SEC Form 424B5 filed by Guardforce AI Co. Limited

Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(5)
Registration No. 333-284261

PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT

(To Prospectus dated January 24, 2025)

Up to $6,546,970

Ordinary shares

GUARDFORCE AI CO., LIMITED

We have entered into an At the Market Offering Agreement, dated as of July 2, 2024 (the “ATM Agreement”), with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (the “Manager”), relating to our ordinary shares, par value $0.12 per share (the “Ordinary Shares”), offered by this prospectus supplement and the accompanying base prospectus. In accordance with the terms of the ATM Agreement, we may offer and sell our Ordinary Shares, under this prospectus, having an aggregate offering price of up to $6,546,970 from time to time through the Manager, acting as sale agent or principal.

Our Ordinary Shares and warrants are both listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “GFAI” and “GFAIW”, respectively. The last reported sale price of our Ordinary Shares and warrants on the Nasdaq Capital Market on January 23, 2025 was $1.88 and $0.20, respectively. You are urged to obtain current market quotations of our Ordinary Shares.

Sales of our Ordinary Shares, if any, under this prospectus supplement and the accompanying base prospectus will be made in sales deemed to be an “at the market offering” as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, including sales made directly on or through the Nasdaq Capital Market, the existing trading market for our Ordinary Shares, sales made to or through a market maker other than on an exchange or otherwise, directly to Manager as principal, in negotiated transactions at market prices prevailing at the time of sale or at prices related to such prevailing market prices, and/or in any other method permitted by law. The Manager is not required to sell any specific amount of Ordinary Shares, but will act as our sales agent using commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices, on mutually agreed terms between the Manager and us. There is no arrangement for funds to be received in any escrow, trust or similar arrangement.

The compensation to the Manager for sales of Ordinary Shares sold pursuant to the ATM Agreement will be an amount up to 3.0% of the gross proceeds of Ordinary Shares sold under the ATM Agreement unless otherwise agreed by the Company and the Manager. In connection with the sale of Ordinary Shares on our behalf, the Manager may be deemed to be an “underwriter” within the meaning of the Securities Act and the compensation of the Manager may be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts. We have also agreed to provide indemnification and contribution to the Manager with respect to certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act.

As of the date of this prospectus supplement, the aggregate market value of our outstanding Ordinary Shares held by non-affiliates is approximately $52.23 million based on 17,808,947 Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding, of which approximately 17,466,864 Ordinary Shares are held by non-affiliates, and a per share price of $2.99 based on the closing price of our Ordinary Shares on January 6, 2025, which is the highest closing sale price of our Ordinary Shares on The Nasdaq Capital Market within the prior 60 days. During the 12 calendar months prior to and including the date of this prospectus supplement, we have sold $10,861,671 of our Ordinary Shares pursuant to General Instruction I.B.5 of Form F-3. Pursuant to General Instruction I.B.5 of Form F-3, in no event will we sell securities registered in a public primary offering with a value exceeding more than one-third of our public float in any 12 calendar month period so long as our public float remains below $75.0 million.

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Please read “Risk Factors” beginning on page S-12 of this prospectus supplement and elsewhere in this prospectus supplement, the accompanying base prospectus and the other documents that are incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying base prospectus.

Neither the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission nor any states securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

H.C. Wainwright & Co.

The date of this prospectus supplement is January 24, 2025.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Prospectus

ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT

On January 14, 2025, we filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, a registration statement on Form F-3 (File No. 333-284261) utilizing a shelf registration process relating to the securities described in this prospectus supplement. Under this shelf registration process, we have registered to sell, from time to time, up to $300 million in the aggregate of Ordinary Shares, debt securities, warrants, rights and units.

This document is in two parts. The first part is this prospectus supplement, which describes the terms of this offering of our Ordinary Shares and adds to and updates the information contained in the accompanying base prospectus. The second part is the accompanying prospectus, which gives more general information, some of which may not apply to this offering. Generally, when we refer to this prospectus, we are referring to both parts of this document combined. To the extent there is a conflict between the information contained in this prospectus supplement and the information contained in the accompanying base prospectus, you should rely on the information in this prospectus supplement. However, if any statement in one of these documents is inconsistent with a statement in another document having a later date — for example, a document incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus — the statement in the document having the later date modifies or supersedes the earlier statement as our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since the earlier dates.

This prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus include important information about us, our Ordinary Shares and other information you should know before investing. Before buying any of the Ordinary Shares offered hereby, we urge you to read carefully this prospectus supplement and the accompanying base prospectus, together with the information incorporated herein by reference as described below under the heading “Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference,” as well as the additional information described under the heading “Where You Can Find More Information.” This prospectus supplement contains information about the Ordinary Shares offered hereby and may add to, update or change information in the accompanying base prospectus.

You should rely only on the information contained in, or incorporated by reference into, this prospectus supplement and the accompanying base prospectus. We have not, and the Manager has not, authorized anyone to provide you with different or additional information.

We are not making offers to sell or solicitations to buy our Ordinary Shares in any jurisdiction in which an offer or solicitation is not authorized or in which the person making that offer or solicitation is not qualified to do so or to anyone to whom it is unlawful to make an offer or solicitation. You should assume that the information in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying base prospectus is accurate only as of the date on the front of the respective document and that any information that we have incorporated by reference is accurate only as of the date of the document incorporated by reference, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus supplement or the accompanying base prospectus or the time of any sale of our Ordinary Shares.

This prospectus supplement and the accompanying base prospectus contain summaries of certain provisions contained in some of the documents described herein, but reference is made to the actual documents for complete information. All of the summaries are qualified in their entirety by the actual documents. Copies of some of the documents referred to herein have been filed, will be filed or will be incorporated herein by reference as exhibits to the registration statement, and you may obtain copies of those documents as described below under the section entitled “Where You Can Find More Information.”

We further note that the representations, warranties and covenants made by us in any agreement that is filed as an exhibit to any document that is incorporated by reference herein were made solely for the benefit of the parties to such agreement, including, in some cases, for the purpose of allocating risk among the parties to such agreements, and should not be deemed to be a representation, warranty or covenant to you. Moreover, such representations, warranties or covenants were accurate only as of the date when made. Accordingly, such representations, warranties and covenants should not be relied on as accurately representing the current state of our affairs.

This prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus may contain and incorporate by reference, market data and industry statistics and forecasts that are based on independent industry publications and other publicly available information. Although we believe these sources are reliable, we do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of this information, and we have not independently verified this information. In addition, the market and industry data and forecasts that may be included or incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus or any applicable free writing prospectus may involve estimates, assumptions and other risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” contained in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus and any applicable free writing prospectus, and under similar headings in other documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement. Accordingly, investors should not place undue reliance on this information.

USE OF CERTAIN DEFINED TERMS

Except as otherwise indicated by the context and for the purposes of this prospectus supplement only, references in this prospectus supplement to:

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus supplement, the accompanying base prospectus and our SEC filings that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement contain “forward-looking statements” that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this prospectus supplement, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, strategy and plans, and our expectations for future operations, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. We have attempted to identify forward-looking statements by terminology including “anticipates,” “believes,” “can,” “continue,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “plans,” “potential,” “predicts,” “should,” or “will” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. Our actual results may differ materially or perhaps significantly from those discussed herein, or implied by, these forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements included or incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement or our other filings with the SEC, include, but are not necessarily limited to, those relating to:

The foregoing does not represent an exhaustive list of matters that may be covered by the forward-looking statements contained herein or risk factors with which we are faced that may cause our actual results to differ from those anticipated in our forward-looking statements. Please see “Risk Factors” in our reports filed or furnished with the SEC or in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus for additional risks which could adversely impact our business and financial performance.

Moreover, new risks regularly emerge and it is not possible for our management to predict or articulate all risks we face, nor can we assess the impact of all risks on our business or the extent to which any risk, or combination of risks, may cause actual results to differ from those contained in any forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements included in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus are based on information available to us on the date of this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus, as applicable. Except to the extent required by applicable laws or rules, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

RISK FACTORS

Any investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should consider carefully the risks described below as well as the risks described in the section captioned “Risk Factors” in our annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2023, and as updated by any document that we subsequently file with the SEC that is incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement or the accompanying prospectus, together with other information in this prospectus supplement, the accompanying prospectus and the information and documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus before you make a decision to invest in our securities. If any of such risks actually occur, our business, operating results, prospects or financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. This could cause the trading price of our Ordinary Shares to decline and you may lose all or part of your investment. The risks described below are not the only ones that we face. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also affect our business operations. The risks discussed below also include forward-looking statements and our actual results may differ substantially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. See “Forward-Looking Information.”

RISKS RELATED TO THIS OFFERING

The actual number of Ordinary Shares we will issue under the ATM Agreement, at any one time or in total, is uncertain.

Subject to certain limitations in the ATM Agreement and compliance with applicable law, we have the discretion to deliver instructions to the Manager to sell our Ordinary Shares at any time throughout the term of the ATM Agreement. The number of Ordinary Shares that are sold through the Manager after our instruction will fluctuate based on a number of factors, including the market price of our Ordinary Shares during the sales period, the limits we set in any instruction to the Manager under the ATM Agreement to sell Ordinary Shares, and the demand for our Ordinary Shares during the sales period. Because the price per share of each Ordinary Share sold will fluctuate during this offering, it is not currently possible to predict the number of Ordinary Shares that will be sold or the gross proceeds to be raised in connection with those sales, if any.

The Ordinary Shares offered hereby will be sold in “at the market offerings,” and investors who buy shares at different times will likely pay different prices.

Investors who purchase shares in this offering at different times will likely pay different prices and, as such, may experience different levels of dilution and different outcomes in their investment results. We will have discretion, subject to market demand, to vary the timing, prices, and numbers of ordinary shares, if any, to be sold in this offering. Investors may experience a decline in the value of the shares they purchase in this offering as a result of sales made at prices lower than the prices they paid.

If you purchase Ordinary Shares sold in this offering, you will experience immediate and substantial dilution in the net tangible book value of your shares.

The price per Ordinary Share in this offering is substantially higher than the net tangible book value of each outstanding Ordinary Share, and accordingly investors in this offering will experience immediate and substantial dilution. Assuming that an aggregate of approximately 3,482,430 Ordinary Shares are sold during the term of the ATM Agreement at a price of $1.88 per share, which was the last reported sale price of our ordinary share on Nasdaq on January 23, 2025, for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $6,546,970, and after deducting commissions and estimated aggregate offering expenses payable by us, you will experience immediate dilution of approximately $0.01 per share, representing the difference between our as adjusted net tangible book value per share as of June 30, 2024 after giving effect to this offering and the assumed offering price. See “Dilution” on page S-18 this prospectus supplement for a more detailed discussion of the dilution you will incur if you purchase shares in this offering.

You may experience future dilution as a result of future equity offerings.

In order to raise additional capital, we may in the future offer additional shares of our Ordinary Shares or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our Ordinary Shares. We may not be able to sell shares or other securities in any other offering at a price per share that is equal to or greater than the price per share paid by investors in this offering, and investors purchasing shares or other securities in the future could have rights superior to existing shareholders. The price per share at which we sell additional shares of our Ordinary Shares or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our Ordinary Shares in future transactions may be higher or lower than the price per share in this offering.

We will have broad discretion as to the use of the proceeds from this offering, and we may not use the proceeds effectively.

We have considerable discretion in the application of the net proceeds of this offering. You will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether the net proceeds are being used in a manner agreeable to you. You must rely on our judgment regarding the application of the net proceeds of this offering. The net proceeds may be used for corporate purposes that do not improve our profitability or increase the price of our shares. The net proceeds may also be placed on investments that do not produce income or that lose value. The failure to use such funds by us effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flow.

A large number of shares may be sold in the market following this offering, which may significantly depress the market price of our Ordinary Share.

The Ordinary Shares sold in the offering will be freely tradable without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act. As a result, a substantial number of our Ordinary Shares may be sold in the public market following this offering. If there are significantly more Ordinary Shares offered for sale than buyers are willing to purchase, then the market price of our Ordinary Shares may decline to a market price at which buyers are willing to purchase the offered Ordinary Shares and sellers remain willing to sell the Ordinary Shares.

If we fail to maintain compliance with the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq, we would face possible delisting, which would result in a limited public market for trading our shares and make obtaining future debt or equity financing more difficult for us.

Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) requires listed securities to maintain a minimum bid price of $1.00 per share, and Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A) provides that a failure to meet the minimum bid price requirement exists if the deficiency continues for a period of 30 consecutive business days. On March 9, 2022, we received a written notification from the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Department (the “Notification Letter”) of the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) notifying the Company that, for the last 30 consecutive business days, the closing bid price for the Company’s Ordinary Share has been below the minimum $1.00 per share required for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2).

On April 11, 2022, we received a letter from Nasdaq informing that we regained compliance with the minimum bid price requirement under Nasdaq listing rule 5550(a)(2) for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market. This requirement was met on April 8, 2022, the tenth consecutive trading day when the closing bid price of the Company’s Ordinary Share was over $1.00.

On May 27, 2022, we received a written notification from the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) notifying the Company that it was not in compliance with the minimum bid price requirement set forth in Nasdaq rules for continued listing on the Nasdaq, and the Company was provided 180 calendar days, or until November 23, 2022, to regain compliance. The Company’s Ordinary Shares have not regained compliance with the minimum $1 bid price per share requirement. However, on November 28, 2022, the Company received a written notification (the “Notification Letter”) from Nasdaq, notifying the Company that it is eligible for an additional 180 calendar day period, or until May 22, 2023, to regain compliance. Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) requires listed securities to maintain a minimum bid price of US$1.00 per share, and Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A) provides that a failure to meet the minimum bid price requirement exists if the deficiency continues for a period of 30 consecutive business days. Based on the closing bid price of the Company’s Ordinary Shares for any consecutive period of 30 business days from May 27, 2022 to November 23, 2022, the Company does not meet the minimum bid price requirement. The Notification Letter does not impact the Company’s listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market at this time. In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), the Company has been provided an additional 180 calendar days, or until May 22, 2023, to regain compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). To regain compliance, the Company’s Ordinary Shares must have a closing bid price of at least US$1.00 for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days. In the event the Company does not regain compliance by May 22, 2023, the Company may face delisting.

Pursuant to the approval of its board of directors, and the approval of its shareholders at the Company’s extraordinary general meeting held on Tuesday, January 31, 2023 at 11:00 a.m. (Hong Kong standard time), we effected a 1-for-40 consolidation of its Ordinary Shares. On February 2, 2023, Conyers Trust Company (Cayman) Limited, the Secretary of the Company, filed two certificates certifying the ordinary resolutions passed by the shareholders with the Registrar of Companies of the Cayman Islands. The share consolidation was effective upon passing of the ordinary resolutions on January 31, 2023. The Company’s Ordinary Shares began trading on the NASDAQ Capital Market on a post-consolidation basis when the market opens on February 10, 2023.

On February 28, 2023, we received a letter from Nasdaq informing that we regained compliance with the minimum bid price requirement under Nasdaq listing rule 5550(a)(2) for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market. This requirement was met on February 28, 2023, the tenth consecutive trading day when the closing bid price of the Company’s Ordinary Share was over $1.00.

The Company intends to monitor the closing bid price of its Ordinary Shares and may, if appropriate, consider implementing available options to maintain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement under the Nasdaq Listing Rules. Though we intend to maintain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement, we cannot assure you that the Company will continue to comply with the requirements for continued listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market in the future. If our Ordinary Shares are delisted from the Nasdaq, the liquidity and value of an investment in our Ordinary Shares will be materially and adversely affected and our Ordinary Shares would likely trade in the over-the-counter market. If our shares were to trade on the over-the-counter market, selling our Ordinary Shares could be more difficult because smaller quantities of shares would likely be bought and sold, transactions could be delayed, and security analysts’ coverage of us may be reduced. In addition, in the event our Ordinary Share is delisted, broker-dealers have certain regulatory burdens imposed upon them, which may discourage broker-dealers from effecting transactions in our Ordinary Share, further limiting the liquidity of our Ordinary Share. These factors could result in lower prices and larger spreads in the bid and ask prices for our Ordinary Share. Such delisting from the Nasdaq Capital Market and continued or further declines in our share price could also greatly impair our ability to raise additional necessary capital through equity or debt financing and could significantly increase the ownership dilution to shareholders caused by our issuing equity in financing or other transactions.

If our Ordinary Shares were delisted from Nasdaq, we may become subject to the trading complications experienced by “Penny Stocks” in the over-the-counter market.

Delisting from Nasdaq may cause our Ordinary Share to become subject to the SEC’s “penny stock” rules. The SEC generally defines a penny stock as an equity security that has a market price of less than $5.00 per share or an exercise price of less than $5.00 per share, subject to specific exemptions. One such exemption is to be listed on Nasdaq. Therefore, were we to be delisted from Nasdaq, our Ordinary Share may become subject to the SEC’s “penny stock” rules. These rules require, among other things, that any broker engaging in a purchase or sale of our securities provide its customers with: (i) a risk disclosure document, (ii) disclosure of market quotations, if any, (iii) disclosure of the compensation of the broker and its salespersons in the transaction, and (iv) monthly account statements showing the market values of our securities held in the customer’s accounts. A broker would be required to provide the bid and offer quotations and compensation information before effecting the transaction. This information must be contained on the customer’s confirmation. Generally, brokers are less willing to effect transactions in penny stocks due to these additional delivery requirements. These requirements may make it more difficult for shareholders to purchase or sell our Ordinary Share. Because the broker, not us, prepares this information, we would not be able to assure that such information is accurate, complete or current.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to rely on exemptions from certain Nasdaq corporate governance standards applicable to domestic U.S. issuers. This may afford less protection to holders of our shares.

We are exempted from certain corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq by virtue of being a foreign private issuer. As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to follow the governance practices of our home country in lieu of certain corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq. As result, the standards applicable to us are considerably different than the standards applied to domestic U.S. issuers. For instance, we are not required to:

We currently follow our home country practice that (i) does not require us to hold an annual meeting of shareholders no later than one year after the end of its fiscal year; (ii) does not require us to seek shareholder approval for amending our share incentive plans; (iii) does not require us to have a nominating/corporate governance committee consisting entirely of independent directors, or a written nominating/corporate governance committee charter that meets the requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market; and (iv) does not require us to have a compensation committee composed entirely of independent directors, or a written compensation committee charter that meets the requirements of Nasdaq. Consequently, we are exempt from independent director requirements of Rule 5605 (d) and (e) of Nasdaq Capital Market listing standards, except for the requirements under subsection (b)(2) thereof pertaining to executive sessions of independent directors and those under subsection (c) thereof pertaining to the Audit Committee; (v) does not require shareholder approval prior to the issuance of securities in connection with the acquisition of the stock or assets of another company in certain circumstances; and (vi) does not require shareholder approval in order to enter into any transaction, other than a public offering, involving the sale, issuance or potential issuance by the Company of Ordinary Shares (or securities convertible into or exercisable for Ordinary Shares) equal to 20% or more of the outstanding share capital of the Company or 20% or more of the voting power outstanding before the issuance for less than the greater of book or market value of the Ordinary Shares. Accordingly, our investors may not be provided with the benefits of certain corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq. As a result, our shareholders may not be provided with the benefits of certain corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq.

The market price of our Ordinary Share has been volatile, leading to the possibility that its value may be depressed at a time when you want to sell your holdings.

The market price of our Ordinary Share has been volatile, and this volatility may continue. From September 29, 2021, through January 17, 2025, the closing price of our Ordinary Share on the Nasdaq Capital Market has ranged from a high of $158.40 (post-split) to a low of $1.01 (post-split). Numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, may cause the market price of our Ordinary Share to fluctuate significantly. These factors include, among others:

Any of these factors may result in large and sudden changes in the volume and price at which our Ordinary Share will trade. We cannot give any assurance that these factors will not occur in the future again. In addition, the securities market has, from time to time, experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to the operating performance of particular companies. These market fluctuations may also have a material adverse effect on the market price of our Ordinary Share. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of their stock, many companies have been the subject of securities class action litigation. If we become involved in similar securities class action litigation in the future, it could result in substantial costs and diversion of our management’s attention and resources and could harm our stock price, business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Future issuances of debt securities, which would rank senior to our Ordinary Shares upon our bankruptcy or liquidation, and future issuances of preferred shares, which could rank senior to our Ordinary Shares for the purposes of dividends and liquidating distributions, may adversely affect the level of return you may be able to achieve from an investment in our securities.

