-compliance with laws and regulations and natural phenomena, such as inclement weather conditions, floods, earthquakes and ground movements. There is no assurance that the foregoing risks and hazards will not result in damage to, or destruction of, the Company’s technologies, personal injury or death, environmental damage, adverse impacts on the Company’s operation, costs, monetary losses, potential legal liability and adverse governmental action, any of which could have an adverse impact on the Company’s future cash flows, earnings and financial condition. Also, the Company may be subject to or affected by liability or sustain loss for certain risks and hazards against which the Company cannot insure or which the Company may elect not to insure because of the cost. This lack of insurance coverage could have an adverse impact on the Company’s future cash flows, earnings, results of operations and financial condition.

The Company operates in evolving markets, which makes it difficult to evaluate the Company’s business and future prospects.

The Company’s products are sold in rapidly evolving markets. The commercial unmanned aerial vehicle, or UAV, market is in early stages of customer adoption. In addition, the C-UAS market continues to evolve as geopolitical events that utilized C-UASs evolve. Accordingly, the Company’s business and future prospects may be difficult to evaluate. The Company cannot accurately predict the extent to which demand for its products and services will increase, if at all. The challenges, risks and uncertainties frequently encountered by companies in rapidly evolving markets could impact the Company’s ability to do the following:

If the Company fails to successfully address these and other challenges, risks and uncertainties, its business, results of operations and financial condition would be materially harmed.

The Company operates in a competitive market.

The Company faces competition and new competitors will continue to emerge throughout the world. Services offered by the Company’s competitors may take a larger share of consumer spending than anticipated, which could cause revenue generated from the Company’s products and services to fall below expectations. It is expected that competition in these markets will intensify.

If competitors of the Company develop and market more successful products or services, offer competitive products or services at lower price points, or if the Company does not produce consistently high-quality and well-received products and services, revenues, margins, and profitability of the Company will decline. 

The Company’s ability to compete effectively will depend on, among other things, the Company’s pricing of services and equipment, quality of customer service, development of new and enhanced products and services in response to customer demands and changing technology, reach and quality of sales and distribution channels and capital resources. Competition could lead to a reduction in the rate at which the Company adds new customers, a decrease in the size of the Company’s market share and a decline in its customers. Examples include but are not limited to competition from other companies in the UAV industry.

The markets in which the Company competes are characterized by rapid technological change, which requires the Company to develop new products and product enhancements in an agile manner, and could render the Company’s existing products obsolete.

Continuing technological changes in the market for the Company’s products could make its products less competitive or obsolete, either generally or for particular applications. The Company’s future success will depend upon its ability to develop and introduce a variety of new capabilities and enhancements to its existing product and service offerings, as well as introduce a variety of new product offerings, to address the changing needs of the markets in which it offers products. Delays in introducing new products and enhancements, the failure to choose correctly among technical alternatives or the failure to offer innovative products or enhancements at competitive prices may cause existing and potential customers to purchase the Company’s competitors’ products.

If the Company is unable to devote adequate resources to develop new products or cannot otherwise successfully develop new products or enhancements that meet customer requirements on a timely basis, its products could lose market share, its revenue and profits could decline, and the Company could experience operating losses.

Under applicable employment laws, we may not be able to enforce covenants not to compete and therefore may be unable to prevent our competitors from benefiting from the expertise of some of our former employees.

We generally enter into non-competition agreements with our employees. These agreements prohibit our employees from competing directly with us or working for our competitors or clients for a limited period after they cease working for us. We may be unable to enforce these agreements under the laws of the jurisdictions in which our employees work and it may be difficult for us to restrict our competitors from benefiting from the expertise that our former employees or consultants developed while working for us. For example, Israeli courts have required employers seeking to enforce non-compete undertakings of a former employee to demonstrate that the competitive activities of the former employee will harm one of a limited number of material interests of the employer that have been recognized by the courts, such as the secrecy of a company’s confidential commercial information or the protection of its intellectual property. If we cannot demonstrate that such interests will be harmed, we may be unable to prevent our competitors from benefiting from the expertise of our former employees or consultants and our ability to remain competitive may be diminished.

Failure to obtain necessary regulatory approvals from the FAA, the Israeli Defense Export Control Agency within the Israeli Ministry of Defense, or DECA, or other governmental agencies, or limitations put on the use of small UAS in response to public privacy concerns, may prevent us from expanding the sales of our drone solutions to commercial and industrial customers in the United States.

The regulation of small UAS for commercial use in the United States is undergoing substantial change and the ultimate treatment is uncertain. In 2006, the FAA issued a clarification of its existing policies stating that in order to engage in commercial use of small UAS in the U.S. National Airspace System, a public operator must obtain a COA from the FAA or fly in restricted airspace. The FAA’s COA approval process requires that the public operator certify the airworthiness of the aircraft for its intended purpose, that a collision with another aircraft or other airspace user is extremely improbable, that the small unmanned aircraft system complies with appropriate cloud and terrain clearances and that the operator or spotter of the small unmanned aircraft system is generally within one half-mile laterally and 400 feet vertically of the small unmanned aircraft system while in operation. Furthermore, the FAA’s clarification of existing policy stated that the rules for radio-controlled hobby aircraft do not apply to public or commercial use of small UAS.

On February 14, 2012, the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 was enacted, establishing various deadlines for the FAA to allow expanded use of small UAS for both public and commercial applications. On June 21, 2016, the FAA released its final rules regarding the routine use of certain small UAS (under 55 pounds) in the U.S. National Airspace System pursuant to the act, or the Part 107 Rules. The Part 107 Rules, which became effective in August 2016, provided safety regulations for small UAS conducting non-recreational operations and contain various limitations and restrictions for such operations, including a requirement that operators keep UAS within visual-line-of-sight and prohibiting flights over unprotected people on the ground who are not directly participating in the operation of the UAS. On December 28, 2020, the FAA announced final rules requiring remote identification of drones and allowing operators of small drones to fly over people and at night under certain conditions. We cannot assure you that any final rules enacted in furtherance of the FAA’s announced proposals will result in the expanded use of our solutions by commercial and industrial entities in the United States. In addition, there exists public concern regarding the privacy implications of U.S. commercial use of small UAS from foreign UAS manufacturers. This concern has included calls to develop explicit written policies and procedures establishing usage limitations. We cannot assure you that the response from regulatory agencies, customers and privacy advocates to these concerns will not delay or restrict the adoption of small UAS by the commercial use markets.

We may be subject, both directly and indirectly, to the adverse impact of existing and potential future government regulation of our products, technology, operations and markets. For example, the marketing and export of defense related equipment, services, ‘know-how’ are subject to DECA’s regulation under the Defense Export Control Law, 5766-2007, or the Export Control Law and, collectively, Israeli Trade Control Laws, which impact our operations, for example by limiting our ability to sell, export, or otherwise transfer our products or technology, or to release controlled technology to non-Israeli companies. We may not be able to retain licenses and other authorizations required under the applicable Israeli Trade Control Laws. The failure to satisfy the requirements under the Israeli Trade Control Laws, including the failure or inability to obtain necessary licenses or qualify for license exceptions, could delay or prevent the development, production, export, import, and/or in-country transfer of our products and technology, which could adversely affect our revenues and profitability

Failure to obtain necessary regulatory approvals from civil aviation authorities, or CAAs, or limitations put on the use of small UAV in response to public privacy concerns, may prevent the Company from expanding sales of its small UAV to non-military customers in various global regions, and may prevent the Company from testing or operating its aircraft and/or expanding its sales which could have an adverse impact on the Company’s business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition.

We are subject to governmental regulation and other legal obligations in jurisdictions outside of the U.S., and our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could adversely affect our business and operating results.

The regulatory framework for drone safety issues worldwide is rapidly evolving and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. Our products are subject to a variety of laws and regulations, including regulation by various government agencies, such as the FAA, and foreign bodies and agencies such as Transport Canada, the European Union Aviation Safety Agency, or EASA, and the Civil Aviation Agency of Israel. The use of our products is also subject to certain authorization, certification and compliance requirements that vary depending on the jurisdiction in which our products are used. See “Item 4B. Business Overview — Government Regulation” for additional information.

We also expect that there will continue to be new proposed laws, regulations and industry standards concerning drone safety in the United States, Canada, the European Union and other jurisdictions, and we cannot yet determine the impact of such future laws, regulations and standards may have on our business. Changes in the regulatory laws and regulations may require the Company to adapt new regulations with respect to technology, business, and operation, therefore it may result in a loss of revenues for the Company. We expect that existing laws, regulations and standards may be interpreted differently in the future. Compliance with any new obligations imposed by government bodies and agencies depends in part on how particular regulators interpret and apply them. If we fail to comply with these obligations or if regulators assert that we have failed to comply with these obligations, we may be subject to certain fines, sanctions, or other penalties, as well as litigation. Further, it could hinder the Company’s ability to retain existing customers and attract new customers, particularly if our products were perceived to be less compliant than our competitors’ products, which would have a material adverse impact on the Company’s prospects.

Additionally, many foreign countries and governmental bodies, including the European Union, India and numerous other jurisdictions in which we operate or conduct our business, have laws and regulations concerning the collection, use, processing, storage and deletion of personal information obtained from their residents or by businesses operating within their jurisdiction that may be implicated by the use of our products. These laws and regulations often are more restrictive than those in the United States and heightened concerns over privacy and data protection may lead to restrictions that make the use of our products more difficult. In addition to government regulation, privacy advocates and industry groups may propose new and different self-regulatory standards that may apply to us. See “Item 4B — Business Overview — Government Regulation” for additional information.

Future laws, regulations, standards and other obligations, as well as changes in the interpretation of existing laws, regulations, standards and other obligations could make incorporating our solutions into drones and using our products more difficult, which could decrease demand for our products, require us to restrict our business operations, increase our costs and impair our ability to maintain and grow our customer base and increase our revenue. Any inability to adequately address safety and privacy concerns, even if unfounded, or comply with applicable laws, regulations, policies, industry standards, contractual obligations or other legal obligations could result in additional cost and liability to us, damage our reputation, inhibit sales, and adversely affect our business and operating results.

We are subject to Israeli and U.S. government inquiries and investigations, including periodic audits of costs that we determine are reimbursable under U.S. government contracts.

Under the Export Control Law, the Israeli Ministry of Defense and DECA have various audit and supervision powers to ensure compliance with the Export Control Law, to which violations are subject to criminal and administrative penalties. We are also required to submit periodic reports to DECA, and to maintain and retain records as to the information and documents pertaining to defense export transactions conducted.

U.S. government agencies, including the Defense Contract Audit Agency and the Defense Contract Management Agency, routinely audit government contractors. These agencies review our performance under contracts, cost structure and compliance with applicable laws, regulations and standards, as well as the adequacy of and our compliance with our internal control systems and policies. Any costs found to be misclassified or inaccurately allocated to a specific contract will be deemed non-reimbursable, and to the extent already reimbursed, must be refunded. Any inadequacies in our systems and policies could result in withholds on billed receivables, penalties and reduced future business. Furthermore, if any audit, inquiry or investigation uncovers improper or illegal activities, we could be subject to civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, including termination of contracts, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments, fines and suspension or debarment from doing business with the U.S. government. We also could suffer reputational harm if allegations of impropriety were made against us, even if such allegations are later determined to be false.

We are subject to governmental export and import and marketing controls in Israel and in the United States that could subject us to liability in the event of non-compliance or impair our ability to compete in international markets.

We are also subject to U.S. and Israeli export control and economic sanctions laws, which prohibit the delivery and sale of certain products to embargoed or sanctioned countries, governments and persons. Our products could be exported to these sanctioned targets by our channel partners despite their contractual undertakings and any such export could have negative consequences, including government investigations, penalties and reputational harm.

In addition, we are subject to defense-related export controls. For example, currently certain of our products are subject to supervision under the Export Control Law. Under the Export Control Law, an Israeli company may not conduct “defense marketing activity” without a defense marketing license from the Israeli Ministry of Defense, and may be subject to a requirement to obtain a specific license from the Israeli Ministry of Defense for any export of defense related products and/or knowhow. The definition of defense marketing activity is broad and includes any marketing of “defense equipment,” “defense knowhow” or “defense services” outside of Israel, which includes “dual-use goods and technology,” (material and equipment intended in principle for civilian use and that can also be used for defensive purposes, such as certain of our products) that is specified in the list of Goods and Dual-Use Technology annexed to the Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies, if intended for defense use only, or is specified under Israeli legislation. “Dual-use goods and technology” will be subject to control by the Israeli Ministry of Economy if intended for civilian use only.

We could be subject to liability in the event of non-compliance or impair our ability to compete in international markets (including, if we fail to submit periodic reports to DECA or to maintain and retain records as to the information and documents pertaining to defense export transactions conducted.

Furthermore, any change in export or import regulations, economic sanctions or related legislation, shift in the enforcement or scope of existing regulations, or change in the countries, governments, persons or technologies targeted by such regulations, could result in decreased use of our products by, or in our decreased ability to export or sell our products to, existing or potential customers with international operations. Any decreased use of our products or limitation on our ability to export or sell our products would likely adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Failure to make competitive technological advances will put us at a disadvantage and may lead to negative operational and financial outcome.

The Company is focused on the development and application of drone technologies. Technology markets, by their very nature, are continually evolving. Particularly, the market of drone technologies may become increasingly competitive. To succeed, the company will need to research and develop enhancements to its existing suite of products and services, as well as new products and services that are suitable for existing applications of drone technology and new applications that might not yet exist.

There is no guarantee that the Company’s research and development activities will meet the changing needs of its customer markets. At the same time, products and technologies developed by others may render the Company’s products and technology obsolete or non-competitive which could materially adversely affect the business, operating results and financial prospects of the Company.

If we fail to offer high-quality products or customer service, our business and reputation could suffer.

The Company believes global branding is critical for the long-term success of the Company’s business. We will continue to differentiate ourselves from our competitors through our commitment to a high-quality products and customer experience. Accordingly, high-quality products and customer service are important for the growth of our business and any failure to maintain such standards, or a related market perception, could affect our ability to sell products and services to existing and prospective customers.

Negative commentary or complaints may have a damaging impact on the Company’s ability to achieve its business objectives. Further, as the Company’s business model is based on recurring revenue arising from technology users and customers, poor user experiences may result in loss of customers, adverse publicity, litigation, regulatory enquiries and reduction of use of the Company’s products.

Our products and certain projects have lengthy sales cycles that make it difficult to plan our expenses and forecast results.

The Company primarily markets its products and services to original equipment manufacturers, or OEMs, which are usually characterized by long sales cycles. Accordingly, the sales cycle can be long, and it can take months and years to close significant transactions, whilst remaining subject to changes in regulatory environments and customers’ budgets. More specifically, the Company may incur costs in connection with its marketing activities with potential customers that may not be recovered.

The Company mitigates these risks through its diversified business model and client base to ensure that it has a mix of ongoing revenue, whilst also building its commercial position in the commercial drone industry. However, the effectiveness of such mitigation efforts is difficult to predict.

The Company’s commercial opportunity could be reduced if our competitors develop and commercialize products or services that offer better performance or are more cost-effective to use than our products or services.

The markets in which the Company operates are particularly competitive due to the lucrative nature of the contracts and contacts available within the commercial and industrial drone industries. The performance of the Company could be adversely affected if existing or new competitors reduce their market share through technology development, marketing and increased product or technology offerings or through price reduction for alternatives.

The Company may be subject to the risks associated with future acquisitions.

As part of the Company’s overall business strategy, the Company may pursue select strategic acquisitions that would provide additional product or service offerings, additional industry expertise, and a stronger industry presence in both existing and new jurisdictions. Any such future acquisitions, if completed, may expose the Company to additional potential risks, including risks associated with: (a) the integration of new operations, services and personnel; (b) unforeseen or hidden liabilities; (c) the diversion of resources from the Company’s existing business and technology; (d) potential inability to generate sufficient revenue to offset new costs; I the expenses of acquisitions; or (f) the potential loss of or harm to relationships with both employees and existing users resulting from its integration of new businesses. In addition, any proposed acquisitions may be subject to regulatory approval. 

The Company’s inability to retain management and key employees could impair the future success of the Company.

The Company’s future success depends substantially on the continued services of its executive officers and its key development personnel. If one or more of its executive officers or key development personnel were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, the Company might not be able to replace them easily or at all. In addition, if any of its executive officers or key employees joins a competitor or forms a competing company, the Company may lose experience, know-how, key professionals and staff members as well as business partners. These executive officers and key employees could develop drone technologies that could compete with and take customers and market share away from the Company.

The Company may not be able to successfully manage its planned growth and expansion.

We expect to continue to make investments in our products in development and our products that we have started to commercialize. We expect that our annual operating expenses will continue to increase as we invest in business development, marketing, research and development, manufacturing and production infrastructure, and develop customer service and support resources for future customers. Failure to expand operational and financial systems timely or efficiently may result in operating inefficiencies, which could increase costs and expenses to a greater extent than we anticipate and may also prevent us from successfully executing our business plan. We may not be able to offset the costs of operation expansion by leveraging the economies of scale from our growth in negotiations with our suppliers and contract manufacturers. Additionally, if we increase our operating expenses in anticipation of the growth of our business and this growth falls short of our expectations, our financial results will be negatively impacted.

If our business grows, we will have to manage additional product design projects, materials procurement processes, and sales efforts and marketing for an increasing number of products, as well as expand the number and scope of our relationships with suppliers, distributors and end customers. If the Company fails to manage these additional responsibilities and relationships successfully, we may incur significant costs, which may negatively impact our operating results. Additionally, in our efforts to be first to market with new products with innovative functionality and features, we may devote significant research and development resources to products and product features for which a market does not develop quickly, or at all. If we are not able to predict market trends accurately, the Company may not benefit from such research and development activities, and our results of operations may suffer.

As our future development and commercialization plans and strategies develop, we expect to need additional managerial, operational, sales, marketing, financial and legal personnel. Our management may need to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from our day-to-day activities and devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities. In particular, a period of significant growth in the number of personnel could place a strain upon the Company’s management systems and resources. We may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations, which may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, operational mistakes, loss of business opportunities, failure to deliver and timely deliver our products to customers, loss of employees and reduced productivity among remaining employees. Our expected growth could require significant capital expenditures and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as the development of additional new products.

The Company’s future will depend in part on the ability of its officers and other key employees to implement and improve financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures on a timely basis and to expand, train, motivate and manage its workforce. The Company’s current and planned personnel, systems, procedures and controls may be inadequate to support its future operations. If our management is unable to effectively manage our growth, our expenses may increase more than expected, our ability to generate and/or grow revenue could be reduced, and we may not be able to implement our business strategy.

The Company faces uncertainty and adverse changes in the economy.