In the future, we may attempt to increase our capital resources by offering debt securities. Upon bankruptcy or liquidation, holders of our debt securities, and lenders with respect to other borrowings we may make, would receive distributions of our available assets prior to any distributions being made to holders of our Ordinary Shares. Moreover, if we issue preferred shares, the holders of such preferred shares could be entitled to preferences over holders of Ordinary Shares in respect of the payment of dividends and the payment of liquidating distributions. Because our decision to issue debt or preferred shares in any future offering, or borrow money from lenders, will depend in part on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of any such future offerings or borrowings. Holders of our Securities must bear the risk that any future offerings we conduct or borrowings we make may adversely affect the level of return, if any, they may be able to achieve from an investment in our Securities.

If we were a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. investor holds shares, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to such U.S. investor.

In general, a foreign (i.e., non-U.S.) corporation will be classified as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes if either (i) at least 75% of its gross income in a taxable year, including its pro rata share of the gross income of any corporation in which it is considered to own at least 25% of the shares by value, is passive income or (ii) at least 50% of its assets in a taxable year (ordinarily determined based on fair market value and averaged quarterly over the year), including its pro rata share of the assets of any corporation in which it is considered to own at least 25% of the shares by value, are held for the production of, or produce, passive income.

Based on the expected composition of our income and assets and the value of our assets, including goodwill, we do not expect to be a PFIC for our current taxable year. However, the proper application of the PFIC rules to a company with a business such as ours is not entirely clear. Because the proper characterization of certain components of our income and assets is not entirely clear, because we hold a substantial amount of cash, and because our PFIC status for any taxable year will depend on the composition of our income and assets and the value of our assets from time to time (which may be determined, in part, by reference to the market price of our shares, which could be volatile), there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for our current taxable year or any future taxable year.

If we were a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. investor holds shares, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to such U.S. investor. See “Item 10 - E. Taxation - U.S. Federal Income Taxation” in our annual report on Form 20-F filed on April 29, 2024 for additional information.

USE OF PROCEEDS

We may issue and sell Ordinary Shares having aggregate sales proceeds of up to $6,546,970 from time to time, before deducting sales agent commissions and expenses. The amount of proceeds from this offering will depend upon the number of our Ordinary Shares sold and the market price at which they are sold. Because there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition of this offering, the actual total public offering amount, commissions and proceeds to us, if any, are not determinable at this time. There can be no assurance that we will be able to sell any shares under or fully utilize the ATM Agreement with the Manager as a source of financing.

We plan to use the net proceeds of this offering as follows:

Research and development to further advance AI and robotic business and technology capabilities;

Business development, including sales, marketing, and business expansion; and

Corporate management, talent recruitment and general working capital purposes.

The amounts and timing of our use of proceeds will vary depending on a number of factors, including the amount of cash generated or used by our operations, and the rate of growth, if any, of our business. As of the date of this prospectus supplement, we cannot specify with certainty all of the particular uses for the net proceeds to us from the sale of the Ordinary Shares offered by us hereunder. Accordingly, our management will have broad discretion in the timing and application of these proceeds. Depending on future events and others changes in the business climate, we may determine at a later time to use the net proceeds for different purposes.

DILUTION

Investors in our Ordinary Shares offered by this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus will experience an immediate dilution in the net tangible book value of their Ordinary Shares from the offering price of the Ordinary Shares. The net tangible book value of our Ordinary Shares as of June 30, 2024 was approximately $19.4 million or $1.9 per share. Net tangible book value per share of our Ordinary Shares is equal to our net tangible assets (tangible assets less total liabilities) divided by the number of Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2024.

After reflecting the sale of 3,482,430 Ordinary Shares pursuant to this prospectus supplement and the accompanying base prospectus in the aggregate amount of approximately $6,546,970 at an assumed price of $1.88 per share, which was the last reported sale price of our Ordinary Share on Nasdaq on January 23, 2025, and after deducting commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us (estimated at $0.3 million), our as adjusted net tangible book value as of June 30, 2024 would have been approximately $19.4 million, or approximately $1.9 per share. This represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value of approximately $(0.03) per share of our Ordinary Shares to existing shareholders and an immediate  dilution of approximately $0.01 per share of our Ordinary Shares to new investors purchasing shares of our Ordinary Shares in this offering at the assumed offering price.

The following table illustrates the dilution on a per share of Ordinary Share basis for investors purchasing our Ordinary Shares in this offering:

The information above is based on 10,237,282 Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2024, and excludes the following:

The table above assumes, for illustrative purposes, that an aggregate of 3,482,430 Ordinary Shares are sold at an offering price of $1.88 per share, which was the last reported sale price of our Ordinary Share on Nasdaq on January 23, 2024 for aggregate gross proceeds of $6,546,970. However, the shares sold in this offering, if any, will be sold from time to time at various prices. Presented below, solely for illustrative purposes only, is the effect of each of an increase and a decrease of the assumed offering price by $0.50 per share.

Assuming that an aggregate of 2,750,827 Ordinary Shares are sold at an offering price of $2.38 per share, representing an increase of $0.50 per share from the assumed offering price above, for aggregate gross proceeds of $6,546,970, after deducting commissions and estimated aggregate offering expenses payable by us, our net tangible book value per share on a pro forma basis would be approximately $1.97 per share and the dilution in net tangible book value per share to new investors would be approximately $ 0.41 per share.

Assuming that an aggregate of 4,744,181 Ordinary Shares are sold at an offering price of $1.38 per share, representing a decrease of $0.50 per share from the assumed offering price above, for aggregate gross proceeds of $6,546,970, after deducting commissions and estimated aggregate offering expenses payable by us, our net tangible book value per share on a pro forma basis would be approximately $1.71 per share and the dilution in net tangible book value per share to new investors would be approximately $(0.33) per share.

The foregoing information does not take into account the exercise of our outstanding options, warrants or convertible securities, or the issuance of shares under our equity incentive plan. To the extent that other shares are issued, investors purchasing shares in this offering could experience further dilution. In addition, we may choose to raise additional capital due to market conditions or strategic considerations, even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. To the extent that additional capital is raised through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the issuance of those securities could result in further dilution to investors in this offering.

DESCRIPTION OF ORDINARY SHARES WE ARE OFFERING

We are a Cayman Islands exempted company with limited liability and our affairs are governed by our Amended and Restated Memorandum of Association and Second Amended and Restated Articles of Association (together the “Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association”) and the Companies Act. We were incorporated in the Cayman Islands on April 20, 2018 under the Companies Act. Pursuant to the approval of our board of directors, and the approval of our shareholders at the Company’s extraordinary general meeting held on Tuesday, January 31, 2023 at 11:00 a.m. (Hong Kong standard time), we effected a 1-for-40 consolidation of our Ordinary Shares. On February 2, 2023, Conyers Trust Company (Cayman) Limited, the Secretary of the Company, filed two certificates certifying the ordinary resolutions passed by the shareholders with the Registrar of Companies of the Cayman Islands. The share consolidation was effective upon passing of the ordinary resolutions on January 31, 2023. The Company’s Ordinary Shares began trading on the NASDAQ Capital Market on a post-consolidation basis when the market opens on February 10, 2023. The share consolidation resulted in every forty (40) of our issued and unissued Ordinary Shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.003 each being automatically consolidated into one (1) Ordinary Share of a nominal or par value of US$0.12 each. Immediately following the share consolidation, the shareholders approved an increase of the authorized share capital of the Company from US$900,000 divided into 7,500,000 shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.12 each, to US$36,000,000 divided into 300,000,000 shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.12 each, which may be issued from time to time at the discretion of the Board of Directors without shareholder approval.

In this offering, we are offering Ordinary Shares pursuant to this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus. The following is a summary of the rights of the Company’s Ordinary Shares. This summary is not complete. For more detailed information, please refer to the Company’s Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, a copy of which was furnished as Exhibit 99.1 to the Report of Foreign Private Issuer on Form 6-K filed on February 8, 2023 and is incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement. Our shareholders adopted our Second Amended and Restated Articles of Association by a special resolution on June 23, 2022.

As of the date of this prospectus, we have 17,808,947 Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding. In addition, we currently have 2,013,759 warrants issued and outstanding, which include: (i) 1,233,023 warrants to purchase 30,825 Ordinary Shares, subject to rounding of fractional warrants and these warrants are exercisable at an exercise price of $4.65 per share with the expiration date of September 28, 2026; (ii) 600,013 warrants to purchase 15,000 Ordinary Shares, subject to rounding of fractional warrants, at an exercise price of $4.65 per share with the expiration date of January 20, 2027; and (iii) 180,723 warrants to purchase 4,518 Ordinary Shares, subject to rounding of fractional warrants, that were issued to the assignee of the representative of the underwriters in our initial public offering with the expiration date of September 28, 2026.

The following are summaries of material provisions of our Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association and the Companies Act insofar as they relate to the material terms of our Ordinary Shares.

Ordinary Shares

General

All of our issued and outstanding Ordinary Shares are fully paid and non-assessable. Our Ordinary Shares are issued in registered form and are issued when registered in our register of members. We may not issue shares to bearer. Our shareholders, who are non-residents of the Cayman Islands, may freely hold and vote their Ordinary Shares.

Dividends

The holders of our Ordinary Shares are entitled to receive such dividends as may be declared by our board of directors subject to our memorandum and articles of association and the Companies Act. Under Cayman Islands law, our company may pay a dividend out of either profits or share premium account in accordance with the Companies Act, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid out of the share premium account if this would result in our company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business.

Register of Members

Under Cayman Islands law, we must keep a register of members and there must be entered therein:

Under Cayman Islands law, the register of members of our company is prima facie evidence of any matters directed or authorized by the Companies Act to be inserted therein (i.e. the register of members will raise a presumption of fact on the matters referred to above unless rebutted) and a member registered in the register of members will be deemed as a matter of Cayman Islands law to have legal title to the shares as set against its name in the register of members.

If the name of any person is, without sufficient cause, entered in or omitted from the register of members, or if default is made or unnecessary delay takes place in entering on the register the fact of any person having ceased to be a member, the person or member aggrieved or any member or our company itself may apply to the Cayman Islands Grand Court for an order that the register be rectified, and the Court may either refuse such application or it may, if satisfied of the justice of the case, make an order for the rectification of the register.

Voting Rights

Holders of our Ordinary Shares have the right to receive notice of, attend, speak and vote at general meetings of our Company. At any general meeting a resolution put to the vote of the meeting shall be decided on a poll save that in certain circumstances the chairman of the meeting may in good faith, allow a resolution which relates purely to a procedural or administrative matter to be voted on by a show of hands. An ordinary resolution to be passed by the shareholders requires the affirmative vote of a simple majority of the votes attaching to the Ordinary Shares cast in a general meeting, while a special resolution requires the affirmative vote of no less than two-thirds of the votes attaching to the Ordinary Shares cast in a general meeting. Both ordinary resolutions and special resolutions may also be passed by a unanimous written resolution signed by all the shareholders of our company, as permitted by the Companies Act and our memorandum and articles of association. A special resolution will be required for important matters such as a change of name or making changes to our memorandum and articles of association.

General Meetings and Shareholder Proposals

As a Cayman Islands exempted company, we are not obliged by the Companies Act to call shareholders’ annual general meetings. Our memorandum and articles of association provide that we may (but are not obliged to) in each year hold a general meeting as our annual general meeting, and the annual general meeting will be held at such time and place as may be determined by our directors. All general meetings (including an annual general meeting, any adjourned general meeting or postponed meeting) may be held as a physical meeting at such times and in any part of the world and at one or more locations, as a hybrid meeting or as an electronic meeting, as may be determined by our board of directors in its absolute discretion.

Shareholders’ general meetings may be convened by our board of directors. The Companies Act provides shareholders with only limited rights to requisition a general meeting and does not provide shareholders with any right to put any proposal before a general meeting. However, these rights may be provided in a company’s articles of association. Our articles of association provides that only a majority of the Board or the Chairman of the Board may call general meetings, which general meetings shall be held at such times and locations as such person or persons shall determine.

A quorum required for any general meeting of shareholders consists of two shareholders present in person or by proxy representing not less than one-third of the votes attached to the then issued share capital of the Company throughout the meeting. Advance notice of at least ten clear calendar days is required for the convening of any general meeting of our shareholders.

Transfer of Ordinary Shares

Subject to the restrictions in our memorandum and articles of association as set out below, any of our shareholders may transfer all or any of his or her Ordinary Shares by an instrument of transfer in the usual or common form or in a form designated by the relevant stock exchange or any other form approved by our board of directors.

Our board of directors may, in its absolute discretion, decline to register any transfer of any Ordinary Share which is not fully paid up or on which we have a lien or in accordance with our articles of association. Our board of directors may also decline to register any transfer of any Ordinary Share unless:

If our directors refuse to register a transfer they are obligated to, within three months after the date on which the instrument of transfer was lodged, send to the transferor and transferee notice of such refusal.

The transferor of any Ordinary Shares shall be deemed to remain the holder of that share until the name of the transferee is entered in the register of members.

The registration of transfers may, after compliance with any notice required in accordance with the rules of the relevant stock exchange, be suspended at such times and for such periods as our board of directors may from time to time determine; provided, however, that the registration of transfers shall not be suspended for more than 30 days in any year.

Liquidation

On the winding up of our Company, if the assets available for distribution amongst our shareholders shall be more than sufficient to repay the whole of the capital paid-up at the commencement of the winding up, the surplus shall be distributed amongst our shareholders in proportion to the capital paid up at the commencement of the winding up, subject to a deduction from those shares in respect of which there are monies due, of all monies payable to our company for unpaid calls or otherwise. If our assets available for distribution are insufficient to repay all of the paid-up capital, the assets will be distributed so that the losses are borne by our shareholders in proportion to the capital paid-up. We are an exempted company with “limited liability” incorporated under the Companies Act, and under the Companies Act, the liability of our members is limited to the amount, if any, unpaid on the shares respectively held by them. Our Memorandum of Association contains a declaration that the liability of our members is so limited.  Calls on Ordinary Shares and Forfeiture of Ordinary Shares

Our board of directors may from time to time make calls upon shareholders for any amounts unpaid on their Ordinary Shares in a notice served to such shareholders at least fourteen days prior to the specified time and place of payment. The Ordinary Shares that have been called upon and remain unpaid on the specified time are subject to forfeiture.

Redemption, Repurchase and Surrender of Ordinary Shares

We may issue shares on terms that such shares are subject to redemption at our option or at the option of the holders of these shares, on such terms and in such manner as may be determined by our board of directors. Our company may also repurchase any of our shares on such terms and in such manner as have been approved by our board of directors in accordance with our articles of association. Under the Companies Act, the redemption or repurchase of any share may be paid out of our company’s profits, share premium or out of the proceeds of a fresh issue of shares made for the purpose of such redemption or repurchase, or out of capital, if the Company can, immediately following such payment, pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. In addition, under the Companies Act no such share may be redeemed or repurchased (a) unless it is fully paid up, (b) if such redemption or repurchase would result in there being no shares outstanding other than treasury shares, or (c) if the company has commenced liquidation. In addition, our company may accept the surrender of any fully paid share for no consideration.

Variations of Rights of Shares

If at any time our share capital is divided into different classes of shares, the rights attached to any class of shares may, unless otherwise provided by the terms of issue of the shares of that class, be varied with the sanction of a special resolution passed at a separate general meeting of the holders of the shares of that class.

Inspection of Books and Records

Holders of our Ordinary Shares will have no general right under Cayman Islands law to inspect or obtain copies of our list of shareholders or our corporate records. However, we will provide our shareholders with annual audited financial statements. See “Where You Can Find More Information.”

Changes in Capital

Our shareholders may from time to time by ordinary resolution:

Our shareholders may by special resolution, subject to confirmation by the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands on an application by our company for an order confirming such reduction, reduce our share capital or any capital redemption reserve or other undistributable reserve in any manner permitted by law.

Exempted Company

We are an exempted company with limited liability under the Companies Act of the Cayman Islands. The Companies Act distinguishes between ordinary resident companies and exempted companies. Any company that is registered in the Cayman Islands but conducts business mainly outside of the Cayman Islands may apply to be registered as an exempted company. The requirements for an exempted company are essentially the same as for an ordinary company except that an exempted company:

“Limited liability” means that the liability of each shareholder is limited to the amount unpaid by the shareholder on the shareholder’s shares of the company. We are subject to reporting and other informational requirements of the Exchange Act, as applicable to foreign private issuers. As a foreign private issuer, we may from time to time elect to follow home country practice in lieu of the Nasdaq Marketplace Rules.

PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

We have entered into the ATM Agreement, dated July 2, 2024, with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (the “Manager”), under which, pursuant to this prospectus, we may issue and sell our Ordinary Shares having aggregate sales proceeds of up to $6,546,970 from time to time through the Manager. Any such sales will be made by any method that is deemed to be an “at the market offering” as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act, including sales made directly on or through the Nasdaq Capital Market, the existing trading market for our Ordinary Shares, sales made to or through a market maker other than on an exchange or otherwise, directly to Manager as principal, in negotiated transactions at market prices prevailing at the time of sale or at prices related to such prevailing market prices, and/or in any other method permitted by law.

Each time we wish to issue and sell our Ordinary Shares under the ATM Agreement, we will notify the Manager of the number of shares to be issued, the dates on which such sales are anticipated to be made, any limitation on the number of shares to be sold in any one day and any minimum price below which sales may not be made. Once we have so instructed the Manager, subject to the terms and conditions of the ATM Agreement, the Manager has agreed to use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices to sell such shares up to the amount specified on such terms. The obligations of the Manager under the ATM Agreement to sell our Ordinary Shares are subject to a number of conditions that we must meet. We or the Manager may suspend the offering of the Ordinary Shares being made through Manager under the ATM Agreement at any time upon proper notice to the other party.

The settlement of sales of shares between us and the Manager will occur on the first trading day following the date on which the sale was made, or such shorter settlement cycle that is in effect under Exchange Act Rule 15c6-1 from time to time, or on such other date that is agreed upon by us and Manager, in return for the payment of the net proceeds to us. Sales of Ordinary Shares as contemplated in this prospectus supplement will be settled through the facilities of The Depository Trust Company or by such other means as we and the Manager may agree. There is no arrangement for funds to be received in an escrow, trust or similar arrangement. The Manager will provide written confirmation to us following the close of trading on The Nasdaq Capital Market following each day in which our Ordinary Shares are sold under the ATM Agreement. Each confirmation will include the number of shares sold on the day, the aggregate gross sales proceeds, the net proceeds to us and the compensation payable by us to the Manager with respect to the sales. We will report at least semiannually the number of Ordinary Shares sold through the Manager under the ATM Agreement, the net proceeds to us and the compensation paid by us to the Manager in connection with the sales of Ordinary Shares.

We will pay the Manager a commission up to 3.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds we receive from each sale of our Ordinary Shares. Because there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition of this offering, the actual total public offering amount, commissions and proceeds to us, if any, are not determinable at this time. In addition, we agreed to reimburse the Manager for the fees and disbursements of its counsel, payable upon execution of the ATM Agreement, in an amount up to $50,000, in addition to certain ongoing disbursements of its legal counsel up to $2,500 per due diligence bringdown and $25,000 for due diligence expenses in connection with this prospectus supplement. We estimate that the total expenses for the offering, excluding any commissions or expense reimbursement payable to the Manager under the terms of the ATM Agreement, will be approximately $50,000. The remaining sale proceeds, after deducting any other transaction fees, will equal our net proceeds from the sale of such shares.

In connection with the sale of Ordinary Shares on our behalf, the Manager may be deemed to be an “underwriter” within the meaning of the Securities Act, and the compensation of the Manager may be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts. We have agreed to indemnify the Manager against certain civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act. We have also agreed to contribute to payments the Manager may be required to make in respect of such liabilities.

The offering of Ordinary Shares pursuant to the ATM Agreement will terminate upon the earlier of (i) the sale of all our Ordinary Shares subject to the ATM Agreement and (ii) the termination of the ATM Agreement as permitted therein.

To the extent required by Regulation M promulgated under the Exchange Act, the Manager will not engage in any market making activities involving our Ordinary Shares while the offering is ongoing under this prospectus supplement. The Manager and its affiliates may in the future provide investment banking and other financial services for us and our affiliates, for which services they may in the future receive customary fees and expenses.

This prospectus supplement and the accompanying base prospectus in electronic format may be made available on a website maintained by the Manager and the Manager may distribute this prospectus supplement and the accompanying base prospectus electronically.