Adverse changes in the economy could negatively impact the Company’s business. Future economic distress may result in a decrease in demand for the Company’s products, which could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s operating results and financial condition. Uncertainty and adverse changes in the economy could also increase costs associated with developing and publishing products, increase the cost and decrease the availability of sources of financing, and increase the Company’s exposure to material losses from bad debts, any of which could have a material adverse impact on the financial condition and operating results of the Company.

The Company’s operating results and financial condition may fluctuate.

Even if the Company is successful in marketing its products to the market, its operating results and financial condition may fluctuate from quarter to quarter and year to year and are likely to continue to vary due to several factors, many of which will not be within the Company’s control. If the Company’s operating results do not meet the guidance that we provide to the marketplace or the expectations of securities analysts or investors, the market price of the ordinary shares will likely decline. Fluctuations in the Company’s operating results and financial condition may be due to several factors, including those listed below and those identified throughout this “Risk Factors” section:

The impact of one or more of the foregoing or other factors may cause our results of operations to vary significantly. Such fluctuations make forecasting more difficult and could cause us to fail to meet the expectations of investors and securities analysts, which could cause the trading price of our ordinary shares to fall substantially, resulting in the loss of all or part of your investment, and subject us to costly lawsuits, including securities class action suits.

Our business, operating results and growth rates may be adversely affected by current or future unfavorable economic and market conditions and adverse developments with respect to financial institutions and associated liquidity risk.

Our business depends on the economic health of the global economies. If the conditions in the global economies remain uncertain or continue to be volatile, or if they deteriorate, including as a result of the impact of military conflict, terrorism or other geopolitical events, our business, operating results and financial condition may be materially adversely affected. Economic weakness, inflation and increases in interest rates, limited availability of credit, liquidity shortages and constrained capital spending have at times in the past resulted, and may in the future result, in challenging and delayed sales cycles, slower adoption of new technologies and increased price competition, and could negatively affect our ability to forecast future periods, which could result in an inability to satisfy demand for our products and a loss of market share.

In addition, increases in inflation raise our costs for commodities, labor, materials and services and other costs required to grow and operate our business, and failure to secure these on reasonable terms may adversely impact our financial condition. Additionally, increases in inflation, geopolitical developments and global supply chain disruptions, have caused, and may in the future cause, global economic uncertainty and uncertainty about the interest rate environment, which may make it more difficult, costly or dilutive for us to secure additional financing. A failure to adequately respond to these risks could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

There can be no assurance that future credit and financial market instability and a deterioration in confidence in economic conditions will not occur. Our general business strategy may be adversely affected by any such economic downturn, liquidity shortages, volatile business environment or continued unpredictable and unstable market conditions. If the current equity and credit markets deteriorate, or if adverse developments are experienced by financial institutions, it may cause short-term liquidity risk and also make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult, more costly, more onerous with respect to financial and operating covenants and more dilutive. Failure to secure any necessary financing in a timely manner and on favorable terms could have a material adverse effect on our growth strategy, financial performance and stock price and could require us to alter our operating plans. In addition, there is a risk that one or more of our service providers, financial institutions, manufacturers, suppliers and other partners may be adversely affected by the foregoing risks, which could directly affect our ability to attain our operating goals on schedule and on budget.

If critical components or raw materials used to manufacture the Company’s products become scarce or unavailable, then the Company may incur delays in manufacturing and delivery of its products, which could damage its business.

The Company obtains hardware components, various subsystems and systems from a limited group of suppliers. The Company does not have long-term agreements with any of these suppliers that obligate it to continue to sell components, subsystems, systems or products to the Company. The Company’s reliance on these suppliers involves significant risks and uncertainties, including whether its suppliers will provide an adequate supply of required components, subsystems or systems of sufficient quality, will increase prices for the components, subsystems or systems and will perform their obligations on a timely basis.

In addition, certain raw materials and components used in the manufacture of the Company’s products are periodically subject to supply shortages, and its business is subject to the risk of price increases and periodic delays in delivery. In particular, a number of the Company’s product designs incorporate a parachute which the Company sources from a limited number of suppliers. Similarly, the market for electronic components is subject to cyclical reductions in supply. If the Company is unable to obtain components from third-party suppliers in the quantities and of the quality that it requires, on a timely basis and at acceptable prices, then it may not be able to deliver its products on a timely or cost-effective basis to its customers, which could cause customers to terminate their contracts with the Company, increase the Company’s costs and seriously harm its business, results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, if any of the Company’s suppliers become financially unstable, then it may have to find new suppliers. It may take several months to locate alternative suppliers, if required, or to redesign the Company’s products to accommodate components from different suppliers. The Company may experience significant delays in manufacturing and shipping its products to customers and incur additional development, manufacturing and other costs to establish alternative sources of supply if the Company loses any of these sources or is required to redesign its products. The Company cannot predict if it will be able to obtain replacement components within the time frames that it requires at an affordable cost, if at all.

The Company’s products may be subject to recall or return.

Manufacturers and distributors of products are sometimes subject to the recall or return of their products for a variety of reasons, including product defects, safety concerns, packaging issues and inadequate or inaccurate labeling disclosure. If any of the Company’s equipment were to be recalled due to an alleged product defect, safety concern or for any other reason, the Company could be required to incur unexpected expenses of the recall and any legal proceedings that might arise in connection with the recall. The Company may lose a significant amount of sales and may not be able to replace those sales at an acceptable margin or at all. In addition, a product recall may require significant management time and attention. Additionally, product recalls may lead to increased scrutiny of the Company’s operations by regulatory agencies, requiring further management time and attention and potential legal fees, costs and other expenses.

If the Company releases defective products or services, its operating results could suffer.

Products and services designed and released by the Company involve extremely complex software programs and physical products, which are difficult to develop and distribute. While the Company has quality controls in place to detect and prevent defects in its products and services before they are released, these quality controls are subject to human error, overriding, and reasonable resource constraints. Therefore, these quality controls and preventative measures may not be effective in detecting and preventing defects in the Company’s products and services before they have been released into the marketplace. In such an event, the Company could be required, or decide voluntarily, to suspend the availability of the product or services, which could significantly harm its business and operating results.

The Company’s products and services are complex and could have unknown defects or errors, which may give rise to legal claims against the Company, diminish its brand or divert its resources from other purposes.

The Company’s products rely on complex avionics, sensors, user-friendly interfaces and tightly integrated, electromechanical designs to accomplish their missions. Despite testing, the Company’s products have contained defects and errors and may in the future contain defects, errors or performance problems when first introduced, when new versions or enhancements are released or even after these products have been used by the Company’s customers for a period of time. These problems could result in expensive and time-consuming design modifications or warranty charges, delays in the introduction of new products or enhancements, significant increases in the Company’s service and maintenance costs, exposure to liability for damages, damaged customer relationships and harm to the Company’s reputation, any of which could materially harm the Company’s results of operations and ability to achieve market acceptance. In addition, increased development and warranty costs could be substantial and could significantly reduce the Company’s operating margins.

As a manufacturer of UAV products, and with aircraft and aviation sector companies under increased scrutiny, claims could be brought against us if use or misuse of one of our UAV products causes, or merely appears to have caused, personal injury or death. In addition, defects in our products may lead to other potential life, health and property risks, the results of which could significantly damage the Company’s reputation and support for its UAV products in general. The existence of any defects, errors or failures in the Company’s products or the misuse of the Company’s products could also lead to product liability claims or lawsuits against it. Any claims against the Company, regardless of their merit, could severely harm the Company’s financial condition and strain its management and other resources. The Company anticipates these risks will grow as use of its UAVs in domestic airspace and urban areas increases. The Company’s UAV test systems also have the potential to cause injury, death or property damage if they are misused, malfunction or fail to operate properly due to unknown defects or errors.

Although the Company maintains insurance policies, it cannot provide any assurance that this insurance will be adequate to protect the Company from all material judgments and expenses related to potential future claims or that these levels of insurance will be available in the future at economical prices or at all. In particular, we are unable to predict if we will be able to obtain or maintain product liability insurance for any products that may be approved for marketing. A successful product liability claim could result in substantial cost to the Company. Even if the Company is fully insured as it relates to a particular claim, the claim could nevertheless diminish the Company’s brand and divert management’s attention and resources, which could have a negative impact on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

Shortfalls in available external research and development funding could adversely affect the Company.

The Company depends on its research and development activities to develop the core technologies used in its UAV products and for the development of the Company’s future products. A portion of the Company’s research and development activities can depend on funding by commercial companies and the Israeli government. Israeli government and commercial spending levels can be impacted by a number of variables, including general economic conditions, specific companies’ financial performance and competition for Israeli government funding. Any reductions in available research and development funding could harm the Company’s business, financial condition and operating results.

Negative consumer perception regarding the Company’s products could have a material adverse effect on the demand for the Company’s products and the business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows of the Company.

The Company believes the UAV industry is highly dependent upon consumer perception regarding the safety, efficacy and quality of the products used. Consumer perception of these products can be significantly influenced by scientific research or findings, regulatory investigations, litigation, media attention and other publicity regarding the use of UAV. There can be no assurance that future scientific research, findings, regulatory proceedings, litigation, media attention or other publicity will be favorable to the UAV market. Future research reports, findings, regulatory proceedings, litigation, media attention or other publicity that are perceived as less favorable than, or that question, earlier research reports, findings or publicity could have a material adverse effect on the demand for the Company’s products and the business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows of the Company. The dependence upon consumer perceptions means that adverse scientific research reports, findings, regulatory proceedings, litigation, media attention or other publicity, whether or not accurate or with merit, could have a material adverse effect on the Company, the demand for the Company’s products, and the business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows of the Company. Further, adverse publicity reports or other media attention regarding the safety, the efficacy, and quality of UAV based surveys in general, or the Company’s products specifically, could have a material adverse effect.

If the Company fails to successfully promote its product brand, this could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

The Company believes that brand recognition is an important factor to its success. If the Company fails to promote its brands successfully, or if the expenses of doing so are disproportionate to any increased net sales it achieves, it would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. This will depend largely on the Company’s ability to maintain trust, be a technology leader, and continue to provide high-quality and secure technologies, products and services. Any negative publicity about the Company or its industry, the quality and reliability of the Company’s technologies, products and services, the Company’s risk management processes, changes to the Company’s technologies, products and services, its ability to effectively manage and resolve customer complaints, its privacy and security practices, litigation, regulatory activity, and the experience of sellers and buyers with the Company’s products or services, could adversely affect the Company’s reputation and the confidence in and use of the Company’s technologies, products and services. Harm to the Company’s brand can arise from many sources, including; failure by the Company or its partners to satisfy expectations of service and quality; inadequate protection of sensitive information; compliance failures and claims; litigation and other claims; employee misconduct; and misconduct by the Company’s partners, service providers, or other counterparties. If the Company does not successfully maintain a strong and trusted brand, its business could be materially and adversely affected.

The Company may be subject to electronic communication security risks.

A significant potential vulnerability of electronic communications is the security of transmission of confidential information over public networks. Anyone who is able to circumvent the Company’s security measures could misappropriate proprietary information or cause interruptions in its operations. The Company may be required to expend capital and other resources to protect against such security breaches or to alleviate problems caused by such breaches.

The Company’s business could be adversely affected if its consumer protection and data privacy practices are not perceived as adequate or there are breaches of its security measures or unintended disclosures of its consumer data.

The rate of privacy law-making is accelerating globally and interpretation and application of consumer protection and data privacy laws in Israel, the United States and elsewhere are often uncertain, contradictory and in flux. As business practices are being challenged by regulators, private litigants and consumer protection agencies around the world, it is possible that these laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with the Company’s data and/or consumer protection practices. This could result in increased litigation, government or court-imposed fines, judgments or orders requiring that the Company change its practices, which could have an adverse effect on its business and reputation. Complying with these various laws could cause the Company to incur substantial costs or require it to change its business practices in a manner adverse to its business.

Significant disruptions of our information technology systems or breaches of our data security could adversely affect our business.

A significant invasion, interruption, destruction or breakdown of the Company’s information technology systems and/or infrastructure by persons with authorized or unauthorized access could negatively impact our business and operations. The Company could also experience business interruption, information theft and/or reputational damage from cyber-attacks, which may compromise our systems and lead to data leakage either internally or at our third-party providers. The Company’s systems are expected to be the target of malware and other cyber-attacks. Although we have invested in measures to reduce these risks, we cannot assure you that these measures will be successful in preventing compromise and/or disruption of our information technology systems and related data.

The Company relies on its business partners, and they may be given access to sensitive and proprietary information in order to provide services and support to the Company’s teams.

The Company does not rely on licensing partners and licensees but instead relies on sale, collaboration and other arrangements with third-party service providers, vendors and development partners that purchase the Company’s products and then seek regulatory approval for the combined use of their drones with the Company’s products. The Company has no licensing agreements or arrangements with, and does not receive any royalty payments from, any parties, except for one license agreement for the out-license of software previously developed by the Company for the production of its hardware, which has generated an immaterial amount of revenue. In some cases, third parties are given access to sensitive and proprietary information in order to provide services and support to the Company. These third parties may misappropriate the Company’s information and engage in unauthorized use of it. The failure of these third parties to provide adequate services and technologies, or the failure of the third parties to adequately maintain or update their services and technologies, could result in a disruption to the Company’s business operations. Further, disruptions in the financial markets and economic downturns may adversely affect the Company’s business partners and they may not be able to continue honoring their obligations to the Company. Alternative arrangements and services may not be available to the Company on commercially reasonable terms or the Company may experience business interruptions upon a transition to an alternative partner or vendor. If the Company loses one or more significant business partners, the Company’s business could be harmed.

Executive officers and directors may have rights to indemnification from the Company, including pursuant to directors’ and officers’ liability insurance policies, that will survive termination of their agreements.

Our planned international operations will expose us to additional market and operational risks, and failure to manage these risks may adversely affect our business and operating results.

We expect to derive a substantial percentage of our sales from international markets. Accordingly, we will face significant operational risks from doing business internationally, including:

Further, international trade conflicts could have negative consequences on the demand for our products and services outside Israel. Other risks of doing business internationally include political and economic instability in the countries of our customers and suppliers, changes in diplomatic and trade relationships and increasing instances of terrorism worldwide. Some of these risks may be affected by Israel’s overall political situation. See “Item 3D. — Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Incorporation, Location and Operations in Israel” for further information.

The Company’s failure to manage the market and operational risks associated with its international operations effectively could limit the future growth of the Company’s business and adversely affect our operating results.

Scrutiny of sustainability and environmental, social, and governance, or ESG, initiatives could increase our costs or otherwise adversely impact our business.

Public companies have recently faced scrutiny related to ESG practices and disclosures from certain investors, capital providers, shareholder advocacy groups, other market participants and other stakeholder groups. Such scrutiny may result in increased costs, enhanced compliance or disclosure obligations, or other adverse impacts on our business, financial condition or results of operations. If our ESG practices and reporting do not meet investor or other stakeholder expectations, we may be subject to investor or regulator engagement regarding such matters. Our failure to comply with any applicable ESG rules or regulations could lead to penalties and adversely impact our reputation, access to capital and employee retention. Such ESG matters may also impact our third-party contract manufacturers and other third parties on which we rely, which may augment or cause additional impacts on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

If we are unable to obtain and maintain effective intellectual property rights for our products, we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets.

Historically, we have relied on patents, trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect the intellectual property related to our technologies and products. Our success depends in large part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent and other intellectual property protection in the United States and in other countries with respect to our proprietary technology and new products.

We have sought to protect our proprietary position by filing patent applications in Israel, the United States and in other countries, with respect to our novel technologies and products, which are important to our business. Patent prosecution is expensive and time consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection.

Our patent portfolio consists of an aggregate of twenty four (24) patents and patent applications, as described in “Item 4.B — Business Overview — Intellectual Property”. We cannot offer any assurances about which, if any, patent applications will issue, the breadth of any such patent or whether any issued patents will be found invalid and unenforceable or will be threatened by third parties. Any successful opposition to these patents or any other patents owned by or licensed to us after patent issuance could deprive us of rights necessary for the successful commercialization of any new products that we may develop. 

Further, there is no assurance that all potentially relevant prior art relating to our patent applications has been found, which can invalidate a patent or prevent a patent from issuing from a pending patent application. Even if patents do successfully issue, and even if such patents cover our products, third parties may challenge their validity, enforceability, or scope, which may result in such patents being narrowed, found unenforceable or invalidated. Furthermore, even if they are unchallenged, our patent applications and any future patents may not adequately protect our intellectual property, provide exclusivity for our new products, or prevent others from designing around our claims. Any of these outcomes could impair our ability to prevent competition from third parties, which may have an adverse impact on our business.

If we cannot obtain and maintain effective patent rights for our products, we may not be able to compete effectively, and our business and results of operations would be harmed.

Intellectual property rights of third parties could adversely affect our ability to commercialize our products, and we might be required to litigate or obtain licenses from third parties in order to develop or market our product candidates. Such litigation or licenses could be costly or not available on commercially reasonable terms.

It is inherently difficult to conclusively assess our freedom to operate without infringing on third party rights. Our competitive position may be adversely affected if existing patents or patents resulting from patent applications issued to third parties or other third-party intellectual property rights are held to cover our products or elements thereof, or our manufacturing or uses relevant to our development plans. In such cases, we may not be in a position to develop or commercialize products or our product candidates unless we successfully pursue litigation to nullify or invalidate the third-party intellectual property right concerned or enter into a license agreement with the intellectual property right holder, if available on commercially reasonable terms. There may also be pending patent applications that if they result in issued patents, could be alleged to be infringed by our new products. If such an infringement claim should be brought and be successful, we may be required to pay substantial damages, be forced to abandon our new products or seek a license from any patent holders. No assurances can be given that a license will be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all.

It is also possible that we have failed to identify relevant third-party patents or applications. For example, U.S. patent applications filed before November 29, 2000 and certain U.S. patent applications filed after that date that will not be filed outside the United States remain confidential until patents issue. Patent applications in the United States and in most of the other countries are published approximately 18 months after the earliest filing for which priority is claimed, with such earliest filing date being commonly referred to as the priority date. Therefore, patent applications covering our new products or platform technology could have been filed by others without our knowledge. Additionally, pending patent applications which have been published can, subject to certain limitations, be later amended in a manner that could cover our platform technologies, our new products or the use of our new products. Third party intellectual property right holders may also actively bring infringement claims against us. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to successfully settle or otherwise resolve such infringement claims. If we are unable to successfully settle future claims on terms acceptable to us, we may be required to engage in or continue costly, unpredictable and time-consuming litigation and may be prevented from or experience substantial delays in pursuing the development of and/or marketing our new products. If we fail in any such dispute, in addition to being forced to pay damages, we may be temporarily or permanently prohibited from commercializing our new products that are held to be infringing. We might, if possible, also be forced to redesign our new products so that we no longer infringe the third party’s intellectual property rights. Any of these events, even if we were ultimately to prevail, could require us to divert substantial financial and management resources that we would otherwise be able to devote to our business.

Patent policy and rule changes could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of any issued patents.

Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of any patents that may issue from our patent applications or narrow the scope of our patent protection. The laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. We therefore cannot be certain that we were the first to file the invention claimed in our owned and licensed patent or pending applications, or that we or our licensor were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions. Assuming all other requirements for patentability are met, in the United States prior to March 15, 2013, the first to make the claimed invention without undue delay in filing is entitled to the patent, while outside the United States, the first to file a patent application is entitled to the patent. Since March 15, 2013, the United States has moved to a first to file system. Changes to the way patent applications will be prosecuted could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of any issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. 

We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our intellectual property, which could be expensive, time consuming, and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our intellectual property. If we were to initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent covering one of our new products, the defendant could counterclaim that the patent covering our product candidate is invalid and/or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity and/or unenforceability are commonplace. Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, including lack of novelty, obviousness, or non-enablement. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld relevant information from the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, or made a misleading statement, during prosecution. The validity of U.S. patents may also be challenged in post-grant proceedings before the USPTO. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable.

Derivation proceedings initiated by third parties or brought by us may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions and/or their scope with respect to our patent or patent applications or those of our licensors. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms. Our defense of litigation or interference proceedings may fail and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees. In addition, the uncertainties associated with litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our research programs, license necessary technology from third parties, or enter into development partnerships that would help us bring our new products to market.

Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions, or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of our ordinary shares.

We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship of our intellectual property.

We may be subject to claims that former employees, collaborators or other third parties have an interest in, or right to compensation, with respect to our current patent and patent applications, future patents or other intellectual property as an inventor or co-inventor. For example, we may have inventorship disputes arise from conflicting obligations of consultants or others who are involved in developing our products. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship or claiming the right to compensation. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, valuable intellectual property. Such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing, prosecuting, and defending patents on products, as well as monitoring their infringement in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries can be less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States.

A substantial part of the commercial success of the Company will depend on its ability to maintain, establish and protect its intellectual property assets, maintain trade secret protection, register copyrights and trademarks, and operate without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. Our patent portfolio consists of an aggregate of twenty four (24) patents and patent applications, as described in “Item 4.B. — Business Overview — Intellectual Property.” We cannot assure investors that any of our currently pending or future patent applications will result in issued patents and we cannot predict how long it will take for such patent applications to issue as patents. There is a further risk that the claims of each patent application, as filed, may change in scope during examination by the patent offices. Further, if and where a patent is granted, there can be no guarantee that such patent will be valid or enforceable or that the patent will be granted in other jurisdictions.

Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and may also export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our products. Future patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets, and other intellectual property protection, which could make it difficult for us to stop the marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions, whether or not successful, could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our future patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to monitor and enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from intellectual property that we develop or license.

We may become subject to claims for remuneration or royalties for assigned service invention rights by our employees, which could result in litigation and adversely affect our business.

A significant portion of our intellectual property has been developed by our employees in the course of their employment for us. Under the Israeli Patent Law, 5727-1967, or the Patent Law, inventions conceived by an employee during the scope of his or her employment with a company are regarded as “service inventions,” which belong to the employer, absent an agreement between the employee and employer providing otherwise. The Patents Law also provides that if there is no agreement between an employer and an employee determining whether the employee is entitled to receive consideration for service inventions and on what terms, this will be determined by the Israeli Compensation and Royalties Committee, or the Committee, a body constituted under the Patents Law. Case law clarifies that the right to receive consideration for “service inventions” can be waived by the employee and that in certain circumstances, such waiver does not necessarily have to be explicit. The Committee will examine, on a case-by-case basis, the general contractual framework between the parties, using interpretation rules of the general Israeli contract laws. Further, the Committee has not yet determined one specific formula for calculating this remuneration, but rather uses the criteria specified in the Patents Law. Although we generally enter into agreements with our employees pursuant to which such individuals assign to us all rights to any inventions created during and as a result of their employment with us, we may face claims demanding remuneration in consideration for assigned inventions. As a consequence of such claims, we could be required to pay additional remuneration or royalties to our current and/or former employees, or be forced to litigate such monetary claims (which will not affect our proprietary rights), which could negatively affect our business.

Risks Related to the Ownership of Our Ordinary Shares

The market price for our ordinary shares may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance.

The market price of our ordinary shares may be highly volatile and may fluctuate or decline substantially as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control, including:

Furthermore, the stock market has experienced extreme volatility that in some cases has been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of particular companies. These and other factors may cause the market price and demand for our ordinary shares to fluctuate substantially, which may limit or prevent investors from readily selling their shares and may otherwise negatively affect the liquidity of our ordinary shares. In addition, in the past, when the market price of a stock has been volatile, holders of that stock have sometimes instituted securities class action litigation against the company that issued the stock. If any of our shareholders were to bring a lawsuit against us, we could incur substantial costs defending the lawsuit. Such a lawsuit could also divert the time and attention of our management from our business. 

We have never paid, and we currently do not intend to pay dividends.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our ordinary shares. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to finance operations and to expand our business and, therefore, do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our ordinary shares will be investors’ sole source of gain for the foreseeable future. In addition, Israeli law may limit our declaration or payment of dividends and may subject our dividends to Israeli withholding taxes.

The JOBS Act allows us to postpone the date by which we must comply with some of the laws and regulations intended to protect investors and to reduce the amount of information we provide in our reports filed with the SEC, which could undermine investor confidence in our company and adversely affect the market price of our ordinary shares.

For so long as we remain an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act, we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various requirements that are applicable to public companies that are not “emerging growth companies” including:

We intend to take advantage of these exemptions until we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the date of our first sale of equity securities pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our ordinary shares that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior December 31, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period.

We cannot predict if investors will find our ordinary shares less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our ordinary shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our ordinary shares, and our market prices may be more volatile and may decline.

As a “foreign private issuer” we are permitted to and follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of otherwise applicable SEC and Nasdaq requirements, which may result in less protection than is accorded to investors under rules applicable to domestic U.S. issuers.

Our status as a foreign private issuer also exempts us from compliance with certain SEC laws and regulations and certain regulations of the Nasdaq Stock Market, or Nasdaq, including the proxy rules, the short-swing profits recapture rules, and certain governance requirements such as independent director oversight of the nomination of directors and executive compensation. In addition, we are not required, under the Exchange Act, to file current reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. domestic companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act and we are generally exempt from filing quarterly reports with the SEC. Also, although regulations promulgated under the Israeli Companies Law, 5759-1999, or the Companies Law, requires us to disclose the annual compensation of our five most highly compensated senior officers on an individual basis, this disclosure is not as extensive as that required of a U.S. domestic issuer. For example, the disclosure required under Israeli law would be limited to compensation paid in the immediately preceding year without any requirement to disclose option exercises and vested stock options, future pension benefits or potential payments upon termination or a change of control. Furthermore, as a foreign private issuer, we are also not subject to the requirements of Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure) promulgated under the Exchange Act.

These exemptions and leniencies will reduce the frequency and scope of information and protections to which you are entitled as an investor.

The determination of foreign private issuer status is made annually on the last business day of an issuer’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter and, accordingly, the next determination will be made with respect to us on June 30, 2025. In the future, we would lose our foreign private issuer status if a majority of our shareholders, directors or management are U.S. citizens or residents and we fail to meet additional requirements necessary to avoid loss of foreign private issuer status. The regulatory and compliance costs to us under U.S. securities laws as a U.S. domestic registrant may be significantly higher.

We may be a “passive foreign investment company,” or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes in the current taxable year or may become one in any subsequent taxable year. There generally would be negative tax consequences for U.S. taxpayers that are holders of our ordinary shares (as defined below) if we are or were to become a PFIC.

We would be classified as a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for any taxable year if, after the application of certain look-through rules, either: (i) 75% or more of our gross income for such year is “passive income” (as defined in the relevant provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code), or (ii) 50% or more of the value of our assets (generally determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income. For these purposes, cash and other assets readily convertible into cash or that do or could generate passive income are categorized as passive assets, and the value of goodwill and other unbooked intangible assets is generally taken into account. Passive income generally includes, among other things, rents, dividends, interest, royalties, gains from the disposition of passive assets and gains from commodities and securities transactions. For purposes of this test, we will be treated as owning a proportionate share of the assets and earning a proportionate share of the income of any other corporation of which we own, directly or indirectly, at least 25% (by value) of the stock. Based on our market capitalization and the composition of our income, assets and operations, we believe that we were not a PFIC for the year ended December 31, 2024 and we do not expect to be a PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes for the current taxable year or in the foreseeable future. However, this is a factual determination that must be made annually after the close of each taxable year. Moreover, the value of our assets for purposes of the PFIC determination may be determined by reference to the public price of our ordinary shares, which could fluctuate significantly. In addition, it is possible that the Internal Revenue Service may take a contrary position with respect to our determination in any particular year, and therefore, there can be no assurance that we will not be classified as a PFIC in the current taxable year or in the future. Certain adverse consequences of PFIC status may be alleviated if a U.S. Holder (as defined below) makes a “mark to market” election or an election to treat us as a qualified electing fund, or QEF. These elections would result in an alternative treatment (such as mark-to-market treatment) of our ordinary shares. It is not expected that a U.S. Holder will be able to make a QEF election because we do not intend to provide U.S. Holders with the information necessary to make a QEF election. Certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to a U.S. Holder (as defined in “Certain Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations”) if we are treated as a PFIC for any taxable year during which such U.S. Holder holds our ordinary shares. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors about the potential application of the PFIC rules to their investment in our ordinary shares. For further discussion, see “Item 10.E—Additional Information—Taxation—Certain Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Companies.”

If a United States person is treated as owning at least 10% of our ordinary shares, such holder may be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences.

If a United States person is treated as owning (directly, indirectly, or constructively) at least 10% of the value or voting power of our ordinary shares, such person may be treated as a “United States shareholder” with respect to each controlled foreign corporation, or CFC, in our group (if any). Because our group includes a U.S. subsidiary, certain of our non-U.S. subsidiaries will be treated as CFCs (regardless of whether or not we are treated as a CFC). A United States shareholder of a CFC may be required to report annually and include in its U.S. taxable income its pro rata share of “Subpart F income,” “global intangible low-taxed income,” and investments in U.S. property by CFCs, regardless of whether we make any distributions. An individual that is a United States shareholder with respect to a CFC generally would not be allowed certain tax deductions or foreign tax credits that would be allowed to a United States shareholder that is a U.S. corporation. Failure to comply with these reporting obligations may subject a United States shareholder to significant monetary penalties and may prevent the statute of limitations with respect to such shareholder’s U.S. federal income tax return for the year for which reporting was due from starting. We cannot provide any assurances that we will assist investors in determining whether we are or any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries is treated as CFC or whether any investor is treated as a United States shareholder with respect to any such CFC or furnish to any United States shareholders information that may be necessary to comply with the aforementioned reporting and tax paying obligations. The United States Internal Revenue Service has provided limited guidance on situations in which investors may rely on publicly available information to comply with their reporting and tax paying obligations with respect to foreign-controlled CFCs. A United States investor should consult its advisors regarding the potential application of these rules to an investment in our ordinary shares. 

We may be subject to securities litigation, which is expensive and could divert management attention.

In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Litigation of this type could result in substantial costs and diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could seriously hurt our business. Any adverse determination in litigation could also subject us to significant liabilities.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about us, our business or our market, or if they adversely change their recommendations or publish negative reports regarding our business or our shares, our share price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our ordinary shares will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. We do not have any control over these analysts and we cannot provide any assurance that analysts will cover us or provide favorable coverage. If any of the analysts who may cover us adversely change their recommendation regarding our shares, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, our share price would likely decline. If any analyst who may cover us were to cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our share price or trading volume to decline.

An active trading market for our ordinary shares may not be sustained.

An active public trading market for our ordinary shares may not be sustained. The lack of an active market may impair your ability to sell your ordinary shares at the time you wish to sell them or at a price that you consider reasonable. The lack of an active market may also reduce the fair value of your ordinary shares. An inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital to continue to fund operations by selling ordinary shares and may impair our ability to acquire other companies or technologies by using our ordinary shares as consideration.

Future sales of substantial amounts of our ordinary shares in the public markets, or the perception that such sales might occur, could reduce the price that our ordinary shares might otherwise attain.

Future sales of a substantial number of shares of our ordinary shares in the public market, particularly sales by our directors, executive officers and significant shareholders, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our ordinary shares and may make it more difficult for you to sell your ordinary shares at a time and price that you deem appropriate.

In addition, we intend to register the offer and sale of all ordinary shares that we may issue from time to time under our equity compensation plans. Once we register these shares, they will be freely tradable in the public market, subject to the volume limitations under Rule 144 of the Securities Act in the case of our affiliates and the lock-up agreements or market stand-off provisions agreed with the representative of the underwriters in connection with our initial public offering in July 2023. 

Risks Related to Our Incorporation, Location and Operations in Israel

Our headquarters, research and development and other significant operations are located in Israel, and, therefore, our results may be adversely affected by political, economic and military instability in Israel including the recent war with Hamas and other terrorist organizations from the Gaza Strip.

Our executive offices and research and development facilities are located in Israel. In addition, all of our key employees, officers and directors are residents of Israel. Accordingly, political, geopolitical, economic and military conditions in Israel may directly affect our business. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, a number of armed conflicts have taken place between Israel and its neighboring Arab countries, Hamas (an Islamist terrorist militia and political group that controls the Gaza strip), Hezbollah (an Islamist terrorist militia and political group based in Lebanon) and other terrorist organizations active in the region. These conflicts have involved missile strikes, hostile infiltrations and terrorism against civilian targets in various parts of Israel, which have negatively affected business conditions in Israel. Any hostilities involving Israel or the interruption or curtailment of trade between Israel and its trading partners could negatively affect business conditions in Israel in general and our business in particular, and adversely affect our product development, operations and results of operations. Ongoing and revived hostilities or other Israeli political or economic factors, such as, an interruption of operations at the Tel Aviv airport or the nautical routes, could prevent or delay shipments of our components or products.

In October 2023, Hamas terrorists infiltrated Israel’s southern border from the Gaza Strip and conducted a series of attacks on civilian and military targets. Hamas also launched extensive rocket attacks on Israeli population and industrial centers located along Israel’s border with the Gaza Strip and in other areas within the State of Israel. These attacks resulted in extensive deaths, injuries and kidnapping of civilians and soldiers. Following the attack, Israel’s security cabinet declared war against Hamas and a military campaign against these terrorist organizations commenced in parallel to their continued rocket and terror attacks.

Since the commencement of these events, there have been continued hostilities along Israel’s northern border with the Hezbollah terror organization), with Iran, the Houthis in Yemen and on other fronts with various extremist groups in the region, such as various rebel militia groups in Syria and Iraq. In October 2024, Israel began limited ground operations against Hezbollah in Lebanon, and in November 2024, a ceasefire was brokered between Israel and Hezbollah. However, we cannot predict if and to what extent this ceasefire will remain in effect or upheld. It is possible that hostilities with Iran, Hezbollah, the Houthis and terrorist groups in Syria will escalate, and that other terrorist organizations, including Palestinian military organizations in the West Bank, will join the hostilities. Iran, who launched direct attacks on Israel involving drones and missiles, is also believed to have a strong influence among extremist groups in the region, such as Hamas in Gaza, Hezbollah in Lebanon, the Houthis in Yemen and various rebel militia groups in Syria and Iraq. These situations may potentially escalate in the future to more violent events which may affect Israel and us. Any hostilities, armed conflicts, terrorist activities involving Israel or the interruption or curtailment of trade between Israel and its trading partners, or any political instability in the region could adversely affect business conditions and our results of operations and could make it more difficult for us to raise capital and could adversely affect the market price of our ordinary shares. An escalation of tensions or violence might result in a significant downturn in the economic or financial condition of Israel, which could have a material adverse effect on our operations in Israel and our business. Parties with whom we do business have sometimes declined to travel to Israel during periods of heightened unrest or tension, forcing us to make alternative arrangements when necessary in order to meet our business partners face to face. In addition, the political and security situation in Israel may result in parties with whom we have agreements involving performance in Israel claiming that they are not obligated to perform their commitments under those agreements pursuant to force majeure provisions in such agreements.

Since the war broke out on October 7, 2023, our operations have not been adversely affected by this situation, and we have not experienced disruptions to our business operations. As such, our product and business development activities remain on track. However, the intensity and duration of Israel’s current war against Hamas is difficult to predict at this stage, as are such war’s economic implications on our business and operations and on Israel’s economy in general. If the ceasefire declared collapse or a new war commences or hostilities expand to other fronts our operations may be adversely affected.

Any armed conflicts, terrorist activities or political instability in the region could adversely affect business conditions, could harm our results of operations and the market price of our Ordinary Shares, and could make it more difficult for us to raise capital. Parties with whom we do business may sometimes decline to travel to Israel during periods of heightened unrest or tension, forcing us to make alternative arrangements when necessary, in order to meet our business partners face to face. Several countries, principally in the Middle East, still restrict doing business with Israel and Israeli companies, and additional countries may impose restrictions on doing business with Israel and Israeli companies if hostilities in Israel or political instability in the region continues or increases. Similarly, Israeli companies are limited in conducting business with entities from several countries. For instance, in 2008, the Israeli legislature passed a law forbidding any investments in entities that transact business with Iran.

Our commercial insurance does not cover losses that may occur as a result of an event associated with the security situation in the Middle East. Although the Israeli government has in the past covered the reinstatement value of certain damages that were caused by terrorist attacks or acts of war, we cannot assure you that this government coverage will be maintained or, if maintained, will be sufficient to compensate us fully for damages incurred. Any losses or damages incurred by us could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Finally, political conditions within Israel may affect our operations. Israel has held five general elections between 2019 and 2022, and prior to October 2023, the Israeli government pursued extensive changes to Israel’s judicial system, which sparked extensive political debate and unrest. Actual or perceived political instability in Israel or any negative changes in the political environment, may individually or in the aggregate adversely affect the Israeli economy and, in turn, our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Our operations may be disrupted as a result of the obligation of management or key personnel to perform military service.

As of the date hereof, we currently have 22 full-time employees, including four members of senior management, one of whom is engaged as a service provider, all of whom are located in Israel. Certain of our employees and consultants in Israel, including members of our senior management, may be obligated to perform military reserve duty generally until they reach the age of 40 (or older, for officers or other citizens who hold certain positions in the Israeli armed forces reserves) and, in the event of a military conflict, may be called to active duty. In response to increases in terrorist activity, there have been periods of significant call-ups of military reservists. It is possible that there will be similar large-scale military reserve duty call-ups in the future. Our operations could be disrupted by the absence of a significant number of our officers, directors, employees and consultants. Military service call ups that result in absences of personnel from us for an extended period of time may materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

We are exposed to fluctuations in currency exchange rates.