LEGAL MATTERS

The validity of the issuance of the securities offered hereby will be passed upon for us by Conyers Dill & Pearman, Cayman Islands counsel. Certain other legal matters as to United States federal securities and New York State law will be passed upon for us by Bevilacqua PLLC. Bevilacqua PLLC may rely upon Conyers Dill & Pearman with respect to matters governed by Cayman Islands law and Watson Farley & Williams (Thailand) Limited with respect to matters governed by Kingdom of Thailand law. Ellenoff Grossman & Schole LLP, New York, New York, is acting as counsel to H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC in this offering.

EXPERTS

The consolidated financial statements of our Company as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, have been incorporated by reference in this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus have been audited by the accounting firm of PKF Littlejohn LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as indicated in their report thereon dated April 29, 2024, which is incorporated by reference herein in reliance upon such firm’s authority as experts in auditing and accounting.

INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE

The SEC allows us to “incorporate by reference” the information we file with it into this prospectus. This means that we can disclose important information about us and our financial condition to you by referring you to another document filed separately with the SEC instead of having to repeat the information in this prospectus. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this prospectus and later information that we file with the SEC will automatically update and supersede this information. We incorporate by reference into this prospectus the information contained in the documents listed below and any future filings made by us with the SEC under Section 13(a), 13(c) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, except for information “furnished” to the SEC which is not deemed filed and not incorporated by reference into this prospectus (unless otherwise indicated below), until the termination of the offering of securities described in the applicable prospectus supplement:

We also incorporate by reference any future annual reports on Form 20-F we file with the SEC under the Exchange Act after the date of this prospectus and prior to the termination of the offering of securities by means of this prospectus, and any future reports of foreign private issuer on Form 6-K we furnish with the SEC during such period that are identified in such reports as being incorporated by reference in this prospectus.

Any reports filed by us with the SEC after the date of this prospectus and before the date that the offering of securities by means of this prospectus is terminated will automatically update and, where applicable, supersede any information contained in this prospectus or incorporated by reference in this prospectus. This means that you must look at all of the SEC filings that we incorporate by reference to determine if any of the statements in this prospectus or in any documents incorporated by reference have been modified or superseded. Unless expressly incorporated by reference, nothing in this prospectus shall be deemed to incorporate by reference information furnished to, but not filed with, the SEC.

We will provide without charge to any person (including any beneficial owner) to whom this prospectus is delivered, upon oral or written request, a copy of any document incorporated by reference in this prospectus but not delivered with the prospectus (except for exhibits to those documents unless a document states that one of its exhibits is incorporated into the document itself). Such request should be directed to: Guardforce AI Co., Limited, 10 Anson Road, #28-01 International Plaza, Singapore 079903, and telephone number +65 6702 1179.

WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form F-3 under the Securities Act with respect to our Ordinary Shares offered by this prospectus supplement. This prospectus supplement does not contain all of the information set forth in the registration statement and the exhibits to the registration statement. For further information regarding us and the Ordinary Shares offered hereby, please refer to the registration statement and the exhibits filed as part of the registration statement.

This registration statement, including exhibits thereto, and all of our reports may be reviewed on the SEC’s website, at the address: http://www.sec.gov, which provides on-line access to reports and other information regarding registrants that file electronically with the SEC.

PROSPECTUS

GUARDFORCE AI CO., LIMITED

$300,000,000

Ordinary Shares

Debt Securities

Warrants

Rights

Units

We may offer, issue and sell from time to time our ordinary shares, par value $0.12 per share (“Ordinary Shares”), debt securities, warrants, rights or units up to $300,000,000 or its equivalent in any other currency, currency units, or composite currency or currencies in one or more issuances. We may sell any combination of these securities in one or more offerings.

This prospectus describes some of the general terms that may apply to these securities and the general manner in which they may be offered. We will provide the specific terms of the securities offered in one or more supplements to this prospectus. We may also authorize one or more free writing prospectuses to be provided to you in connection with these offerings. The prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus may add, update or change information contained in this prospectus. You should read carefully this prospectus, the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, as well as the documents incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference, before you invest in any of our securities. This prospectus may not be used to offer or sell any securities unless accompanied by the applicable prospectus supplement.

The information contained or incorporated in this prospectus or in any prospectus supplement is accurate only as of the date of this prospectus, or such prospectus supplement, as applicable, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any sale of our securities.

Our Ordinary Shares are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “GFAI”, and our warrants are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “GFAIW”. On January 13, 2025, the closing sale price of our Ordinary Shares and warrants, as reported on the Nasdaq Capital Market, was $1.77 and $0.55, respectively.

As of January 14, 2025, the aggregate market value of outstanding Ordinary Shares held by non-affiliates, or public float, was approximately $52.23 million based on 17,808,947 Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding, of which approximately 17,466,864 Ordinary Shares held by non-affiliates and the per share price of $2.99, which was the closing price of our Ordinary Shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market on January 6, 2025, which was the highest closing price of Ordinary Shares reported on the NASDAQ Capital Market within the last 60 days prior to the date of this filing.

Pursuant to General Instruction I.B.5 of Form F-3, in no event will our Company sell securities in primary offerings pursuant to this registration statement with a value more than one-third of the aggregate market value of its Ordinary Shares held by non-affiliates in any 12-month period, so long as the aggregate market value of its Ordinary Shares held by non-affiliates is less than $75.0 million. In addition, in the event that subsequent to the effective date of this registration statement, the aggregate market value of its outstanding Ordinary Shares held by non-affiliates equals or exceeds $75.0 million, then the one-third limitation on primary offerings shall not apply to additional sales made pursuant to this registration statement. We have sold $10,861,671 Ordinary Share pursuant to General Instruction I.B.5 of Form F-3 during the prior 12 calendar month period that ends on, and includes, the date of this prospectus.

On December 23, 2021, we filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form F-3 (File No. 333-261881) utilizing a shelf registration process, which registration statement was declared effective on January 5, 2022 (the “2021 F-3”). Under this 2021 F-3 shelf registration process, we were initially entitled to, from time to time, sell up to $150 million in the aggregate of ordinary shares, debt securities, warrants, rights and units. As of the date of this prospectus, we have sold $43,912,177 securities under the 2021 F-3.

The 2021 F-3 expired on January 5, 2025 and therefore, we are filing this registration statement as a new shelf registration statement, with unsold securities and fees paid under the “expiring” registration statement rolled over herein.

We will provide the specific terms of the securities, and the manner in which they will be offered, in one or more supplements to this prospectus. Any supplement may also add, update or change information contained, or incorporated by reference, in this prospectus. You should read carefully both this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement, together with the additional information described under the headings “Where You Can Find More Information” and “Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference,” before you invest in our securities. The amount and price of the offered securities will be determined at the time of the offering.

The securities may be offered and sold in the same offering or in separate offerings, to or through underwriting syndicates managed or co-managed by one or more underwriters, through agents, or directly to purchasers. The names of any underwriters, dealers or agents involved in the sale of our securities, their compensation and any option to purchase additional securities held by them will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement. For general information about the distribution of securities offered, please see “Plan of Distribution” in this prospectus.

Investing in our securities involves risks. You should carefully consider the risk factors beginning on page 22 of this prospectus, in any accompanying prospectus supplement and in any related free writing prospectus, and in the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus, any accompanying prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus before making any decision to invest in our securities.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The date of this prospectus is January 24, 2025

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

This prospectus is part of a registration statement that we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, using a “shelf” registration process. Under this shelf registration process, we may from time to time sell our Ordinary Shares, warrants, units and rights to purchase Ordinary Shares or, debt securities or any combination of the foregoing, either individually or as units comprised of one or more of the other securities, in one or more offerings up to a total dollar amount of $300,000,000 (or its equivalent in foreign or composite currencies).

This prospectus provides you with a general description of the securities that may be offered. Each time we offer our securities, we will provide you with a supplement to this prospectus that will describe the specific amounts, prices and terms of the securities we offer. The prospectus supplement may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus. This prospectus, together with applicable prospectus supplements and the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus and any prospectus supplements, includes all material information relating to this offering. Please read carefully both this prospectus and any prospectus supplement together with additional information described below under “Where You Can Find More Information.”

You should rely only on the information contained in or incorporated by reference in this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with different or additional information. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. We take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. The information contained in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any sale of securities described in this prospectus. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus and the accompanying prospectus supplement is accurate on any date subsequent to the date set forth on the front of the document or that any information that we have incorporated by reference is correct on any date subsequent to the date of the document incorporated by reference. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since those dates.

In this prospectus, as used herein, and unless the context suggests otherwise, the terms “GFAI,” “Company,” “we,” “us” or “ours” refer to the combined business of Guardforce AI Co., Limited, its subsidiaries and other consolidated entities. 

COMMONLY USED DEFINED TERMS

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires in this prospectus:

RISK FACTORS

An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. We operate in a highly competitive environment in which there are numerous factors which can influence our business, financial position or results of operations and which can also cause the market value of our Ordinary Shares to decline. Many of these factors are beyond our control and therefore, are difficult to predict. Prior to making a decision about investing in our securities, you should carefully consider the risk factors discussed in the sections entitled “Risk Factors” contained in our most recent Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the SEC, and in any applicable prospectus supplement and our other filings with the SEC and incorporated by reference in this prospectus or any applicable prospectus supplement, together with all of the other information contained in this prospectus or any applicable prospectus supplement. If any of the risks or uncertainties described in our SEC filings or any prospectus supplement or any additional risks and uncertainties actually occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In that case, the trading price of our securities could decline and you might lose all or part of your investment.

The following disclosure is intended to highlight, update or supplement previously disclosed risk factors facing the Company set forth in the Company’s public filings. These risk factors should be carefully considered along with any other risk factors identified in the Company’s other filings with the SEC.

Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry

Our negative operating profits may raise substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern.

As of December 31, 2023, our operating losses raised substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Our ability to continue as a going concern requires us to obtain additional financing to fund our operations. The perception of our ability to continue as a going concern may make it more difficult for us to obtain financing or obtain financing on favorable terms for the continuation of our operations and could result in the loss of confidence by investors, suppliers, and employees. If we are not successful in raising capital through equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, licensing arrangements or any other means or are not successful in reducing our expenses, we may exhaust our cash resources and be unable to continue our operations. If we cannot continue as a viable entity, our shareholders would likely lose most or all their investment in us.

Risk relating to research and development activities on AI technology.

AI has been developing faster than the market expected, especially with the rapid evolvement of foundational models that leading AI companies such as OpenAI and Google launched. In our AI technology R&D endeavors, we may encounter challenges spanning technological complexity, intellectual property concerns, data privacy and security risks, and regulatory compliance hurdles. The intricate nature of AI technology may exceed expectations, potentially infringing upon existing intellectual property rights, necessitating robust protection of data privacy and security, and confronting increasingly stringent regulatory compliance demands.

Secured logistics:

Our competition mainly comes from international companies like Brinks and Armaguard. There are also several local CIT companies having very good relationships with their customers. Additionally, we are facing potential competition from the commercial banks which market their own cash management solutions to their customers and hire CIT companies as their subcontracted CIT suppliers. Furthermore, many banks have their own captive CIT subsidiaries to serve them exclusively.

Our business model requires significant fixed costs associated with offering many of our services including, but not limited to, costs to operate a fleet of armored vehicles. Because we believe we have competitive advantages such as brand name recognition and a reputation for a high level of service and security, we resist competing on price alone. However, continued pricing pressure from competitors or failure to achieve pricing based on the competitive advantages identified above could result in lost volume of business and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, given the highly competitive nature of our industry, it is important to develop new solutions and product and service offerings to help retain and expand our customer base. Failure to develop, sell and execute new solutions and offerings in a timely and efficient manner could also negatively affect our ability to retain our existing customer base or pricing structure and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

General Security Solutions:

The competition is intense in China as there are many local and international companies providing the same security alarm installation service. Additionally, the economy and business are affected by the government policies that could be changed rapidly.

Most of our business is sub-contracted to local service providers that we are unable to monitor or control the sub-contractors’ quality of service provided to our end customers. We may lose the major customers if they are dissatisfied with the services.

AI & Robotics Solutions:

The robotics industries in Thailand, China, other Asia Pacific countries, and the United States and globally are still in their infancy. Within the robotics manufacturing field, the competition is high as most competitors are engaged in selling robots as a stand-alone product. Our business model started from a robotics-as-a-service model (RaaS) based upon the robots manufactured by related-party robotics manufacturers. There can be no assurance that these robotics manufacturers will not change their business model to offer RaaS solution globally and compete against us. Should this occur, it will negatively affect our ability to compete effectively and, as a result, this may have an adverse effect on our business strategy and plans for rolling out our robotics solution.

We started to explore AI integrations to expand our robotic solutions in 2022 and formed three types of AI solutions with our robots through our research and development and through partnerships. The AI industry is driving increasing attention and developing at a faster speed than the market expected. With the rapid revolutions of the foundational models the leading companies launched such as ChatGPT, Claude, Google Gemini and etc., the solutions we’re developing could face fierce competition and require rapid upgrades to catch up with the trends. As for our AI solutions through partnerships, there is no assurance that we will continue working with all current partners and they may become our competitors when the partnership ends. 

We have substantial customer concentration, with a limited number of customers accounting for a substantial portion of our recent revenues.

We have derived a significant portion of our revenues from our top four customers. For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, revenues from the four largest customers combined were approximately $10.3 million and $10.5 million, respectively, or 58.5% and 58.3% of our total revenues, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the largest customer is a state-owned bank, two of which are commercial banks, and one is a retail customer. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, revenue derived from the state-owned bank (the Government Savings Bank) was approximately $7.5 million, $8.1 million and $9.6 million, respectively, which accounted for approximately 20.8%, 23.5% and 27.3% of our total revenues, respectively.

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, revenues from the next three largest customers combined were approximately $13.3 million, $13.4 million, and $14.3 million, respectively, or 36.7%, 38.8% and 40.8% of our total revenues, respectively. Therefore, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, our top four customers combined accounted for approximately 57.5%, 62.3% and 68.1% of our total revenues, respectively. We have three, three and four customers that accounted for 10% or more of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

There are inherent risks whenever a large percentage of total revenues are concentrated with a limited number of customers. It is not possible for us to predict the future level of demand for our services that will be generated by these customers. In addition, revenues from these larger customers may fluctuate from time to time based on the commencement and completion of projects, the timing of which may be affected by market conditions or other facts, some of which may be outside of our control. Further, some of our contracts with these larger customers permit them to terminate our services at any time (subject to notice and certain other provisions). If any of these customers experience declining or delayed sales due to market, economic or competitive conditions, we could be pressured to reduce the prices we charge for our services which could have an adverse effect on our margins and financial position and could negatively affect our revenues and results of operations and/or trading price of our ordinary shares and warrants. If any of these largest customers terminates our services, such termination would negatively affect our revenues and results of operations and/or trading price of our ordinary shares and warrants.

We currently report our financial results under IFRS, which differs in certain significant respect from U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We report our financial statements under IFRS. There have been and there may in the future be certain significant differences between IFRS and United States generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP, including differences related to revenue recognition, intangible assets, share-based compensation expense, income tax and earnings per share. As a result, our financial information and reported earnings for historical or future periods could be significantly different if they were prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In addition, we do not intend to provide a reconciliation between IFRS and U.S. GAAP unless it is required under applicable law. As a result, you may not be able to meaningfully compare our financial statements under IFRS with those companies that prepare financial statements under U.S. GAAP.

Increases in fuel cost would negatively impact our cost of operations.

The CIT industry relies on a large consumption of fuel for the operation of its vehicles. Although we conduct price comparisons and enter into three-year supply contracts at fixed and discounted rates, an increase in oil prices will, most likely, negatively impact the operating costs of the Company. 

In the future we may not be able to use the Guardforce trademark, which could have a negative impact on our business.

We license the “Guardforce” name and trademarks from Guardforce Security (Thailand) Company Limited, or THAI SP, under the terms of a binding memorandum of understanding effective March 2, 2023, between GF Cash (CIT) and THAI SP. Under the terms of this license we can use in Thailand, at no cost and on a non-exclusive, non-transferable basis, the “Guardforce” name and related trademarks in promoting (i) GF Cash (CIT)’s business and selling any goods and services solely related to the business of cash-in-transit and (ii) other ancillary services provided by GF Cash (CIT) and its related parties (as selected and agreed thereto), solely in the manner approved by THAI SP from time to time. This license has a term of three years and prior to the expiry of the license, either party may propose and discuss about the arrangement for renewing it. Additionally, the license may be cancelled by either party at any time with three months’ prior written notice to the other party.

If for any reason our license with THAI SP is terminated or expires, our business may suffer and the value that we believe we have built in our brand name throughout Thailand will be lost. In such event, we would have to market our business under a new brand, and it may take significant time before our existing customers and future customers recognize our new brand. The loss of our ability to continue to utilize the Guardforce name and related trademarks could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may be subject to service quality or liability claims, which may cause us to incur litigation expenses and to devote significant management time to defending such claims, and if such claims are determined adversely to us we may be required to pay significant damage awards.

We may be subject to legal proceedings and claims from time to time relating to the quality of our services. The defense of these proceedings and claims could be both costly and time-consuming and significantly divert the efforts and resources of our management. An adverse determination in any such proceeding could subject us to significant liability. In addition, any such proceeding, even if ultimately determined in our favor, could damage our reputation, and prevent us from maintaining or increasing revenues and market share. Protracted litigation could also result in our customers or potential customers limiting their use of our service.

As of the date of this prospectus, we are involved in several legal proceedings. We are a defendant in a labor-related lawsuit in Thailand with claims totaling approximately $0.017 million. In the PRC, we are defendants in two labor-related lawsuits and one civil lawsuit, with claims of approximately $0.014 million and $0.005 million, respectively.

On the plaintiff side, we are pursuing two civil lawsuits in the PRC with a combined claim of approximately $0.82 million. In Thailand, we are plaintiffs in three civil lawsuits seeking to recover outstanding service fees with interest from three clients, amounting to approximately $0.004 million, $0.095 million, and $0.015 million, respectively.

We may encounter provisions and impairments on our assets due to our business model and the development of our AI and robotics business, particularly amidst the fast-changing technologies.

One of our successful marketing strategies, initiated in late 2020, involves offering free trial periods of our robots to customers. This approach has enabled us to quickly gather customer feedback and gain traction in the market. However, given the swift advancement in AI and robotics technologies, coupled with the continuous upgrades of the foundational models like ChatGPT, the solutions we are developing and integrating may become outdated sooner than anticipated. Additionally, the current robots in our inventory may not be compatible to deliver the solutions. These factors mentioned above could result in significant provisions and impairments on our robot assets.

Our robots are managed under our data-based cloud platforms, Guardforce AI Intelligent Cloud Platform (ICP) and Cloud Technology Platform (CTP). As part of our upgrade plan, we have integrated functionalities from both platforms together to upgrade them under the ICP platform by removing duplicated functions and developing new functions. This integration aims to reduce maintenance and further development costs by eliminating duplicated functionalities and introducing new ones. However, the consolidation could result in certain accounting impairments on both platforms.

The divestiture of the previously acquired Handshake may affect certain investors’ interest in our business growth.

In March 2021, we completed the acquisition of 51% of Handshake with the goal to benefit from a range of synergies from this acquisition, including by offering our customers bundled physical and information security services. After reviewing overall performance, future growth potential and the global environment for information security, we completed the separation with Handshake on February 6, 2024. As a result of this transaction, Handshake ceased to be a subsidiary of the Company. The divesture of Handshake has resulted in the loss of goodwill. Additionally, parting ways with Handshake might lead to legal concerns. Changes in our business structure may conflict with existing contracts with other companies, potentially leading to legal action or financial obligations.

We may fail to successfully integrate our other acquisitions of Shenzhen GFAI, Guangzhou GFAI, and Beijing Wanjia, and may fail to realize the anticipated benefits and resulted in losing the goodwill of these subsidiaries.

In March 2022, we completed acquisitions for 100% equity interests in Shenzhen GFAI and 100% of Guangzhou GFAI. In June 2022, we completed the acquisition for 100% equity interests in Beijing Wanjia. In December 2022, we executed an asset acquisition agreement with Shenzhen Kewei to acquire its robotic equipment, customer and business resource ownership, human resources involved in the business such as leasing, advertising replacement and sales of robots and other equipment under the name of Shenzhen Kewei. While we are hoping to benefit from a range of synergies from these acquisitions, including using them as our gateway into the Chinese robotics market, we may not be able to integrate these new businesses and may fail to realize the expected benefits in the near term, or at all. These companies operate in the highly competitive robotics industry. Their business success will depend, in part, on market demand for their robotics solutions services, the competitive landscape for the provision of such services and the development of competing technologies. Our business and financial condition may be adversely affected if either business fails, or we fail to manage our investment in them successfully.