Our functional currency is the U.S. dollar and our revenue and expenses are primarily denominated in U.S. dollars, with the exception of a portion of our operating expenses that consists of employee salaries and lease payments on our Israeli facilities, which are incurred in NIS. Therefore, we are exposed to currency exchange fluctuations in other currencies, particularly in NIS and the risks related thereto. As a result, we are affected by foreign currency exchange fluctuations through both translation risk and transaction risk. Thus, we are exposed to the risks that: (a) the NIS may appreciate relative to the dollar; (b) the NIS devalue relative to the dollar; (c) the inflation rate in Israel may exceed the rate of devaluation of the NIS; or (d) the timing of such devaluation may lag behind inflation in Israel. In any such event, the dollar cost of our operations in Israel would increase and our dollar-denominated results of operations would be adversely affected. Our operations also could be adversely affected if we are unable to effectively hedge against currency fluctuations in the future.

Provisions of Israeli law and our amended and restated articles of association may delay, prevent or otherwise impede a merger with, or an acquisition of, our company, which could prevent a change of control, even when the terms of such a transaction are favorable to us and our shareholders.

Israeli corporate law regulates mergers, requires tender offers for acquisitions of shares above specified thresholds, requires special approvals for transactions involving directors, officers or significant shareholders and regulates other matters that may be relevant to such types of transactions. For example, a merger may not be consummated unless at least 50 days have passed from the date on which a merger proposal is filed by each merging company with the Israel Registrar of Companies and at least 30 days have passed from the date on which the shareholders of both merging companies have approved the merger. In addition, a majority of our securities’ holders must approve a merger. Moreover, a tender offer for all of a company’s issued and outstanding shares can only be completed if the acquirer receives positive responses from the holders of at least 95% of the issued share capital. Completion of the tender offer also requires approval of a majority of the offerees that do not have a personal interest in the tender offer, unless, following consummation of the tender offer, the acquirer would hold at least 98% of the company’s outstanding shares. Furthermore, the shareholders, including those who indicated their acceptance of the tender offer, may, at any time within six months following the completion of the tender offer, claim that the consideration for the acquisition of the shares does not reflect their fair market value, and petition an Israeli court to alter the consideration for the acquisition accordingly, unless the acquirer stipulated in its tender offer that a shareholder that accepts the offer may not seek such appraisal rights, and the acquirer or the company published all required information with respect to the tender offer prior to the tender offer’s response date. 

Israeli tax considerations also may make potential transactions unappealing to us or to our shareholders whose country of residence does not have a tax treaty with Israel exempting such shareholders from Israeli tax. See “Item 10E — Taxation — Israeli Tax Considerations and Government Programs” for additional information.

It may be difficult to enforce a judgment of a United States court against us and our officers and directors in Israel or the United States or to serve process on our officers and directors.

We were incorporated in Israel. All of our executive officers and directors reside outside of the United States, and all of our assets and most of the assets of these persons are located outside of the United States. Therefore, a judgment obtained against us, or any of these persons, including a judgment based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws, may not be collectible in the United States and may not necessarily be enforced by an Israeli court. It also may be difficult to affect service of process on these persons in the United States or to assert U.S. securities law claims in original actions instituted in Israel. As a result of the difficulty associated with enforcing a judgment against us in Israel, you may not be able to collect any damages awarded by either a United States or foreign court.

Our amended and restated articles of association provide that, unless we consent to an alternate forum, the federal district courts of the United States shall be the exclusive forum of resolution of any claims arising under the Securities Act.

Our amended and restated articles of association provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any claims arising under the Securities Act, or Federal Forum Provision. While the Federal Forum Provision does not restrict the ability of our shareholders to bring claims under the Securities Act, nor does it affect the remedies available thereunder if such claims are successful, we recognize that it may limit shareholders’ ability to bring a claim in the judicial forum that they find favorable and may increase certain litigation costs which may discourage the filing of claims under the Securities Act against us, our directors and officers. Although we believe this exclusive forum provision benefits us by providing increased consistency in the application of U.S. federal securities laws in the types of lawsuits to which they apply, the exclusive forum provision may limit a shareholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum of its choosing for disputes with us or any of our directors, shareholders, officers or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims against us and our current and former directors, shareholders, officers or other employees. Our shareholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder as a result of our exclusive forum provision. Further, the enforceability of similar forum provisions (including exclusive federal forum provisions for actions, suits, or proceedings asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act) in other companies’ organizational documents and similar agreements has been challenged in legal proceedings, and there is uncertainty as to whether courts would enforce the exclusive forum provision in our amended and restated articles of association. In the event a court finds the exclusive forum provision contained in our amended and restated articles of association to be unenforceable or inapplicable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our results of operations.

Our amended and restated articles of association provide that unless we consent otherwise, the competent courts of Tel Aviv, Israel shall be the sole and exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our shareholders under the Companies Law and the Israeli Securities Law, which could limit our shareholders’ ability to bring claims and proceedings against, as well as obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with, us and our directors, officers and other employees.

Our amended and restated articles of association provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the competent courts of Tel Aviv, Israel shall be the exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duties owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees to us or our shareholders or (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Companies Law or the Israeli Securities Law. This exclusive forum provision is intended to apply to claims arising under Israeli law and would not apply to claims brought pursuant to the Securities Act or the Exchange Act or any other claim for which U.S. federal courts would have exclusive jurisdiction. Such exclusive forum provision in our amended and restated articles of association does not relieve us of our duties to comply with U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder, and shareholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with these laws, rules and regulations. This exclusive forum provision may limit a shareholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum of its choosing for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. 

Political relations could limit our ability to sell or buy internationally.

We could be adversely affected by the interruption or reduction of trade between Israel and its trading partners. Several countries, companies and organizations still restrict business with the State of Israel and with Israeli companies and continue to participate in a boycott of Israeli companies. Foreign government defense export policies towards Israel could also make it more difficult for us to obtain the export authorizations necessary for our activities. See “Item 3D — Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business and Industry” for further information. These restrictive laws and policies may have an adverse impact on our operating results, financial conditions or the expansion of our business. Similarly, Israeli corporations are limited in conducting business with entities from several countries.

Your rights and responsibilities as a shareholder will be governed by Israeli law, which differs in some material respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders of U.S. companies.

The rights and responsibilities of the holders of our ordinary shares are governed by our amended and restated articles of association and by Israeli law. These rights and responsibilities differ in some material respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders in typical U.S.-based corporations. In particular, a shareholder of an Israeli company has certain duties to act in good faith and fairness toward the company and other shareholders and to refrain from abusing its power in the company, including, among other things, in voting at the general meeting of shareholders on certain matters, such as an amendment to the company’s articles of association, an increase of the company’s authorized share capital, a merger of the company, and approval of related party transactions that require shareholder approval. In addition, a shareholder who is aware that it possesses the power to determine the outcome of a shareholder vote or to appoint or prevent the appointment of a director or executive officer in the company has a duty of fairness toward the company with regard to such vote or appointment. There is limited case law available to assist us in understanding the nature of this duty or the implications of these provisions. These provisions may be interpreted to impose additional obligations on holders of our ordinary shares that are not typically imposed on shareholders of U.S. corporations.

Certain elements of our research and development activities and programs were supported by Israeli governmental grants. The terms of such grants require us to pay royalties for the applicable products, some of which were sold or are in the process of selling. We may be required to pay penalties in addition to repayment of the grants to satisfy specified conditions in order to manufacture products and transfer technologies outside of Israel.

Our research and development efforts relating to our products have been financed in part through royalty-bearing grants in an aggregate amount of approximately $748,000 received from the Israel Innovation Authority, or the IIA, as of December 31, 2024, none of which were received during the most recent fiscal year ended. As of the same date, our contingent liabilities regarding IIA grants received by us were in an aggregate amount of $603,000. With respect to the royalty-bearing grants, we are committed to pay royalties at a rate of 3% to 3.5% on sales proceeds from our products that were developed, in whole or in part, under IIA programs up to the total amount of grants received, linked to the U.S. dollar and bearing interest. Until December 31, 2024, the interest was calculated at a rate based on an annual application of the London Interbank Offered Rate, or the LIBOR, applicable to U.S. dollar deposits, however, pursuant to the latest IIA regulations, as of January 1, 2024, IIA grants received after June 30, 2017, shall bear interest calculated at a rate based on an annual application of the Secured Overnight Financing Rate, or SOFR, or at an alternative rate published by the Bank of Israel, plus approximately 0.72%. We believe that this change would not have material impact on our results or our financial position or results in operations.

Regardless of any royalty payment, we are further required to comply with the requirements of the Israeli Encouragement of Research, Development and Industrial Initiative Technology Law, 5744-1984, as amended, and related regulations, or the Research Law, with respect to those past grants. When a company develops know-how, technology or products using IIA grants, the terms of these grants and the Research Law restrict the transfer of such know-how, and the transfer of manufacturing or manufacturing rights of such products, technologies or know-how outside of Israel, without the prior approval of the IIA. Therefore, the discretionary approval of an IIA committee would be required for any transfer to third parties inside or outside of Israel of know-how or manufacturing or manufacturing rights related to those aspects of such technologies. We may not receive those approvals. Furthermore, the IIA may impose certain conditions on any arrangement under which it permits us to transfer technology or development out of Israel.

The transfer of IIA-supported technology or know-how outside of Israel may involve the payment of significant amounts, depending upon the value of the transferred technology or know-how, our research and development expenses, the amount of IIA support, the time of completion of the IIA-supported research project and other factors. These restrictions and requirements for payment may impair our ability to sell or otherwise transfer our technology assets outside of Israel or to outsource or transfer development or manufacturing activities with respect to any product or technology outside of Israel. Furthermore, the consideration available to our shareholders in a transaction involving the transfer outside of Israel of technology or know-how developed with IIA funding (such as a merger or similar transaction) may be reduced by any amounts that we are required to pay to the IIA.

Changes to applicable tax laws and regulations or exposure to additional income tax liabilities could affect our future business and profitability.

We are an Israeli company and thus subject to Israeli corporate income tax as well as other local taxes applicable to our operations. New local laws and policy relating to taxes, whether in Israel or in any of the jurisdictions in which we operate, may have an adverse effect on our future business and profitability. Further, existing applicable tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be interpreted, changed, modified or applied adversely to us or our subsidiaries.

General Risk Factors

Raising additional capital or the issuance of additional equity securities would cause dilution to our existing shareholders and may affect the rights of existing shareholders or the market price of our ordinary shares.

We may seek additional capital through a combination of private and public equity offerings, debt financings and collaborations and strategic arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the issuance of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a holder of our ordinary shares.

In addition, our authorized share capital consists of 200,000,000 ordinary shares, par value NIS 0.02 per share. As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 20-F, we had 16,679,631 ordinary shares issued and outstanding. As of the date of this Annual Report, we also had warrants to purchase 2,290,828 ordinary shares outstanding, options to purchase 603,054 ordinary shares outstanding (of which the grant of options to purchase 15,131 ordinary shares are subject to the approval of our shareholders), none of which are currently fully vested and 1,560,165 restricted share units, or RSUs (of which the grants of 587,286 RSUs are subject to the approval of our shareholders) outstanding, none of which are currently fully vested. Our Board may issue, or reserve for issuance, an additional 178,866,322 ordinary shares, which includes 947,317 ordinary shares that are reserved and available for future awards under our Global Share Incentive Plan (2022), which might dilute your holdings substantially.

To the extent that ordinary shares are issued or options and warrants are exercised, holders of our ordinary shares will experience dilution. In addition, in the event of any future issuances of equity securities or securities convertible into or exchangeable for ordinary shares, holders of our ordinary shares may experience dilution. We also consider from time to time various strategic alternatives that could involve issuances of additional ordinary shares, including but not limited to acquisitions and business combinations, but do not currently have any definitive plan to enter into any such transaction.

Sales of a substantial number of our ordinary shares in the public market by our existing shareholders could cause our share price to fall.

Sales of a substantial number of our ordinary shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales might occur, could depress the market price of our ordinary shares and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. We are unable to predict the effect that sales may have on the prevailing market price of our ordinary shares.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about us, our business or our market, or if they adversely change their recommendations or publish negative reports regarding our business or ordinary shares, our ordinary shares price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our ordinary shares will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. We do not have any control over these analysts and we cannot provide any assurance that analysts will cover us or provide favorable coverage. If any of the analysts who may cover us adversely change their recommendation regarding our ordinary shares, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, our ordinary shares price would likely decline. If any analyst who may cover us were to cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our ordinary shares price or trading volume to decline.

We incur significant costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management is required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives.

As a public company whose ordinary shares are listed in the United States, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the other rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, and the rules and regulations of The NASDAQ Stock Market, or NASDAQ, and provisions of the Companies Law that apply to public companies such as us. The expenses that are required in order to be a public company are material, and compliance with the various reporting and other requirements applicable to public companies require considerable time and attention of management. For example, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the rules of the SEC and national securities exchanges have imposed various requirements on public companies, including requiring establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls. Our management and other personnel need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. These rules and regulations will continue to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, we expect these rules and regulations to make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits on coverage or incur substantial costs to maintain the same or similar coverage. The impact of these events could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified personnel to serve on our board of directors, our board committees, or as executive officers.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. In particular, we must perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting to allow management to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, beginning as early as our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. In addition, we are required to have our independent registered public accounting firm attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting beginning with our annual report on Form 20-F following the date on which we are no longer an emerging growth company. Our compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act will require that we incur substantial accounting expense and expend significant management efforts. While we have appointed an internal auditor, we will need to hire additional accounting and financial staff with appropriate public company experience and technical accounting knowledge. If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner, the market price of our shares could decline and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by NASDAQ, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which would require additional financial and management resources.

Our ability to successfully implement our business plan and comply with Section 404 requires us to be able to prepare timely and accurate financial statements. We expect that we will need to continue to improve existing, and implement new operational and financial systems, procedures and controls to manage our business effectively. Any delay in the implementation of, or disruption in the transition to, new or enhanced systems, procedures or controls, may cause our operations to suffer and we may be unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective and to obtain an unqualified report on internal controls from our auditors as required under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This, in turn, could have an adverse impact on trading prices for our ordinary shares and could adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets.

We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, and we may not be able to successfully implement remedial measures.

We have identified control deficiencies in our financial reporting process that constitute a material weakness related to lack segregation of duties as of December 31, 2024.

Management has implemented corrective actions to address this issue, including improving the segregation of duties and enhancing our controls to ensure the accuracy of our financial reporting within account processes, and systems, documentation to evidence the operation of controls, procedures and approvals, periodic user access reviews, assessment of controls of financially significant vendors, written policies and procedures for accounting, IT and financial reporting and record keeping. We continue to improve its internal controls over financing, and has engaged outside consultants, experts in the controls and procedures over financial reporting, and internally, we have reviewed and improved these processes. In light of the remediation occurring, our internal controls are expected to be effective in the 2025. Except for additional personnel costs and the costs of our third-party service providers, we do not expect to incur any material costs related to our remediation plan. See “Item 5.E—Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Critical Account Estimates—Internal Control Over Financial Reporting.” However, we cannot assure you that these measures may fully address the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting or that we may conclude that they have been fully remediated.

Further, there can be no assurance that we will not suffer from other material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in the future. If we fail to remediate these material weaknesses or fail to otherwise maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting in the future, such failure could result in a material misstatement of our annual or quarterly financial statements that would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis and which could cause investors and other users to lose confidence in our financial statements, limit our ability to raise capital and have a negative effect on the trading price of our ordinary shares. Additionally, failure to remediate the material weakness or otherwise maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting may also negatively impact our operating results and financial condition, impair our ability to timely file our periodic and other reports with the SEC, subject us to additional litigation and regulatory actions and cause us to incur substantial additional costs in future periods relating to the implementation of remedial measures.

ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A. History and Development of the Company

We are an Israeli corporation based in Israel and were incorporated on June 30, 2013, under the name ParaZero Ltd. On September 6, 2018, our name was changed to ParaZero Israel Ltd., and on November 4, 2018, our name was changed to our current name, ParaZero Technologies Ltd. Our principal executive offices are located at 1 Hatachana Street, Kfar Saba, 4453001, Israel. Our telephone number in Israel is +972-50-275-3666. Our website address is www.parazero.com. The information contained on our website and available through our website is not incorporated by reference into and should not be considered a part of this Annual Report, and the reference to our website in this Annual Report is an inactive textual reference only.

We have incurred net losses since our inception, including net losses of $11,054,230 and $3,771,379 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As a result, we had accumulated losses of $29,477,287 as of December 31, 2024. We anticipate that we will continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future as our operating expenses and capital expenditures increase substantially due to our continued investment in research and development as well as in sales and marketing activities and as we hire additional employees over the coming years.

B. Business Overview

Overview

We are an aerospace company specializing in safety systems for commercial UAS and C-UAS solutions for the Defense and Homeland Security, or HLS, markets. Our expertise lies in designing, developing, and delivering what we believe to be best-in-class autonomous parachute safety systems for commercial UAS, along with cutting-edge proprietary technologies tailored for defense and HLS applications.

Our company was founded by a group of aviation professionals and veteran drone operators, to address the drone industry’s challenges and needs. Our goals are to enable the commercial drone industry to realize its greatest potential through increasing safety, mitigating operational risk, and enabling regulatory compliance and to develop high-end, cutting-edge solutions based on our proprietary technology for defense end users.

Commercial UAS are either navigated manually with a remote control or operated automatically by software. UAS have been in widespread use in the military for surveillance and long-range attack purposes and have also been used for weather monitoring and search and rescue operations. As developments in the mobile industry have enabled manufacturers to decrease the size, weight, and cost of batteries and cameras, the drone industry has expanded beyond its largely military-based origins and scale for commercial and civil government use cases. Increased automation of drones and a global concern for sustainability have also driven demand. UAS have become an integral workflow tool among a myriad of global industries and have a wide array of commercial applications, such as photography, agriculture, package delivery, first response/public safety, surveying, construction site monitoring, and infrastructure inspection. As demand and use cases for commercial UAS have increased, so too have concerns over UAS safety, and we believe our safety solutions place us in a strong position to take advantage of the developing market and regulatory frameworks, which are increasingly recognizing parachute recovery systems as effective forms of risk mitigation for expanded operational approvals across an increasing number of global regions.

Our unique, patented technology enables parachute deployment on UAS in a fraction of a second using an autonomous computer paired with a ballistic parachute launcher. We believe that we have created a new benchmark in UAS safety with low altitude parachute deployment capabilities and high levels of reliability. Globally, our solutions have proven critical to enabling commercial drone operations over populated areas and beyond-visual-line-of-sight (BVLOS), which require prior approval from CAAs, including those in the U.S., Europe, Canada, Israel, Brazil, Singapore, Australia, and more. These authorizations facilitate new business opportunities and applications for expanded UAS operations worldwide, thus enhancing the value proposition of our solutions for our global customers.

The rapid adoption of UAS technologies in recent years has also introduced significant security challenges. UAS technology is now easily accessible not only to militaries around the world but also to non-state entities, criminal organizations, and individuals with malicious intent.

After years of saving numerous unmanned and manned aerial systems, we applied our innovative, patent-protected technology in order to lead the battle against hostile drones. We believe that our technology solutions leverage a distinct technology portfolio protected by global patents that were developed over the course of more than a decade. We believe that this technology portfolio enables us to effectively counteract various threats posed by drones by rapidly developing bespoke C-UAS solutions for key clientele. Recent international conflicts have highlighted the extensive use of drones in various attacks and the critical necessity to counteract these strikes promptly with minimal damage as well as deliver critical supplies in high-risk operational zones. We have commenced development of dedicated solutions based on our technology.

For both the defense-HLS and commercial markets we are also engaged in developing our proprietary precision airdrop system, called DropAir. This system is designed to transform drone-based logistical support by enabling precise and secure delivery of supplies in challenging environments. By leveraging our renowned parachute technology, DropAir offers a cutting-edge solution to support military forces and emergency responders operating in high-risk zones with limited ability to land. The DropAir solution can support precise airdrop for troops in the field, para-military forces working on site and first responders.

We have a global distribution footprint and have forged partnerships all around the world, including the United States, Europe, Canada, South Korea and Latin America. We sell our drone safety systems as off-the-shelf solutions, as well as perform integrations with OEMs, offering customized, bespoke safety solutions for a large variety of aerial platforms, including multi-rotor, fixed wing, vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) heavy lift, and urban air mobility. Our technology has been sold to and used by some of the world’s top companies and organizations, including drone companies such as LIFT Aircraft, Airobotics, SpeedBird Aero and Doosan Corporation and other leading and known brands and entities such as CNN, the New York Times, Hensel Phelps, Verizon Media (Skyward), Fox Television Station, the Chicago Police Department and Fortis Construction.

Our Solutions

Our unique, patented technology is divided into two segments: commercial and defense-HLS applications.

Commercial:

For the commercial UAS market, the SafeAir System is designed to mitigate the risk of UAS flight over people and in urban areas in order to enable compliance with regulations and expand operators’ flight envelope.

The SafeAir system is a smart parachute system that monitors UAS flight in real time, identifies critical failures and autonomously triggers a parachute in the event of an emergency. The system contains a flight termination system, a black-box to enable post-flight analysis, and a warning buzzer to alert people of a falling drone. In addition to being fully autonomous, the SafeAir system includes a separate remote control for manual parachute deployment capability. The SafeAir System meets the requirements of the most stringent standards related to UAS parachutes.

SafeAir Solution Portfolio

Defense and Homeland Security:

For the defense-HLS markets we offer the DefendAir technology and the DropAir Precision Airdrop System.

As small, lethal drones are being utilized around the world with tremendous effectiveness and are reshaping the balance of the battlefield they are raising demand for counter-UAS systems. C-UAS technology encompasses a wide range of solutions that allow users to detect, classify, and mitigate drones and unmanned aerial vehicles. This includes everything from camera systems and specialist drone detection radars to net guns and cyber takeover systems.

Our DefendAir technology can be added as a modular component to different C-UAS System layouts, including:

Our DropAir precision airdrop technology is in late stages of development. The most recent field test involved multiple drone airdrops of blood units for combat medical teams in a high-risk operational zone. The system’s innovative parachute mechanism deploys the parachute at a low, pre-defined altitude above the ground, ensuring minimal drift and a highly accurate landing. The test results demonstrated the resilience of blood units during the airdrop process, meeting stringent requirements for sensitive payloads. Based on the success of this phase, we plan to advance the DropAir into the next stage of development, which is aimed at addressing complex operational scenarios.

Milestones

The market for safety systems for commercial drones is rapidly evolving and subject to regulatory frameworks around the world that are in various stages of development and sophistication. We have played a key role, as a leader in parachute safety systems, in the development of both the technology and regulations around safe UAS operations.

The global C-UAS market has been evolving rapidly. In the past two years and we invested in research and development of our C-UAS technology and solutions to answer these needs. We also recognized high demand by defense end users for solutions based on our parachute technology such as our DropAir system developed specifically for defense end users.

Below are some key technological, testing, and regulatory milestones that we have been involved in for these two market segments:

 On October 1, 2018, we announced that the first ever Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) waiver for flight over people with a parachute safety system was granted to a UAS operator using the ParaZero SafeAir system on a DJI Phantom 4. The operator was Botlink, a drone software and hardware technology company based in North Dakota, who utilized the waiver to perform missions for local law enforcement and to generate media content as part of the FAA’s UAS Integration Pilot Program (UASIPP), a program founded in 2017 to help the FAA create regulations to enable the safe and secure integration of drones into the national airspace system.

On July 11, 2019, we announced that four additional waivers for operations over people were granted by the FAA to operators using the ParaZero SafeAir for the Phantom 4s and Mavic 2s. These waivers had historically been difficult to secure and we believe that the rapid pace at which they were granted to operators using the SafeAir system demonstrated the scalability and availability of our solutions. By July of 2020, we were able to announce that 100 organizations in the U.S. had secured FAA operational waivers granting flight over populated areas using drones fitted with our SafeAir system parachute technology.

On August 12, 2020 Speedbird Aero, a Latin American drone delivery company, announced that it had received regulatory approval from Brazil’s National Civil Aviation Agency (ANAC) to operate two experimental drone delivery routes in Brazil. Speedbird Aero operates a fleet of proprietary delivery drones throughout Brazil and other countries, each with an integrated ParaZero parachute recovery system. Speedbird Aero became the first company in Latin America to win regulatory approval for a drone delivery operation. We began a multi-phase integration project with Speedbird Aero in June of 2021 and, using our SafeAir system, Speedbird Aero now regularly offers on-demand multimodal delivery services in partnership with multiple global organizations. 

In November of 2021, we completed ASTM testing and compliance for the SafeAir system for the DJI M200 & DJI M300, two leading enterprise drone platforms, further expanding the options for operators to apply for regulatory approvals using our solutions. 

 In May 2023, we were selected and partnered by Jetson, an eVTOL and commercial UAS manufacturer, to develop parachute safety systems for Jetson’s personal electric aerial vehicle, the Jetson ONE.

In October 2023, we announced that the Australian Civil Aviation Safety Agency authorized drones to operate over populated area and near people when using our safety systems, the first such authorization of its kind in Australia. The approval was obtained by our Australian regional partner, OVRL, whose tailored safety case and Specific Operations Risk Assessment application helped facilitate the landmark approval, now paving the way for all organizations throughout Australia to benefit from similar operational approvals

In January 2024, we announced that we facilitated one of our customers in obtaining the first-ever light uncrewed aircraft system operator certificate, or LUC, in Denmark. The LUC is an organizational approval certificate granted by the EASA, which is an agency of the European Union with responsibility for civil aviation safety, that allows for cross-border operations throughout the European Union without additional approvals required, enabling flight operations to be self-authorized by the LUC holder anywhere throughout EASA member states. Additionally, the LUC holder may operate a variety of UAS platforms under one single approval, offering a quantum change in the efficiency of drone aerial services, while maintaining safe operating conditions. Our SafeAir parachute system was utilized throughout the LUC application process to enable a broader range of advanced flight permissions, including operations over people, considered to be a highly sought-after flight permission.

In February 2024, we announced that we expanded our collaboration with Vayu Aerospace Corporation, or Vayu, a US-based drone manufacturer. Over the past two year, we had previously worked with Vayu in order to enhance safety solutions for Vayu’s commercial and military vertical take-off and landing aircraft. Through the new collaboration, we will customize our SafeAir system to be integrated at the design stage of Vayu’s G-1MKII VTOL aircraft. We and Vayu also have performance-based regulatory compliance testing and validation planned for the near future to unlock a range of use cases for Vayu’s global customers.

In November 2024 we announced that we received a Design Verification Report (DVR) approval from EASA, for the SafeAir M-300 Pro and SafeAir M-350 Pro parachute safety kits. This approval adds to ParaZero’s portfolio of previously granted approvals from the Federal Aviation Administration, alongside additional territories. The EASA DVR confirms that our SafeAir M-300/ M-350 Pro parachute systems comply with key safety requirements, enabling drone operators to enhance their operational scope under the Specific Operations Risk Assessment (SORA) process.

In January 2025, we successfully launched a pilot program utilizing our DropAir precision airdrop system in a high-risk operational zone. The program, conducted in collaboration with a leading drone company, demonstrates the system’s ability to deliver critical blood transfusions rapidly and safely, significantly reducing the time needed to save lives in emergency situations.

Industry Overview and Market Challenges

According to Precedence Research, the global commercial drone market size was valued at $60.37 billion in 2024 and is expected to reach $1.445 billion by 2034. The market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 37% from 2024 to 3034.

Drones are used for multiple applications ranging from filmmaking to emergency response. Additionally, these devices are witnessing a high demand in the real estate and construction sector owing to their ability to survey lands, provide continuous and precise project notifications, improve safety and prevent dangerous incidents on construction sites. Business use cases for drones have witnessed considerable growth over the past few years. Market participants such as drone manufacturers and software solution providers are constantly engaged in designing, testing, and improving solutions for various markets.

Full commercial operations of drones over populated areas are not likely to materialize without a regulator-approved safety solution. ParaZero is a leader in this market with smart sensing, best-in-class low altitude deployment, and drone management capabilities, and our technology can be fitted across virtually all drones, enabling advanced safety and data retention capabilities.

Regarding the C-UAS market and our potential in this market, according Research and Markets, the anti-drone (C-UAS) market was valued at $2.71 billion in 2024, and is projected to reach $11.12 billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 26.53%. One of the reasons for the expected growth in this market was by governings making strategic investments in anti-drone systems. These investments were part of broader efforts to combat the use of drones in military operations, security threats, and terrorism-related activities.

Regarding our DropAir precision airdrop technology, according to Statista by 2030, the global drone delivery market is projected to generate over $4.9 billion in revenue.

Consumer vs. Commercial Drones

The civilian drone industry can generally be divided into two primary groups: consumer and commercial. Various types of consumer drones can be legally purchased over the internet or in retail stores in a range of prices. Consumer drones are mostly used for fun and recreational hobbyist photography and have seen major widespread growth globally. Commercial or enterprise drones are generally more expensive, heavier and are designed to carry costly payloads such as high-end cameras. These types of drones typically require pilot training and certification. Examples of commercial drone use include: (a) search and rescue — with the ability to cross tough terrain with ease, drones can be everywhere any time, providing law enforcement, fire fighters and medical teams with rapid response capabilities; (b) security — authorities use drones to protect people during various emergencies, help coordinate a variety of security operations and to preserve evidence; (c) infrastructure inspections — many systems such as power lines, wind turbines and pipelines can be checked by drones, allowing businesses to get accurate information quickly, safely and efficiently and avoid putting their workers in potentially dangerous situations such as working on high power lines or climbing wind turbines; (d) surveillance — drones allow recording and monitoring from the sky and are therefore suitable for monitoring public events, protests or any suspicious activities without being heard or seen; (e) science and research — drones assist scientists in their research by observing different occurrences in nature or a particular environment from the sky. For example, drones are used to safely document the archaeological excavations in nuclear accidents (measuring contamination), in glacier surveillance and to observe volcanic eruptions; (f) aerial photography and video — with a drone that is equipped with a high-definition camera, high quality/definition photos can be taken that were previously only possible with helicopters; (g) surveying and GIS (mapping) — using multi-spectral cameras and laser scanners, drones are able to create high-quality 3D maps. With these capabilities, drones can be used for remote sensing, surveying and mapping, photogrammetry, precision agriculture, etc.; also deliver lightweight packages such as medication, small e-commerce purchases and much more; and (h) construction — drones can provide valuable insight and management capabilities to contractors and architects by allowing them to efficiently check the status of the building process. In short, the uses and potential uses for drones are rapidly increasing as is the number of drones being utilized around the world, with a corresponding increase in associated issues such as regulation, licensing and safety.

Drone Safety Incidents and Threats

Commercial drones offer significant value to private industry and the public sector and are flying in ever-increasing numbers in the skies. As the global utilization of drones grows at an increasing rate, we expect the number of safety incidents to increase as well. Drones routinely experience mid-flight emergencies, including electrical system failures, bird strikes, excessive angular breach or altitude loss, etc., and can fall out of the sky and can be part of safety incidents such as collisions with other flying objects or structures. For example, the EASA reported that in 2023 a total of 12 UAS accidents and serious incidents happened.

Advancement in drone technology has created threats on defense forces, national security and critical infrastructure through the use of advanced drones. Such drones, while being armed, are capable of attacks. Such incidents have reportedly increased in recent years, and hence security threats have led governments to think of anti-drone technologies. The increasing use of military and non-military drones for attacks on defense and civilian infrastructure and establishments as well as the use of drones for criminal activity, like smuggling, has necessitated the need for counter drone technology.

The utilization of UAS has become a global security concern, transcending geographic and conflict boundaries. According to recent research by Chávez and Swed, over 65 criminal, insurgent or terrorist organizations now possess the capability to deploy drones. This broad adoption underscores the pivotal role drones play in modern warfare and security breaches.

Business Strategy

We are implementing a multi-tiered business model to increase flexibility in the market and to encourage broad adoption of our products. A portion of our defense and commercial solutions are sold directly to OEMs, which usually are characterized by long sales cycles and in the commercial drone market are also original design manufacturers, or ODMs. Defense OEMs are usually the solution provider for the end users. Our direct interaction with OEMs enables us to work with them from the design stage, providing for seamless integration of our solutions into their products. We also market our solutions directly to clients via direct sales, resellers and an online store.

Marketing Strategy

In the commercial market, our primary efforts are in creating co-marketing partnerships and working directly with distributors and resellers. Our approach of market education and explaining the benefits of using our technology allows us to expand exposure to our technology even before the regulatory environment requires or provides regulatory benefit(s) to drone operators and manufacturers that have implemented a safety measure capability.

For selling our defense and commercial solutions, our core marketing activities include monthly press releases, monthly blog posts, regular social media posts and re-shares on LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and YouTube, attending roadshows and exhibitions on a regular basis, continuously searching for co-marketing partnerships with OEMs and distributors, video and photo content creation, marketing collateral with e-folders for distributors and website updates.

Competition

The markets in which we operate are particularly competitive due to the lucrative nature of the contracts and contacts available within the commercial and industrial drone industries. The industry is also characterized by rapidly advancing technologies and new systems introduced to the market. In the commercial parachute market for commercial drones as well as for the precise airdrop market, we face competition mainly from, but not limited to, Drone Rescue Systems, Fruity Chutes, Opale Paramodels, Dronavia, AVSS, and Galaxy GRS.

In the C-UAS market we face competition mainly from, but not limited to, Droneshield, DroneCatcher, Elbit Systems, Rafael, IAI, Raytheon, Zen Technologies, DeTect, Drone Defense and Dedrone.

Future Applications

We intend to develop additional applications for drones utilizing our technological capabilities and deep familiarity and expertise in the drone market. These future applications include:

Government Regulation

The use of commercial drones is heavily regulated and, as is often the case with developing technologies, the regulation of the operation and flight of UAS around the world is lagging behind the industry’s technological capabilities. Many countries and governments, such as the United States and the European Union, have developed regulations that prohibit the use of UAS in urban or populated environments, except in specific scenarios and/or with appropriate air and ground risk mitigation measures, including the use of parachutes.

Possessing the ability to safely and legally engage in operations over people and BVLOS is essential for the commercial drone services industry to realize its full potential, as many of the commercial UAS use cases, such as food delivery, medical delivery, photography and monitoring, occur in urban environments, and thus cannot be performed without these capabilities.

Drone operations are subject to a number of regulations specific to the jurisdictions in which our solutions are used. These regulations are typically the responsibility of a given drone operator to follow but may have a material effect on our business by either encouraging or discouraging the use of drones equipped with our safety solutions. The regulations that are most likely to have a material effect on our business are as follows:

United States — Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)

The drone industry is regulated in the United States by the FAA to ensure that drone related services meet safety and performance standards. The FAA prescribes standards and certification requirements for use of UAS for commercial and recreational purposes. The rule for operating UAS under 55 pounds in the U.S. national airspace is the FAA’s Small UAS Rule (14 CFR Part 107). On April 21, 2021, the FAA’s Operation of Unmanned Aircraft Systems Over People final rule (14 CFR Part 107 Subpart D) went into effect, allowing for routine drone operations over people under certain circumstances. Under these rules, the FAA categorizes UAS operations over people depending on the level of risk that the UAS presents to people on the ground. Parachute recovery systems mitigate ground risk in the event of an in-flight emergency by significantly reducing the kinetic energy of a falling aircraft. 

Since 2019, hundreds of FAA §107.39 waivers have been granted for operations over people using SafeAir technology, including to organizations such as Hensel Phelps, the Chicago Police Department, Verizon Media, The New York Times and State Farm Insurance. These waivers allow small UAS which do not meet the four operational categories mentioned above to be flown over human beings.

Canada — Transport Canada (TC)

The Canadian drone industry is regulated by Transport Canada, and drone operations must follow the rules set out in the Canadian Aviation Regulations, Part IX. The current regulations set forth three broad categories for remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS), which are largely based on weight and intended operation: (i) small RPAS in basic operations; (ii) small RPAS in advanced operations; and (iii) all other RPAS.

Small RPAS are defined as RPAS that weigh between 250 grams and 25 kilograms, must be registered with Transport Canada, must be marked with a registration number prior to flying and may not be flown at an altitude higher than 400 feet above ground level. Small RPAS operations are considered basic if they are flown only (i) in uncontrolled airspace; (ii) more than 30 meters horizontally from and never directly above bystanders; and (iii) more than three nautical miles from a certified airport or military aerodrome and more than one nautical mile from a certified heliport. If any one of the proceeding conditions is not met, the operations are considered advanced and stricter licensing, certification and operational restrictions are imposed.

When operations fall outside the basic or advanced categories, such as flights beyond visual line-of-sight or drones that weigh more than 25 kilograms, an application for a special flight operations certificate (SFOC) must be submitted to the Minister of Transport. Once granted, the operations are limited to the specific purpose approved in the SFOC.

Parachute recovery systems with specific characteristics, such as autonomous and manual triggering capabilities, are approved by Transport Canada as a means for drone operators to obtain authorizations for operations over people.

The framework developed by Transport Canada also allows manufacturers or modifiers of RPAS to submit declarations that the RPAS can safely conduct certain advanced operations. These declarations offer a streamlined approach to receiving the requisite approvals from Transport Canada for advanced RPAS operations.

TC’s RPAS operations over people segment is currently supported by the entire portfolio of ParaZero SafeAir off-the-shelf solutions: Mavic, M200, M300 and M350.