Risks Relating to our Corporate Structure

We rely upon structural arrangements to establish control over certain entities and government authorities may determine that these arrangements do not comply with existing laws and regulations.

The laws and regulations in Thailand place restrictions on foreign investment in and ownership of entities engaged in several business activities. The primary legislation is the Foreign Business Act B.E. 2542 (1999), or the FBA. Under the FBA, certain business activities are reserved for Thai nationals, and foreigners are required to obtain a foreign business license before engaging in certain business activities, including most service business. A company registered in Thailand will be considered a foreigner under the FBA if foreign individuals or entities hold 50% or more of the shares in the company. The Security Guard Business Act B.E. 2558 (2015), or the SGBA, also requires that companies applying for approval to engage in the business of providing security guard services by providing licensed security guards to protect people or personal property must have more than half of its shares owned by shareholders of Thai nationality and must have more than half of its directors being of Thai nationality.

We conduct our business activities in Thailand using a tiered shareholding structure in which direct foreign ownership in each Thai entity is less than 50%. See “Item 4. Information on the Company-C. Organizational Structure-Thailand Shareholding Structure.” The FBA considers the immediate level of shareholding of a company to determine the number of shares held by foreigners in that company for the purposes of determining whether the company is a foreigner within the meaning of the FBA, and will have regard to the shareholdings of a corporate shareholder which holds shares in that company to determine whether that corporate shareholder is a foreigner, however no cumulative calculation is applied to determine the foreign ownership status of a company when it has several levels of foreign shareholding. Such shareholding structure has allowed us to consolidate our Thai operating entities as our subsidiaries.

We have engaged legal counsel Watson Farley & Williams (Thailand) Limited in Thailand, and they are of the opinion that the shareholding structure of GF Cash (CIT) in Item 4. Information on the Company-C. Organizational Structure-Thailand Shareholding Structure. does not result in GF Cash (CIT) being a foreigner within the meaning of the FBA or the SGBA. However, the local or national authorities or regulatory agencies in Thailand may reach a different conclusion, which could lead to an action being brought against us by administrative orders or in local courts. The FBA prohibits Thai nationals and non-foreigner companies from assisting, aiding, and abetting or participating in the operation of a foreigner’s business if the foreigner would require approval under the FBA to engage in that business, or to act as a nominee in holding shares in a company to enable a foreigner to operate a business in contravention of the FBA. There are no prescribed criteria under the FBA to determine whether a Thai individual or a legal entity is holding shares in a Thai-incorporated company for their own benefit, or as a nominee for or on behalf of a foreigner. While the relevant authorities may follow certain guidelines, they generally exercise discretion in making such a determination, take into account the factual circumstances on a case-by-case basis. For example, Thai shareholders are likely to be considered as nominees under the FBA if they do not have sufficient funds to acquire their shares, did not pay for their shares, if they have agreed to not to be paid the dividends to which they would be entitled under the company’s articles of association, or to receive less benefit from their investment fund in a company than if they were to deposit their investment fund with a commercial bank.

If the authorities in Thailand find that our arrangements do not comply with their prohibition or restrictions on foreign investment in our lines of business, or if the relevant government entity otherwise finds that we or any of our subsidiaries is in violation of the relevant laws or regulations or lack the necessary registrations, permits or licenses to operate our businesses in Thailand, they would have broad discretion in dealing with such violations or failures, which could have any of the following implications:

Any of these actions could cause significant disruption to our business operations and severely damage our reputation, which would in turn materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. If any of these occurrences results in our inability to direct the activities of our Thai subsidiaries that most significantly impact their economic performance or prevent us from receiving the economic benefits or absorbing losses from these entities, we may not be able to consolidate these entities in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS.

You may have difficulty enforcing judgments obtained against us.

We are a Cayman Islands company and substantially all our assets are located outside of the United States. Virtually all our assets and a substantial portion of our current business operations are conducted in Thailand. In addition, almost all our directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. A substantial portion of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for you to effect service of process within the United States upon these persons. It may also be difficult for you to enforce the U.S. courts judgments obtained in U.S. courts including judgments based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us and our officers and directors, many of whom are not residents in the United States, and whose significant assets are located outside of the United States. The courts of the Cayman Islands would recognize as a valid judgment, a final and conclusive judgment in personam obtained in the federal or state courts in the United States against the Company, under which a sum of money is payable (other than a sum of money payable in respect of multiple damages, taxes or other charges of a like nature or in respect of a fine or other penalty) or, in certain circumstances, an in personam judgment for non-monetary relief, and would give a judgment based thereon provided that (a) such courts had proper jurisdiction over the parties subject to such judgment, (b) such courts did not contravene the rules of natural justice of the Cayman Islands, (c) such judgment was not obtained by fraud, (d) the enforcement of the judgment would not be contrary to the public policy of the Cayman Islands, (e) no new admissible evidence relevant to the action is submitted prior to the rendering of the judgment by the courts of the Cayman Islands, and (f) there is due compliance with the correct procedures under the laws of the Cayman Islands. In addition, there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the Cayman Islands or Thailand, respectively, would recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts against us or such persons predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state. In addition, it is uncertain whether such Cayman Islands or Thailand courts would entertain original actions brought in the courts of the Cayman Islands or Thailand, against us or such persons predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state.

Because we are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, it may be more difficult for our shareholders to protect their rights than it would be for a shareholder of a corporation incorporated in another jurisdiction.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our amended and restated memorandum of association and second amended and restated articles of association, by the Companies Act and by the common law of the Cayman Islands. Principles of law relating to such matters as the validity of corporate procedures, the fiduciary duties of management, and the rights of our shareholders differ from those that would apply, if we were incorporated in the United States or another jurisdiction. The rights of shareholders under Cayman Islands law may not be as clearly established as the rights of shareholders are in the United States or other jurisdictions. Under the laws of most jurisdictions in the United States, majority and controlling shareholders generally have certain fiduciary responsibilities to the minority shareholders. Shareholders’ actions must be taken in good faith. Obviously unreasonable actions by controlling shareholders may be declared null and void. Cayman Islands law protecting the interests of minority shareholders may not be as protective in all circumstances as the law protecting minority shareholders in United States or other jurisdictions. Although a shareholder of a Cayman Islands company may sue the company derivatively, the procedures and defenses available to the company may result in the rights of shareholders of a Cayman Islands company being more limited than those of shareholders of a company organized in the United States. Furthermore, our directors have the power to take certain actions without shareholders’ approval, or which would require shareholders’ approval under the laws of most of the states in the United States or other jurisdictions. Thus, our shareholders may have more difficulty protecting their interests in the face of actions by our board of directors or our controlling shareholders than they would have as shareholders of a corporation incorporated in another jurisdiction.

Risks Relating to Doing Business in Thailand

A severe or prolonged downturn in the global economy or the markets that we primarily operate in could materially and adversely affect our revenues and results of operations.

We primarily operate in Thailand. Weak economic conditions as a result of a global economic downturn and decreased demand and prices due to the increased popularity of digital cash across the world may have a negative impact on our business. Decreased demand and prices would reduce our income and weaken our business. There are still great uncertainties regarding economic conditions and the demand for cash processing services. Any turbulence in global economies and prolonged declines in demand and prices in Thailand may adversely affect our business, revenues and results of operations. Apart from the above, the following factors may also affect our business: (1) the threat of terrorism is high within Thailand; (2) the political situation is not stable especially under the military rule and governance; (3) currency exchange rates; (4) bribery and corruption; (5) high tax rates; and (6) unstable energy prices.

We are vulnerable to foreign currency exchange risk exposure.

The value of the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions.

Our consolidated financial statements are expressed in U.S. dollars, which is our reporting currency. Most of the revenues and expenses of GF Cash (CIT) are denominated in the THB. Meanwhile, our functional currency of our various other subsidiaries, is the U.S. dollar. To the extent that we need to convert THB into U.S. dollars for our operations, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the THB would adversely affect the U.S. dollar amounts we recognize from the conversion. Fluctuations in the exchange rate will also affect the relative value of the U.S. dollar-denominated loan that we have borrowed from a related party.

The ability of our subsidiaries to distribute dividends to us may be subject to restrictions under the laws of their respective jurisdictions.

We are a holding company, and our main operating subsidiary is in Thailand. Part of our primary internal sources of funds to meet our cash needs is our share of the dividends, if any, paid by our subsidiaries. The distribution of dividends to us from the subsidiaries in these markets as well as other markets where we operate is subject to restrictions imposed by the applicable laws and regulations in these markets. See “Item 4. Information on the Company-B. Business Overview-Regulation-Thailand-Regulations on Dividend Distributions.” Companies remitting payments to recipients outside of Thailand must obtain approval from the Bank of Thailand at the time of the remittance if the remittance exceeds the equivalent of $50,000. In practice, this approval is managed by the Bank of Thailand and is typically granted if copies of the supporting documentation showing the need for the transaction can be provided. In addition, although there are currently no foreign exchange control regulations which restrict the ability of our subsidiaries in Thailand to distribute dividends to us, the relevant regulations may be changed and the ability of these subsidiaries to distribute dividends to us may be restricted in the future.

Changes to legislation in Thailand may negatively affect our business.

The legislation in Thailand relating to the security industry is not fully developed and may evolve depending on the government in place. For example, new security acts launched in 2015 resulted in an increase in stricter control over staff issues such as recruitment standards, training criteria and firearms. This increased the cost of recruitment, training and retention. The government of Thailand may introduce additional regulations in the future which could have a negative impact on our costs and thus profitability of our operations and cash flow. These developments could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Unexpected increases in minimum wages in Thailand would reduce our net profits.

The government of Thailand does not have a regular system to review minimum wages and may enact, on very short notice, when, for example, the local political environment changes or there is a new prime minister, new laws and regulations to increase minimum wages. Any material increase in minimum wages will directly impact the cost of services of the Company and reduce net profits.

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

Changes in regional and global economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations in China.

We have acquired and may acquire in the future, subsidiaries which are in China. For the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, $1,748,384 (10.0%) and $1,929,895 (10.7%) of the company’s total revenues were derived in China, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, $4,180,070 (11.5%), $2,447,628 (7.2%) and nil (nil%) of the company’s total revenues were derived in China, respectively.] Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be influenced by political, economic and social conditions in China generally.

The PRC government also has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth through allocating resources, setting monetary policy, and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. While the PRC economy has experienced significant growth over the past decades, any adverse changes in economic conditions in China, in the policies of the PRC government or in the laws and regulations in China could have a material effect on the overall economic growth of China. Such developments could affect our business and operating results, lead to changes in demand for our services and affect our competitive position. The PRC government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall PRC economy but may have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by certain administrative requirements over capital investments or changes in tax regulations.

We may be exposed to compliance costs and regulatory risks if we fail to fully and accurately understand the laws and regulations under the PRC legal system and our business operation may be adversely affected.

The PRC legal system is based on written statutes and prior court decisions may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value. Some of laws and regulations, such as laws relating to privacy and data protection, are relatively new and new laws and regulations may be enacted in the future, to replace the previous laws and regulations and to clarify the enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules.

In 1979, the PRC government began to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws and regulations governing economic matters in general. The overall effect of legislation over the past four decades has significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in China. However, some recently enacted laws and regulations, including laws relating to privacy and data protection, are relatively new, the interpretation and enforcement of which may be further clarified along with its application in future. Since PRC administrative and court authorities are entitled to exercise discretion in accordance with laws, regulations and rules and based on the detailed facts, we may not always be able to predict the outcome of administrative and court proceedings where we are involved in and the level of legal protection we enjoy thereunder. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of any of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. Therefore, our judgment on the relevance of legal requirements and our ability to enforce our contractual rights or tort claims may be affected. In addition, the regulatory uncertainties may be exploited through unmerited or frivolous legal actions or threats in attempts to extract payments or benefits from us.

Furthermore, government policies and internal governmental rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis, might be used for reference when interpreting or implementing PRC laws and regulations. Furthermore, the time cost of the administrative and court proceedings in China varies and may be affected by the complexity of the facts, the specific procedure requirements, etc. If any administrative or court proceeding lasts for a quite long period, it would lead to substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention.

In addition, we and our operation in China may also be affected by the interpretations and applications of PRC laws and regulations, including but not limited to, limitations on foreign ownership in our industry, and any future actions of the PRC government. If any future action of the PRC government results in a material change in our subsidiaries’ operations, the value of our ordinary shares may depreciate significantly or become worthless.

If the regulations related to the business operations of our PRC subsidiaries changes significantly in the future and our PRC subsidiaries are not able to substantially comply with such regulations, the business operations of our PRC subsidiaries may be materially and adversely affected and the value of our ordinary shares may significantly decrease.

The PRC government’s regulatory measures, including those concerning technology and robotics sector, may evolve based on Chinese economy. Any government decisions or actions to change the way technology or robotics are regulated, or any decisions the government might make to cut spending, which our PRC subsidiaries fail to comply with in a timely manner or at all, could adversely impact our PRC subsidiaries and results of operations. In addition, the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to operate in China may be harmed by changes in PRC laws and regulations, including those relating to taxation, artificial intelligence, and other matters. Any new, stricter regulations or interpretations of existing regulations that would require additional expenditures and efforts on our part to ensure our compliance with such regulations or interpretations. Accordingly, we may incur significant compliance costs to comply with new laws and regulations, and government actions and may even decide to divest our PRC subsidiaries considering the compliance costs, business plan, and other factors as a whole.

We believe that our PRC subsidiaries’ operations in China are in material compliance with all applicable legal and regulatory requirements as of the date of this prospectus. However, any new, stricter regulations or interpretations of existing regulations in the jurisdiction where we operate may require additional expenditures and efforts on our part to ensure our compliance with such regulations or interpretations.

Our PRC subsidiaries may incur increased costs necessary to comply with existing and newly adopted laws and regulations or penalties for any failure to comply. In the event that our PRC subsidiaries are not able to substantially comply with any existing or newly adopted laws and regulations, our business operations may be materially adversely affected, and the value of our ordinary shares may significantly decrease.

The Hong Kong legal systems are evolving and the legal protections available to our Hong Kong subsidiaries are subject to the Hong Kong legal system and affected by the economic, political and legal environment in Hong Kong.

Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region of the PRC. Hong Kong enjoys a high degree of autonomy from China under the principle of “one country, two systems”. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region’s constitutional document, the Basic Law, ensures that the current political situation will remain in effect for 50 years. Hong Kong enjoys the freedom to function in a high degree of autonomy for its affairs, including currencies, immigration and custom, independent judiciary system and parliamentary system. However, there is no assurance that there will not be any changes in the economic, political, and legal environment in Hong Kong in the future. For example, a series of large demonstrations in Hong Kong in 2019 has adversely affected the local economy and resulted in the enactment of the Hong Kong National Security Law in 2020. On July 14, 2020, the former United States signed an executive order to end the special status enjoyed by Hong Kong under the United States-Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992. Any changes in the economic, political and legal environment, if in breach of the “one country, two systems” principle, could, in turn, materially and adversely affect our business and operation. Additionally, intellectual property rights and confidentiality protections in Hong Kong may not be the same as those in the United States or other countries. Accordingly, we cannot predict the effect of future developments in the Hong Kong legal system, including the promulgation of new laws, changes to existing laws or the interpretation or enforcement thereof, or the pre-emption of local regulations by national laws. These uncertainties could limit the legal protections available to our Hong Kong subsidiaries (GFAI Robot Service (Hong Kong) Limited, Guardforce AI (Hongkong) Co. Limited), and GFAI Technology (Hong Kong) Limited, including our ability to enforce our agreements with our clients.

Our business is subject to complex and evolving laws and regulations regarding privacy and data protection. Compliance with China’s new Data Security Law, Cybersecurity Review Measures, Personal Information Protection Law, as well as additional laws, regulations, and guidelines that the Chinese government promulgates in the future may entail significant expenses and could materially affect our business.

Regulatory authorities in China have implemented and are considering further legislative and regulatory proposals concerning data protection. China’s new Data Security Law went into effect on September 1, 2021. The Data Security Law provides that the data processing activities must be conducted based on “data classification and hierarchical protection system” for the purpose of data protection and prohibits entities in China from transferring data stored in China to foreign law enforcement agencies or judicial authorities without prior approval by the Chinese government. The Data Security Law sets forth the legal liabilities of entities and individuals found to be in violation of their data protection obligations, including rectification order, warning, fines of up to RMB 5 million, suspension of relevant business, and revocation of business permits or licenses.

In addition, the PRC Cybersecurity Law provides that personal information and important data collected and generated by operators of critical information infrastructure during their operations in the PRC should be stored in the PRC, and the law imposes heightened regulation and additional security obligations on operators of critical information infrastructure. According to the Cybersecurity Review Measures promulgated by the Cyberspace Administration of China and certain other PRC regulatory authorities in April 2020, which became effective in June 2020, operators of critical information infrastructure must pass a cybersecurity review when purchasing network products and services which do or may affect national security. Any failure or delay in the completion of the cybersecurity review procedures may prevent the critical information infrastructure operator from using or providing certain network products and services and may result in fines of up to ten times the purchase price of such network products and services. The PRC government recently launched cybersecurity reviews against several mobile apps operated by several U.S.-listed Chinese companies and prohibited these apps from registering new users during the review periods. We do not believe that we constitute a critical information infrastructure operator under the Cybersecurity Review Measures that took effect in June 2020.

On December 28, 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China (the “CAC”) and certain other PRC regulatory authorities revised the Cybersecurity Review Measures (2021) (the “revised Cybersecurity Review Measures”), which proposed to authorize the relevant government authorities to conduct cybersecurity review on a range of activities that affect or may affect national security. The PRC National Security Law covers various types of national security, including technology security and information security. The revised Cybersecurity Review Measures took effect on February 15, 2022. The revised Cybersecurity Review Measures expand the cybersecurity review to data processing operators in possession of personal information of over 1 million users if the operators intend to list their securities in a foreign country. Under the revised Cybersecurity Review Measures, the scope of entities required to undergo cybersecurity review to assess national security risks that arise from data processing activities would be expanded to include all critical information infrastructure operators who purchase network products and services and all data processors carrying out data processing activities that affect or may affect national security. In addition, such reviews would focus on the potential risk of core data, important data, or a large amount of personal information being stolen, leaked, destroyed, illegally used or exported out of China, or critical information infrastructure being affected, controlled or maliciously used by foreign governments after such a listing. An operator that violates these measures shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of the PRC Cybersecurity Law and the PRC Data Security Law. We believe that the cybersecurity review requirement under the revised Cybersecurity Review Measures for online platform operators in possession of personal information of over one million users going public in a foreign country does not apply to us or any of our PRC subsidiaries, because we are not an online platform operator, and we became a public company with shares listed on Nasdaq before such Measures entered into force on February 15, 2022. However, there remains uncertainty as to the interpretation and implementation of the revised Cybersecurity Review Measures and we cannot assure you that the CAC will reach the same conclusion as us. Besides, in accordance with the revised Cybersecurity Review Measures, if a member of the cybersecurity review working mechanism believes that a network product or service or data processing activity affects or may affect national security, the Office of Cybersecurity Review has the right to conduct cybersecurity review with the approval of the Office of the Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission. As of the date of this prospectus, we have not received any investigations, notices, warnings, or sanctions from applicable governmental authorities in relation to national security. We also confirm that, as of the date of this prospectus, we have not been involved in any investigation conducted by the CAC in connection with the cybersecurity review on national security or any other grounds, and have not received any inquiries, notices, warnings, or sanctions in this regard. We are advised by Shihui Partners, our PRC counsel, that based on the Chinese laws and regulations currently in effect as of the date of this prospectus, we are not required to submit an application or file a notification to the CSRC or the CAC for the continuous trading of our Ordinary shares on the Nasdaq. And we are not required to file or submit any reports, schedules, forms, statements and other documents required to be filed by Trial Measures and corresponding guidance letters with respect to the filing of this prospectus. Pursuant to the Trial Measures, our PRC counsel, Shihui Partners, is of the view that we are not required to go through filing procedures with the CSRC within three (3) working days after the completion of an offering pursuant to any accompanying prospectus supplement, and prepare a summary report to the CSRC after the completion of all offerings under this prospectus. Our PRC counsel, Shihui Partners, is of the view that we (1) are not required to obtain permissions from the CSRC, and (2) have not been required to obtain or denied such and other permissions by the CSRC, CAC, or any PRC government authority, under current PRC laws, regulations and rules in connection with a potential offering made pursuant to this prospectus or any accompanying prospectus supplement as of the date of this prospectus.