Israel

We may be subject, both directly and indirectly, to the adverse impact of existing and potential future government regulation of our products, technology, operations and markets. For example, the marketing and export of defense related equipment, services, ‘know-how’ are subject to DECA’s regulation under the Export Control Law, collectively, Israeli Trade Control Laws, which impact our operations, for example by limiting our ability to sell, export, or otherwise transfer our products or technology, or to release controlled technology to non-Israeli companies.

We may not be able to retain licenses and other authorizations required under the applicable Israeli Trade Control Laws. The failure to satisfy the requirements under the Israeli Trade Control Laws, including the failure or inability to obtain necessary licenses or qualify for license exceptions, could delay or prevent the development, production, export, import, and/or in-country transfer of our products and technology, which could adversely affect our revenues and profitability.

Europe — European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)

EU Regulations 2019/947 and 2019/945 set out EASA’s regulatory framework for the operation of civil drones in Europe. Regulation (EU) 2019/947 defines three categories of civil drone operations: open, specific and certified.

The open category addresses lower-risk drone operations and does not require operational authorization before starting flight. The open category is subdivided into three subcategories, A1, A2 and A3, according to the weight of the drone, with each subcategory having its own set of requirements and restrictions.

The specific category addresses riskier drone operations and requires the drone operator to obtain authorization from the national competent authority before starting flight. To receive operational authorization, the drone operator must conduct a risk assessment. EASA has endorsed the Specific Operations Risk Assessment (SORA) as an acceptable means to demonstrate compliance and assess the operational risk of proposed drone operations within the specific category. SORA allows operators to utilize certain mitigating measures to reduce ground and air risk associated with the drone operation. Parachute systems effectively address SORA’s ground risk mitigation element, known as M2 mitigation, due to the safety provided in the event of a critical in-flight failure.

EASA has defined certain Standard Scenarios, or STSs, for drone operations to simplify approvals for specific types of flights. These STSs are designed for operations that go beyond the limitations of the “open” category, but still follow pre-defined safety requirements. Currently, EASA has defined two STS:

1. STS-01 – Operations in VLOS over a controlled ground area in populated environments.

2. STS-02 – Operations in BVLOS with airspace observers in sparsely populated environments.

These STSs allow drone operators to conduct missions without applying for a full operational authorization. Drones classified under C5, such as the DJI Mavic 3E and M350 equipped with ParaZero’s SafeAir Systems, are specifically designed to meet the technical and operational requirements of STS-01. The C5 marking ensures that a drone is equipped with necessary safety features for conducting standard scenario operations without additional mitigations.

The certified category addresses drone operations with the highest level of risk and requires the certification of the UAS, a licensed remote pilot and an operator approved by the competent authority. The EASA’s approach to the certified category is similar to the approach used for manned aviation operations.

Grants for Research and Development

Under the Israeli Encouragement of Research, Development and Industrial Initiative Technology Law, 5744-1984, as amended, and the regulations promulgated thereunder, or the Research Law, research and development programs which meet certain specified criteria and are approved by the IIA’s research committee are eligible for grants which are determined as a percentage of the project’s expenditure, as determined by the IIA’s research committee, in exchange for the payment of royalties from the revenues generated from the sale of products and related services developed, in whole or in part pursuant to, or as a result of, a research and development program funded by the IIA. The royalties are generally determined at a range of 3.0% to 6.0% of the project’s revenues until the entire IIA grant is repaid, together with an annual interest. Until December 31, 2023, the interest was calculated at a rate based on the 12 months LIBOR Rate applicable to dollar deposits that was published on the first business day of each calendar year, however, pursuant to the latest IIA regulations, as of January 1, 2024, IIA grants received after June 30, 2017, shall bear interest calculated at a rate based on an annual application of the SOFR, or at an alternative rate published by the Bank of Israel, plus approximately 0.72%; and, for grants approved on or following January 1, 2024, the annual interest rate shall be the higher of (i) the 12 months SOFR interest rate plus 1%, or (ii) a fixed annual interest rate of 4%.

The terms of the Research Law also require that the manufacture of products developed with government grants be performed in Israel. The transfer of manufacturing activity outside Israel may be subject to the prior approval of the IIA (the approval of the IIA is not required for transfer of no more than 10% of the manufacturing capacity in the aggregate outside of Israel, though a notice must still be provided to the IIA in such case). Under the regulations of the Research Law, assuming we receive approval from the Chief Scientist to manufacture our IIA-funded products outside Israel, we may be required to pay increased royalties. The increase in royalties depends upon the manufacturing volume that is performed outside of Israel as follows:

If the manufacturing is performed outside of Israel by us, the rate of royalties payable by us on revenues from the sale of products manufactured outside of Israel will increase by 1% over the regular rates. If the manufacturing is performed outside of Israel by a third party, the rate of royalties payable by us on those revenues will be equal to the ratio obtained by dividing the amount of the grants received from the Office of the Chief Scientist and our total investment in the project that was funded by these grants. Manufacturing outside of Israel will not affect the rate of royalties payable on revenues from the sale of products manufactured in Israel. A company requesting funds from the IIA also has the option of declaring in its IIA grant application an intention to perform part of its manufacturing outside of Israel, thus avoiding the need to obtain additional approval from the IIA. On January 6, 2011, the Research Law was amended to clarify that the potential increased royalties specified in the table above will apply even in those cases where the IIA approval for transfer of manufacturing outside of Israel is not required, namely when the volume of the transferred manufacturing capacity is less than 10% of total capacity or when the company received an advance approval from the IIA to manufacture abroad in the framework of its IIA grant application.

The know-how developed within the framework of the Chief Scientist plan may not be transferred to third parties outside Israel without the prior approval of the IIA’s research committee charted under the Research Law. The IIA approval to transfer know-how created, in whole or in part, in connection with an IIA-funded project to third party outside Israel where the transferring company remains an operating Israeli entity is subject to payment of a redemption fee to the IIA calculated according to a formula provided under the Research Law that is based, in general, on the ratio between the aggregate IIA grants to the company’s aggregate investments in the project that was funded by these IIA grants, multiplied by the transaction consideration. The transfer of such know-how to a party outside Israel where the transferring company ceases to exist as an Israeli entity is subject to a redemption fee formula that is based, in general, on the ratio between the aggregate IIA grants to the total financial investments in the company, multiplied by the transaction consideration. According to the January 2011 amendment, the redemption fee in case of transfer of know-how to a party outside Israel will be based on the ratio between the aggregate IIA grants received by the company and the company’s aggregate research and development expenses, multiplied by the transaction consideration. According to regulations promulgated following the 2011 amendment, the maximum amount payable to the IIA in case of transfer of know-how outside Israel shall not exceed 6 times the value of the grants received plus interest, and in the event that the receiver of the grants ceases to be an Israeli corporation such payment shall not exceed six times the value of the grants received plus interest, with a possibility to reduce such payment to up to three times the value of the grants received plus interest if the research and development activity remains in Israel for a period of three years after payment to the IIA.

Transfer of know-how within Israel is subject to an undertaking of the recipient Israeli entity to comply with the provisions of the Research Law and the regulations promulgated thereunder, including the restrictions on the transfer of know-how and the obligation to pay royalties, as further described in the Research Law and related regulations.

These restrictions may impair our ability to outsource manufacturing, engage in change of control transactions or otherwise transfer our know-how outside Israel and may require us to obtain the approval of the IIA for certain actions and transactions in advance and pay additional royalties to the IIA. In particular, any change of control and any change of ownership of our ordinary shares that would make a non-Israeli citizen or resident an “interested party,” as defined in the Research Law, requires a prior written notice to the IIA in addition to any payment that may be required of us for transfer of manufacturing or know-how outside Israel. If we fail to comply with the Research Law, we may be subject to criminal charges.

Intellectual Property

We seek patent protection as well as other effective intellectual property rights for our products and technologies in the United States and internationally. Our policy is to pursue, maintain and defend intellectual property rights developed internally and to protect the technology, inventions and improvements that are commercially important to the development of our business.

Our patent portfolio consists of an aggregate of twenty four (24) patents and patent applications, as detailed in the following table.

We have certain registered trademarks, tradenames and service marks, including “ParaZero,” “SafeAir,” “SmartAir,” “SmartAir Pro” and “TerminateAir.”

We also rely on trade secrets, know-how, and continuous innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position. We cannot be certain that patents will be granted with respect to any of our pending patent applications or with respect to any patent applications filed by us in the future, nor can we be sure that any of our existing patents or any patents granted to us in the future will be commercially useful in protecting our technology.

Our success depends, in part, on an intellectual property portfolio that supports future revenue streams and erects barriers to our competitors. We are maintaining and building our patent portfolio through filing new patent applications, prosecuting existing applications, and licensing and acquiring new patents and patent applications.

Despite these measures, any of our intellectual property and proprietary rights could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented, infringed or misappropriated. Intellectual property and proprietary rights may not be sufficient to permit us to take advantage of current market trends or otherwise to provide competitive one. For more information, see “Item 3D — Risk Factors — Risks Related to our Intellectual Property.”

Employees

As of the date hereof, we currently have 22 full-time employees, including four members of senior management, one of whom is engaged as a service provider. All of our employees and our service provider are located in Israel.

None of our employees are represented by labor unions or covered by collective bargaining agreements. We believe that we maintain good relations with all our employees. However, in Israel, we are subject to certain Israeli labor laws, regulations and national labor court precedent rulings, as well as certain provisions of collective bargaining agreements applicable to us by virtue of extension orders issued in accordance with relevant labor laws by the Israeli Ministry of Economy and which apply such agreement provisions to our employees even though they are not part of a union that has signed a collective bargaining agreement.

All of our employment agreements include employees’ undertakings with respect to non-competition and assignment to us of intellectual property rights developed in the course of employment and confidentiality. The enforceability of such provisions is subject to Israeli law.

Legal Proceedings

We are not currently subject to any material legal proceedings.

C. Organizational Structure

We currently have no subsidiaries.

D. Property, Plant and Equipment

Our corporate headquarters, which includes our offices and research and development facility, is located at 1 HaTahana Street, Menivim Tower, Kfar Saba 4453001 Israel, where we occupy approximately 6,340 square feet, plus an additional storage space of approximately 260 square feet and 12 parking spaces. On February 1, 2024, we entered into a three year lease agreement that commenced on March 15, 2024. Our monthly aggregate rental payment is NIS 71,000 (approximately $19,575) plus VAT at the applicable rate required under Israeli law. At the end of the term, we have an option to extend the lease for an additional three years.

We consider that our new office space will be sufficient to meet our anticipated needs for the foreseeable future and is suitable for the conduct of our business.

ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. The discussion below contains forward-looking statements that are based upon our current expectations and are subject to uncertainty and changes in circumstances. Actual results may differ materially from these expectations due to inaccurate assumptions and known or unknown risks and uncertainties, including those identified in “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and under “Item 3.D Risk Factors” elsewhere in this Annual Report. Our discussion and analysis for the two years ended December 31, 2023 can be found in our annual report on Form 20-F as filed with the SEC on March 21, 2024 (File No. 001-41760).

Overview

For more information regarding our business and operations, see the section entitled “Business Overview” above.

Recent Offerings

Registered Direct Offering – February 2025

On February 13, 2025, we closed a registered direct offering, or the RDO, with investors for the purchase and sale of (i) 2,518,182 of our ordinary shares and (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 300,000 ordinary shares at a purchase price of $1.10 per ordinary share and $1.09999 per pre-funded warrant. The pre-funded warrants were immediately exercisable at an exercise price of $0.00001 per ordinary shares, subject to adjustment as set forth therein, and will not expire until exercised in full. The aggregate gross proceeds to us from the RDO were approximately $3.1 million.

As of the date hereof, 200,000 pre-funded warrants have been exercised into 200,000 ordinary shares. We paid an aggregate of $232,500 in placement agent fees and reimbursed the placement agent’s actual out-of-pocket expenses up to $55,000.

Private Placement – October 2023

On October 30, 2023, we closed a private placement transaction, or the PIPE, with certain accredited investors, or the Purchasers, for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $5.1 million, before deducting fees to the placement agent and other expenses payable by us.

As part of the PIPE, we issued units and pre-funded units, collectively, the Units, consisting of an aggregate of (i) 1,136,364 ordinary shares, (ii) 3,500,000 pre-funded warrants each to purchase one ordinary share, (iii) 4,636,364 series A warrants each to purchase one ordinary share, and (iv) series B warrants to purchase a maximum amount of 5,563,638 ordinary shares.

Each Unit consisted of (i) one Ordinary Share or pre-funded warrant, (ii) one series A warrant and (iii) one series B warrant. The purchase price was $1.10 per Unit and $1.095 per pre-funded Unit. The pre-funded warrants were immediately exercisable at an exercise price of $0.005 per ordinary share and will not expire until exercised in full. The series A warrants were immediately exercisable, have an exercise price of $1.10 per ordinary share (subject to customary adjustments and certain anti-dilution protection) and have a term of 5.5 years from the date of issuance.

The number of ordinary shares issuable under the series B warrant was subject to an adjustment determined by the trading price of the ordinary shares following the effectiveness of a resale registration statement, or the Resale Registration Statement, that we undertook to file on behalf the Purchasers, subject to a pricing floor of $0.50 per ordinary share, such that the maximum number of ordinary shares underlying the series B warrants would be an aggregate of 5,563,638 ordinary shares.

Following the effectiveness of the Resale Registration Statement, on December 14, 2023, the number of ordinary shares underlying the series B warrants was adjusted to an aggregate amount of 140,373 ordinary shares, exercisable at an exercise price of $0.005 per ordinary shares. In December 2023, we issued an aggregate of 2,885,174 ordinary shares upon the cashless exercise of pre-funded warrants and series B warrants by certain warrant holders.

As of the date hereof, 3,500,000 pre-funded warrants, 2,798,903 series A warrants and 140,373 series B warrants have been exercised into an aggregate of 6,416,693 ordinary shares for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $3.0 million.

Initial Public Offering – July 2023

On July 31, 2023, we closed our initial public offering of 1,950,000 ordinary shares at a public offering price of $4.00 per ordinary share, for aggregate gross proceeds of $7,800,000 prior to deducting underwriting discounts and other offering expenses.

Our ordinary shares began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the ticker symbol “PRZO” on July 27, 2023.

A. Operating Results

Components of Operating Results

Sales

Revenue is recognized when (or as) control of the promised goods or services is transferred to the customer, and in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company is contractually due in exchange for those services or goods. The Company follows five steps to record revenue: (i) identify the contract with a customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy our performance obligations.

The Company’s revenues consist of sales of drone safety systems with a one-year warranty, directly to customers via direct sales to system manufactures, resellers and an online store. The payment terms are usually an advance payment through a credit card or a bank wire or 30 days credit upon delivery of the product for certain existing clients.

The Company recognizes revenue from the sale of its products at the point of time when control is transferred to its customers. Once the Company’s products have been physically delivered to the agreed location, the Company no longer has a physical holding but has a present right to receive payment without retaining any significant risks or benefits.

The Company’s products include warranties which require the Company to either replace or repair defective products during the warranty period if the products fail to comply with their described specifications. Such warranties are not accounted for as separate performance obligations and hence no revenue is allocated to them. Instead, a provision is made for the costs of satisfying the warranties.

Each transaction of a product sale (including a warranty) consists of one performance obligation.

The Company recognizes revenue from customization agreements at a point in time for agreements that consist of single combined performance obligation of design of services and supply of a customized product that is satisfied at a point in time once the prototype is delivered to the customer and can be integrated into its equipment.

With the commencement of development and customization contracts during year ended December 31, 2024, in which the performance obligation is satisfied over time, the Company measures the progress of the project using the input method based on the company’s efforts to satisfy the performance obligation.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales consists primarily of expenses related to the purchase of materials of products sold, salary and related. It also consists of write down charges of obsolete inventory items, warranty on product sold and royalties to the IIA on sales.

The Government of Israel, through the IIA, encourages research and development projects by providing grants. We may receive grants from the IIA at the rates that range from 20% to 50% of the research and development expenses, as prescribed by the research committee of the IIA. Our research and development efforts relating to our product have been financed in part through royalty-bearing grants in an aggregate amount of approximately $748,000 received from the IIA, as of December 31, 2024, none of which were received during the most recent fiscal year ended. As of the same date, our contingent liabilities regarding IIA grants received by us were in an aggregate amount of approximately $602,000. With respect to the royalty-bearing grants we are committed to pay royalties at a rate of 3% to 3.5% on sales proceeds from our products that were developed in whole or in part using these IIA grants. For information regarding our obligations in connection with the grants received from the IIA under the Research Law, see “Item 5 — Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Government Grants and Related Royalties” below.

Operating expenses

Our current operating expenses consist of four components: (i) research and development expenses; (ii) sales and marketing expenses and (iii) general and administrative expenses and (iv) initial public offering expenses and financing expenses. Labor costs are the most significant component of operating expenses and consist of salaries including benefits.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of labor costs, subcontractors, material and costs associated with patent-related expenses. Costs are expensed as they are incurred.

We anticipate that our research and development expenses will increase in the future as we increase our development headcount and infrastructure to support our continued research and development programs and the potential commercialization of our products.

Sales and marketing expenses

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of labor costs and consultants.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of labor costs, professional service fees and facilities.

We anticipate that we will incur increased expenses related to audit, legal, regulatory and tax-related services associated with maintaining compliance with Nasdaq and SEC requirements, director and officer insurance premiums, director compensation, and other costs associated with being a public company.

Initial public offering expenses and financing expenses

Initial public offering expenses include the portion of IPO expenses attributable to the selling shareholders and includes direct, incremental expenses related to the preparation and filing of the registration statement on Form F-1 in connection with the IPO and resale of existing shares, such as legal, advisors and printing expenses.

Finance income and expenses

Finance income consists of interest received on short term deposits and finance expenses consist of changes in the fair value of convertible notes, changes in fair value of derivative warrant liability, interest expenses on a related party loan, and other finance expenses and income which mainly included currency exchange rate differences and bank charges.

Income Taxes

We have yet to generate taxable income in Israel. As of December 31, 2024, our net operating loss carryforwards for tax purposes were approximately $27.9 million. We anticipate that we will continue to generate losses for the foreseeable future and that we will be able to carry forward these losses for tax purposes indefinitely to future taxable years. Accordingly, we do not expect to pay taxes in Israel until we have taxable income after the full utilization of our carry forward tax losses.

Results of Operations

Our results of operations have varied in the past and can be expected to vary in the future due to numerous factors. We believe that period-to-period comparisons of our operating results are not necessarily meaningful and should not be relied upon as indications of future performance.

Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2023

Below is a summary of our results of operations for the periods indicated:

Sales

Sales increased by $311,646, or 50.2%, to $932,154 for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $620,508 for the year ended December 31, 2023. This increase was mainly attributed to that fact, that the company shifted towards sales to OEM integrations that contributed to a higher volume of sales rather than to the aftermarket segment. This shift is accompanied with recuring revenues.

Cost of sales

Cost of sales increased by $397,251, or 83.3%, to $873,861 for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $476,610 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was mainly due to the increase in the volume of sales during the year ended December 31, 2024 and an inventory write off of approximately $114,680.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses increased by $1,506,552, or 237%, to $2,143,353 for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $636,801 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase resulted mainly from labor costs of $843,881 accompanied an increase in by materials and experiments costs of $386,839.

Sales and marketing expenses

Sales and marketing expenses increased by $593,099, or 121.6%, to $1,081,003 for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $487,904 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase resulted mainly from labor, professional services and more subcontractors’ costs of $449,788 accompanied an increase in by travel and conferences participation costs of $122,288.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses increased by $927,128, or 62.9%, to $2,400,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $1,472,872 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase resulted mainly from professional services rendered after the IPO and costs associated with becoming a public company, including an increase in D&O insurance and certain filing services.

Initial public offering expenses

Initial public offering expenses sum-up to a total of $nil and $345,925 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 respectively. Fees attributable to the resale of existing securities that were offered together with newly issued shares in the IPO were recognized as initial public offering expenses within the statement of comprehensive loss.

Change in fair value of convertible notes

Fair value of SAFEs’ discounted conversion upon completion of the IPO was a non-cash amount of $504,796 for the year ended December 31, 2023 and the Company did not incur such expense for the year ended December 31, 2024. The convertible notes of $1,514,928 were converted upon the consummation of the IPO at a discount of 25% on the IPO share price and is non-cash expense to reflect the discount and record the convertible notes at fair value prior to their conversion into 504,976 ordinary shares.

Changes of fair value of derivative warrant liability

In connection with the PIPE, the Company issued warrants that are classified as liabilities and were measured at fair value upon issuance and revalued as of December 31, 2024. Non-cash expenses of $5,688,891 were recorded as the change in fair value for the year ended December 31, 2024 reflecting the change in the fair value of the outstanding warrants and warrants that were exercised during 2024.

Issuance expenses attributable to derivate warrant liability

The relative portion of the PIPE issuance expenses attributed to the derivate warrant liability was $247,129 for the year ended December 31, 2023 and the Company did not incur such expense for the year ended December 31, 2024. The Company allocated the issuance expenses incurred in the PIPE on a proportionate basis between the liability and equity instruments issued.

Interest expenses on related party loan

The Company did not incur any interest expenses with respect to funding from a related party for the year ended December 31, 2024. For the year ended December 31, 2023, interest expenses with respect to funding from a related party was $152,745 as the loan was repaid during 2023.

Other finance income, net

Other finance income, net was $200,724 for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to finance income, net of $210,675 for the year ended December 31, 2023. Other finance income, net, primarily includes income from interest on deposits and exchange rate differences.

Net loss and comprehensive loss

Net loss and comprehensive loss increased by $7,282,851, or 193%, to $11,054,230 for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to a net loss of $3,771,379 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was the result of an increase of mainly a non-cash item, changes in fair value of derivative warrant liabilities, along with an increase in operating expenses, as described above.

B. Liquidity and Capital Resources

We are in our early commercialization stage and do not generate significant revenue in this stage. Therefore, we have suffered recurring losses from operations and negative cash flows from operations since inception. Our operations have been funded substantially through issuances of our equity securities in public and private offerings, including in our initial public offering in July 2023 and our private placement in October 2023, loans from related parties, SAFEs and government grants for research and development projects received from the IIA. Considering the above, management expects that it will require additional financing in the future to fund its operations until it has generated significant revenues. As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $4.2 million in cash and cash equivalents.

We expect that our existing cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2024, together with anticipated revenue from existing customers pursuant to existing purchase orders, as well as projected revenue from new customers, will be sufficient to fund our current operations and satisfy our obligations through the end of the first quarter of 2026.

Our main expense over this period will be hiring more employees and other expenses associated with being a public company. We intend to evaluate our expenses during this period to determine whether we will need additional financing.

We expect that we will require additional capital to develop our next generation flight computer including algorithm optimization, artificial intelligence layer development and optical sensors input integration, as well as to commercialize our new product. In addition, our operating plans may change as a result of many factors that may currently be unknown to us, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

Until we can generate significant recurring revenues and profit, we expect to satisfy our future cash needs through debt or equity financings, through the utilization of our current financial resources and sales of our products. We cannot be certain that additional funding will be available to us when needed, on acceptable terms, if at all. If funds are not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate research or development plans for commercialization efforts with respect to our products.

The table below presents our cash flows for the periods indicated:

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities of $4,889,222 for the year ended December 31, 2024. Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2023, was $2,938,300. The increase in the negative cash flow is mainly due to an increase in current operating losses during the period.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities increased by $122,982 to $148,739 for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $25,757 for the year ended December 31, 2023, which is due to placing a restricted deposit and the purchase of computers and office equipment as a result of migrating into a new office space.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities of $1,820,001 for the year ended December 31, 2024, consisted of exercise of warrants A series. Net cash provided by financing activities of $10,302,656 for the year ended December 31, 2023, consisted of funds received from the IPO and the PIPE completed in the period, in an aggregate amount net of issuance costs of $10,802,656 and the receipt of a loan from a related party in the amount of $245,000 and the repayment of a loan to a related party in the amount of $745,000.

Government Grants and Related Royalties

We have developed drone safety systems, at least in part, with funds from IIA grants, and, accordingly, we would be obligated to pay these royalties on sales of the aforementioned products. Below is a description of our obligations in connection with the grants received from the IIA under the Research Law:

Local Manufacturing Obligation

As long as the manufacturing of our product candidates takes place in Israel and no technology funded with IIA grants is sold or out licensed to a non-Israeli entity, the maximum aggregate royalties paid would generally be up to the total amount of grants received, linked to the U.S. dollar and bearing interest. Until December 31, 2023, the interest was calculated at a rate based on an annual application of the LIBOR, applicable to U.S. dollar deposits, however, pursuant to the latest IIA regulations, as of January 31, 2024, IIA grants received after June 30, 2017, shall bear interest calculated at a rate based on an annual application of the SOFR, or at an alternative rate published by the Bank of Israel, plus approximately 0.72%.

We believe that this change would not have material impact on our results or our financial position.

Further, when a company develops know-how, technology or products using IIA grants, the terms of these grants and the Research Law restrict the transfer of such know-how, and the transfer of manufacturing or manufacturing rights of such products, technologies or know-how outside of Israel, without the prior approval of the IIA. Therefore, the discretionary approval of an IIA committee would be required for any transfer to third parties inside or outside of Israel of know-how or manufacturing or manufacturing rights related to those aspects of such technologies. We may not receive those approvals. Furthermore, the IIA may impose certain conditions on any arrangement under which it permits us to transfer technology or development out of Israel.

Under the terms of the Research Law, the products may be manufactured outside of Israel by us or by another entity only if prior approval is received from the IIA (such approval is not required for the transfer of up to 10% of the manufacturing capacity in the aggregate, in which case a notice must be provided to the IIA and not be objected to by the IIA within 30 days of such notice).

Know-How Transfer Limitation

The Research Law restricts the ability to transfer know-how funded by the IIA outside of Israel. Transfer of IIA funded know-how outside of Israel requires prior approval of the IIA and may be subject to payments to the IIA, calculated according to formulae provided under the Research Law. The redemption fee is subject to a cap of six times the total amount of the IIA grants, plus interest accrued thereon (i.e. the total liability to the IIA, including accrued interest, multiplied by six). If we wish to transfer IIA funded know-how, the terms for approval will be determined according to the nature of the transaction and the consideration paid to us in connection with such transfer.

Approval of transfer of IIA funded know-how to another Israeli company may be granted only if the recipient abides by the provisions of the Research Law and related regulations, including the restrictions on the transfer of know-how and manufacturing rights outside of Israel.

Change of Control

Any non-Israeli citizen, resident or entity that, among other things, (i) becomes a holder of 5% or more of our share capital or voting rights, (ii) is entitled to appoint our directors or our chief executive officer or (iii) serves as one of our directors or as our chief executive officer (including holders of 25% or more of the voting power, equity or the right to nominate directors in such direct holder, if applicable) is required to notify the IIA and undertake to comply with the rules and regulations applicable to the grant programs of the IIA, including the restrictions on transfer described above.

Approval to manufacture products outside of Israel or consent to the transfer of IIA funded know-how, if requested, is within the discretion of the IIA. Furthermore, the IIA may impose certain conditions on any arrangement under which it permits us to transfer IIA funded know-how or manufacturing out of Israel.

The consideration available to our shareholders in a future transaction involving the transfer outside of Israel of know-how developed with IIA funding (such as a merger or similar transaction) may be reduced by any amounts that we are required to pay to the IIA. 

C. Research and development, patents and licenses, etc.

For a description of our research and development programs and the amounts that we have incurred over the last two years pursuant to those programs, please see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects- A. Operating Results-Research and Development Expenses” and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects- A. Operating Results- Comparison of the year ended December 31, 2024 to the year ended December 31, 2023- Research and Development Expenses.”

D. Trend Information

Other than as disclosed in “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospectus—Components of Operating Results” and elsewhere in this Annual Report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events for the period from January 1, 2024 to December 31, 2024 that are reasonably likely to have a material effect on our total revenues, income, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that caused the disclosed financial information to be not necessarily indicative of future operating results or financial condition.

E. Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Our management believes that the estimates, judgments and assumptions used are reasonable based upon information available at the time they are made. These estimates, judgments and assumptions can affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

See Note 2 to the audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024 for additional information regarding these and our other significant accounting policies.

Derivative Warrant Liabilities

The Company analyses warrants issued to determine whether they meet the classification as liabilities or equity under US GAAP. Derivative warrant liabilities are adjusted to reflect fair value at each reporting period, with any increase or decrease in the fair value recorded as finance expenses (income) in the statement of comprehensive loss. The Company uses a fair valuation specialist to estimate the value of these instruments using numerous iterations using the Black–Scholes option price model.

The key assumptions used in the models are the expected future volatility in the price of the Company’s shares, the expected life of the warrants and the probability of a future down-round adjustment event.

Stock Based Compensation

General and administrative, sales and marketing, and research and development expenses include stock-based compensation to the Company’s employees and directors. Fair value of stock-option awards was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which requires a number of assumptions, of which the most significant are the expected share price, volatility, and the expected option term. Expected volatility was calculated based on comparable public companies in the same industry. The expected share option term is calculated for share options granted to employees and directors using the “simplified” method. The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield from U.S. treasury bonds with an equivalent term.

Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

In connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2024, we identified control deficiencies in our financial reporting process that constitute a material weakness. The material weakness related to lack segregation of duties.

As defined in the standards established by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board of the United States, a “material weakness” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

Management has implemented corrective actions to address this issue, including improving the segregation of duties and enhancing our controls to ensure the accuracy of our financial reporting within account processes, and systems, documentation to evidence the operation of controls, procedures and approvals, periodic user access reviews, assessment of controls of financially significant vendors, written policies and procedures for accounting, IT and financial reporting and record keeping. We continue to improve its internal controls over financing, and has engaged outside consultants, experts in the controls and procedures over financial reporting, and internally, we have reviewed and improved these processes. In light of the remediation occurring, our internal controls are expected to be effective in the 2025. Except for additional personnel costs and the costs of our third-party service providers, we do not expect to incur any material costs related to our remediation plan. See “Item 5.E—Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Critical Account Estimates—Internal Control Over Financial Reporting” and “Item 3.D—Risk Factors—Risks Related to Ownership of our Ordinary Shares— We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, and we may not be able to successfully implement remedial measures” for additional information.

ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

A. Directors and Senior Management

Executive Officers and Directors

The following table sets forth information regarding our executive officers and directors, including their ages as of March 21, 2025:

Boaz Shetzer, Chief Executive Officer

Mr. Shetzer has served as our Chief Executive Officer since January 2022. Prior to that, Mr. Shetzer served as our General Manager from January 2021 to December 2021. Prior to that, Mr. Shetzer served as our Chief Operations Officer from January 2020 to December 2020. Prior to this role, Mr. Shetzer served as our Head of Product from August 2018 to January 2020. Before joining the company, Mr. Shetzer co-founded and served as the CEO of TypeIV, a startup in the digital health arena, from January 2017 to July 2018. Prior to that, Mr. Shetzer held the role of VP of Operations at Soluto, which was acquired by Asurion, LLC, from July 2011 to November 2015. Mr. Shetzer has substantial experience in the start-up and technology commercialization ecosystem. He also serves as a reserve Israeli Air Force Major where he flies a C-130, the Israeli Air Force tactical transportation plane. Mr. Shetzer holds a BSc., magna cum laude, in electrical and computer Engineering from the Ben-Gurion University, an M.B.A. from the Reichman University (IDC Herzliya) and is an honorary graduate of the Israeli Air Force Flight Academy.

Regev Livne, Chief Financial Officer

Mr. Livne has served as our Chief Financial Officer since December 2024. Mr. Livne has over 15 years of experience in executive finance roles across diverse industries ranging from early-stage startups to established international businesses. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Livne served as the chief financial officer and chief operating officer of Innovpro, an Israel-based food technology company, since 2021, where he led the company’s expansion into North America and managed relationships with strategic investors. From 2017 to 2021, Mr. Livne served as the chief financial officer of Votiro, a cyber security company, where he raised capital and supported the growth of the company into North America and Asia. From 2016 to 2017, Mr. Livne served as the chief financial officer of SCR Engineers Ltd. Prior to these roles, Mr. Livne held various positions in the finance departments of other companies, including “3M Attenti”, where he supported the integration into 3M, and Dmatek Ltd., which was previously listed on the London Stock Exchange. He also served as a senior accountant at PricewaterhouseCoopers in Israel, where he audited a wide range of companies, including publicly traded and privately held companies. Mr. Livne is a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) in Israel and holds a Master’s Degree in Finance and Management “as well as” a B.A. in Business Administration and Accounting, from the Israeli College of Management.

Yuval Gilad, Chief Product Officer

Mr. Gilad has served as our Chief Product Officer since November 2020. Prior to that he served as our R&D director from 2017 to 2020. Before joining ParaZero, Mr. Gilad was a senior product manager at mPrest systems, leading a multi-disciplinary air defense C4I project from 2014 to 2017. Prior to that, Mr. Gilad was a system engineer at System Design Solutions in 2013. Mr. Gilad was also a ground station and C2 system engineer for LEO imaging satellites from 2008 to 2012. Mr. Gilad is currently an MBA candidate at Reichman University (IDC Herzliya) and holds a BSc. degree in electrical and computer engineering from Ben-Gurion University.

Oren Aviram, Vice President of Sales

Mr. Aviram has served as our Vice President of Sales since 2016.. Mr. Aviram has over 15 years of experience in international sales and led sales and marketing for IAI - Israel Aerospace Industries, one of the world’s largest manufacturers of aerial and astronautic systems from 2005 to 2016, where he was responsible for finalizing large contracts while leading both legal and financial negotiations around the globe. Mr. Aviram is an Israeli Air Force veteran and holds a B.A. in Political Science from the University of Haifa

Amitay Weiss, Chairman of the Board of Directors, Class I Director

Mr. Weiss has served as the Chairman of our board of directors since August 2023 and as a member of our Board since February 2022. He is currently serving as a chairman of the board of directors of SciSparc Ltd. (previously Therapix Biosciences Ltd.) (OTC:SPRCY) since August 2020, chairman of the board of directors of Clearmind Medicine Inc. (previously Cyntar Ventures Inc.) (CSE: CMND) since August 2019, chairman of the board of directors of Save Foods Inc. (Nasdaq: SVFD) since August 2020, chairman of the board of directors of Infimer Ltd. (TASE:INFR-M) since July 2021 and chairman of the board of directors of Automax Motors Ltd. (TASE: AMX) since March 2021. He has also served as a member of the board of directors of Upsellon Brands Holdings Ltd. (previously Chiron Ltd.) (TASE: UPSL) since June 2019, Jeffs’ Brands Ltd. (Nasdaq: JFBR) since August 2022 and as an external director of Cofix Group Ltd. (TASE: CFCS) since August 2015. He previously served as chairman of the board of directors of Value Capital One Ltd. (previously P.L.T Financial Services Ltd.) (TASE:VALU) from April 2016 to February 2021, Matomy Media Group Ltd. (LSE:MTMY, TASE:MTMY.TA) from May 2020 to March 2021, as a director on the board of directors of Perihelion Capital Ltd (PCL.P:CVE) from June 2021 to September 2023 and Gix Internet Ltd. (previously Algomizer Ltd.) (TASE:GIX) from March 2019 to September 2022. He is now acting as Gix Internet Ltd.’s chief executive officer. In April 2016, Mr. Weiss founded Amitay Weiss Management Ltd., an economic consulting company, and now serves as its chief executive officer. Mr. Weiss holds a B.A in economics from New England College, M.B.A. in business administration and LL.B. from Ono Academic College, Israel. We selected Mr. Weiss to serve as a director because of his substantial business and management experience.

Natan Israeli, Class I Director

Mr. Israeli has served as our director since December 2024. Mr. Israeli has served as the Chief Customer Officer of Kaltura, Inc. (Nasdaq: KLTR) since November 2020 and as an executive officer since January 2024. Prior to joining Kaltura, throughout 2020, Mr. Israeli was the chief executive officer of Ambar A.M. Enterprise Ltd., that was active in the Israeli energy and infrastructure industries. Prior to that Mr. Israeli, a Brig. Gen. (Res.), served for three decades in the Israeli Air Force (IAF) as an officer and helicopter pilot. His last position was Head of the Personnel Directorate of the IAF from 2016 to 2020, in which capacity he was responsible for tens of thousands of people. Prior to that Mr. Israeli held various senior positions, including the IAF’s CIO and head of its information systems from 2012 to 2014. Mr. Israeli holds a B.S. in biology and psychology from Bar-Ilan University in Israel and a Master’s Degree in Political Science and Government from the University of Haifa in Israel.

Dr. Roy Borochov, Class II Director

Dr. Borochov has served as our director since February 2022 and until August 2023 served as our Chairman of the board of directors. He has also served as Chief Executive Officer of Mercury Investment Fund between December 2020 and December 2023 and Chief Executive Officer of Plantify foods (TSXV: PTFY) between August 2022 and Aug 2023. Previously, Dr. Borochov served as Head of Agriculture at Prospera Technologies Ltd. from 2018 to 2020. Dr. Borochov has served as a director of Peas of Bean Ltd between 2021-2024, Venda Robotics between 2021-2022, Plantify foods between August 2022 and August 2023, Safe Foods (Nasdaq: SVFD) between April 2023 and December 2023 and Polyrizon Ltd between 2021 and 2024. Dr. Borochov has a Ph.D. from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. We selected Dr. Borochov to serve as a director because of his strong business background.