However, there remains significant uncertainty as to the enactment, interpretation and implementation of regulatory requirements related to overseas securities offerings and other capital markets activities, and we cannot exclude the possibility that the CSRC or other relevant government authorities might require such filing for this offering. If it is determined in the future that the approval of the CSRC, CAC or any other regulatory authority is required for any of our offerings, we may face sanctions by the CSRC, the CAC or other Chinese regulatory agencies. These regulatory agencies may impose fines and penalties on our subsidiaries’ operations in China, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of China, limit our operations in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from overseas offerings into China or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of our ordinary shares. In addition, if the CSRC, the CAC or other regulatory agencies later promulgate new rules requiring that we obtain their approvals for any of our offerings, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such approval requirements, when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver. Any uncertainties and/or negative publicity regarding such an approval requirement could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our ordinary shares.

On September 24, 2024, the State Council released the Regulations on Network Data Security, which shall be effective from January 1, 2025. The Regulations on Network Data Security provide more detailed guidance on how to implement the general legal requirements under legislations such as the Cybersecurity Law, Data Security Law, and the Personal Information Protection Law. The Regulations on Network Data Security follow the principle that the state will regulate based on a data classification and multi-level protection scheme. We believe that we or any of our PRC subsidiaries do not constitute an online platform service provider under the draft Regulations on Network Data Security.

On August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law which became effective on November 1, 2021. The Personal Information Protection Law provides a comprehensive set of data privacy and protection requirements that apply to the processing of personal information and expands data protection compliance obligations to cover the processing of personal information of persons by organizations and individuals in China, and the processing of personal information of persons in China outside of China if such processing is for purposes of providing products and services to, or analyzing and evaluating the behavior of, persons in China. The Personal Information Protection Law also provides that critical information infrastructure operators and personal information processing entities who process personal information meeting a volume threshold to be set by Chinese cyberspace regulators are also required to store in China personal information generated or collected in China, and to pass a security assessment administered by Chinese cyberspace regulators for any export of such personal information. Lastly, the Personal Information Protection Law contains proposals for significant fines for serious violations of up to RMB 50 million or 5% of annual revenues from the prior year and may also be ordered to suspend any related activity by competent authorities. We have access to and may be required to collect certain information of our customers in providing services and which may cause the need of further adjustment on our business practice in order to comply with new regulatory requirements.

Interpretation, application and enforcement of these laws, rules and regulations evolve from time to time and their scope may continually change, through new legislation, amendments to existing legislation or changes in enforcement. Compliance with the PRC Cybersecurity Law and the PRC Data Security Law could significantly increase the cost to us of providing our service offerings, require significant changes to our operations or even prevent us from providing certain service offerings in jurisdictions in which we currently operate or in which we may operate in the future. Despite our efforts to comply with applicable laws, regulations and other obligations relating to privacy, data protection and information security, it is possible that our practices or service offerings could fail to meet all of the requirements imposed on us by the PRC Cybersecurity Law, the PRC Data Security Law and/or related implementing regulations. Any failure on our part to comply with such law or regulations or any other obligations relating to privacy, data protection or information security, or any compromise of security that results in unauthorized access, use or release of personally identifiable information or other data, or the perception or allegation that any of the foregoing types of failure or compromise has occurred, could damage our reputation, discourage new and existing counterparties from contracting with us or result in investigations, fines, suspension or other penalties by Chinese government authorities and private claims or litigation, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Even if our practices are not subject to legal challenge, the perception of privacy concerns, whether or not valid, may harm our reputation and brand and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, the legal uncertainty created by the Data Security Law and the recent Chinese government actions could materially adversely affect our ability, on favorable terms, to raise capital, including engaging in follow-on offerings of our securities in the U.S. market.

There remain some uncertainties as to whether we will be required to obtain approvals from PRC authorities to list on the U.S. exchanges and offer securities in the future, and if required, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain such approval.

Recently, the PRC government initiated a series of regulatory actions and statements to regulate business operations in certain areas, including increasing enforcement against illegal activities in the securities market, enhancing supervision over China-based companies listed overseas using variable interest entity structures, adopting new measures to conduct cybersecurity reviews, and expanding the efforts in anti-monopoly enforcement.

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC promulgated the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “Trial Administrative Measures”) and five supporting guidelines (collectively, the “CSRC Filing Rules”), which came into effect on March 31, 2023. According to the CSRC Filing Rules, an issuer will be required to go through the filing procedures under the CSRC Filing Rules if the following criteria are met at the same time: (a) 50% or more of the issuer’s operating revenue, total profits, total assets or net assets as documented in its audited consolidated financial statements for the most recent accounting year are accounted for by PRC domestic companies, and (b) the main parts of the issuer’s business activities are conducted in mainland China, or its main places of business are located in mainland China, or the senior managers in charge of its business operation and management are mostly Chinese citizens or domiciled in mainland China. The CSRC Filing Rules also stated that the determination of whether it is applicable to the issuer will be done in accordance with the principle of “substance over form”. Furthermore, the CSRC Filing Rules provide a negative list of types of issuers banned from listing overseas, the issuers’ obligation to comply with national security measures and the personal data protection laws, and certain other matters such as the requirements that an issuer (i) file with the CSRC within three business days after it submits an application for initial public offering to the competent overseas regulator and(ii) file subsequent reports with the CSRC on material events, including change of control and voluntary or forced delisting, after its overseas offering and listing.

As of the date of this prospectus, the operating revenue, total net loss, total assets or net assets of our PRC domestic companies counted less than 25% of the group’s total operating revenue, total net loss and total assets balance. As advised by Shihui Partners, our PRC counsel, if any of the previous index reach 50%, we may be required to obtain regulatory approval from the CSRC or go through the filing procedures under the CSRC Filing Rules. Nevertheless, as the CSRC Filing Rules are newly issued, there remains uncertainty as to how it will be interpreted or implemented. Therefore, we cannot assure you that whether we will be subject to such filing requirements for listing in the United States and our securities offering in the future, and if we do, we will be able to get clearance from the CSRC in a timely manner, or at all.

Since these rules, statements and regulatory actions are new, there is no assurance whether the legislative or administrative regulation making bodies will respond and what existing or new laws or regulations or detailed implementations and interpretations will be modified or promulgated, if any. Changing regulatory requirements and any failure of us to fully comply with new regulatory requirements may significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer the ordinary shares, cause significant disruption to our business operations, severely damage our reputation, materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations, and cause the ordinary shares to significantly decline in value or become worthless.

PRC regulation of loans to, and direct investments in, PRC entities by offshore holding companies may affect us from using proceeds from our future financing activities to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries.

As an offshore holding company with PRC subsidiaries, we may transfer funds to our PRC subsidiaries or finance our operating entity by means of loans or capital contributions. Any capital contributions or loans that we, as an offshore entity, make to our Company’s PRC subsidiaries, are subject to PRC regulations. Any loans to our PRC subsidiaries, which are foreign-invested enterprises, cannot exceed statutory limits based on the difference between the amount of our investments and registered capital in such subsidiaries, or cannot exceed the statutory upper limit of the risk-weighted balance for cross-border financing (the upper limit for risk-weighted balance for cross-border financing = the capital or the net assets * the leverage rate of cross-border financing * the macro-prudential adjustment parameters). and shall be registered with State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, or its local counterparts. Furthermore, any capital increase contributions we make to our PRC subsidiaries, which are foreign-invested enterprises, are subject to the requirement of making necessary filings in Foreign Investment Comprehensive Management Information System, and registration with other government authorities in China. We may not be able to obtain these government registrations or approvals on a timely basis, if at all. If we fail to obtain such approvals or make such registration, our ability to make equity contributions or provide loans to our PRC subsidiaries or to fund their operations may be negatively affected, which may adversely affect their liquidity and ability to fund their working capital and expansion projects and meet their obligations and commitments. As a result, our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business may be negatively affected.

We may rely on dividends paid by our subsidiaries for our cash needs, and any limitation on the ability of our subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct business.

As a holding company, we conduct business through our subsidiaries, including subsidiaries in China. We may rely on dividends paid by these PRC subsidiaries for our cash needs, including the funds necessary to pay any dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders, to service any debt we may incur and to pay our operating expenses. The payment of dividends by entities established in China is subject to limitations. Regulations in China currently permit payment of dividends only out of accumulated profits as determined in accordance with accounting standards and regulations in China. In accordance with the Article 210 and 214 of the Company Law of the PRC (Amended in 2023), each of our PRC subsidiaries is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profit based on PRC accounting standards each year to its general reserves or statutory capital reserve fund until the aggregate amount of such reserves reaches 50% of its respective registered capital. A company may discontinue the contribution when the aggregate sum of the statutory surplus reserve is more than 50% of its registered capital. As a result, our PRC subsidiaries are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their net assets to us in the form of dividends. In addition, if any of our PRC subsidiaries incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict such subsidiary’s ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. Any limitations on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to transfer funds to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends and otherwise fund and conduct our business. 

Under the Enterprise Income Tax Law, we may be classified as a “Resident Enterprise” of China. Any classification as such will likely result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders.

Under the Enterprise Income Tax Law (“the “EIT Law”), an enterprise established outside of China with “de facto management bodies” within China is considered a “resident enterprise”, meaning that it can be subject to an enterprise income tax, or EIT, rate of 25.0% on its global income. In April 2009, the State Administration of Taxation (the “SAT”) promulgated a circular, known as Circular 82, and partially amended by Circular 9 promulgated in January 2014, to clarify the certain criteria for the determination of the “de facto management bodies” for foreign enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups. Under Circular 82, a foreign enterprise invested by the enterprises or enterprise groups as the major controlling shareholders within the territory of China, and incorporated overseas in accordance with the laws of foreign countries (regions) shall be considered a PRC resident enterprise only if all of the following apply: (1) the senior management and core management departments in charge of daily operations are located mainly within China; (2) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or subject to approval by organizations or personnel in China; (3) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholders’ meeting minutes are located or maintained in China; and (4) 50.0% or more of voting board members or senior executives of the enterprise habitually reside in China. Further to Circular 82, the SAT issued a bulletin, known as Bulletin 45, effective in September 2011 and amended on June 1, 2015, October 1, 2016, and June 15, 2018, to provide more guidance on the implementation of Circular 82 and clarify the reporting and filing obligations of such “Chinese controlled offshore incorporated resident enterprises.” Bulletin 45 provides for, among other matters, procedures for the determination of resident status and administration of post-determination matters. Although Circular 82 and Bulletin 45 explicitly provide that the above standards apply to enterprises that are registered outside China and controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, Circular 82 may reflect the SAT’s criteria for determining the tax residence of foreign enterprises in general.

At the current time, Circular 82 and Bulletin 45 shall not apply to us since our offshore holding entity is not controlled by PRC enterprises or a PRC enterprise group and GFAI’s primary assets are located in Thailand. However, if the PRC tax authorities determine that we are a “resident enterprise” for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, a number of unfavorable PRC tax consequences could follow. First, we may be subject to the enterprise income tax at a rate of 25% on our worldwide taxable income as well as PRC enterprise income tax reporting obligations. In our case, this would mean that income such as non-China source income would be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at a rate of 25%. Second, under the EIT Law and its implementing rules, dividends paid to us from our PRC subsidiaries would be deemed as “qualified investment income between resident enterprises” and therefore qualify as “tax-exempt income” pursuant to the clause 26 of the EIT Law. Finally, it is possible that future guidance issued with respect to the new “resident enterprise” classification could result in a situation in which the dividends we pay with respect to our ordinary shares, or the gain our non-PRC shareholders may realize from the transfer of our ordinary shares, may be treated as PRC-sourced income and may therefore be subject to a 10% PRC withholding tax. As uncertainties exist in the EIT Law and its implementing regulations with respect to the interpretation and identification of PRC-sourced income, and the application and assessment of withholding taxes. If we are required under the EIT Law and its implementing regulations to withhold PRC income tax on dividends payable to our non-PRC shareholders, should there be a determination in the future to pay dividends, or if non-PRC shareholders are required to pay PRC income tax on gains on the transfer of their ordinary shares, our business could be negatively impacted and the value of your investment may be materially reduced. Further, if we were treated as a “resident enterprise” by PRC tax authorities, we would be subject to taxation in both China and such countries in which we have taxable income, and our PRC tax may not be creditable against such other taxes. In addition, we may also be subject to PRC enterprise income tax reporting obligations.

You may be subject to PRC income tax on any gain realized on the transfer of our ordinary shares.

Under the EIT Law and its implementation rules, subject to any applicable tax treaty or similar arrangement between the PRC and your jurisdiction of residence that provides for a different income tax arrangement, PRC withholding tax at the rate of 10.0% is normally applicable to dividends from PRC sources payable to investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises, which do not have an establishment or place of business in China, or which have such establishment or place of business if the relevant income is not effectively connected with the establishment or place of business. Any gain realized on the transfer of shares by such investors is subject to 10.0% PRC income tax if such gain is regarded as income derived from sources within China unless a treaty or similar arrangement otherwise provides. Under the Individual Income Tax Law of the PRC and its implementation rules, gains from PRC sources realized by such investors on the transfer of shares are subject to 20% PRC income tax if such investors carry out the transaction without reasonable business purpose and obtains improper tax gains, subject to any reduction or exemption set forth in applicable tax treaties and PRC laws.

PRC laws and regulations establish certain procedures in connection with certain acquisitions of China-based companies by foreign investors, especially when such investor has a related party relationship with the China-based companies, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions or mergers in China. 

On August 8, 2006, six PRC regulatory authorities, including Ministry of Commerce (the “MOFCOM”), the State Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, the SAT, the Administration for Industry and Commerce (the “SAIC”), China Securities Regulatory Commission (the “CSRC”), and SAFE, jointly issued the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors (the “M&A Rules”), which became effective on September 8, 2006 and were amended in June 2009. The M&A Rules, governing the approval process by which a PRC company may participate in an acquisition of assets or equity interests by foreign investors, requires the PRC parties to make a series of applications and supplemental applications to the government agencies, depending on the structure of the transaction. In some instances, the application process may require presentation of economic data concerning a transaction, including appraisals of the target business and evaluations of the acquirer, which are designed to allow the government to assess the transaction. The regulations also established additional procedures and requirements that are expected to make merger and acquisition activities in China by foreign investors more time consuming and complex, including requirements in some instances that the Ministry of Commerce be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise, or that the approval from the MOFCOM be obtained in circumstances where overseas companies established or controlled by PRC enterprises or residents acquire affiliated domestic companies. The M&A Rules also prohibit a transaction at an acquisition price obviously lower than the appraised value of the business or assets in China and in certain transaction structures, require that consideration must be paid within defined periods, generally not in excess of a year. 

Based on our understanding of the Chinese laws and regulations in effect at the time of this prospectus and as advised by Shihui Partners, our PRC counsel, according to the M&A Rules, with respect to our acquisition of Shenzhen GFAI, Guangzhou GFAI, Beijing Wanjia and InnoAI, we will not be obliged to submit an application to the CSRC for its approval of any of our offerings of Ordinary Shares to foreign investors under the M&A Rules, neither will GFAI, our controlling shareholder or our Chinese subsidiaries be required to obtain approval from the MOFCOM for GFAI’s acquisition of the Chinese subsidiaries with a related party relationship. However, there remains some uncertainties as to how the M&A Rules will be interpreted or implemented, and its opinions summarized above are subject to any new laws, rules and regulations or detailed implementations and interpretations in any form relating to the M&A Rules. We cannot assure you that relevant Chinese government agencies, including the CSRC and the MOFCOM, would reach the same conclusion.

We may grow our business in part by acquiring other companies operating in our industry. Compliance with the requirements of the regulations to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including approval from the Ministry of Commerce, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share.

PRC regulations relating to the establishment of offshore special purpose companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC resident beneficial owners or our PRC subsidiary to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC subsidiary, limit our PRC subsidiary’s ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us, or may otherwise adversely affect us.

In July 2014, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents’ Offshore Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment Through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, to replace the Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Residents’ Financing and Roundtrip Investment Through Offshore Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 75, which ceased to be effective upon the promulgation of SAFE Circular 37. SAFE Circular 37 requires PRC residents (including PRC individuals and PRC corporate entities) to register with SAFE or its local branches in connection with their direct or indirect offshore investment activities. SAFE Circular 37 is applicable to our shareholders who are PRC residents and may be applicable to any offshore acquisitions that we make in the future.

Under SAFE Circular 37, PRC residents who make, or have prior to the implementation of SAFE Circular 37 made, direct or indirect investments in offshore companies, through which the residents can take control of such companies, will be required to register and update such investments with the SAFE or its local branches. In addition, any subsidiary of such companies in China is required to urge the PRC resident shareholders to update their registration with the local branch of SAFE. If any PRC shareholder of such companies fails to make the required registration or to update the previously filed registration, the subsidiary of such companies in China may be prohibited from distributing its profits or the proceeds from any capital reduction, share transfer or liquidation to the companies, and the companies may also be prohibited from making additional capital contributions into its subsidiary in China. On February 13, 2015, the SAFE promulgated a Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Foreign Exchange Administration Policy on Direct Investment, or SAFE Notice 13, which became effective on June 1, 2015. Under SAFE Notice 13, applications for foreign exchange registration of inbound foreign direct investments and outbound overseas direct investments, including those required under SAFE Circular 37, will be filed with qualified banks instead of the SAFE. The qualified banks will directly examine the applications and accept registrations under the supervision of the SAFE.

We cannot assure you that all of our shareholders that may be subject to SAFE regulations have completed all necessary registrations with the local SAFE branch or qualified banks as required by SAFE Circular 37, and we cannot assure you that these individuals may continue to make required filings or updates in a timely manner, or at all. We can provide no assurance that we are or will in the future continue to be informed of identities of all PRC residents holding direct or indirect interest in our company. Any failure or inability by such individuals to comply with the SAFE regulations may subject us to fines or legal sanctions, such as restrictions on our cross-border investment activities or our PRC subsidiary’s ability to distribute dividends to, or obtain foreign exchange-denominated loans from, our company or prevent us from making distributions or paying dividends. As a result, our business operations and our ability to make distributions to you could be materially and adversely affected.

Furthermore, as the interpretation and implementation of these foreign exchange regulations has been constantly evolving, we may be subject to a more stringent review and approval process with respect to our foreign exchange activities, such as remittance of dividends and foreign-currency-denominated borrowings, which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. This may restrict our ability to implement our acquisition strategy and could adversely affect our business and prospects.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and the value of your investment.

The conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies, including U.S. dollars, is based on rates set by the People’s Bank of China. The Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions in China and in the worldwide and by China’s foreign exchange policies, among other things. We cannot assure you that Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future. 

Significant fluctuation of the Renminbi may have a material adverse effect on your investment. For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we would receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert our Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us.

Very limited hedging options are available in China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any material hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure or at all. In addition, our currency exchange may be affected by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency.

The price of our ordinary shares and warrants might fluctuate significantly and if our ordinary shares fall below $1.00 for an extended period, we may not satisfy the continued listing requirements of NASDAQ.

Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) requires listed securities to maintain a minimum bid price of $1.00 per share, and Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A) provides that a failure to meet the minimum bid price requirement exists if the deficiency continues for a period of 30 consecutive business days. On March 9, 2022, we received a written notification from the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Department (the “Notification Letter”) of the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) notifying the Company that, for the last 30 consecutive business days, the closing bid price for the Company’s Ordinary Share has been below the minimum $1.00 per share required for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2).

On April 11, 2022, we received a letter from Nasdaq informing that we regained compliance with the minimum bid price requirement under Nasdaq listing rule 5550(a)(2) for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market. This requirement was met on April 8, 2022, the tenth consecutive trading day when the closing bid price of the Company’s ordinary share was over $1.00.

On May 27, 2022, we received a written notification from the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) notifying the Company that it was not in compliance with the minimum bid price requirement set forth in Nasdaq rules for continued listing on the Nasdaq, and the Company was provided 180 calendar days, or until November 23, 2022, to regain compliance. The Company’s Ordinary Shares have not regained compliance with the minimum $1 bid price per share requirement. However, on November 28, 2022, the Company received a written notification (the “Notification Letter”) from Nasdaq, notifying the Company that it is eligible for an additional 180 calendar day period, or until May 22, 2023, to regain compliance. Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) requires listed securities to maintain a minimum bid price of US$1.00 per share, and Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A) provides that a failure to meet the minimum bid price requirement exists if the deficiency continues for a period of 30 consecutive business days. Based on the closing bid price of the Company’s Ordinary Shares for any consecutive period of 30 business days from May 27, 2022, to November 23, 2022, the Company does not meet the minimum bid price requirement. The Notification Letter does not impact the Company’s listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market currently. In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), the Company has been provided an additional 180 calendar days, or until May 22, 2023, to regain compliance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). To regain compliance, the Company’s Ordinary Shares must have a closing bid price of at least US$1.00 for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days. In the event the Company does not regain compliance by May 22, 2023, the Company may face delisting.

Pursuant to the approval of its board of directors, and the approval of its shareholders at the Company’s extraordinary general meeting held on Tuesday, January 31, 2023, at 11:00 a.m. (Hong Kong standard time), we effected a 1-for-40 consolidation of its ordinary shares. On February 2, 2023, Conyers Trust Company (Cayman) Limited, the Secretary of the Company, filed two certificates certifying the ordinary resolutions passed by the shareholders with the Registrar of Companies of the Cayman Islands. The share consolidation was effective upon passing of the ordinary resolutions on January 31, 2023. The Company’s ordinary shares began trading on the NASDAQ Capital Market on a post-consolidation basis when the market opens on February 10, 2023.

On February 28, 2023, we received a letter from Nasdaq informing that we regained compliance with the minimum bid price requirement under Nasdaq listing rule 5550(a)(2) for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market. This requirement was met on February 28, 2023, the tenth consecutive trading day when the closing bid price of the Company’s ordinary share was over $1.00.

The Company intends to monitor the closing bid price of its ordinary shares and may, if appropriate, consider implementing available options to maintain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement under the Nasdaq Listing Rules. Though we intend to maintain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement, we cannot assure you that the Company will continue to comply with the requirements for continued listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market in the future. If our ordinary shares are delisted from the Nasdaq, the liquidity and value of an investment in our ordinary shares will be materially and adversely affected.

Future issuances of our securities would dilute the interests of existing shareholders.

As of the date of this prospectus, we have 17,808,947 Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding. In addition, we currently have 2,013,759 warrants issued and outstanding, which include: (i) 1,233,023 warrants to purchase 30,825 Ordinary Shares, subject to rounding of fractional warrants and these warrants are exercisable at an exercise price of $4.65   per share with the expiration date of September 28, 2026; (ii) 600,013 warrants to purchase 15,000 Ordinary Shares, subject to rounding of fractional warrants, at an exercise price of $4.65 per share with the expiration date of January 20, 2027; and (iii) 180,723 warrants to purchase 4,518 Ordinary Shares, subject to rounding of fractional warrants, that were issued to the assignee of the representative of the underwriters in our initial public offering with the expiration date of September 28, 2026. 

For the period from July 2, 2024, to the date of this prospectus, the Company issued 7,502,220 Ordinary Shares pursuant to the 2024 ATM offering for gross proceeds of $10,861,671.

On September 3, 2024, we issued 69,445 restricted Ordinary Shares of the Company to Outside the Box Capital Inc. pursuant to a Marketing Services Agreement.

On May 7, 2024, we issued an aggregate number of 288,000 restricted Ordinary Shares under our Amendment No.1 to Guardforce AI Co., Limited 2022 Equity Incentive Plan to the officers and other employees for their service performed in 2023.

On March 4, 2024, we cancelled 1,091 shares returned by the purchasers of Handshake upon the completion of the divestiture. On March 6, 2024, we issued an aggregate number of 120,000 restricted ordinary shares to the three independent directors, representing 60,000 restricted ordinary shares for their service performed in 2023 and 60,000 restricted ordinary shares for their service to be performed in 2024. 

We may determine to issue additional shares in the future. The issuance of a substantial number of shares would have the effect of substantially diluting the interests of our shareholders. In addition, the sale of a substantial number of shares in the public market, either in the initial issuance or in a subsequent resale could have an adverse effect on the market price of our shares.

Future acquisitions or divestitures could materially change our business and materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We plan to focus our efforts on future strategic priorities in pursuing strategic acquisitions and strategic partnerships. Presented with appropriate opportunities, we may acquire businesses or assets that we believe complement our existing business. Any such acquisitions are invariably subject to associated execution risk including issues relating to the integration of new operations and personnel, geographical coordination, retention of key management personnel, systems integration and the integration of corporate cultures. The acquisition and integration could cause the diversion of management’s attention or resources from our existing business or cause a temporary interruption of, or loss of momentum in, our current business. We could also lose key personnel from the acquired companies. There may be unforeseen or unknown liabilities, or we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to offset new costs of any acquisitions and strategic partnerships. The execution of international expansion of our operations exposes us to a number of additional risks including difficulties in staffing and managing overseas operations, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, increased costs associated with maintaining the ability to understand local trends, difficulties and costs relating to compliance with the different commercial, legal and regulatory requirements of the overseas locations in which we operate, failure to develop appropriate risk management and internal control structures tailored to overseas operations, inability to obtain, maintain or enforce intellectual property rights, unanticipated changes in economic conditions and regulatory requirements in overseas operations. These risks associated with strategic repositioning, future acquisitions and strategic partnerships could have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

We have no plans to pay dividends.

To date, we have paid no cash dividends on our shares. For the foreseeable future, earnings generated from our operations will be retained for use in our business and not to pay dividends.

There was no public market for our warrants prior to our initial public offering, and an active market in which investors can resell their shares may not develop.

Our ordinary shares under the symbol “GFAI” and our warrants under the symbol “GFAIW,” both on the Nasdaq Capital Market, commenced trading on September 29, 2021. A liquid public market for our ordinary shares and warrants may not develop notwithstanding the approval for listing of our ordinary shares and warrants on the Nasdaq Capital Market. The initial public offering price for our securities has been determined by negotiation between us and the underwriters based upon several factors, including prevailing market conditions, our historical performance, estimates of our business potential and earnings prospects, and the market valuations of similar companies. The price at which the ordinary shares and warrants are traded may decline below the initial public offering price, meaning that you may experience a decrease in the value of your ordinary shares and warrants regardless of our operating performance or prospects.

The market price of our ordinary shares and warrants may fluctuate, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

The market price of our ordinary shares and warrants may fluctuate significantly in response to several factors, most of which we cannot control, including:

Volatility in the market price of our ordinary shares and warrants may prevent investors from being able to sell their ordinary shares and warrants at or above the initial public offering price. As a result, you may suffer a loss on your investment.

We may not be able to satisfy listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market or obtain or maintain a listing of our ordinary shares and warrants.

Because our ordinary shares and warrants are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, we must meet certain financial and liquidity criteria to maintain such listing. If we violate Nasdaq listing requirements, our ordinary shares and warrants may be delisted. If we fail to meet any of Nasdaq’s listing standards, our ordinary shares and warrants may be delisted. In addition, our board of directors may determine that the cost of maintaining our listing on a national securities exchange outweighs the benefits of such listing. A delisting of our ordinary shares and warrants may materially impair our shareholders’ ability to buy and sell our ordinary shares and warrants and could have an adverse effect on the market price of, and the efficiency of the trading market for, our ordinary shares and warrants. The delisting of our ordinary shares and warrants could significantly impair our ability to raise capital and the value of your investment.

The warrants may not have any value.

The warrants are exercisable for five years from the date of initial issuance. The exercise price of our outstanding public warrants, representative’s warrants and PIPE warrants is US$4.65.

There can be no assurance that the market price of our ordinary shares will ever equal or exceed the exercise price of the warrants. In the event that the stock price of our ordinary shares does not exceed the exercise price of the warrants during the period when the warrants are exercisable, the warrants may not have any value.

Holders of warrants purchased in our initial public offering will have no rights as shareholders until such holders exercise their warrants and acquire our ordinary shares.

Until holders of the warrants purchased in our initial public offering acquire ordinary shares upon exercise thereof, such holders will have no rights with respect to the ordinary shares underlying the warrants. Upon exercise of the warrants, the holders will be entitled to exercise the rights of an ordinary shareholder only as to matters for which the record date occurs after the date they were entered in the register of members of the Company as a shareholder.

We do not expect to declare or pay dividends in the foreseeable future.

We do not expect to declare or pay dividends in the foreseeable future, as we anticipate that we will invest future earnings in the development and growth of our business. Therefore, holders of our Securities will not receive any return on their investment unless they sell their securities, and holders may be unable to sell their securities on favorable terms or at all.

If securities industry analysts do not publish research reports on us, or publish unfavorable reports on us, then the market price and market trading volume of our securities could be negatively affected.

Any trading market for our securities may be influenced in part by any research reports that securities industry analysts publish about us. We do not currently have and may never obtain research coverage by securities industry analysts. If no securities industry analysts commence coverage of us, the market price and market trading volume of our securities could be negatively affected. In the event we are covered by analysts, and one or more of such analysts downgrade our shares, or otherwise reports on us unfavorably, or discontinues coverage of us, the market price and market trading volume of our securities could be negatively affected.

You may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions against us or our management named in the report based on foreign laws.

We are incorporated under the Companies Act of the Cayman Islands. We conduct our operations outside the United States and substantially all of our assets are located outside the United States. In addition, except for one director, all of our other directors and our executive officers and the experts named in this report reside outside the United States, and a significant amount of their assets are located outside the United States. As a result, service of process upon such persons may be difficult or impossible to effect within the United States. Furthermore, because a substantial portion of our assets, and substantially all the assets of our directors and officers are located outside of the United States, any judgment obtained in the United States, including a judgment based upon the civil liability provisions of United States federal securities laws, against us or any of such persons may not be collectible within the United States.

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.

Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including:

We are required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our six-month financial results on a semi-annual basis as press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of Nasdaq Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.

We will be subject to ongoing public reporting requirements that are less rigorous than Exchange Act rules for companies that are not emerging growth companies, and our shareholders could receive less information than they might expect to receive from more mature public companies.

We qualify as an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act. As a result, we will be permitted to, and intend to, rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting. In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to take advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period. Our financial statements may therefore not be comparable to those of companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year during which we have total annual gross revenues of at least $1.235 billion; (ii) the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of the initial public offering; (iii) the date on which we have, during the preceding three year period, issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt; or (iv) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the Exchange Act, which could occur if the market value of our securities that are held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter. Once we cease to be an emerging growth company, we will not be entitled to the exemptions provided in the JOBS Act discussed above.

Because we will be subject to ongoing public reporting requirements that are less rigorous than Exchange Act rules for companies that are not emerging growth companies, our shareholders could receive less information than they might expect to receive from more mature public companies. We cannot predict if investors will find our securities less attractive if we elect to rely on these exemptions, or if taking advantage of these exemptions would result in less active trading or more volatility in the price of our securities.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to rely on exemptions from certain Nasdaq corporate governance standards applicable to domestic U.S. issuers. This may afford less protection to holders of our shares.

We are incorporated in Cayman Islands and our corporate governance practices are governed by applicable Cayman Islands law, our amended and restated memorandum of association and second amended and restated articles of association. In addition, because our Ordinary Shares are listed on Nasdaq, we are subject to Nasdaq’s corporate governance requirements. As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to follow the governance practices of our home country in lieu of certain corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq. As result, the standards applicable to us are considerably different than the standards applied to domestic U.S. issuers. For instance, we are not required to:

We currently follow our home country practice that (i) does not require us to hold an annual meeting of shareholders no later than one year after the end of its fiscal year; (ii) does not require us to seek shareholders’ approval for the establishment of or any material amendments to our equity compensation plans in lieu of the corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(c) with respect to shareholder approval; (iii) does not require us to have a nominating/corporate governance committee consisting entirely of independent directors, or a written nominating/corporate governance committee charter that meets the requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market; and (iv) does not require us to have a compensation committee composed entirely of independent directors, or a written compensation committee charter that meets the requirements of Nasdaq. Consequently, we are exempt from independent director requirements of Rule 5605 (d) and (e) of Nasdaq Capital Market listing standards, except for the requirements under subsection (b)(2) thereof pertaining to executive sessions of independent directors and those under subsection (c) thereof pertaining to the Audit Committee; (v) does not require shareholder approval prior to the issuance of securities in connection with the acquisition of the stock or assets of another company in certain circumstances; (vi) does not require us to seek shareholders’ approval of any issuance of securities in connection with a transaction other than a public offering where such transaction involves the issuance of securities representing more than 20% of or more of the voting power outstanding before the issuance at a price lower than the “Minimum Price”, in lieu of the corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(d) with respect to shareholder approval; and (vii) does not require us to seek shareholders’ approval for the issuance of securities to external consultants, in lieu of the corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(c) with respect to shareholder approval. As a result, our shareholders may not be provided with the benefits of certain corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq. Our Cayman counsel, Conyers Dill & Pearman, has provided relevant letters to Nasdaq certifying that under Cayman Islands law, we are not required to seek shareholders’ approval in the above circumstances.

In addition, Conyers Dill & Pearman, our Cayman Counsel, has provided a letter to NASDAQ certifying that under Cayman Islands law, we are not required to hold annual shareholders’ meetings. In the fiscal year 2024, we followed the home country practice and did not hold an annual meeting of shareholders.

Future issuances of our ordinary shares or securities convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, our ordinary shares, or the expiration of lock-up agreements that restrict the issuance of new ordinary shares or the trading of outstanding ordinary shares, could cause the market price of our Securities to decline and would result in the dilution of your holdings.

Future issuances of our ordinary shares or securities convertible into, or exercisable or exchangeable for, our ordinary shares, or the expiration of lock-up agreements that restrict the issuance of new ordinary shares or the trading of outstanding ordinary shares, could cause the market price of our Securities to decline. We cannot predict the effect, if any, of future issuances of our Securities, or the future expirations of lock-up agreements, on the price of our Securities. In all events, future issuances of our Securities would result in the dilution of your holdings. In addition, the perception that new issuances of our Securities could occur, or the perception that locked-up parties will sell their securities when the lockups expire, could adversely affect the market price of our Securities. In connection with our initial public offering, we entered into a lock-up agreement that prevents us, subject to certain exceptions, from offering additional shares for up to 180 days after the closing of the initial public offering. In addition to any adverse effects that may arise upon the expiration of these lock-up agreements, the lock-up provisions in these agreements may be waived, at any time and without notice. If the restrictions under the lock-up agreements are waived, our Securities may become available for resale, subject to applicable law, including without notice, which could reduce the market price for our securities.

Future issuances of debt securities, which would rank senior to our ordinary shares upon our bankruptcy or liquidation, and future issuances of preferred shares, which could rank senior to our ordinary shares for the purposes of dividends and liquidating distributions, may adversely affect the level of return you may be able to achieve from an investment in our securities.

In the future, we may attempt to increase our capital resources by offering debt securities. Upon bankruptcy or liquidation, holders of our debt securities, and lenders with respect to other borrowings we may make, would receive distributions of our available assets prior to any distributions being made to holders of our ordinary shares. Moreover, if we issue preferred shares, the holders of such preferred shares could be entitled to preferences over holders of ordinary shares in respect of the payment of dividends and the payment of liquidating distributions. Because our decision to issue debt or preferred shares in any future offering, or borrow money from lenders, will depend in part on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of any such future offerings or borrowings. Holders of our Securities must bear the risk that any future offerings we conduct or borrowings we make may adversely affect the level of return, if any, they may be able to achieve from an investment in our Securities. 

 Based on the expected composition of our income and assets and the value of our assets, including goodwill, we do not expect to be a PFIC for our current taxable year. However, the proper application of the PFIC rules to a company with a business such as ours is not entirely clear. Because the proper characterization of certain components of our income and assets is not entirely clear, because we hold a substantial amount of cash following our initial public offering, and because our PFIC status for any taxable year will depend on the composition of our income and assets and the value of our assets from time to time (which may be determined, in part, by reference to the market price of our shares, which could be volatile), there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for our current taxable year or any future taxable year.

If we were a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. investor holds shares, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to such U.S. investor.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains or incorporates forward-looking statements within the meaning of section 27A of the Securities Act and section 21E of the Exchange Act. These forward-looking statements are management’s beliefs and assumptions. In addition, other written or oral statements that constitute forward-looking statements are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about the industry and markets in which we operate and statements may be made by or on our behalf. Words such as “should,” “could,” “may,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “seek,” “estimate,” variations of such words and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict. There are a number of important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements.

We describe material risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could affect our business, including our financial condition and results of operations, under “Risk Factors” and may update our descriptions of such risks, uncertainties and assumptions in any prospectus supplement. We base our forward-looking statements on our management’s beliefs and assumptions based on information available to our management at the time the statements are made. We caution you that actual outcomes and results may differ materially from what is expressed, implied or forecast by our forward-looking statements. Accordingly, you should be careful about relying on any forward-looking statements. Reference is made in particular to forward-looking statements regarding growth strategies, financial results, product and service development, competitive strengths, intellectual property rights, litigation, mergers and acquisitions, market acceptance or continued acceptance of our services, accounting estimates, financing activities, ongoing contractual obligations and sales efforts. Except as required under the federal securities laws, the rules and regulations of the SEC, stock exchange rules, and other applicable laws, regulations and rules, we do not have any intention or obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements after the distribution of this prospectus, whether as a result of new information, future events, changes in assumptions, or otherwise.

USE OF PROCEEDS

Except as described in any prospectus supplement and any free writing prospectus in connection with a specific offering, we currently intend to use the net proceeds from the sale of the securities offered by us under this prospectus to advance our AI and robotics research and development initiatives, drive business expansion, enhance corporate operations, strategically acquire talent, and maintain sufficient working capital to support our growth objectives. 

We may also use a portion of the net proceeds for business acquisitions, acquire or invest in technologies and general working capital that we believe will enhance the value of our Company. Depending on future events and others changes in the business climate, we may determine at a later time to use the net proceeds for different purposes. As a result, our management will have broad discretion in the allocation of the net proceeds and investors will be relying on the judgment of our management regarding the application of the proceeds of any sale of the securities. Additional information on the use of net proceeds from the sale of securities covered by this prospectus may be set forth in the prospectus supplement relating to the specific offering.

CAPITALIZATION AND INDEBTEDNESS

Our capitalization and indebtedness will be set forth in a prospectus supplement to this prospectus or in a report of foreign private issuer on Form 6-K subsequently furnished to the SEC and specifically incorporated herein by reference.

DESCRIPTION OF SHARE CAPITAL

We are a Cayman Islands exempted company with limited liability and our affairs are governed by our amended and restated memorandum of association and second amended and restated articles of association and the Companies Act.

We were incorporated in the Cayman Islands on April 20, 2018 under the Companies Act. Pursuant to the approval of our board of directors, and the approval of our shareholders at the Company’s extraordinary general meeting held on Tuesday, January 31, 2023 at 11:00 a.m. (Hong Kong standard time), we effected a 1-for-40 consolidation of our Ordinary Shares. On February 2, 2023, Conyers Trust Company (Cayman) Limited, the Secretary of the Company, filed two certificates certifying the ordinary resolutions passed by the shareholders with the Registrar of Companies of the Cayman Islands. The share consolidation was effective upon passing of the ordinary resolutions on January 31, 2023. The Company’s Ordinary Shares began trading on the NASDAQ Capital Market on a post-consolidation basis when the market opens on February 10, 2023. The share consolidation resulted in every forty (40) of our issued and unissued Ordinary Shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.003 each being automatically consolidated into one (1) Ordinary Share of a nominal or par value of US$0.12 each. Immediately following the share consolidation, the shareholders approved an increase of the authorized share capital of the Company from US$900,000 divided into 7,500,000 shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.12 each, to US$36,000,000 divided into 300,000,000 shares of a nominal or par value of US$0.12 each, which may be issued from time to time at the discretion of the Board of Directors without shareholder approval.

As of the date of this prospectus, there were 17,808,947 Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding. In addition, we currently have 2,013,759 warrants issued and outstanding, which include: (i) 1,233,023 warrants to purchase 30,825 Ordinary Shares, subject to rounding of fractional warrants and these warrants are exercisable at an exercise price of $4.65 per share with the expiration date of September 28, 2026; (ii) 600,013 warrants to purchase 15,000 Ordinary Shares, subject to rounding of fractional warrants, at an exercise price of $4.65 per share with the expiration date of January 20, 2027; and (iii) 180,723 warrants to purchase 4,518 Ordinary Shares, subject to rounding of fractional warrants, that were issued to the assignee of the representative of the underwriters in our initial public offering with the expiration date of September 28, 2026. 

The following are summaries of material provisions of our amended and restated memorandum of association and second amended and restated articles of association and the Companies Act insofar as they relate to the material terms of our Ordinary Shares.

Exempted Company

We are an exempted company incorporated with limited liability under the Companies Act. The Companies Act distinguishes between ordinary resident companies and exempted companies. Any company that is registered in the Cayman Islands but conducts business mainly outside of the Cayman Islands may apply to be registered as an exempted company. The requirements for an exempted company are essentially the same as for an ordinary resident company except for the exemptions and privileges listed below:

Share Capital

General

All of our issued and outstanding Ordinary Shares are fully paid and non-assessable. Our Ordinary Shares are issued in registered form and are issued when registered in our register of members. We may not issue shares to bearer. Our shareholders, who are non-residents of the Cayman Islands, may freely hold and vote their Ordinary Shares.

Dividends

The holders of our Ordinary Shares are entitled to receive such dividends as may be declared by our board of directors subject to our amended and restated memorandum of association and second amended and restated articles of association and the Companies Act. Under Cayman Islands law, our company may pay a dividend out of either profits or share premium account in accordance with the Companies Act, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid out of the share premium account if this would result in our company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business.

Register of Members

Under Cayman Islands law, we must keep a register of members and there must be entered therein:

Under Cayman Islands law, the register of members of our company is prima facie evidence of any matters directed or authorized by the Companies Act to be inserted therein (i.e. the register of members will raise a presumption of fact on the matters referred to above unless rebutted) and a member registered in the register of members will be deemed as a matter of Cayman Islands law to have legal title to the shares as set against its name in the register of members.

If the name of any person is, without sufficient cause, entered in or omitted from the register of members, or if default is made or unnecessary delay takes place in entering on the register the fact of any person having ceased to be a member, the person or member aggrieved or any member or our company itself may apply to the Cayman Islands Grand Court for an order that the register be rectified, and the Court may either refuse such application or it may, if satisfied of the justice of the case, make an order for the rectification of the register.

Voting Rights

Holders of our Ordinary Shares have the right to receive notice of, attend, speak and vote at general meetings of our Company. At any general meeting a resolution put to the vote of the meeting shall be decided on a poll save that in certain circumstances the chairman of the meeting may in good faith, allow a resolution which relates purely to a procedural or administrative matter to be voted on by a show of hands. An ordinary resolution to be passed by the shareholders requires the affirmative vote of a simple majority of the votes attaching to the Ordinary Shares cast in a general meeting, while a special resolution requires the affirmative vote of no less than two-thirds of the votes attaching to the Ordinary Shares cast in a general meeting. Both ordinary resolutions and special resolutions may also be passed by a unanimous written resolution signed by all the shareholders of our company, as permitted by the Companies Act and our amended and restated memorandum of association and second amended and restated articles of association. A special resolution will be required for important matters such as a change of name or making changes to our amended and restated memorandum of association and second amended and restated articles of association.

General Meetings and Shareholder Proposals

As a Cayman Islands exempted company, we are not obliged by the Companies Act to call shareholders’ annual general meetings. Our amended and restated memorandum of association and second amended and restated articles of association provide that we may (but are not obliged to) in each year hold a general meeting as our annual general meeting, and the annual general meeting will be held at such time and place as may be determined by our directors. All general meetings (including an annual general meeting, any adjourned general meeting or postponed meeting) may be held as a physical meeting at such times and in any part of the world and at one or more locations, as a hybrid meeting or as an electronic meeting, as may be determined by our board of directors in its absolute discretion.

Shareholders’ general meetings may be convened by our board of directors. The Companies Act provides shareholders with only limited rights to requisition a general meeting and does not provide shareholders with any right to put any proposal before a general meeting. However, these rights may be provided in a company’s articles of association. Our articles of association provides that only a majority of the Board or the Chairman of the Board may call general meetings, which general meetings shall be held at such times and locations as such person or persons shall determine.

A quorum required for any general meeting of shareholders consists of two shareholders present in person or by proxy representing not less than one-third of the votes attached to the then issued share capital of the Company throughout the meeting. Advance notice of at least ten clear calendar days is required for the convening of any general meeting of our shareholders.

We are incorporated in Cayman Islands and our corporate governance practices are governed by applicable Cayman Islands law, our amended and restated memorandum of association and second amended and restated articles of association. In addition, because our Ordinary Shares are listed on NASDAQ, we are subject to NASDAQ’s corporate governance requirements.

NASDAQ Listing Rule 5615(a)(3) permits a foreign private issuer like us to follow home country practices in lieu of certain requirements of Listing Rule 5600, provided that such foreign private issuer discloses in its annual report filed with the SEC each requirement of Rule 5600 that it does not follow and describes the home country practice followed in lieu of such requirement.

Our Cayman Counsel, Conyers Dill & Pearman has provided a letter to NASDAQ certifying that under Cayman Islands law, we are not required to hold annual shareholders’ meetings. In the fiscal year 2024, we followed the home country practice and did not hold an annual meeting of shareholders.

Transfer of Ordinary Shares

Subject to the restrictions in our amended and restated memorandum of association and second amended and restated articles of association as set out below, any of our shareholders may transfer all or any of his or her Ordinary Shares by an instrument of transfer in the usual or common form or in a form designated by the relevant stock exchange or any other form approved by our board of directors.

Our board of directors may, in its absolute discretion, decline to register any transfer of any Ordinary Share which is not fully paid up or on which we have a lien or in accordance with our articles of association. Our board of directors may also decline to register any transfer of any Ordinary Share unless:

If our directors refuse to register a transfer they are obligated to, within three months after the date on which the instrument of transfer was lodged, send to the transferor and transferee notice of such refusal.

The transferor of any Ordinary Shares shall be deemed to remain the holder of that share until the name of the transferee is entered in the register of members.

The registration of transfers may, after compliance with any notice required in accordance with the rules of the relevant stock exchange, be suspended at such times and for such periods as our board of directors may from time to time determine; provided, however, that the registration of transfers shall not be suspended for more than 30 days in any year.

Liquidation

On the winding up of our Company, if the assets available for distribution amongst our shareholders shall be more than sufficient to repay the whole of the capital paid-up at the commencement of the winding up, the surplus shall be distributed amongst our shareholders in proportion to the capital paid up at the commencement of the winding up, subject to a deduction from those shares in respect of which there are monies due, of all monies payable to our company for unpaid calls or otherwise. If our assets available for distribution are insufficient to repay all of the paid-up capital, the assets will be distributed so that the losses are borne by our shareholders in proportion to the capital paid-up. We are an exempted company with “limited liability” incorporated under the Companies Act, and under the Companies Act, the liability of our members is limited to the amount, if any, unpaid on the shares respectively held by them. Our Memorandum of Association contains a declaration that the liability of our members is so limited.

Calls on Ordinary Shares and Forfeiture of Ordinary Shares

Our board of directors may from time to time make calls upon shareholders for any amounts unpaid on their Ordinary Shares in a notice served to such shareholders at least fourteen days prior to the specified time and place of payment. The ordinary shares that have been called upon and remain unpaid on the specified time are subject to forfeiture.

Redemption, Repurchase and Surrender of Ordinary Shares

We may issue shares on terms that such shares are subject to redemption, at our option or at the option of the holders thereof. Our Company may also repurchase any of our Ordinary Shares provided that the manner and terms of such purchase have been approved by our board of directors and agreed with the relevant member. Under the Companies Act, the redemption or repurchase of any share may be paid out of our company’s profits or out of the proceeds of a fresh issue of shares made for the purpose of such redemption or repurchase, or out of the share premium account. Redemption or repurchase of any share may also be paid out of capital if the Company can, immediately following such payment, pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. In addition, under the Companies Act no such share may be redeemed or repurchased (a) unless it is fully paid up, (b) if such redemption or repurchase would result in there being no shares outstanding other than treasury shares, or (c) if the company has commenced liquidation. In addition, our company may accept the surrender of any fully paid share for no consideration.

Variations of Rights of Shares

If at any time our share capital is divided into different classes of shares, the rights attached to any class of shares may, unless otherwise provided by the terms of issue of the shares of that class, be varied with the written consent of the holders of two-thirds of the issued shares of that class or with the sanction of a resolution passed by a majority of not less than two thirds of the votes cast at a separate general meeting of the holders of the shares of that class.

Inspection of Books and Records

Holders of our Ordinary Shares will have no general right under Cayman Islands law to inspect or obtain copies of our list of shareholders or our corporate records. However, we will provide our shareholders with annual audited financial statements. See “Where You Can Find More Information.”

Changes in Capital

Our shareholders may from time to time by ordinary resolution:

Our shareholders may by special resolution, subject to confirmation by the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands on an application by our company for an order confirming such reduction, reduce our share capital or any capital redemption reserve in any manner permitted by law.

DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES

The following is a summary of the general terms of the debt securities that we may issue and is not intended to be complete. If debt securities are issued, we will describe in the applicable prospectus supplement the particular terms and provisions of any series of the debt securities and a description of how the general terms and provisions described below may apply to that series of the debt securities. The terms presented here, together with the terms in a related prospectus supplement, will be a description of the material terms of the debt securities. You should also read the indenture under which the debt securities are to be issued. We have filed a form of indenture governing different types of debt securities with the SEC as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. All capitalized terms have the meanings specified in the indenture.

We may issue, from time to time, debt securities, in one or more series, that will consist of senior debt, senior subordinated debt or subordinated debt. We refer to the subordinated debt securities and the senior subordinated debt securities together as the subordinated securities. The debt securities that we may offer will be issued under an indenture between us and an entity, identified in the applicable prospectus supplement, as trustee. Debt securities, whether senior, senior subordinated or subordinated, may be issued as convertible debt securities or exchangeable debt securities. The following is a summary of the material provisions of the indenture filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.

As you read this section, please remember that for each series of debt securities, the specific terms of your debt security as described in the applicable prospectus supplement will supplement and, if applicable, may modify or replace the general terms described in the summary below. The statement we make in this section may not apply to your debt security. Prospective investors should rely on information in the applicable prospectus supplement and not on the following information to the extent that the information in such prospectus supplement is different from the following information.

General Terms of the Indenture

The indenture does not limit the amount of debt securities that we may issue. It provides that we may issue debt securities up to the principal amount that we may authorize and may be in any currency or currency unit that we may designate. We may, without the consent of the holders of any series, increase the principal amount of securities in that series in the future, on the same terms and conditions and with the same CUSIP numbers as that series. Except for the limitations on consolidation, merger and sale of all or substantially all of our assets contained in the indenture, the terms of the indenture do not contain any covenants or other provisions designed to give holders of any debt securities protection against changes in our operations, financial condition or transactions involving us.

We may issue the debt securities issued under the indenture as “discount securities,” which means they may be sold at a discount below their stated principal amount. These debt securities, as well as other debt securities that are not issued at a discount, may be issued with “original issue discount”, or OID, for U.S. federal income tax purposes because of interest payment and other characteristics. Material U.S. federal income tax considerations applicable to debt securities issued with original issue discount will be described in more detail in any applicable prospectus supplement.

The applicable prospectus supplement for a series of debt securities that we issue will describe, among other things, the following terms of the offered debt securities:

The applicable prospectus supplement will present material U.S. federal income tax considerations for holders of any debt securities and the securities exchange or quotation system on which any debt securities are to be listed or quoted.

Senior Debt Securities

Payment of the principal of, premium and interest, if any, on senior debt securities will rank on a parity with all of our other secured/unsecured and unsubordinated debt.

Senior Subordinated Debt Securities

Payment of the principal of, premium and interest, if any, on senior subordinated debt securities will be junior in right of payment to the prior payment in full of all of our unsubordinated debt, including senior debt securities and any credit facility. We will state in the applicable prospectus supplement relating to any senior subordinated debt securities the subordination terms of the securities as well as the aggregate amount of outstanding debt, as of the most recent practicable date, that by its terms would be senior to the senior subordinated debt securities. We will also state in such prospectus supplement limitations, if any, on issuance of additional senior debt.

Subordinated Debt Securities

Payment of the principal of, premium and interest, if any, on subordinated debt securities will be subordinated and junior in right of payment to the prior payment in full of all of our senior debt, including our senior debt securities and senior subordinated debt securities. We will state in the applicable prospectus supplement relating to any subordinated debt securities the subordination terms of the securities as well as the aggregate amount of outstanding indebtedness, as of the most recent practicable date, that by its terms would be senior to the subordinated debt securities. We will also state in such prospectus supplement limitations, if any, on issuance of additional senior indebtedness.

Conversion or Exchange Rights

Debt securities may be convertible into or exchangeable for other securities being registered in this registration statement, including, for example, shares of our equity securities. The terms and conditions of conversion or exchange will be stated in the applicable prospectus supplement. The terms will include, among others, the following:

Consolidation, Merger or Sale

We cannot consolidate or merge with or into, or transfer or lease all or substantially all of our assets to, any person, and we cannot permit any other person to consolidate with or merge into us, unless (1) we will be the continuing corporation or (2) the successor corporation or person to which our assets are transferred or leased is a corporation organized under the laws of the United States, any state of the United States or the District of Columbia and it expressly assumes our obligations under the debt securities and the indenture. In addition, we cannot complete such a transaction unless immediately after completing the transaction, no event of default under the indenture, and no event which, after notice or lapse of time or both, would become an event of default under the indenture, shall have occurred and be continuing. When the person to whom our assets are transferred or leased has assumed our obligations under the debt securities and the indenture, we shall be discharged from all our obligations under the debt securities and the indenture except in limited circumstances.

This covenant would not apply to any recapitalization transaction, a change of control of us or a highly leveraged transaction, unless the transaction or change of control were structured to include a merger or consolidation or transfer or lease of all or substantially all of our assets.

Events of Default

The term “Event of Default,” when used in the indenture, unless otherwise indicated, means any of the following:

An Event of Default for a particular series of debt securities does not necessarily constitute an Event of Default for any other series of debt securities issued under the indenture.

If an Event of Default with respect to any series of senior debt securities occurs and is continuing, then either the trustee for such series or the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of such series, by notice in writing, may declare the principal amount of and interest on all of the debt securities of such series to be due and payable immediately; provided, however, unless otherwise provided in the applicable prospectus supplement, if such an Event of Default occurs and is continuing with respect to more than one series of senior debt securities under the indenture, the trustee for such series or the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of all such series of senior debt securities of equal ranking (or, if any of such senior debt securities are discount securities, such portion of the principal amount as may be specified in the terms of that series), voting as one class, may make such declaration of acceleration as to all series of such equal ranking and not the holders of the debt securities of any one of such series of senior debt securities.

If an Event of Default with respect to any series of subordinated securities occurs and is continuing, then either the trustee for such series or the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of such series, by notice in writing, may declare the principal amount of and interest on all of the debt securities of such series to be due and payable immediately; provided, however, unless otherwise provided in the applicable prospectus supplement, if such an Event of Default occurs and is continuing with respect to more than one series of subordinated securities under the indenture, the trustee for such series or the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of all such series of subordinated securities of equal ranking (or, if any of such subordinated securities are discount securities, such portion of the principal amount as may be specified in the terms of that series), voting as one class, may make such declaration of acceleration as to all series of equal ranking and not the holders of the debt securities of any one of such series of subordinated securities. The holders of not less than a majority in aggregate principal amount of the debt securities of all affected series of equal ranking may, after satisfying certain conditions, rescind and annul any of the above-described declarations and consequences involving such series.

If an Event of Default relating to events in bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization of us occurs and is continuing, then the principal amount of all of the debt securities outstanding, and any accrued interest, will automatically become due and payable immediately, without any declaration or other act by the trustee or any holder.

The indenture imposes limitations on suits brought by holders of debt securities against us. Except for actions for payment of overdue principal or interest, no holder of debt securities of any series may institute any action against us under the indenture unless:

We will be required to file annually with the trustee a certificate, signed by one of our officers, stating whether or not the officer knows of any default by us in the performance, observance or fulfillment of any condition or covenant of the indenture.

Registered Global Securities and Book Entry System

The debt securities of a series may be issued in whole or in part in book-entry form and may be represented by one or more fully registered global securities or in unregistered form with or without coupons. We will deposit any registered global securities with a depositary or with a nominee for a depositary identified in the applicable prospectus supplement and registered in the name of such depositary or nominee. In such case, we will issue one or more registered global securities denominated in an amount equal to the aggregate principal amount of all of the debt securities of the series to be issued and represented by such registered global security or securities. This means that we will not issue certificates to each holder.

Unless and until it is exchanged in whole or in part for debt securities in definitive registered form, a registered global security may not be transferred except as a whole:

The prospectus supplement relating to a series of debt securities will describe the specific terms of the depositary arrangement involving any portion of the series represented by a registered global security. We anticipate that the following provisions will apply to all depositary arrangements for registered debt securities:

The laws of some states may require that specified purchasers of securities take physical delivery of the securities in definitive form. These laws may limit the ability of those persons to own, transfer or pledge beneficial interests in registered global securities.

So long as the depositary for a registered global security, or its nominee, is the registered owner of such registered global security, the depositary or such nominee, as the case may be, will be considered the sole owner or holder of the debt securities represented by the registered global security for all purposes under the indenture. Except as stated below, owners of beneficial interests in a registered global security:

Accordingly, each person owning a beneficial interest in a registered global security must rely on the procedures of the depositary for the registered global security and, if the person is not a participant, on the procedures of a participant through which the person owns its interest, to exercise any rights of a holder under the indenture.

We understand that under existing industry practices, if we request any action of holders or if an owner of a beneficial interest in a registered global security desires to give or take any action that a holder is entitled to give or take under the indenture, the depositary for the registered global security would authorize the participants holding the relevant beneficial interests to give or take the action, and the participants would authorize beneficial owners owning through the participants to give or take the action or would otherwise act upon the instructions of beneficial owners holding through them.

We will make payments of principal and premium, if any, and interest, if any, on debt securities represented by a registered global security registered in the name of a depositary or its nominee to the depositary or its nominee, as the case may be, as the registered owners of the registered global security. None of us, the trustee or any other agent of ours or the trustee will be responsible or liable for any aspect of the records relating to, or payments made on account of, beneficial ownership interests in the registered global security or for maintaining, supervising or reviewing any records relating to the beneficial ownership interests.

We expect that the depositary for any debt securities represented by a registered global security, upon receipt of any payments of principal and premium, if any, and interest, if any, in respect of the registered global security, will immediately credit participants’ accounts with payments in amounts proportionate to their respective beneficial interests in the registered global security as shown on the records of the depositary. We also expect that standing customer instructions and customary practices will govern payments by participants to owners of beneficial interests in the registered global security held through the participants, as is now the case with the securities held for the accounts of customers in bearer form or registered in “street name.” We also expect that any of these payments will be the responsibility of the participants.

If the depositary for any debt securities represented by a registered global security is at any time unwilling or unable to continue as depositary or stops being a clearing agency registered under the Exchange Act, we will appoint an eligible successor depositary. If we fail to appoint an eligible successor depositary within 90 days, we will issue the debt securities in definitive form in exchange for the registered global security. In addition, we may at any time and in our sole discretion decide not to have any of the debt securities of a series represented by one or more registered global securities. In that event, we will issue debt securities of the series in a definitive form in exchange for all of the registered global securities representing the debt securities. The trustee will register any debt securities issued in definitive form in exchange for a registered global security in the name or names as the depositary, based upon instructions from its participants, who shall instruct the trustee.

We may also issue bearer debt securities of a series in the form of one or more global securities, referred to as “bearer global securities.” The prospectus supplement relating to a series of debt securities represented by a bearer global security will describe the applicable terms and procedures. These will include the specific terms of the depositary arrangement and any specific procedures for the issuance of debt securities in definitive form in exchange for a bearer global security, in proportion to the series represented by a bearer global security.

Discharge, Defeasance and Covenant Defeasance

We can discharge or decrease our obligations under the indenture as stated below.

We may discharge obligations to holders of any series of debt securities that have not already been delivered to the trustee for cancellation and that have either become due and payable or are by their terms to become due and payable, or are scheduled for redemption, within sixty (60) days. We may effect a discharge by irrevocably depositing with the trustee cash or U.S. government obligations, as trust funds, in an amount certified to be enough to pay when due, whether at maturity, upon redemption or otherwise, the principal of, premium and interest, if any, on the debt securities and any mandatory sinking fund payments.

Unless otherwise provided in the applicable prospectus supplement, we may also discharge any and all of our obligations to holders of any series of debt securities at any time, which we refer to as defeasance. We may also be released from the obligations imposed by any covenants of any outstanding series of debt securities and provisions of the indenture, and we may omit to comply with those covenants without creating an event of default under the trust declaration, which we refer to as covenant defeasance. We may effect defeasance and covenant defeasance only if, among other things:

In the case of a defeasance by us, the opinion we deliver must be based on a ruling of the Internal Revenue Service issued, or a change in U.S. federal income tax law occurring, after the date of the indenture, since such a result would not occur under the U.S. federal income tax laws in effect on such date.

Although we may discharge or decrease our obligations under the indenture as described in the two preceding paragraphs, we may not avoid, among other things, our duty to register the transfer or exchange of any series of debt securities, to replace any temporary, mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen series of debt securities or to maintain an office or agency in respect of any series of debt securities.

Modification of the Indenture

The indenture provides that we and the trustee may enter into supplemental indentures without the consent of the holders of debt securities to:

The indenture also provides that we and the trustee may, with the consent of the holders of not less than a majority in aggregate principal amount of debt securities of all series of senior debt securities or of Subordinated Securities of equal ranking, as the case may be, then outstanding and affected, voting as one class, add any provisions to, or change in any manner, eliminate or modify in any way the provisions of, the indenture or modify in any manner the rights of the holders of the debt securities. We and the trustee may not, however, without the consent of the holder of each outstanding debt security affected thereby:

The indenture provides that the holders of not less than a majority in aggregate principal amount of the then outstanding debt securities of any and all affected series of equal ranking, by notice to the relevant trustee, may on behalf of the holders of the debt securities of any and all such series of equal ranking waive any default and its consequences under the indenture except:

Concerning the Trustee

The indenture provides that there may be more than one trustee under the indenture, each for one or more series of debt securities. If there are different trustees for different series of debt securities, each trustee will be a trustee of a trust under the indenture separate and apart from the trust administered by any other trustee under that indenture.

Except as otherwise indicated in this prospectus or any prospectus supplement, any action permitted to be taken by a trustee may be taken by such trustee only on the one or more series of debt securities for which it is the trustee under the indenture. Any trustee under the indenture may resign or be removed from one or more series of debt securities. All payments of principal of, premium and interest, if any, on, and all registration, transfer, exchange, authentication and delivery of, the debt securities of a series will be effected by the trustee for that series at an office designated by the trustee.

If the trustee becomes a creditor of ours, the indenture places limitations on the right of the trustee to obtain payment of claims or to realize on property received in respect of any such claim as security or otherwise. The trustee may engage in other transactions. If it acquires any conflicting interest relating to any duties concerning the debt securities, however, it must eliminate the conflict or resign as trustee.

The holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of any and all affected series of debt securities of equal ranking then outstanding will have the right to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for exercising any remedy available to the trustee concerning the applicable series of debt securities, provided that the direction:

The indenture provides that in case an Event of Default shall occur, not be cured and be known to any trustee, the trustee must use the same degree of care as a prudent person would use in the conduct of his or her own affairs in the exercise of the trustee’s power. The trustee will be under no obligation to exercise any of its rights or powers under the indenture at the request of any of the holders of the debt securities, unless they shall have offered to the trustee security and indemnity satisfactory to the trustee.

No Individual Liability of Incorporators, Stockholders, Officers or Directors

No recourse under or upon any obligation, covenant or agreement of this Indenture, or of any debt security thereunder, or for any claim based thereon or otherwise in respect thereof, shall be had against any incorporator, stockholder, officer or director, as such, past, present or future, of the Company or of any successor corporation, either directly or through the Company, whether by virtue of any constitution, statute or rule of law, or by the enforcement of any assessment or penalty or otherwise; it being expressly understood that this Indenture and the obligations issued hereunder are solely corporate obligations of the Company, and that no such personal liability whatever shall attach to, or is or shall be incurred by, the incorporators, stockholders, officers or directors, as such, of the Company or of any successor corporation, or any of them.

Governing Law

The indenture and the debt securities will be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of New York.

DESCRIPTION OF WARRANTS

We may issue warrants for the purchase of our Ordinary Shares and/or debt securities in one or more series. Warrants may be issued independently or together with any other securities that may be sold by us pursuant to this prospectus or any combination of the foregoing and may be attached to, or separate from, such securities. To the extent warrants that we issue are to be publicly-traded, each series of such warrants will be issued under a separate warrant agreement to be entered into between us and a warrant agent. While the terms we have summarized below will apply generally to any warrants that we may offer under this prospectus, we will describe in particular the terms of any series of warrants that we may offer in more detail in the applicable prospectus supplement and any applicable free writing prospectus. The terms of any warrants offered under a prospectus supplement may differ from the terms described below. Each series of warrants will be issued under a warrant agreement all as set forth in the prospectus supplement. The applicable prospectus supplement or term sheet will describe the terms of the warrants offered thereby, any warrant agreement relating to such warrants and the warrant certificates, including but not limited to the following:

Prior to the exercise of any warrants, holders of such warrants will not have any rights of holders of the securities purchasable upon such exercise, including the right to receive payments of dividends or the right to vote such underlying securities. Prospective purchasers of warrants should be aware that material U.S. federal income tax, accounting and other considerations may be applicable to instruments such as warrants.

Exercise of Warrants

Each warrant will entitle the holder of warrants to purchase the number of Ordinary Shares, or debt securities of the relevant class or series at the exercise price stated or determinable in the prospectus supplement for the warrants. Warrants may be exercised at any time up to the close of business on the expiration date shown in the applicable prospectus supplement, unless otherwise specified in such prospectus supplement. After the close of business on the expiration date, if applicable, unexercised warrants will become void. Warrants may be exercised in the manner described in the applicable prospectus supplement. When the warrant holder makes the payment and properly completes and signs the warrant certificate at the corporate trust office of the warrant agent, if any, or any other office indicated in the prospectus supplement, we will, as soon as possible, forward the securities or other rights that the warrant holder has purchased. If the warrant holder exercises less than all of the warrants represented by the warrant certificate, we will issue a new warrant certificate for the remaining warrants. If we so indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement, holders of the warrants may surrender securities as all or part of the exercise price for warrants.

Prior to the exercise of any warrants to purchase Ordinary Shares of the relevant class or series, holders of the warrants will not have any of the rights of holders of Ordinary Shares purchasable upon exercise, including the right to vote or to receive any payments of dividends or payments upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up on the Ordinary Shares purchasable upon exercise, if any.

DESCRIPTION OF RIGHTS

We may issue rights to purchase our Ordinary Shares, debt securities or other securities. Rights may be issued independently or together with any other offered security and may or may not be transferable by the person purchasing or receiving the rights. In connection with any rights offering, we may enter into a standby underwriting or other arrangement with one or more underwriters or other persons pursuant to which such underwriters or other persons would purchase any offered securities remaining unsubscribed for after such rights offering. Each series of rights will be issued under a separate rights agent agreement to be entered into between us and one or more banks, trust companies, or other financial institutions, as rights agent, that we will name in the applicable prospectus supplement. The rights agent will act solely as our agent in connection with the rights and will not assume any obligation or relationship of agency or trust for or with any holders of rights certificates or beneficial owners of rights.

The prospectus supplement relating to any rights that we offer will include specific terms relating to the offering, including, among other matters:

Each right would entitle the holder of the rights to purchase for cash the principal amount of securities at the exercise price set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement. Rights may be exercised at any time up to the close of business on the expiration date for the rights provided in the applicable prospectus supplement. After the close of business on the expiration date, all unexercised rights will become void.

If less than all of the rights issued in any rights offering are exercised, we may offer any unsubscribed securities directly to persons other than our security holders, to or through agents, underwriters, or dealers, or through a combination of such methods, including pursuant to standby arrangements, as described in the applicable prospectus supplement.

DESCRIPTION OF UNITS

The following description, together with the additional information we may include in any applicable prospectus supplement, summarizes the material terms and provisions of the units that we may offer under this prospectus. While the terms we have summarized below will apply generally to any units that we may offer under this prospectus, we will describe the particular terms of any series of units in more detail in the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus. The terms of any units offered under a prospectus supplement may differ from the terms described below. However, no prospectus supplement will fundamentally change the terms that are set forth in this prospectus or offer a security that is not registered and described in this prospectus at the time of its effectiveness.

e will file as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, or will incorporate by reference from another report we file with the SEC, the form of unit agreement that describes the terms of the series of units we may offer under this prospectus, and any supplemental agreements, before the issuance of the related series of units. The following summaries of material terms and provisions of the units are subject to, and qualified in their entirety by reference to, all the provisions of the unit agreement and any supplemental agreements applicable to a particular series of units. We urge you to read the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, as well as the complete unit agreement and any supplemental agreements that contain the terms of the units.

We may issue units consisting of any combination of the other types of securities offered under this prospectus in one or more series. We may evidence each series of units by unit certificates that we may issue under a separate agreement. We may enter into unit agreements with a unit agent. Each unit agent, if any, may be a bank or trust company that we select. We will indicate the name and address of the unit agent, if any, in the applicable prospectus supplement relating to a particular series of units. Specific unit agreements, if any, will contain additional important terms and provisions. We will file as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, or will incorporate by reference from a current report that we file with the SEC, the form of unit and the form of each unit agreement, if any, relating to units offered under this prospectus.

If we offer any units, certain terms of that series of units will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement, including, without limitation, the following, as applicable:

The applicable prospectus supplement will describe the terms of any units. The preceding description and any description of units in the applicable prospectus supplement does not purport to be complete and is subject to and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the unit agreement and, if applicable, collateral arrangements and depositary arrangements relating to such units.

TAXATION

Our most recent Annual Report on Form 20-F provides a discussion of certain tax considerations that may be relevant to prospective investors in our securities. The applicable prospectus supplement may also contain information about certain material tax considerations relating to the securities covered by such prospectus supplement. You should consult your own tax advisors prior to acquiring any of our securities.

PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

We may sell the securities offered by this prospectus in any one or more of the following ways (or in any combination) from time to time:

The accompanying prospectus supplement will set forth the terms of the offering and the method of distribution and will identify any firms acting as underwriters, dealers or agents in connection with the offering, including:

If underwriters are used in the sale, the underwriters will acquire the offered securities for their own account and may resell them from time to time in one or more transactions, including negotiated transactions, at a fixed public offering price or at varying prices determined at the time of sale. The offered securities may be offered either to the public through underwriting syndicates represented by one or more managing underwriters or by one or more underwriters without a syndicate. Unless otherwise set forth in a prospectus supplement, the obligations of the underwriters to purchase any series of securities will be subject to certain conditions precedent and the underwriters will be obligated to purchase all of such series of securities if any are purchased. Only those underwriters identified in such prospectus supplement are deemed to be underwriters in connection with the securities offered in the prospectus supplement. Any underwritten offering may be on a best efforts or a firm commitment basis.

In connection with the sale of our securities, underwriters or agents may receive compensation (in the form of discounts, concessions or commissions) from us, or from purchasers of securities for whom they may act as agents. Underwriters may sell securities to or through dealers, and such dealers may receive compensation in the form of discounts, concessions or commissions from the underwriters and/or commissions from the purchasers for whom they may act as agents. Underwriters, dealers and agents that participate in the distribution of our securities may be deemed to be “underwriters” as that term is defined in the Securities Act, and any discounts allowed or commissions paid, and any profit on the resale of the securities they realize may be deemed to be underwriting discounts and commissions under the Securities Act. Any person who may be deemed to be an underwriter will be identified, and the compensation received from us will be described, in the prospectus supplement. Maximum compensation to any underwriters, dealers or agents will not exceed any applicable Financial Industry Regulatory Authority limitations.

Underwriters and agents may be entitled to indemnification by us against some civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, or to contributions with respect to payments which the underwriters or agents may be required to make relating to these liabilities. Underwriters and agents may be customers of, engage in transactions with, or perform services for us in the ordinary course of business.

Unless otherwise specified in the related prospectus supplement, each series of securities will be a new issue with no established trading market, other than our Ordinary Shares, which are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market. Any Ordinary Shares sold pursuant to a prospectus supplement will be listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, subject to official notice of issuance. We may elect to list any series of debt securities on an exchange, but we are not obligated to do so. It is possible that one or more underwriters may make a market in the securities, but such underwriters will not be obligated to do so and may discontinue any market making at any time without notice. No assurance can be given as to the liquidity of, or the trading market for, any offered securities.

The aggregate proceeds to us from the sale of our Ordinary Shares will be the purchase price of our Ordinary Shares less discounts or commissions, if any. We reserve the right to accept and, together with our agents from time to time, to reject, in whole or in part, any proposed purchase of our Ordinary Shares to be made directly or through agents.

To facilitate the offering of the Ordinary Shares offered by us, certain persons participating in the offering may engage in transactions that stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the price of our Ordinary Shares. This may include over-allotments or short sales, which involve the sale by persons participating in the offering of more shares than were sold to them. In these circumstances, these persons would cover such over-allotments or short positions by making purchases in the open market or by exercising their over-allotment option, if any. In addition, these persons may stabilize or maintain the price of our Ordinary Shares by bidding for or purchasing shares in the open market or by imposing penalty bids, whereby selling concessions allowed to dealers participating in the offering may be reclaimed if shares sold by them are repurchased in connection with stabilization transactions. The effect of these transactions may be to stabilize or maintain the market price of our Ordinary Shares at a level above that which might otherwise prevail in the open market. These transactions may be discontinued at any time.

EXPENSES OF ISSUANCE AND DISTRIBUTION

The following table sets forth the various expenses in connection with the sale and distribution of the securities being registered. We will bear all of the expenses shown below.

LEGAL MATTERS

Except as otherwise set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement, the validity of any securities offered pursuant to this prospectus will be passed upon by Conyers Dill & Pearman. Certain other legal matters relating to U.S. federal law and the laws of the State of New York will be passed upon for us by Bevilacqua PLLC. Legal matters as to Thailand law with respect to the corporate structure will be passed upon for us by Watson Farley & Williams (Thailand) Limited. Bevilacqua PLLC may rely upon Conyers Dill & Pearman with respect to matters governed by Cayman Islands law and Watson Farley & Williams (Thailand) Limited with respect to the corporate structure matters governed by Thailand law.

If legal matters in connection with offerings made pursuant to this prospectus are passed upon by counsel to underwriters, dealers or agents, such counsel will be named in the applicable prospectus supplement relating to any such offering.

EXPERTS

Our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, and for the years then ended incorporated in this prospectus by reference to the Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2023 have been so incorporated in reliance on the report of PKF Littlejohn LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting.

The offices of PKF Littlejohn LLP are located at 15 Westferry Circus, London E14 4HD, United Kingdom.

FINANCIAL INFORMATION

The financial statements for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are included in our 2023 Annual Report, filed on April 29, 2024, and are incorporated by reference into this prospectus.

INDEMNIFICATION

Insofar as indemnification by us for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers or persons controlling the company pursuant to provisions of our amended and restated amended and restated memorandum of association and second amended and restated articles of association, or otherwise, we have been advised that in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification by such director, officer or controlling person of us in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being offered, we will, unless in the opinion of our counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by us is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

ENFORCEMENT OF CIVIL LIABILITIES

Cayman Islands

We are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability. We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands because of certain benefits associated with being a Cayman Islands company, such as political and economic stability, an effective judicial system, a favorable tax system, the absence of foreign exchange control or currency restrictions and the availability of professional and support services. However, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws as compared to the United States and provides less protection for investors. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to sue before the federal courts of the United States.

Our constitutional documents do not contain provisions requiring that disputes, including those arising under the securities laws of the United States, between us, our officers, directors and shareholders, be subject to arbitration.

Substantially all of our assets are located outside the United States. In addition, most of our directors and executive officers are nationals or residents of jurisdictions other than the United States and all or a substantial portion of their assets are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process within the United States upon us or these persons, or to enforce judgments obtained in U.S. courts against us or them, including judgments predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States. It may also be difficult for you to enforce judgments obtained in U.S. courts based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us and our officers and directors.

Conyers Dill & Pearman, our counsel as to Cayman Islands law, has advised us that there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the Cayman Islands would (i) recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained against us or our directors or officers that are predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States, or (ii) entertain original actions brought in the Cayman Islands against us or our directors or officers that are predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States.

Conyers Dill & Pearman has informed us that although there is no statutory enforcement in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the federal or state courts of the United States (and the Cayman Islands are not a party to any treaties for the reciprocal enforcement or recognition of such judgments), the courts of the Cayman Islands would recognize as a valid judgment, a final and conclusive judgment in personam obtained in the foreign courts against our company under which a sum of money is payable (other than a sum of money payable in respect of multiple damages, taxes or other charges of a like nature or in respect of a fine or other penalty) or, in certain circumstances, an in personam judgment for non-monetary relief, and would give a judgment based thereon provided that (a) such courts had proper jurisdiction over the parties subject to such judgment, (b) such courts did not contravene the rules of natural justice of the Cayman Islands, (c) such judgment was not obtained by fraud, (d) the enforcement of the judgment would not be contrary to the public policy of the Cayman Islands, (e) no new admissible evidence relevant to the action is submitted prior to the rendering of the judgment by the courts of the Cayman Islands, and (f) there is due compliance with the correct procedures under the laws of the Cayman Islands.

We have appointed Cogency Global Inc., 122 East 42nd Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10168, as our agent upon whom process may be served in any action brought against us under the securities laws of the United States.

MATERIAL CHANGES

Except as otherwise disclosed in this prospectus, there have been no reportable material changes that have occurred since December 31, 2023, and that have not been described in a report on Form 6-K furnished under the Exchange Act and incorporated by reference into this prospectus. 

INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE

The SEC allows us to “incorporate by reference” the information we file with it into this prospectus. This means that we can disclose important information about us and our financial condition to you by referring you to another document filed separately with the SEC instead of having to repeat the information in this prospectus. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this prospectus and later information that we file with the SEC will automatically update and supersede this information. We incorporate by reference into this prospectus the information contained in the documents listed below and any future filings made by us with the SEC under Section 13(a), 13(c) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, except for information “furnished” to the SEC which is not deemed filed and not incorporated by reference into this prospectus (unless otherwise indicated below), until the termination of the offering of securities described in the applicable prospectus supplement:

We also incorporate by reference any future annual reports on Form 20-F we file with the SEC under the Exchange Act after the date of this prospectus and prior to the termination of the offering of securities by means of this prospectus, and any future reports of foreign private issuer on Form 6-K we furnish with the SEC during such period that are identified in such reports as being incorporated by reference in this prospectus.

Any reports filed by us with the SEC after the date of this prospectus and before the date that the offering of securities by means of this prospectus is terminated will automatically update and, where applicable, supersede any information contained in this prospectus or incorporated by reference in this prospectus. This means that you must look at all of the SEC filings that we incorporate by reference to determine if any of the statements in this prospectus or in any documents incorporated by reference have been modified or superseded. Unless expressly incorporated by reference, nothing in this prospectus shall be deemed to incorporate by reference information furnished to, but not filed with, the SEC.

We will provide without charge to any person (including any beneficial owner) to whom this prospectus is delivered, upon oral or written request, a copy of any document incorporated by reference in this prospectus but not delivered with the prospectus (except for exhibits to those documents unless a document states that one of its exhibits is incorporated into the document itself). Such request should be directed to: Guardforce AI Co., Limited, 10 Anson Road, #28-01 International Plaza, Singapore 079903, and telephone number +65 6702 1179.

WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

This prospectus is part of a registration statement on Form F-3 that we filed with the SEC registering the securities that may be offered and sold hereunder. This prospectus, which constitutes a part of the registration statement, does not contain all of the information set forth in the registration statement, the exhibits filed therewith or the documents incorporated by reference therein. For further information about us and the securities offered hereby, reference is made to the registration statement, the exhibits filed therewith and the documents incorporated by reference therein. Statements contained in this prospectus regarding the contents of any contract or any other document that is filed as an exhibit to the registration statement are not necessarily complete, and in each instance, we refer you to the copy of such contract or other document filed as an exhibit to the registration statement. We are required to file reports and other information with the SEC pursuant to the Exchange Act, including annual reports on Form 20-F and reports of foreign private issuer on Form 6-K.

The SEC maintains a website that contains reports and other information regarding issuers, like us, that file electronically with the SEC. The address of the website is www.sec.gov. The information on our website (https://www.guardforceai.com), other than our SEC filings, is not, and should not be, considered part of this prospectus and is not incorporated by reference into this document.

As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt under the Exchange Act from, among other things, the rules prescribing the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act.

GUARDFORCE AI CO., LIMITED

$300,000,000

Ordinary Shares

Debt Securities

Warrants

Rights

Units

PROSPECTUS

_______, 2025