Tali Dinar, Class II Director

Ms. Dinar has served as our director since February 2022. She also serves as Chief Financial Officer of Xylo Technologies Ltd. (Nasdaq: XYLO) since June 2021. Ms. Dinar served as Chief Financial Officer of Novomic Ltd., a private company, between January 2019 and January 2023. Additionally, Ms. Dinar has served as a director of Micronet Ltd. (TLV: MCRNT) between July 2016 and February 2023 and as a director in Canzon Israel Ltd. (TLV: CNZN) between August 2020 and March 2022. Ms. Dinar also currently serves as a member of the board of directors of Jeffs’ Brands, beginning September 30, 2021, a director in Charging Robotics Inc. since November 2021 and as a director in Fuel Doctor Holding Inc. since April 4, 2023. Prior to these positions, Ms. Dinar served as CFO of Techcare Corp. (OTC: TECR) from January 2019 to April 2020. She previously served in various positions at MICT Inc. (Nasdaq: MICT) from 2009 to 2019, including as a director and CFO. Ms. Dinar holds a B.A. in accounting and business administration from the College of Management and is also a CPA. We selected Ms. Dinar to serve as a director due to her long track record of leading public and private companies.

Moshe Revach, Class III Director

Mr. Revach has served as our director since February 2022. He is currently Deputy Mayor of the city of Ramat Gan, Israel, has held the sports and government relations portfolios in the Ramat Gan municipality since 2018 and has served in various positions in the Ramat Gan municipality since 2008. Mr. Revach also serves as a director of SciSparc Ltd. (Nasdaq: SPRC), Jeffs’ Brands Ltd. (Nasdaq: JFBR) and LLN IT Solutions. He previously served as a director of Biomedico Hadarim Ltd. from 2019 to 2020 and as a director of the RPG Economic Society from 2013 to 2018. Mr. Revach holds an LL.B from the Ono Academic College, Israel, and a B.A in management and economics from the University of Derby. We selected Mr. Revach to serve as a director due to his extensive government and corporate experience.

Yigal Shtief, Class III Director

Mr. Shtief has served as a director since August 2023. Mr. Shtief has served as an external director of Globe Exploration Inc (TLV:GLEX) since 2015. From 2012 to 2020, Mr. Shtief served as an Independent Director of Netz Group (TLV:NETZ). Mr. Shtief holds a Diploma from The Institute of Local Government (Israel). Mr. Shtief has a B.A. in criminology and political science from Bar-Ilan University, and an MBA from the University of Latvia. We believe that Mr. Shtief is qualified to serve on our board of directors due to his extensive experience in a variety of management positions in the public sector and as a director of Israeli public companies.

Naama Falach Avrahamy, Class II Director

Ms. Naama Falach Avrahamy has served as a director since August 2023. Ms. Falach Avrahamy is a senior financial professional with more than 17 years of experience. Ms. Falach Avrahamy has served as a member of the board of directors of Maris-Tech Ltd. (Nasdaq: MTEK) since February 2022, of Argaman Industries (TASE: Argaman) since June 2021 and of Crow Technologies 1977 Ltd. (OTC: CRWTF) since May 2018. She has also served as VP of finance of Midgard Technologies Ltd. since April 2021. She previously served as the chief financial officer and chief operating officer of NGG Global Consulting, a consulting group specializing in organizational and operational excellence solutions from May 2019 to February 2021, and as chief financial officer of AnyfinacialTech Ltd., an online financial trading platform from May 2015 to June 2017. Ms. Falach Avrahamy received a BA in Business Administration and Accounting from the College of Management, Israel. She is also a graduate of the Directors and Executives program from the IDC Herzliya, Israel. We believe that Ms. Falach Avrahamy is qualified to serve on our board of directors due to her financial background and expertise and experience in positions as director of public companies.

Family Relationships

There are no family relationships between any members of our executive management and our directors.

Arrangements for Election of Directors and Members of Management

There are no arrangements or understandings with major shareholders, customers, suppliers or others pursuant to which any of our executive management or our directors were selected. See “Item 7B — Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions — Related Party Transactions” for additional information. 

B. Compensation

The following table presents information regarding compensation accrued in our financial statements for our five most highly compensated office holders (within the meaning of the Companies Law), during or with respect to the year ended December 31, 2024. The table does not include any amounts we paid to reimburse any of such persons for costs incurred in providing us with services during this period.

All amounts reported in the table below reflect our cost, in thousands of U.S. dollars. Amounts paid in NIS are translated into U.S. dollars at the rate of NIS 3.699= U.S. $1.00, based on the average representative rate of exchange between the NIS and the U.S. dollar as reported by the Bank of Israel during such period of time.

For further information regarding our compensation policy, see “Item 6C — Directors, Senior Management and Employees — Board Practices — Compensation Committee.”

For so long as we qualify as a foreign private issuer, we will not be required to comply with the proxy rules applicable to U.S. domestic companies regarding disclosure of the compensation of certain executive officers on an individual basis. Pursuant to the Companies Law, we are required, after we become a public company, to disclose the annual compensation of our five most highly compensated officers or directors on an individual basis. This disclosure will not be as extensive as that required of a U.S. domestic issuer.

On September 20, 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors granted an aggregate of 366,172 options to purchase ordinary shares to certain employees and directors, certain of which were then approved by our shareholders in a general meeting on November 2, 2023. The exercise price of such options is $1.275 per Ordinary Share, exercisable for a period of 5 years from the grant date. Such options vest over four years, commencing on July 31, 2023, or the Vesting Commencement Date, where 50% of the amount granted vests at the second anniversary of the Vesting Commencement Date, and the remainder shall vest on a quarterly basis, 6.25% of the number of the options commencing on the second anniversary of the Vesting Commencement Date. For a description of our option plan, see “Item 6E — Directors, Senior Management and Employees — Share Ownership — Global Share Incentive Plan (2022).”

On July 30, 2024, the Board of Directors approved the grant of an aggregate of 112,807 options to purchase ordinary shares to certain employees and consultants of the Company. All options may be exercised within 5 years from the date of their grant and are subject to a four-year vesting schedule with a two-year cliff such that 50% of the options shall vest at the completion of two years from the approval of the grant by the Board of Directors, and afterward, 6.25% shall vest upon completion of each three month period of continuous employment or services for the remaining two-year vesting period. The exercise price of the options is $1.275 per ordinary share. All the other terms of the grant of the options shall be as set forth in the Plan. The fair value of this grant was $38,319 calculated using the Black Scholes option pricing model.

On October 9, 2024, the Board of Directors approved the grant of an aggregate of 78,682 options to purchase ordinary shares to certain employees and consultants of the Company. All options may be exercised within 5 years from the date of their grant and are subject to a four-year vesting schedule with a two-year cliff such that 50% of the options shall vest at the completion of two years from the approval of the grant by the Board of Directors, and afterward, 6.25% shall vest upon completion of each three month period of continuous employment or services for the remaining two-year vesting period. The exercise price of the options is $1.275 per ordinary share. All the other terms of the grant of the options shall be as set forth in the Plan. The fair value of this grant was $24,287 calculated using the Black Scholes option pricing model.

On December 11, 2024, the Board of Directors approved the grant of an aggregate of 36,315 options to purchase ordinary shares to an employee of the Company. All options may be exercised within 5 years from the date of their grant and are subject to a four-year vesting schedule with a two-year cliff such that 50% of the options shall vest at the completion of two years from the approval of the grant by the Board of Directors, and afterward, 6.25% shall vest upon completion of each three month period of continuous employment or services for the remaining two-year vesting period. The exercise price of the options is $1.275 per ordinary share. All the other terms of the grant of the options shall be as set forth in the Plan. The fair value of this grant was $33,246 calculated using the Black Scholes option pricing model. In addition, on December 11, 2024, the Board of Directors approved the grant of 15,131 options to a newly appointed director, which grant is subject to the approval of the Company shareholders.

Employment Agreements with Executive Officers

We have entered into written employment or consulting agreements with each of our executive officers. All of these agreements contain customary provisions regarding confidentiality of information, assignment of inventions and noncompetition. However, the enforceability of the noncompetition provisions may be limited under applicable law. In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with each executive officer and director pursuant to which we will indemnify each of them up to a certain amount and to the extent that these liabilities are not covered by directors and officers insurance.

For a description of the terms of our options and option plan, see “Item 6E — Directors, Senior Management and Employees — Share Ownership — Global Share Incentive Plan (2022).”

Directors’ Service Contracts

Other than with respect to the chairman of our board of directors, we do not have written agreements with any director providing for benefits upon the termination of his employment with our company.

Director Compensation

Each director, other than the chairman, is entitled to receive an annual cash payment of $30,000 plus VAT per annum. Each director is also entitled to reimbursements or coverage of expenses (including travel expenses), insurance and indemnification letters. For further information see “Item 6C — Directors, Senior Management and Employees — Board Practices — Exculpation.”

In addition, at the meeting of our shareholders on November 2, 2023, our shareholders approved the Long Term Non-Executive Directors Options Grant Scheme whereby each non-executive director (including our external directors) shall be entitled to a one-time grant of options to purchase 15,131 ordinary shares under our Plan (as defined below)). All such options may be exercised until the lapse of 5 years from the date of their grant, (i) shall be subject to vesting over a period of four (4) years commencing on September 20, 2023, which is the date such grant was approved by our board with 50% of such options vesting at the end of two years from the approval of the grant by our board (i.e., September 20, 2025) and afterwards 6.25% of the number of granted options shall vest each subsequent three-month period following the grant; (ii) the exercise price per share of the options is $1.275 per share; and (iii) the options grant will be in accordance and pursuant to Section 102 of the Israel Income Tax Ordinance (New Version), 1961.

The chairman of our board is entitled to the following compensation, as long as he serves in such position: (i) a monthly fee of NIS 30,000 + VAT (the “Monthly Fee”, which equals approximately $8,250) effective as of August 2, 2023, the date in which our executive chairman was elected; (ii) an annual bonus of up to six times the Monthly Fee, commencing in 2024; (iii) a grant of options to purchase 60,524 ordinary shares under our Plan, where such options may be exercised until the lapse of 5 years from the date of their grant, (x) are subject to vesting over a period of four (4) years commencing on September 20, 2023, with 50% of such options vesting at the end of two years from the such date and afterwards 6.25% of the number of granted options shall vest each subsequent three-month period following the grant; (y) the exercise price per share of the options is $1.275 per share; and (z) the options grant will be in accordance and pursuant to Section 102 of the Tax Ordinance; and (iv) in the event that Mr. Weiss shall cease to serve as the executive chairman of our board, then he will be entitled to cash remuneration as the other non-executive directors of our Company.

On February 19, 2025, the Board of Directors approved the increase of executive chairman chairman’s monthly fee to $10,000, which is subject to the approval of our shareholders.

On February 19, 2025, the Board of Directors (following the approval of the compensation committee) approved the grant of an aggregate of 1,560,165 restricted share units, or RSUs, to certain Plan Participants, as defined in and subject to the terms of the Plan, which grant took place later that day, after filing a registration statement covering the increase in the pool of available shares under the Plan. Some of these grants are subject to the approval of the Company’s shareholders. The RSUs vest quarterly in equal amounts over a period of 1-3 years.

C. Board Practices

Introduction

Our board of directors consists of seven (7) members. We believe that Yigal Shtief, Naama Falach Avrahamy, Moshe Revach, Dr. Roy Borochov and Natan Israeli are “independent” for purposes of the Nasdaq Stock Market rules. Our amended and restated articles of association provide that the number of board of directors’ members shall be set by the general meeting of the shareholders provided that it will consist of not less than three (3) and not more than twelve (12), including external directors to be elected to the extent required under the Companies Law. Pursuant to the Companies Law, the management of our business is vested in our board of directors. Our board of directors may exercise all powers and may take all actions that are not specifically granted to our shareholders or to management. Our executive officers are responsible for our day-to-day management and have individual responsibilities established by our board of directors. Our Chief Executive Officer is appointed by, and serves at the discretion of, our board of directors. His or her employment terms are generally subject to the approval of the compensation committee, the board of directors and shareholders, and are subject to the employment agreement that we have entered into with him. All other executive officers are appointed by our Chief Executive Officer. Their terms of employment are subject to the approval of the compensation committee, the board of directors, and may also require shareholder approval, and are subject to the terms of any applicable employment agreements that we may enter into with them.

Our board is split into three classes with staggered three-year terms. At each annual general meeting of our shareholders, the election or re-election of directors following the expiration of the term of office of the directors of that class of directors will be for a term of office that expires on the third annual general meeting following such election or re-election, such that, each year the term of office of only one class of directors will expire. Alternatively, the office of a director will terminate earlier, if he or she resigns or is removed by a majority vote of our shareholders at a general meeting of our shareholders or upon the occurrence of certain events, in accordance with the Companies Law and our amended and restated articles of association.

Our directors are divided among three classes as follows:

In addition, under certain circumstances, our amended and restated articles of association allow our board of directors to appoint directors to fill vacancies on our board of directors or in addition to the acting directors (subject to the limitation on the number of directors), until the next annual general meeting, unless such director replaced another director, in which case, such new director’s term shall expire at the annual meeting in which the replaced director’s term expires.

Under the Companies Law, any shareholder holding at least five percent of our outstanding voting power may nominate a director. However, any such shareholder may make such a nomination only if a written notice of such shareholder’s intent to make such nomination has been given to our board of directors. Any such notice must include certain information, including the consent of the proposed director nominee to serve as our director if elected, and a declaration that the nominee signed declaring that he or she possesses the requisite skills and has the availability to carry out his or her duties. Additionally, the nominee must provide details of such skills, and demonstrate an absence of any limitation under the Companies Law that may prevent his or her election, and affirm that all of the required election-information is provided to us, pursuant to the Companies Law.

Under the Companies Law, our board of directors must determine the minimum number of directors who are required to have accounting and financial expertise. In determining the number of directors required to have such expertise, our board of directors must consider, among other things, the type and size of the company and the scope and complexity of its operations. Our board of directors has determined that the minimum number of directors of our company who are required to have accounting and financial expertise is one.

The board of directors must elect one director to serve as the chairman of the board of directors to preside at the meetings of the board of directors, and may also remove that director as chairman. Pursuant to the Companies Law, neither the chief executive officer nor any of his or her relatives is permitted to serve as the chairman of the board of directors, and a company may not vest the chairman or any of his or her relatives with the chief executive officer’s authorities. In addition, a person who reports, directly or indirectly, to the chief executive officer may not serve as the chairman of the board of directors; the chairman may not be vested with authorities of a person who reports, directly or indirectly, to the chief executive officer; and the chairman may not serve in any other position in the company or a controlled company, but he or she may serve as a director or chairman of a controlled company. However, the Companies Law permits a company’s shareholders to determine, for a period not exceeding three years from each such determination, that the chairman or his or her relative may serve as chief executive officer or be vested with the chief executive officer’s authorities, and that the chief executive officer or his or her relative may serve as chairman or be vested with the chairman’s authorities. Such determination of a company’s shareholders requires either: (1) the approval of at least a majority of the shares of those shareholders present and voting on the matter that are not controlling shareholders and do not have a personal interest in the determination (excluding abstentions); or (2) that the total number of shares opposing such determination does not exceed 2% of the total voting power in the company. Currently, we have a separate chairman and chief executive officer.

The board of directors may, subject to the provisions of the Companies Law, delegate any or all of its powers to committees of the board, and it may, from time to time, revoke such delegation or alter the composition of any such committees, subject to certain limitations. Unless otherwise expressly provided by the board of directors, the committees shall not be empowered to further delegate such powers. The composition and duties of our audit committee, and compensation committee are described below.

The board of directors oversees how management monitors compliance with our risk management policies and procedures, and reviews the adequacy of the risk management framework in relation to the risks faced by us. The board of directors is assisted in its oversight role by an internal auditor. The internal auditor undertakes both regular and ad hoc reviews of risk management controls and procedures, the results of which are reported to our audit committee.

External Directors

Under the Companies Law, companies incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel that are publicly traded, including Israeli companies with shares listed on the Nasdaq, are generally required to appoint at least two external directors who meet the qualification requirements set forth in the Companies Law, however, pursuant to an exemption provided under section 5D of the Israeli Companies Regulations (Relief for Public Companies with Shares Listed for Trading on a Stock Market Outside of Israel), 5760-2000, or the Exemption, a public company with securities listed on certain foreign exchanges, including Nasdaq, that satisfies the applicable foreign country laws and regulations that apply to companies organized in that country relating to the appointment of independent directors and composition of audit and compensation committees and has no controlling shareholder is exempt from the requirement to elect External Directors or comply with the audit committee and compensation committee composition requirements under the Companies Law.

On February 19, 2025, our Board adopted the Exemption. As a result of the adoption of the Exemption, Ms. Falach Avrahamy was classified as a Class II Director and Mr. Shtief was classified as a Class III Director.

Alternate Directors

Our amended and restated articles of association provide, as allowed by the Companies Law, that any director may, subject to the conditions set thereto including approval of the nominee by our board of directors, appoint a person as an alternate to act in his place, remove the alternate and appoint another in his place and appoint an alternate in place of an alternate whose office is vacated for any reason whatsoever. Under the Companies Law, a person who is not qualified to be appointed as a director, a person who is already serving as a director or a person who is already serving as an alternate director for another director, may not be appointed as an alternate director. Nevertheless, a director who is already serving as a director may be appointed as an alternate director for a member of a committee of the board of directors so long as he or she is not already serving as a member of such committee, and if the alternate director is to replace an external director, he or she is required to be an external director and to have either “accounting and financial expertise” or “professional competence,” depending on the qualifications of the external director he or she is replacing. A person who does not have the requisite “accounting and financial experience” or the “professional competence,” depending on the qualifications of the external director he or she is replacing, may not be appointed as an alternate director for an external director. A person who is not qualified to be appointed as an independent director, pursuant to the Companies Law, may not be appointed as an alternate director of an independent director. Unless the appointing director limits the time or scope of the appointment, the appointment is effective for all purposes until the appointing director ceases to be a director or terminates the appointment.

Committees of the Board of Directors

Our board of directors has established two standing committees: the audit committee and the compensation committee. 

Audit Committee

Under the Companies Law, as a public company, we are required to appoint an audit committee. The audit committee must be comprised of at least three directors, including all of the external directors, and must be comprised of a majority of directors meeting certain independence criteria of the Companies Law. The chair of the committee must be an external director. The audit committee may not include the chairman of the board; a controlling shareholder of the company or a relative of a controlling shareholder; a director employed by or providing services on a regular basis to the company, to a controlling shareholder or to an entity controlled by a controlling shareholder; or a director who derives most of his or her income from a controlling shareholder.

Our audit committee is comprised of Naama Falach Avrahamy, who serves as its chairman, Yigal Shtief and Moshe Revach.

Under the Companies Law, our audit committee is responsible for: