DEF 14A

DEF 14A 1 d726485ddef14a.htm DEF 14A DEF 14A

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

SCHEDULE 14A

Proxy Statement Pursuant to Section 14(a) of the

Securities Exchange Act of 1934

(Amendment No. )

Filed by the Registrant ☒

Filed by a party other than the Registrant ☐

Check the appropriate box:

☐	Preliminary Proxy Statement

☐	Confidential, for Use of the Commission Only (as permitted by Rule 14a-6(e)(2))

☒	Definitive Proxy Statement

☐	Definitive Additional Materials

☐	Soliciting Material under § 240.14a-12

EQUILLIUM, INC.

(Name of Registrant as Specified In Its Charter)

(Name of Person(s) Filing Proxy Statement, if other than the Registrant)

Payment of Filing Fee (Check all boxes that apply):

☒	No fee required

☐	Fee paid previously with preliminary materials

☐	Fee computed on table in exhibit required by Item 25(b) per Exchange Act Rules 14a-6(i)(1) and 0-11

EQUILLIUM, INC.

2223 Avenida De La Playa, Suite 105

La Jolla, CA 92037

LOGO

NOTICE OF ANNUAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS

Virtual Meeting Only – No Physical Meeting Location

To Be Held On May 22, 2024

Dear Stockholder:

You are cordially invited to attend the 2024 annual meeting of stockholders (the “Annual Meeting”) of Equillium, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”). The meeting will be held on Wednesday, May 22, 2024, starting at 1:00 p.m. (Pacific Time). The Annual Meeting will be a virtual meeting of stockholders, which will be conducted via live audio webcast. You will be able to attend the Annual Meeting, submit your questions and vote online during the meeting by visiting www.proxydocs.com/EQ. A complete list of record stockholders will be available for examination by any stockholder for any purpose germane to the Annual Meeting for a period of ten days ending on the day before the Annual Meeting date. If you would like to view the list, please email us at ir@equilliumbio.com. The meeting will be held for the following purposes:

To elect the Board’s three nominees for Class III director named as nominees in this Proxy Statement to hold office until the 2027 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and their successors are duly elected and qualified, or until their earlier death, resignation or removal;

To approve an amendment to our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to effect a reverse stock split of our common stock at a ratio in the range of 1-for-2 to 1-for-10, inclusive, with such ratio to be determined in the discretion of our Board of Directors and with such reverse stock split to be effected at such time and date, if at all, as determined by our Board of Directors in its sole discretion;

To ratify the appointment by the Audit Committee of the Board of KPMG LLP as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024;

To approve, on an advisory basis, the compensation of the Company’s named executive officers, as disclosed in this Proxy Statement;

To indicate, on an advisory basis, the preferred frequency of stockholder advisory votes on the compensation of the Company’s named executive officers; and

To conduct any other business properly brought before the Annual Meeting.

These items of business are more fully described in the Proxy Statement accompanying this Notice.

The Annual Meeting will be held virtually through a live audio webcast. Stockholders of record at the close of business on April 1, 2024 and their proxy holders will be able to attend the Annual Meeting, submit questions and vote during the live audio webcast by visiting www.proxydocs.com/EQ and entering the Control Number included in your Notice of Internet Availability or in the instructions that you received via email. Please refer to the additional logistical details and recommendations in the accompanying proxy statement. You may log in beginning at 12:45p.m. Pacific Time, on May 22, 2024.

Only stockholders of record at the close of business on April 1, 2024 and their proxy holders may vote at the meeting or any adjournment thereof.

Your vote is important. Voting your shares will ensure the presence of a quorum at the Annual Meeting and will save us the expense of further solicitation.

Important Notice Regarding the Availability of Proxy Materials for

the Annual Meeting to Be Held on May 22, 2024 starting at 1:00 p.m. (Pacific Time) at

www.proxydocs.com/EQ.

The proxy statement and annual report to stockholders are available at www.proxydocs.com/EQ

Please promptly vote your shares by following the instructions for voting on the Notice Regarding the Availability of Proxy Materials or, if you received a paper or electronic copy of our proxy materials, by completing, signing, dating and returning your proxy card or by Internet or telephone voting as described on your proxy card.

By Order of the Board of Directors,

LOGO

Bruce D. Steel

President and Chief Executive Officer

La Jolla, California

April 11, 2024

You are cordially invited to attend the Annual Meeting online. Whether or not you expect to attend the Annual Meeting, please vote over the telephone or the internet as instructed in these materials, or, if you receive a paper proxy card by mail, by completing and returning the proxy mailed to you, as promptly as possible in order to ensure your representation at the Annual Meeting. Even if you have voted by proxy, you may still vote online if you attend the Annual Meeting.

EQUILLIUM, INC.

2223 Avenida De La Playa, Suite 105

La Jolla, CA 92037

PROXY STATEMENT

FOR THE 2024 ANNUAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS

Virtual Meeting Only – No Physical Meeting Location

To Be Held On May 22, 2024

This proxy statement (the “Proxy Statement”) and our annual report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 (the “Annual Report” and, together with this Proxy Statement, the “proxy materials”) are being furnished by and on behalf of the board of directors (the “Board” or “Board of Directors”) of Equillium, Inc. (the “Company,” “Equillium,” “we,” “us,” or “our”), in connection with our 2024 annual meeting of stockholders (the “Annual Meeting”). The Notice of Annual Meeting and this Proxy Statement are first being distributed or made available, as the case may be, on or about April 11, 2024.

MEETING AGENDA


Proposals	Voting Standard	Board Recommendation
Election of directors named in this Proxy Statement.	The nominees receiving the most “For” votes will be elected.	FOR each of the Board’s nominees for director

Approval of an amendment to our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to effect a reverse stock split of our common stock at a ratio in the range of 1-for-2 to 1-for-10, inclusive, with such ratio to be determined in the discretion of our Board of Directors and with such reverse stock split to be effected at such time and date, if at all, as determined by our Board of Directors in its sole discretion.	“For” votes from a majority of the votes cast on this proposal is required for approval.	FOR

Ratification of the appointment of KPMG LLP as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ending 2024.	“For” votes from a majority of the shares present virtually or represented by proxy and entitled to vote on the matter is required for approval.	FOR

Advisory approval of the compensation of the Company’s named executive officers.	“For” votes from a majority of the shares present virtually or represented by proxy and entitled to vote on the subject is required for approval.	FOR

Advisory vote on the frequency of stockholder advisory votes on executive compensation.	The affirmative vote of a majority of the shares present virtually or represented by proxy and entitled to vote on the matter.*	FOR Three Years

If none of the proposed voting frequencies receives affirmative votes from a majority of the shares present virtually or represented by proxy and entitled to vote on the matter, we will consider the frequency receiving the highest number of affirmative votes to be the frequency preferred by our stockholders.

TABLE OF CONTENTS


SCHEDULE 14A			1

NOTICE OF ANNUAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS			1

MEETING AGENDA			1

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT THESE PROXY MATERIALS AND VOTING			5

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS			11

PROPOSAL 1: ELECTION OF DIRECTORS			12

Nominees for Election to the Board of Directors			12

Class III Director Nominees for Election at the Annual Meeting			12

Directors Continuing in Office Until the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders			14

Directors Continuing in Office Until the 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders			15

INFORMATION REGARDING THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE			16

Independence of the Board of Directors			16

Board Leadership Structure			16

Role of the Board in Risk Oversight			16

Meetings of the Board of Directors			16

Executive Sessions			17

INFORMATION REGARDING COMMITTEES OF THE BOARD			17

Audit Committee			17

Compensation Committee			18

Compensation Committee Processes and Procedures			19

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee			20

Board Diversity			21

Board Skills Matrix			21

Board’s Oversight of Strategy			24

Cybersecurity and Data Privacy Oversight			24

Stockholder Communications with The Board of Directors			24

Code of Business Conduct and Ethics			24

Hedging and Pledging Policy			24

PROPOSAL 2: APPROVAL OF AN AMENDMENT TO OUR AMENDED AND RESTATED CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION TO EFFECT A REVERSE STOCK SPLIT OF OUR COMMON STOCK			25

Background			25

Approval of Reverse Stock Split of our Common Stock (Proposal 2)			25

Reasons for Reverse Stock Split			25

Criteria to be Used for Determining Whether to Implement Reverse Stock Split			26

Certain Risks and Potential Disadvantages Associated with Reverse Stock Split			26

Effects of Reverse Stock Split			27

Effective Date			28


Cash Payment In Lieu of Fractional Shares			28

Record and Beneficial Stockholders			29

Accounting Consequences			29

No Appraisal Rights			29

Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences			29

Taxation of U.S. Holders			30

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding			30

Required Vote			30

PROPOSAL 3: RATIFICATION OF APPOINTMENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM			31

Principal Accountant Fees and Services			31

Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures			31

Report of the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors			32

PROPOSAL 4: ADVISORY VOTE ON EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION			33

PROPOSAL 5: ADVISORY VOTE ON THE FREQUENCY OF SOLICITATION OF ADVISORY STOCKHOLDER APPROVAL OF EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION			34

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS			35

EXECUTIVE AND DIRECTOR COMPENSATION			36

Executive Summary			36

Summary Compensation Table			38

Compensation Program Overview			38

Annual Base Salary			39

Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation			39

Equity-Based Incentive Awards			40

Agreements with our Named Executive Officers			41

Potential Payments and Benefits upon Termination or Change in Control			41

Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End			41

Stock Option Repricing			42

Perquisites Health, Welfare and Retirement Benefits			43

401(k) Plan			43

Nonqualified Deferred Compensation			44

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans			44

Clawbacks			44

Equity Benefit Plans			44

2018 Equity Incentive Plan			44

2017 Equity Incentive Plan			45

2024 Inducement Plan			46

2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan			47

Director Compensation			47


Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy			48

Item 402(v) Pay Versus Performance			49

Required Tabular Disclosure of Pay Versus Performance			49

Required Disclosure of the Relationship Between CAP and Financial Performance Measures			50

SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT			52

TRANSACTIONS WITH RELATED PERSONS AND INDEMNIFICATION			54

Related-Person Transactions Policy and Procedures			54

Certain Related-Person Transactions			54

Employment Arrangements			54

Stock Options Granted to Executive Officers and Directors			54

Biocon Agreements			54

Indemnification Agreements			55

OTHER INFORMATION FOR STOCKHOLDERS			56

Stockholder Proposals for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders			56

HOUSEHOLDING OF PROXY MATERIALS			56

ADDITIONAL FILINGS			57

OTHER MATTERS			57

APPENDIX A			58

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT THESE PROXY MATERIALS AND VOTING

Why did I receive a notice in the mail regarding the Internet availability of proxy materials instead of a paper copy of proxy materials?

Pursuant to rules adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), we have elected to provide access to our proxy materials over the internet. Accordingly, we have sent you a Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials (the “Notice”) because the Board of the Company is soliciting your proxy to vote at the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, including at any adjournments or postponements of the meeting. All stockholders will have the ability to access the proxy materials on the website referred to in the Notice or request to receive a printed set of the proxy materials. Instructions on how to access the proxy materials over the internet or to request a printed copy may be found in the Notice.

We intend to first mail the Notice and make this Proxy Statement and the form of proxy available to stockholders on or about April 11, 2024.

Will I receive any other proxy materials by mail?

We may send you a proxy card, along with a second Notice, on or after April 22, 2024.

How do I attend the Annual Meeting?

This year’s Annual Meeting will be a virtual meeting, which will be conducted entirely online via audio webcast to allow greater participation. You may attend, vote and ask questions at the Annual Meeting by following the instructions provided on the Notice or proxy card to log in to www.proxydocs.com/EQ. If you are a stockholder of record, you will be asked to provide the control number from your Notice or proxy card. If you are a beneficial owner of shares registered in the name of your broker, bank or other agent, follow the instructions from your broker or bank.

The audio webcast of the Annual Meeting will begin promptly at 1:00 p.m. Pacific Time. We encourage you to access the meeting prior to the start time. Online check-in will begin at 12:45p.m. Pacific Time, and you should allow reasonable time for the check-in procedures.

You are entitled to attend the Annual Meeting if you were a stockholder as of the close of business on April 1, 2024, the record date, or hold a valid proxy for the meeting. To be admitted to the Annual Meeting, you will need to visit www.proxydocs.com/EQ and enter the Control Number found next to the label “Control Number” on your Notice or proxy card, or in the email sending you the Proxy Statement. If you are a beneficial stockholder, you should contact the bank, broker or other institution where you hold your account well in advance of the meeting if you have questions about obtaining your control number/proxy to vote.

Whether or not you participate in the Annual Meeting, it is important that you vote your shares.

What if I cannot find my Control Number?

Please note that if you do not have your Control Number and you are a registered stockholder, you will be able to login as a guest. To view the meeting webcast visit www.proxydocs.com/EQ and register as a guest. If you login as a guest, you will not be able to vote your shares or ask questions during the meeting.

If you are a beneficial owner (that is, you hold your shares in an account at a bank, broker or other holder of record), you will need to contact that bank, broker or other holder of record to obtain your Control Number prior to the Annual Meeting.

Where can we get technical assistance if we are having trouble accessing the meeting or during the meeting?

If you have difficulty accessing the meeting or during the meeting, please refer to the technical support telephone number posted on the virtual meeting website login page, where technicians will be available to help you.

For the Annual Meeting, how do we ask questions of management and the Board?

Stockholders may submit questions relevant to the proposals to be voted on at the Annual Meeting for approximately five days in advance of the Annual Meeting through www.proxydocs.com/EQ. We plan to spend up to 15 minutes answering appropriate stockholder questions after the proposals are formally presented and prior to the closing of voting at the Annual Meeting and will include as many stockholder questions that comply with the rules of conduct for the Annual Meeting as the allotted time permits. If we receive substantially similar questions, we will group such questions together and provide a single response to avoid repetition. Questions that are not relevant to the proposals to be voted on at the Annual Meeting and not in compliance with the rules of conduct for the Annual Meeting will not be responded to. Questions may be submitted during the Annual Meeting through www.proxydocs.com/EQ.

Who can vote at the Annual Meeting?

Only stockholders of record at the close of business on April 1, 2024 will be entitled to vote at the Annual Meeting. On this record date, there were 35,254,752 shares of common stock outstanding and entitled to vote.

Stockholder of Record: Shares Registered in Your Name

If, on April 1, 2024, your shares were registered directly in your name with Equillium’s transfer agent, Equiniti Trust Company, LLC (f/k/a American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC), then you are a stockholder of record. As a stockholder of record, you may vote online during the Annual Meeting or vote by proxy. Whether or not you plan to register and attend the Annual Meeting, we urge you to fill out and return the proxy card that you may request or that we may elect to deliver at a later time to ensure your vote is counted.

Beneficial Owner: Shares Registered in the Name of a Broker or Bank

If on April 1, 2024, your shares were held, not in your name, but rather in an account at a brokerage firm, bank or other similar organization, then you are the beneficial owner of shares held in “street name” and the Notice should be forwarded to you by that organization. The organization holding your account is considered to be the stockholder of record for purposes of voting at the Annual Meeting. As a beneficial owner, you have the right to direct your broker, bank or other agent regarding how to vote the shares in your account. You must follow the instructions provided by your brokerage firm, bank, or other similar organization for your bank, broker or other stockholder of record to vote your shares per your instructions. Alternatively, many brokers and banks provide the means to grant proxies or otherwise instruct them to vote your shares by telephone and via the Internet, including by providing you with a control number via email or on your Notice or your voting instruction form. If your shares are held in an account with a broker, bank or other stockholder of record providing such a service, you may instruct them to vote your shares by telephone (by calling the number provided in the proxy materials) or over the Internet as instructed by your broker, bank or other stockholder of record. If you did not receive a control number via email or on your Notice or voting instruction form, and you wish to vote prior to or at the virtual Annual Meeting, you must follow the instructions from your broker, bank or other stockholder of record, including any requirement to obtain a valid legal proxy. Many brokers, banks and other stockholders of record allow a beneficial owner to obtain a valid legal proxy either online or by mail, and we recommend that you contact your broker, bank or other stockholder of record to do so.

Can I vote my shares by filling out and returning the Notice?

No. The Notice identifies the items to be voted on at the Annual Meeting, but you cannot vote by marking the Notice and returning it. If you would like a paper proxy card, you should follow the instructions in the Notice. The paper proxy card you may receive would also provide instructions as to how to authorize via the Internet or telephone your proxy to vote your shares according to your voting instructions. Alternatively, you can mark the paper proxy card you may receive with how you would like your shares voted, sign and date the proxy card, and return it in the envelope provided.

Will a list of record stockholders as of the record date be available?

For the ten days ending the day prior to the Annual Meeting, a list of our record stockholders as of the close of business on the record date will be available for examination by any stockholder of record for a legally valid purpose at our corporate headquarters during regular business hours. To access the list of record stockholders beginning May 12, 2024 and until the day prior to the Annual Meeting, stockholders should email ir@equilliumbio.com.

What am I voting on?

There are five matters scheduled for a vote:

•

Proposal 1: To elect the Board’s three nominees for director named as nominees in this Proxy Statement to serve until the 2027 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and their successors are duly elected and qualified, or until their earlier death, resignation or removal;

•

Proposal 2: Approval of an amendment to our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to effect a reverse stock split of our common stock at a ratio in the range of 1-for-2 to 1-for-10, inclusive, with such ratio to be determined in the discretion of our Board of Directors and with such reverse stock split to be effected at such time and date, if at all, as determined by our Board of Directors in its sole discretion;

•

Proposal 3: To ratify the appointment by the Audit Committee of the Board of KPMG LLP as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024;

•

Proposal 4: To approve, on an advisory basis, the compensation of the Company’s named executive officers, as disclosed in this Proxy Statement; and

•

Proposal 5: To indicate, on an advisory basis, the preferred frequency of stockholder advisory votes on the compensation of the Company’s named executive officers.

What if another matter is properly brought before the Annual Meeting?

The Board knows of no other matters that will be presented for consideration at the Annual Meeting. If any other matters are properly brought before the Annual Meeting, it is the intention of the persons named in the proxy card to vote on those matters in accordance with their best judgment.

How do I vote?

For Proposal 1, you may either vote “For” all the nominees to the Board or you may “Withhold” your vote for any nominee to the Board that you specify. With regard to your advisory vote on how frequently we should solicit stockholder advisory approval of executive compensation, you may vote for any one of the following: one year, two years or three years, or you may abstain from voting on that matter. For each of the other matters to be voted on, you may vote “For” or “Against” or abstain from voting.

The procedures for voting are as follows:

Stockholder of Record: Shares Registered in Your Name

If you are a stockholder of record, you may vote at the Annual Meeting or you may vote by proxy over the telephone, through the internet or using a proxy card that you may request or that we may elect to deliver at a later time. Whether or not you plan to attend the Annual Meeting, we urge you to vote by proxy to ensure your vote is counted. You may still attend the Annual Meeting and vote at the Annual Meeting even if you have already voted by proxy. This is only required if you want to change your original vote, since votes will not be double counted.

•

VOTE DURING THE ANNUAL MEETING: To vote during the live audio webcast of the Annual Meeting, you must first register at www.proxydocs.com/EQ. Upon completing your registration, you will receive further instructions via email, including your unique link that will allow you access to the Annual Meeting and to submit questions during the meeting. Please be sure to follow instructions found on www.proxydocs.com/EQ or your proxy card and subsequent instructions that will be delivered to you via email. Stockholders will be able to attend the Annual Meeting platform beginning at 12:45 p.m. (Pacific Time) on May 22, 2024, pursuant to the unique access instructions they receive following their registration at www.proxydocs.com/EQ.

•

TO VOTE BY PHONE: To vote over the telephone, dial toll-free 855-680-7102 using any touch-tone telephone and follow the recorded instructions. You will be asked to provide the control number from your Notice. Your telephone vote must be received by 1:00 p.m. Pacific Time on May 22, 2024 to be counted.

•

TO VOTE BY INTERNET: You can vote over the Internet at www.proxypush.com/EQ by following the instructions on the Notice or proxy card that may be delivered to you. Your internet vote must be received by 1:00 p.m. Pacific Time on May 22, 2024 to be counted.

•

TO VOTE BY PROXY CARD: To vote using the proxy card, simply complete, sign and date the proxy card that may be delivered to you and return it promptly in the envelope we have provided or return it to: Proxy Tabulator for Equillium, Inc., P.O. Box 8016, Cary, North Carolina 27512-9903. If you return your signed proxy card to us before the Annual Meeting, we will vote your shares as you direct.

Beneficial Owner: Shares Registered in the Name of Broker or Bank

If you are a beneficial owner of shares registered in the name of your brokerage firm, bank or other agent, you should have received a voting instruction form with the Notice from that organization rather than from Equillium. Simply complete and mail the voting instruction form to ensure that your vote is counted. Alternatively, you may vote by telephone or over the internet as instructed by your broker, bank or other agent. To vote at the Annual Meeting, you must register at www.proxydocs.com/EQ prior to the deadline of May 21, 2024 at 2:00 p.m. (Pacific Time). You may be instructed to obtain a legal proxy from your broker, bank or other nominee and to submit a copy in advance of the Annual Meeting. Further instruction will be provided to you as part of your registration process.

Internet proxy voting will be provided to allow you to vote your shares online, with procedures designed to ensure the authenticity and correctness of your proxy vote instructions. However, please be aware that you must bear any costs associated with your internet access, such as usage charges from internet access providers and telephone companies.

How many votes do I have?

On each matter to be voted upon, you have one vote for each share of common stock you own as of the close of business on April 1, 2024.

If I am a stockholder of record and I do not vote, or if I return a proxy card or otherwise vote without giving specific voting instructions, what happens?

If you are a stockholder of record and do not vote by completing your proxy card, by telephone, through the internet or at the Annual Meeting, your shares will not be voted.

If you return a signed and dated proxy card or otherwise vote without marking voting selections, your shares will be voted, as applicable, “For” the election of all three nominees for director, “For” the approval of an amendment to our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to effect a reverse stock split of our common stock at a ratio in the range of 1-for-2 to 1-for-10, inclusive, “For” the ratification of the appointment by the Audit Committee of the Board of KPMG LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024, “For” the advisory vote on executive compensation, and “For” “Three Years” as the preferred frequency of advisory votes to approve executive compensation. If any other matter is properly presented at the meeting, your proxyholder (one of the individuals named on your proxy card) will vote your shares using his or her best judgment.

If I am a beneficial owner of shares held in street name and I do not provide my broker or bank with voting instructions, what happens?

If you are a beneficial owner of shares held in street name and you do not instruct your broker, bank or other agent how to vote your shares, your broker, bank or other agent may still be able to vote your shares in its discretion. Brokers, banks and other securities intermediaries may use their discretion to vote your “uninstructed” shares with respect to matters considered to be “routine,” but not with respect to “non-routine” matters. In this regard, Proposals 1, 4 and 5 are considered “non-routine,” meaning that your broker may not vote your shares on those proposals in the absence of your voting instructions. Proposals 2 and 3 are each considered “routine,” meaning that if you do not return voting instructions to your broker by its deadline, your shares may be voted by your broker in its discretion on Proposals 2 and 3.

What are “broker non-votes”?

As discussed above, when a beneficial owner of shares held in street name does not give voting instructions to his or her broker, bank or other securities intermediary holding his or her shares as to how to vote on matters deemed to be “non-routine,” the broker, bank or other such agent cannot vote the shares. When there is at least one “routine” matter that the broker, bank or other securities intermediary votes on, the shares that are un-voted on “non-routine” matters are counted as “broker non-votes.” Proposals 2 and 3 are each a “routine” matter and we therefore expect brokers, banks or other securities intermediaries to vote on such proposals. Proposals 1, 4 and 5 are considered “non-routine” and we therefore expect broker non-votes to exist in connection with such proposals.

As a reminder, if you are a beneficial owner of shares held in street name, in order to ensure your shares are voted in the way you would prefer, you must provide voting instructions to your broker, bank or other agent by the deadline provided in the materials you receive from your broker, bank or other agent.

Who is paying for this proxy solicitation?

Equillium will pay for the entire cost of soliciting proxies. In addition to these proxy materials, Equillium’s directors and employees may also solicit proxies in person, by telephone, or by other means of communication. Directors and employees will not be paid any additional compensation for soliciting proxies. We may also reimburse brokerage firms, banks or other agents for the cost of forwarding proxy materials to beneficial owners.

What does it mean if I receive more than one Notice or more than one set of proxy materials?

If you receive more than one Notice, your shares may be registered in more than one name or in different accounts. Please follow the voting instructions on the Notices to ensure that all of your shares are voted.

Can I change my vote after submitting my proxy?

Stockholder of Record: Shares Registered in Your Name

Yes. You can revoke your proxy at any time before the final vote at the Annual Meeting. If you are the record holder of your shares, you may revoke your proxy in any one of the following ways:

•

You may submit another properly completed proxy card with a later date.

•

You may grant a subsequent proxy by telephone or through the internet.

•

You may send a timely written notice that you are revoking your proxy to Equillium’s Secretary at 2223 Avenida de la Playa, Suite 105, La Jolla, CA 92037, provided that such notice is received no later than May 21, 2024.

•

You may attend and vote at the Annual Meeting. Simply attending the Annual Meeting will not, by itself, revoke your proxy.

Your most recent proxy card or telephone or internet proxy is the one that is counted.

Beneficial Owner: Shares Registered in the Name of Broker or Bank

If your shares are held by your brokerage firm, bank or other agent, you should follow the instructions provided by your broker, bank or other agent.

What vote is required for adoption or approval of each proposal and how will votes be counted?

Proposal
Number

Proposal Description

Vote Required for

Approval

Voting

Options

Effect of

Abstentions

or Withhold

Votes, as

applicable

Effect of

Broker

Non-

Votes

Board

Recommendation

Election of Directors named in this Proxy Statement

The nominees receiving the most “For” votes will be elected.

FOR or WITHHOLD

No Effect

FOR all nominees

Approval of an amendment to our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to effect a reverse stock split of our common stock at a ratio in the range of 1-for-2 to 1-for- 10, inclusive, with such ratio to be determined in the discretion of our Board of Directors and with such reverse stock split to be effected at such time and date, if at all, as determined by our Board of Directors in its sole discretion

“For” votes from a majority of the votes cast on this proposal is required for approval.

FOR, AGAINST or ABSTAIN

No Effect

FOR

Ratification of the appointment of KPMG LLP as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ending 2024

“For” votes from a majority of the shares present virtually or represented by proxy and entitled to vote on the matter is required for approval.

FOR, AGAINST or ABSTAIN

Against

No Effect

FOR

Advisory approval of the compensation of the Company’s named executive officers

“For” votes from a majority of the shares present virtually or represented by proxy and entitled to vote on the matter is required for approval.

FOR, AGAINST or ABSTAIN

Against

No Effect

FOR

Advisory vote on the frequency of stockholder advisory votes on executive compensation

The affirmative vote of a majority of the shares present virtually or represented by proxy and entitled to vote on the matter.*

FOR “One Year”, “Two Years”, “Three Years”, or “Abstain”

Against each of the proposed voting frequencies

No Effect

FOR EVERY “THREE YEARS”

When are stockholder proposals and director nominations due for next year’s annual meeting?

To be considered for inclusion in the Company’s proxy materials for next year’s annual meeting of stockholders, your proposal must be submitted in writing by December 12, 2024, to the attention of the Secretary of Equillium, Inc., 2223 Avenida de la Playa, Suite 105, La Jolla, CA 92037. If you wish to submit a proposal (including a director nomination) at the meeting that is not to be included in the Company’s proxy materials for next year’s annual meeting, you must do so between January 22, 2025 and February 21, 2025. You are also advised to review the Company’s amended and restated bylaws, which contain additional requirements relating to advance notice of stockholder proposals and director nominations. In addition, stockholders who intend to solicit proxies in support of director nominees other than Equillium’s nominees must also comply with the additional requirements of Rule 14a-19(b).

Who will count the vote?

A representative of Equillium will tabulate the votes and act as inspector of elections.

What is the quorum requirement?

A quorum of stockholders is necessary to hold a valid meeting. A quorum will be present if stockholders holding at least a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote are present at the Annual Meeting or represented by proxy. On the record date, there were 35,254,752 shares of common stock outstanding and entitled to vote. Thus, the holders of 17,627,377 shares must be present or represented by proxy at the Annual Meeting to have a quorum.

Your shares will be counted towards the quorum only if you submit a valid proxy (or one is submitted on your behalf by your brokerage firm, bank or other agent) or if you vote at the Annual Meeting. Abstentions and broker non-votes will be counted towards the quorum requirement. If there is no quorum, the holders of a majority of shares present virtually at the Annual Meeting or represented by proxy may adjourn the Annual Meeting to another date.

How can I find out the results of the voting at the Annual Meeting?

Preliminary voting results will be announced at the Annual Meeting. In addition, final voting results will be published in a current report on Form 8-K that we expect to file with the SEC within four business days after the Annual Meeting. If final voting results are not available to us in time to file a Form 8-K within four business days after the Annual Meeting, we intend to file a Form 8-K to publish preliminary results and, within four business days after the final results are known to us, file an additional Form 8-K to publish the final results.

What proxy materials are available on the Internet?

The proxy statement and annual report to stockholders are available at www.proxydocs.com/EQ.

Why hold a virtual meeting?

We are excited to continue using the latest technology to provide expanded access, improved communication and cost savings for our stockholders and the Company while providing stockholders the same rights and opportunities to participate as they would have at an in-person meeting. We believe that hosting a virtual meeting is in the best interests of the Company and its stockholders and a virtual meeting enables increased stockholder attendance and participation because stockholders can participate from any location around the world.

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Proxy Statement contains certain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, relating to future events. Such statements are only predictions and involve risks and uncertainties, resulting in the possibility that the actual events or performance will differ materially from such predictions. For a nonexclusive list of major factors which could cause the actual results to differ materially from the predicted results in the forward-looking statements, please refer to the “Risk Factors” in Part I. Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 and in our subsequent periodic reports on Form 10-Q and Form 8-K.

PROPOSAL 1: ELECTION OF DIRECTORS

The Board is divided into three classes. Each class consists, as nearly as possible, of one-third of the total number of directors, and each class has a three-year term. Vacancies on the Board may be filled only by persons elected by a majority of the remaining directors. A director elected by the Board to fill a vacancy in a class, including vacancies created by an increase in the number of directors, shall serve for the remainder of the full term of that class and until the director’s successor is duly elected and qualified.

The Board presently has nine members. There are three Class III directors whose term of office expires in 2024: Daniel M. Bradbury, Martha J. Demski and Mark Pruzanski, M.D. Proxies may not be voted for a greater number of persons than the number of nominees named in this Proxy Statement. Mr. Bradbury, Ms. Demski and Dr. Pruzanski are each current directors of the Company, were each elected to the Board at the annual meeting of stockholders in 2021 and were each recommended for reelection to the Board by the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee of the Board. If elected at the Annual Meeting, each of these nominees would serve until the 2027 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and until a successor has been duly elected and qualified, or, if sooner, until the director’s death, resignation or removal. It is the Company’s policy to invite directors and nominees for director to attend the Annual Meeting. Five of our then-current directors attended our annual meeting of stockholders in 2023.

Directors are elected by a plurality of the votes of the holders of shares present virtually or represented by proxy and entitled to vote on the election of directors. Accordingly, the three nominees receiving the highest number of affirmative votes will be elected. Shares represented by executed proxies will be voted, if authority to do so is not withheld, for the election of Mr. Bradbury, Ms. Demski and Dr. Pruzanski. We have no reason to believe that any of the nominees will be unavailable or, if elected, will decline to serve. In the event that any of these nominees should become unavailable for election due to any presently unforeseen reason, proxies will be voted for a substitute as designated by the Board, or alternatively, the Board may leave a vacancy on the Board or reduce the size of the Board.

Nominees for Election to the Board of Directors

The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee seeks to assemble a Board that, as a whole, possesses the appropriate balance of professional and industry knowledge, financial expertise and high-level management experience necessary to oversee and direct the Company’s business. To that end, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee has identified and evaluated the nominees in the broader context of the Board’s overall composition, with the goal of recruiting members who complement and strengthen the skills of other members and who also exhibit integrity, collegiality, sound business judgment and other qualities that the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee views as critical to effective functioning of the Board. To provide a mix of experience and perspective on the Board, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee also takes into account geographic, gender, age, racial and ethnic diversity.

The biographies of each of our nominees for election to the Board as Class III directors, and all other directors are set forth below, including the offices held, other business directorships and the class and term of each director nominee and director. Each of the biographies highlights specific experience, qualifications, attributes, and skills that led us to conclude that such person should serve as a director. We believe that, as a whole, our Board possesses the requisite skills and characteristics, leadership traits, work ethic, and independence to provide effective oversight. No director or executive officer is related by blood, marriage, or adoption to any other director or executive officer. Except as described below, no arrangements or understandings exist between any director and any other person pursuant to which such person was selected as a director or nominee.

In February 2021, we entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with two institutional investors managed by Decheng Capital, whereby we sold 4,285,710 shares of common stock and issued warrants to purchase 1,285,713 shares of common stock for gross proceeds of $30.0 million. Pursuant to the terms of the Purchase Agreement, we appointed Yu (Katherine) Xu, Ph.D. to our Board as a Class II director.

Class III Director Nominees for Election at the Annual Meeting


Daniel M. Bradbury Executive Chairman	Director Since: March 2017 Age: 62	Committee Memberships: None

	Mr. Bradbury has served as the Executive Chairman of our Board since January 2020 and has been a member and the chairman of our Board since March 2017. He served as our Chief Executive Officer from June 2018 through December 2019. Mr. Bradbury is a co-founder of Equillium and served as our President from March 2017 until June 2018. Mr. Bradbury is the founder and has served as the managing member of BioBrit, LLC (“BioBrit”), a life science consulting and investment firm, since September 2012. Mr. Bradbury served as President, Chief Executive Officer and a director of Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a publicly-held biopharmaceutical company, from March 2007 until Amylin’s acquisition by Bristol-Myers Squibb Company in August 2012. Prior to Amylin, Mr. Bradbury worked in marketing and sales for 10 years at SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, a privately-held pharmaceutical company. Mr. Bradbury has served on the board of directors of Castle Biosciences, Inc since July 2019, where he also serves on the compensation committee and as chairman of the board. He has served on the board of directors of Biocon Biologics Ltd. since January 2019, where he also serves on the audit committee. He has served on the board of directors of Vivani Medical, Inc. since March 2024, where he also serves on the audit committee.


	Additionally, Mr. Bradbury serves on the boards of many private companies. Mr. Bradbury previously served on the boards of directors of Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a publicly-held biotechnology company, from 2016 to 2023; Biocon Ltd., a publicly-held biopharmaceutical company, from 2013 to 2022; Corcept Therapeutics Incorporated, a publicly-held biotechnology company, from 2012 to 2019; Geron Corporation, a publicly-held biotechnology company, from 2012 to 2019; Illumina, Inc., a publicly-held biotechnology company, from 2004 to 2017; and Panacea Acquisition Corporation, a publicly-held special purpose acquisition company, from 2020 to 2021. Mr. Bradbury holds a Bachelor of Pharmacy from Nottingham University and a Diploma in Management Studies from Harrow and Ealing Colleges of Higher Education in the United Kingdom.

	Skills and Qualifications

	Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and Board believe that Mr. Bradbury’s experience as our former Chief Executive Officer and his other executive and board experience, qualifies him to serve as a member of our Board.

Martha J. Demski	Director Since: September 2018 Age: 71	Committee Memberships: Audit Committee and Compensation Committee

	Martha J. Demski has served as a member of our Board since September 2018. Ms. Demski currently serves on the board of directors, as lead director of the Board, and as a member of the audit committee of the board of directors of Chimerix, Inc., a publicly-held biopharmaceutical company, where she has served on the board since 2005. In August 2023 she joined the board of directors and as chair of the audit committee and a member of the compensation committee of Alpha Teknova Inc., a publicly-held biotechnology company. She previously served on the board of directors and as chair of the audit committee and member of the compensation committee of both ADMA Biologics, Inc. from June 2020 to June 2023, Adamas Pharmaceuticals, Inc. from March 2014 to November 2021, and Neothetics, Inc. from July 2014 to January 2018, each a publicly-held biopharmaceutical company. Ms. Demski is a National Association of Corporate Directors Board Governance Fellow. In 2017, she received the Director of the Year in Corporate Governance award by the Corporate Directors Forum. Additionally, Ms. Demski has over 13 years of banking experience with Bank of America. Ms. Demski earned a B.A. from Michigan State University and an M.B.A. from The University of Chicago Booth School of Business with concentrations in accounting and finance.

	Skills and Qualifications

	Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and Board believe that Ms. Demski is qualified to serve on our Board due to her more than 30 years’ experience in the fields of finance and biotechnology as well as her experience as a member of various boards of directors.

Mark Pruzanski, M.D.	Director Since: September 2018 Age: 56	Committee Memberships: Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

	Mark Pruzanski, M.D., has served as a member of our Board since September 2018. Dr. Pruzanski is a physician and entrepreneur with more than 30 years of experience in the life sciences sector. Most recently, he served from September 2021 to August 2023, as a member of the board and from April 2022 to September 2023 as Chief Executive Officer of Versanis Bio, a clinical-stage biotechnology company, where he spearheaded the development of novel therapies for obesity and other cardiometabolic diseases until the company’s acquisition in 2023 by Eli Lilly and Company. Dr. Pruzanski was also a co-founder and member of the board of directors of Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a publicly-held biopharmaceutical company. Dr. Pruzanski served as Intercept’s President and Chief Executive Officer from 2002 until January 2021. Prior to co-founding Intercept, Dr. Pruzanski was a venture partner at Apple Tree Partners, an early-stage life sciences venture capital firm that he co-founded, and an entrepreneur-in-residence at Oak Investment Partners, a venture capital firm. Dr. Pruzanski is a co- author of a number of scientific publications and is named as an inventor on several patents. Additionally, Dr. Pruzanski currently serves on the boards of multiple private companies, the Emerging Companies Section of the Biotechnology Innovation Organization (BIO), a biotechnology-focused trade association, and the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, a non-profit policy institute focusing on foreign policy and national security. Dr. Pruzanski received his M.D. from McMaster University in Hamilton, Canada, a M.A. degree in International Affairs from the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies in Bologna, Italy and Washington, D.C., and a bachelor’s degree from McGill University in Montreal, Canada.

	Skills and Qualifications

	Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and Board believe that Dr. Pruzanski is qualified to serve on our Board due to his experience in founding, managing and building life sciences companies as well as his venture capital experience.

THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS RECOMMENDS

A VOTE “FOR” EACH NAMED NOMINEE.

Directors Continuing in Office Until the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders


Stephen Connelly, Ph.D. Chief Scientific Officer	Director Since: March 2017	Committee Memberships: None
Stephen Connelly, Ph.D. Chief Scientific Officer	Age: 42

	Dr. Connelly has served as our Chief Scientific Officer since January 2018 and as a member of our Board since March 2017. Dr. Connelly is a co-founder of Equillium and served as a consultant from March 2017 until January 2018. Dr. Connelly served as a principal at BioMed Ventures, an investment firm owned by BioMed Realty, LP, from March 2016 until March 2017. From March 2014 to March 2016, Dr. Connelly served as the Director of Business Development and Therapeutic Alliances at aTyr Pharma, Inc., a publicly-held biotechnology company. Prior to that, Dr. Connelly was a Senior Scientist at The Scripps Research Institute from March 2012 to March 2014, where he worked on multiple drug discovery projects spanning different therapeutic areas. Dr. Connelly has broad experience in conducting novel and innovative research and has published over 30 original scientific papers and patents. Dr. Connelly received a B.S. in Medicinal Chemistry and a Ph.D. in Biological Chemistry from the University of Exeter, United Kingdom, and an M.B.A. from the Rady School at University of California, San Diego.

	Skills and Qualifications

	Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and Board believe that Dr. Connelly’s scientific and research expertise qualify him to serve on our Board.

Bala S. Manian, Ph.D.	Director Since: May 2017 Age: 78	Committee Memberships: Audit Committee and Compensation Committee

	Bala S. Manian, Ph.D. has served as a member of our Board since May 2017. Dr. Manian has served as Chief Executive Officer and on the board of directors of Mojave Bio, Inc., a privately-held biotechnology company, since July 2020. Dr. Manian has served on the board of directors of Vaccinex, Inc., a publicly-held biotechnology company since June 2004, where he serves as a member of the audit committee and as the chair of the nominating and corporate governance committee. Dr. Manian served as Chief Executive Officer and chairman of the board of directors of ReaMatrix, Inc., a privately-held biotechnology company, from 2004 until the company was dissolved in December 2021. Dr. Manian previously served on the board of directors of Syngene International Ltd., a publicly-held contract research and manufacturing organization based in India, from June 2015 to July 2020. Dr. Manian also served as Executive Chairman of Accellix Inc. (formerly called LeukoDx Inc.), a privately-held biotechnology company, from May 2017 to June 2019. Dr. Manian has founded or co-founded a number of companies, including Lumisys Incorporated, a publicly-held medical systems company, Molecular Dynamics, Inc., a publicly-held genetic discovery and analysis company, Biometric Imaging, Inc., a privately-held biotechnology company, Quantum Dot Corporation and SurroMed Inc. Dr. Manian received a B.S. in Physics from Loyola College, Chennai, a postgraduate level Diploma in Instrumentation from the Madras Institute of Technology, Chennai, an M.S. in Applied Optics from the University of Rochester, and a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Purdue University.

	Skills and Qualifications

	Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and Board believe that Dr. Manian’s experience in founding, managing, and building companies and scientific and research experience qualify him to serve on our Board.

Barbara Troupin, M.D.	Director Since: February 2022	Committee Memberships: Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee
	Age: 56

	Barbara Troupin, M.D., has served as a member of our Board since February 2022. Dr. Troupin has worked as a fractional Chief Medical Officer for Laguna Biotherapeutics Inc. since May 2023, as a senior clinical advisor and advisory board member for Ilant Health, Inc. since May 2023 and as a strategic advisor and advisory board member for Atacana, Inc. since January 2024. Dr. Troupin was the Senior Vice President, Medical Affairs at MyoKardia, Inc., a publicly-held biopharmaceutical company, from April 2020 until March 2021, where she was responsible for launch preparation in the United States and European Union through the time of MyoKardia’s acquisition by and integration into Bristol Myers Squibb. Prior to joining MyoKardia, Dr. Troupin was the Chief Medical Officer of ERX Pharmaceuticals, a privately-held pharmaceutical company, from December 2018 until December 2019. Prior to that, Dr. Troupin held positions with Aquinox Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a publicly-held pharmaceutical company, as the Chief Medical Officer, Vice President of Clinical Development and Regulatory Affairs between March 2017 and July 2018, and Chief Medical Officer, Vice


		President of Clinical Development between October 2016 and March 2017. From September 2014 to June 2016, Dr. Troupin was Senior Vice President, Chief Medical Officer at Apricus Biosciences, Inc, a publicly-held biopharmaceutical company. Prior to joining Apricus Biosciences, Inc., Dr. Troupin held positions of increasing responsibility with Vivus Inc., a publicly-held pharmaceutical company, as Vice President Medical Affairs between February 2012 and August 2014, as Senior Director Medical Affairs between January 2010 and January 2012 and as Director and Senior Director of Clinical Development between March 2006 and January 2010. Dr. Troupin received her Doctorate in Medicine from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine where she also completed her M.B.A. from the Wharton School of Business, with an emphasis in health care management. She holds a B.A. in Biochemistry and Cell Biology from the University of California San Diego.

		Skills and Qualifications

		Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and Board believe that Dr. Troupin is qualified to serve on our Board due to her extensive experience leading clinical and medical affairs functions.

Directors Continuing in Office Until the 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders


Charles McDermott	Director Since: September 2018	Committee Memberships: Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee
	Age: 52

	Charles McDermott has served as a member of our Board since September 2018. Mr. McDermott has served on the board of directors and as President and Chief Executive Officer of Primmune Therapeutics, Inc., a privately-held biotechnology company, since March 2019. From September 2017 to May 2018, Mr. McDermott served as President and Chief Business Officer of Impact Biomedicines, Inc., a privately-held biotechnology company. Prior to that, Mr. McDermott served as President and Chief Business Officer of Kala Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a publicly-held biopharmaceutical company, from June 2015 to August 2017. Previously, he served as Interim President and Chief Business Officer of Kala from October 2014 to June 2015 and as Executive Vice President of Business Development of Kala from June 2013 to October 2014. Prior to joining Kala, Mr. McDermott served first as Director and then Vice President of Business Development, Eye Care and Drug Delivery at Allergan plc, a publicly-held global pharmaceutical company, where he worked from April 2005 to May 2013. Prior to joining Allergan, Mr. McDermott held a variety of business development positions at deCODE Genetics, Inc. (now DGI Resolutions, Inc.), a privately-held biopharmaceutical company, from January 2001 to March 2005. Prior to deCODE Genetics, Mr. McDermott was a research scientist in the angiogenesis pharmacology group at Agouron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Mr. McDermott currently serves as chairman of the board of directors of Anavo Therapeutics GmbH, a privately-held biotechnology company. Mr. McDermott holds an M.B.A. from the University of San Diego, an M.A. in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology from the University of California at Santa Barbara, a B.S. in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology from the University of California Santa Cruz and a Certificate in Clinical Trial Design and Management from the University of California San Diego Extension.

	Skills and Qualifications

	Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and Board believe that Mr. McDermott is qualified to serve on our Board due to his biopharmaceutical and executive experience.

Bruce D. Steel President and Chief Executive Officer	Director Since: March 2017 Age: 57	Committee Memberships: None
Bruce D. Steel President and Chief Executive Officer	Mr. Steel has served as our President and Chief Executive Officer since January 2020 and as a member of our board of directors since March 2017. He served as our President and Chief Business Officer from June 2018 through December 2019. Mr. Steel is a co-founder of Equillium. Mr. Steel is the founder and has served as the Managing Director of BioMed Ventures, an investment firm owned by BioMed Realty, LP, since 2010. From 2008 to 2010, Mr. Steel served as the Chief Business Officer at Anaphore, Inc., a privately-held pharmaceutical company. Prior to that, Mr. Steel was co-founder and Chief Executive Officer of Rincon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a genetic engineering biotechnology company, from 2005 until its acquisition in 2008. Mr. Steel also previously served as the Head of Corporate Development at Ambit Biosciences Corporation from 2002 to 2005. Mr. Steel received his B.A. degree from Dartmouth College and M.B.A. degree from the Marshall School of Business at the University of Southern California, and he holds the designation of Chartered Financial Analyst.

	Skills and Qualifications

	Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and Board believe that Mr. Steel is qualified to serve on our Board due to his experience in founding, managing and building companies and investment experience.


Yu (Katherine) Xu, Ph.D.	Director Since: February 2021	Committee Memberships: Audit Committee
	Age: 52

	Yu (Katherine) Xu, Ph.D. has served as a member of our Board since February 2021. Dr. Xu is a partner at Decheng Capital, an investment firm, and has been with the firm since May 2019. Prior to that, Dr. Xu was Partner, Senior Biotechnology Analyst, Co- Group Head of the Biopharmaceutical Equity Research team at William Blair & Company, an investment bank and financial services company, between 2011 and April 2019. Prior to joining William Blair, Dr. Xu was Senior Vice President and Senior Biotechnology Analyst at Wedbush Securities, Vice President and Senior Biotechnology Analyst at Credit Suisse, and Senior Biotechnology Analyst at Pacific Growth Equities. Dr. Xu previously was Vice President of Investment Banking at Petkevich & Partners, a boutique investment banking firm. Dr. Xu holds a Ph.D. in developmental biology and a Ph.D. minor in engineering-economic systems and operations research from Stanford University Schools of Medicine and Engineering, respectively. She attended Peking University in Beijing before transferring to Kalamazoo College in Michigan in her junior year, where she earned her B.A. with honors. Dr. Xu serves on the board of directors for The 1990 Institute and The Overseas Young Chinese Forum, two China-related non-profit organizations.

	Skills and Qualifications

	Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and Board believe that Dr. Xu is qualified to serve on our Board due to her scientific and research experience as well as her investing experience.

INFORMATION REGARDING THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Independence of the Board of Directors

As required under the Nasdaq Stock Market listing standards, a majority of the members of a listed company’s board of directors must qualify as “independent,” as affirmatively determined by the board of directors. Our Board consults with our counsel to ensure that the Board’s determinations are consistent with relevant securities and other laws and regulations regarding the definition of “independent,” including those set forth in pertinent listing standards of Nasdaq, as in effect from time to time.

Consistent with these considerations, after review of all relevant identified transactions or relationships between each director, or any of such director’s family members, and us, our senior management and our independent auditors, the Board has affirmatively determined that the following six directors are independent directors as defined by Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq Listing Rules: Ms. Demski, Dr. Manian, Mr. McDermott, Dr. Pruzanski, Dr. Troupin and Dr. Xu. In making this determination, the Board found that none of these directors had a material or other disqualifying relationship with us. Mr. Bradbury, Dr. Connelly and Mr. Steel are not considered independent because of their current employment with us.

Board Leadership Structure

Our Board is currently chaired by our Executive Chairman, Mr. Bradbury. In January 2020, Mr. Bradbury transitioned from his prior role of Chief Executive Officer to Executive Chairman of our Board of Directors. With Mr. Bradbury’s extensive history with and knowledge of our company, we believe his role as our Executive Chairman facilitates a regular flow of information between the Board and management and ensures that they both act with a common purpose. Our Board does not have a lead independent director.

Role of the Board in Risk Oversight

One of the key functions of our Board is informed oversight of our risk management process. Our Board does not have a standing risk management committee, but rather administers this oversight function directly through the Board as a whole, as well as through various standing committees of our Board that address risks inherent in their respective areas of oversight. In particular, our Board is responsible for monitoring and assessing strategic risk exposure, including a determination of the nature and level of risk appropriate for us. Our Audit Committee has the responsibility to consider and discuss our major financial risk exposures and the steps our management has taken to monitor and control these exposures, including guidelines and policies to govern the process by which risk assessment and management is undertaken. Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee monitors the effectiveness of our corporate governance guidelines, including whether they are successful in preventing illegal or improper liability-creating conduct. Our Compensation Committee assesses and monitors whether any of our compensation policies and programs has the potential to encourage excessive risk-taking.

Meetings of the Board of Directors

The Board met six times and acted by unanimous written consent four times during 2023. All directors attended at least 75% of the aggregate number of meetings of the Board and of the committees on which they served during 2023.

Executive Sessions

Executive sessions, which are meetings at which only independent directors are present, are regularly scheduled throughout the year, typically at the end of each regular Board meeting and at the end of each committee meeting and as frequently as such independent directors deem appropriate. A director designated at each executive session by the non-management or independent directors, as applicable, presides at the executive sessions.

INFORMATION REGARDING COMMITTEES OF THE BOARD

The Board has an Audit Committee, a Compensation Committee and a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. The following table provides current membership and meeting information for fiscal year 2023 for each of these committees of the Board:

Name

Audit

Compensation

Nominating and
Corporate
Governance

Martha J. Demski

Bala S. Manian, Ph.D.

Charles McDermott

Mark Pruzanski, M.D.

Barbara Troupin, M.D.

Yu (Katherine) Xu, Ph.D.

Total meetings in 2023

*	Committee Chairperson

Below is a description of each committee of the Board.

Each of the committees has authority to engage legal counsel or other experts or consultants, as it deems appropriate to carry out its responsibilities. The Board has determined that each member of each committee meets the applicable Nasdaq rules and regulations regarding “independence” and that each member is free of any relationship that would impair his or her individual exercise of independent judgment with regard to us.

Audit Committee

The Audit Committee of the Board was established by the Board in accordance with Section 3(a)(58)(A) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), to oversee our corporate accounting and financial reporting processes and audits of its financial statements. For this purpose, the Audit Committee performs several functions, including, among other things:

•

evaluating the performance, independence and qualifications of our independent auditors and determining whether to retain our existing independent auditors or engage new independent auditors;

•

reviewing and approving the engagement of our independent auditors to perform audit services and any permissible non-audit services;

•

monitoring the rotation of partners of our independent auditors on our engagement team as required by law;

•

prior to engagement of any independent auditor, and at least annually thereafter, reviewing relationships that may reasonably be thought to bear on their independence, and assessing and otherwise taking the appropriate action to oversee the independence of our independent auditor;

•

reviewing our annual and quarterly financial statements and reports, including the disclosures contained under the caption “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and discussing the statements and reports with our independent auditors and management;

•

reviewing, with our independent auditors and management, significant issues that arise regarding accounting principles and financial statement presentation and matters concerning the scope, adequacy and effectiveness of our financial controls;

•

reviewing with management and our independent auditors any earnings announcements and other public announcements regarding material developments;

•

establishing procedures for the receipt, retention and treatment of complaints received by us regarding financial controls, accounting or auditing matters and other matters;

•

preparing the report that the SEC requires in our annual proxy statement;

•

reviewing and providing oversight of any related-person transactions in accordance with our related-person transaction policy and reviewing and monitoring compliance with legal and regulatory responsibilities, including our code of business conduct and ethics;

•

reviewing our major financial risk exposures, including the guidelines and policies to govern the process by which risk assessment and risk management are implemented;

•

reviewing, on a periodic basis, our investment policy; and

•

reviewing and evaluating, on an annual basis, the performance of the Audit Committee and the Audit Committee charter.

The Audit Committee is composed of three directors: Ms. Demski (chair), Dr. Manian and Dr. Xu. The Audit Committee met eight times during the 2023 fiscal year. The Board has adopted a written Audit Committee charter that is available to stockholders on our website at www.equilliumbio.com. The information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Proxy Statement or our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

The Board reviews the Nasdaq listing standards definition of independence for Audit Committee members on an annual basis and has determined that all members of our Audit Committee are independent (as independence is currently defined in Rule 5605(c)(2)(A)(i) and (ii) of the Nasdaq listing standards and Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act).

The Board has also determined that Ms. Demski qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert,” as defined in applicable SEC rules. The Board made a qualitative assessment of Ms. Demski’s level of knowledge and experience based on a number of factors, including her formal education, prior experience, business acumen and independence.

Compensation Committee

The Compensation Committee of the Board is composed of three directors: Dr. Manian (chair), Ms. Demski and Dr. Pruzanski. Our Board has determined that each of the members of our Compensation Committee is a non-employee director, as defined in Rule 16b-3 promulgated under the Exchange Act and satisfies the Nasdaq independence requirements. The Compensation Committee met five times during the 2023 fiscal year. The Board has adopted a written Compensation Committee charter that is available to stockholders on our website at www.equilliumbio.com. The information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Proxy Statement or our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

The Compensation Committee acts on behalf of the Board to review, adopt or recommend to the Board for adoption, and oversee our compensation strategy, policies, plans and programs. For this purpose, the Compensation Committee performs several functions, including, among other things:

•

reviewing, modifying and approving (or if it deems appropriate, making recommendations to the full Board regarding) our overall compensation strategy and policies;

•

reviewing, determining and approving (or, if it deems appropriate, making recommendations to the full Board for review and approval of) the compensation and other terms of employment of our executive officers;

•

reviewing and approving (or if it deems appropriate, making recommendations to the full Board regarding) performance goals and objectives relevant to the compensation of our executive officers and assessing their performance against these goals and objectives;

•

reviewing and approving (or if it deems appropriate, making recommendations to the full Board regarding) the equity incentive plans, compensation plans and similar programs advisable for us, as well as modifying, amending or terminating existing plans and programs;

•

evaluating risks associated with our compensation policies and practices and assessing whether risks arising from our compensation policies and practices for our employees are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on us;

•

reviewing, determining and approving (or, if it deems appropriate, making recommendations to the full Board for review and approval of) the type and amount of compensation to be paid or awarded to our non-employee board members;

•

establishing policies with respect to votes by our stockholders to approve executive compensation to the extent required by Section 14A of the Exchange Act and determining our recommendations regarding the frequency of advisory votes on executive compensation, to the extent required by law;

•

reviewing and assessing the independence of compensation consultants, legal counsel and other advisers as required by Section 10C of the Exchange Act;

•

administering our equity incentive plans;

•

establishing policies with respect to equity compensation arrangements;

•

reviewing the competitiveness of our executive compensation programs and evaluating the effectiveness of our compensation policy and strategy in achieving expected benefits to us;

•

reviewing, determining and approving (or, if it deems appropriate, making recommendations to the full Board for review and approval) the terms of any employment agreements, severance arrangements, change in control protections and any other compensatory arrangements for our executive officers;

•

reviewing with management and approving our disclosures under the caption “Compensation Discussion and Analysis” in our periodic reports or proxy statements to be filed with the SEC, to the extent such caption is included in any such report or proxy statement;

•

preparing the report that the SEC requires in our annual proxy statement; and

•

reviewing and assessing, on an annual basis, the performance of the Compensation Committee and reviewing the Compensation Committee charter.

Compensation Committee Processes and Procedures

Typically, the Compensation Committee meets at least three times per year (but in no event less than annually) and with greater frequency, if necessary. The agenda for each meeting is usually developed by the chair of the Compensation Committee, in consultation with management. The Compensation Committee meets regularly in executive session. However, from time to time, various members of management and other employees as well as outside advisors or consultants may be invited by the Compensation Committee to make presentations, to provide financial or other background information or advice or to otherwise participate in Compensation Committee meetings. The Chief Executive Officer does not participate in, and is not present during, any deliberations or determinations of the Compensation Committee regarding his compensation or individual performance objectives. The charter of the Compensation Committee grants the Compensation Committee full access to all books, records, facilities and our personnel. In addition, under its charter, the Compensation Committee has the authority to obtain, at our expense, advice and assistance from internal and external legal, accounting or other advisers and other external resources that the Compensation Committee considers necessary or appropriate in the performance of its duties. The Compensation Committee has direct responsibility for the oversight of the work of any advisers engaged for the purpose of advising the Compensation Committee. In particular, the Compensation Committee has the sole authority to retain compensation consultants to assist in its evaluation of executive and director compensation, including the authority to approve the consultant’s reasonable fees and other retention terms.

Under its charter, to the extent required by SEC and Nasdaq rules, the Compensation Committee may select, or receive advice from, a compensation consultant, legal counsel or other adviser to the Compensation Committee, other than in-house legal counsel and certain other types of advisers, only after taking into consideration six factors, prescribed by the SEC and Nasdaq, that bear upon the adviser’s independence; however, there is no requirement that any adviser be independent.

In September 2022, after taking into account the six factors prescribed by the SEC and Nasdaq referenced above, we re-engaged Radford, an Aon Hewitt Company, as our compensation consultant. As part of its engagement, Radford was requested by the Compensation Committee to re-evaluate the peer group of comparative companies and to undertake a market comparison analysis to assist with evaluating our overall compensation philosophy and approach, salary, bonus and equity compensation for our executives, including our named executive officers, for 2023, as well as compensation guidelines for non-executives. Radford developed an updated peer group and related recommendations that were presented to the Compensation Committee for its consideration in evaluating and approving salary, bonus and equity compensation decisions for our named executive officers for 2023 and compensation guidelines for non-executives. The publicly-traded peer companies selected and used as part of Radford’s market compensation analysis for 2023 were: Alpine Immune Sciences, Inc., Aridis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., aTyr Pharma, Inc., Calithera Biosciences, Inc., Cidara Therapeutics, Inc., Corvus Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Eledon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Evelo Biosciences, Inc., Gristone bio, Inc., Immunic, Inc., Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., Mustang Bio, Inc., Oncternal Therapeutics, Inc., Otonomy, Inc., PhaseBio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Soleno Therapeutics, Inc., Surface Oncology, Inc. and Unity Biotechnology, Inc.

The Compensation Committee holds one or more meetings at the end of the year and/or during the first quarter of the year to discuss and approve (or make recommendations to the Board for approval, as applicable) annual compensation adjustments, annual bonuses, annual equity awards, and new corporate performance objectives. However, the Compensation Committee also considers matters related to individual compensation, such as compensation for new executive hires and new hire equity grants for executives and non-executives, as well as high-level strategic issues, such as the efficacy of our compensation strategy, potential modifications to that strategy and new trends, plans or approaches to compensation, at various meetings throughout the year. Generally, the Compensation Committee’s process comprises two related elements: the determination of compensation levels and the establishment of performance objectives for the current year. For executives other than the Chief Executive Officer, the Compensation Committee solicits and considers evaluations and recommendations submitted to the Compensation Committee by the Chief Executive Officer. In the case of the Chief Executive Officer, the evaluation of his performance is conducted by the Compensation Committee. For all executives and directors as part of its deliberations, the Compensation Committee may review and consider, as appropriate, materials such as financial reports and projections, operational data, tax and accounting information, tally sheets that set forth the total compensation that may become payable to executives in various hypothetical scenarios, executive and director stock ownership information, company stock performance data, analyses of historical executive compensation levels and current Company-wide compensation levels, compensation data from comparative companies, compensation surveys, and recommendations of any compensation consultant, if applicable.

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee of the Board is responsible for identifying, reviewing and evaluating candidates to serve as our directors (consistent with criteria approved by the Board), reviewing and evaluating incumbent directors, selecting or recommending to the Board for selection candidates for election to the Board, making recommendations to the Board regarding the membership of the committees of the Board, assessing the performance of the Board, and developing a set of corporate governance principles for us.

The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is composed of three directors: Mr. McDermott (chair), Dr. Pruzanski and Dr. Troupin. All of the members of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee are independent (as independence is currently defined in Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq listing standards). The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee met three times during the 2023 fiscal year. The Board has adopted a written Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee charter that is available to stockholders on our website at www.equilliumbio.com. The information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Proxy Statement or our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. The functions of this committee include, among other things:

•

identifying, reviewing and evaluating candidates to serve on our Board, consistent with criteria approved by our Board;

•

determining the minimum qualifications for service on our Board;

•

evaluating director performance on the Board and applicable committees of the Board and determining whether continued service on our Board is appropriate;

•

evaluating, nominating and recommending individuals for membership on our Board;

•

evaluating nominations by stockholders of candidates for election to our Board;

•

considering and assessing the independence of members of our Board;

•

developing a set of corporate governance policies and principles, including a code of business conduct and ethics, periodically reviewing and assessing these policies and principles and their application and recommending to our Board any changes to such policies and principles;

•

considering questions of possible conflicts of interest of directors as such questions arise; and

•

reviewing and assessing on an annual basis the performance of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee charter.

The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee believes that candidates for director should have certain minimum qualifications, including the ability to read and understand basic financial statements, being over 21 years of age and having the highest personal integrity and ethics. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee also considers such factors as possessing relevant expertise upon which to be able to offer advice and guidance to management, having sufficient time to devote to our affairs, demonstrated excellence in his or her field, having the ability to exercise sound business judgment and having the commitment to rigorously represent the long-term interests of our stockholders. However, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee retains the right to modify these qualifications from time to time. Candidates for director nominees are reviewed in the context of the current composition of the Board, our operating requirements and the long-term interests of our stockholders. In conducting this assessment, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee typically considers diversity (including gender, racial and ethnic diversity), age, skills and such other factors as it deems appropriate, given the current needs of the Board and us, to maintain a balance of knowledge, experience and capability.

The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee appreciates the value of thoughtful Board refreshment, and regularly identifies and considers qualities, skills and other director attributes that would enhance the composition of the Board. In the case of incumbent directors whose terms of office are set to expire, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee reviews these directors’ overall service to us during their terms, including the number of meetings attended, level of participation, quality of performance and any other relationships and transactions that might impair the directors’ independence. In the case of new director candidates, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee also determines whether the nominee is independent for Nasdaq purposes, which determination is based upon applicable Nasdaq listing standards, applicable SEC rules and regulations and the advice of counsel, if necessary. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee then uses its network of contacts to compile a list of potential candidates, but may also engage, if it deems appropriate, a professional search firm. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee conducts any appropriate and necessary inquiries into the backgrounds and qualifications of possible candidates after considering the function and needs of the Board. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee meets to discuss and consider the candidates’ qualifications and then selects candidates for recommendation to the Board by majority vote.

The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will consider director candidates recommended by stockholders. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee does not intend to alter the manner in which it evaluates candidates, including the minimum criteria set forth above, based on whether or not the candidate was recommended by a stockholder. Stockholders who wish to recommend individuals for consideration by the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee to become nominees for election to the Board may do so by delivering a written recommendation to

the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee at the following address: c/o Equillium, Inc., 2223 Avenida de la Playa, Suite 105, La Jolla, California 92037, Attn: Secretary, no later than the close of business on the 90th day nor earlier than the close of business on the 120th day prior to the first anniversary of the preceding year’s annual meeting. Submissions must include the name and address of our stockholder on whose behalf the submission is made; the number of Company shares that are owned beneficially by such stockholder as of the date of the submission; the full name of the proposed candidate; a description of the proposed candidate’s business experience for at least the previous five years; complete biographical information for the proposed candidate; and a description of the proposed candidate’s qualifications as a director. Any such submission must be accompanied by the written consent of the proposed nominee to be named as a nominee and to serve as a director if elected.

Board Diversity

Our Board monitors the mix of skills and experience of its directors to help ensure it has the necessary tools to perform its oversight function effectively. The Board fully appreciates the value of a diversity of viewpoints, background and experiences as important to the selection of directors to enhance the Board’s cognitive diversity and quality of dialogue in the Boardroom.

We believe that our current directors possess diverse professional experiences, skills and backgrounds, in addition to, among other characteristics, high standards of personal and professional ethics and valuable knowledge of our business and our industry.

Below is our Nasdaq Board Diversity Matrix for fiscal year 2024 and last year’s Board Diversity Matrix is available in our 2023 proxy statement filed with the SEC on April 11, 2023. The following Board Diversity Matrix sets forth certain self-identified personal demographic characteristics of our directors.


Board Diversity Matrix (as of April 11, 2024)
Total Number of Directors		9

	Female		Male		Non- Binary		Did Not Disclose
Part I: Gender Identity
Directors		3		4		—		2
Part II: Demographic Background
African American or Black		—		—		—		—
Alaskan Native or Native American		—		—		—		—
Asian		1		1		—		—
Hispanic or Latinx		—		—		—		—
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander		—		—		—		—
White		2		3		—		—
Two or More Races or Ethnicities		—		—		—		—
LGBTQ+		—
Did Not Disclose Demographic Background								2

Board Skills Matrix

The following matrix highlights the mix of key skills and experiences of our director nominees and continuing directors. This matrix is intended to depict notable areas of focus for each director, and not having a mark does not mean that a particular director does not possess that skill or experience. Nominees have developed competencies in these skills through education, direct experience and oversight responsibilities. Additional biographical information on each nominee is set out above.

Director Nominees

Continuing Directors

Skills, Experience

Daniel M.
Bradbury

Martha J.
Demski

Mark
Pruzanski,
M.D.

Stephen
Connelly,
Ph.D.

Bala S.
Manian,
Ph.D.

Barbara
Troupin,
M.D.

Charles
McDermott

Bruce D.
Steel

Yu (Katherine)
Xu, Ph.D.

Accounting/Financial Reporting

Experience or expertise in financial accounting and reporting or the financial management of a growing business

●

Finance/Capital Management and Allocation

Experience or expertise in evaluating a growing company’s capital structure, financing strategy and cash deployment options

●

Director Nominees

Continuing Directors

Skills, Experience

Daniel M.
Bradbury

Martha J.
Demski

Mark
Pruzanski,
M.D.

Stephen
Connelly,
Ph.D.

Bala S.
Manian,
Ph.D.

Barbara
Troupin,
M.D.

Charles
McDermott

Bruce D.
Steel

Yu (Katherine)
Xu, Ph.D.

Strategic Planning

Experience or expertise in driving strategic acquisitions, partnerships and other corporate development activities

●

Corporate Governance

Experience or expertise in strong corporate governance, exhibiting accountability, transparency, fairness, and responsibility

●

International Markets

Experience or expertise driving business success in markets around the world, with an understanding of diverse business environments, economic conditions, cultures, and regulatory frameworks, and a broad perspective on global market opportunities

●

Public Company Board

Experience as a board member of a publicly-traded company

●

Senior Leadership

Experience serving in a senior leadership position in a major organization with a practical understanding and oversight of organizations, processes, strategic planning, and risk management

●

Risk Oversight/Risk Management

Experience or expertise in the risk oversight, risk management, or compliance activities of a large or growing business

●

Human Capital Management

Experience or expertise in the management and development of human capital, including recruitment, talent development, retention, compensation, culture, diversity, equity and inclusion, and other human capital issues

●

IT/Cybersecurity

Experience or expertise in information technology, cybersecurity, information systems, privacy, or other information technology issues of a large or growing business

●

Sales/Marketing

Experience or expertise in cultivating a large or growing business’s brand equity and the development and management of business relationships with customers

●

Investor Relations/Shareholder Engagement

Experience with institutional investors and/or public relations matters and engagement

●

Director Nominees

Continuing Directors

Skills, Experience

Daniel M.
Bradbury

Martha J.
Demski

Mark
Pruzanski,
M.D.

Stephen
Connelly,
Ph.D.

Bala S.
Manian,
Ph.D.

Barbara
Troupin,
M.D.

Charles
McDermott

Bruce D.
Steel

Yu (Katherine)
Xu, Ph.D.

ESG

Experience or expertise in environmental, social and governance matters, including mandatory and voluntary disclosure requirements and general legal landscape

●

Government Affairs/Public Policy

Experience navigating governmental or public policy affairs in the biopharmaceutical industry

●

Industry Experience/ Regulatory/FDA

Experience or expertise in the biopharmaceutical industry, in particular navigating regulatory matters or affairs, including the FDA regulatory process for drug/biologic development and marketing approval

●

Scientific

Scientific expertise related to the healthcare industry

●

Product Development

Experience or expertise in developing a pharmaceutical/biologic product from concept through the marketing approval of that product

●

Life Sciences

Experience working at an organization (including for profit, non-profit, academic, or otherwise) engaged in the discovery, development, manufacture or commercialization of products or services focused on improving organism life

●

Research/Discovery

Experience directly managing an organization or business function responsible for the research and discovery of products or services

●

Pricing and Market Access – US

Experience or expertise with drug/biologic pricing and patient access strategy in U.S. markets

●

Pricing and Market Access – Ex-US

Experience or expertise with drug/biologic pricing and patient access strategy in ex- U.S. markets

●

Global Biopharmaceutical business

Experience or expertise in the operation of a complex multinational biopharmaceutical business

●

Board’s Oversight of Strategy

Our Board is deeply engaged and involved in overseeing our long-range strategy, including evaluating key market opportunities and trends, the company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, external changes affecting the company and industry and competitive developments. This also includes aspects of our environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) initiatives that relate to our strategy. Our Board’s oversight of risk is another integral component of the Board’s oversight and engagement on strategic matters. Strategy-related matters are regularly discussed at Board meetings and, when relevant, at Committee meetings. Matters of strategy also inform committee-level discussions of many issues, including enterprise risk. Engagement of the Board on these issues and other matters of strategic importance continues in between meetings, including through updates to the Board on significant items and discussions between the Chief Executive Officer and our Executive Chairman on a periodic basis. Each director is expected to and does bring to bear their own talents, insights, and experiences to these strategy discussions.

Cybersecurity and Data Privacy Oversight

Our Board addresses the company’s cybersecurity risk management as part of its general oversight function. The Audit Committee is responsible for reviewing the company’s guidelines and policies with respect to risk assessment and risk management, including those related to assessment and mitigation of risks from cybersecurity threats.

Our cybersecurity risk assessment and management processes are implemented and maintained by certain company management, including our Head of IT, who holds a Microsoft Certification, and our Chief Operating Officer, who earned a Cybersecurity for Directors certificate from the Corporate Governance Institute.

Management is also responsible for hiring appropriate personnel, helping to integrate cybersecurity risk considerations into the company’s overall risk management strategy, and communicating key priorities to relevant personnel. The Head of IT and Chief Operating Officer are responsible for helping prepare the company for cybersecurity incidents, approving cybersecurity processes, and reviewing security assessments and other security-related reports.

Our cybersecurity incident response processes are designed to escalate certain cybersecurity incidents to members of management depending on the circumstances and designated risk level, including the Chief Financial Officer, Chief Executive Officer and/or full Executive Leadership Team, who participates in our disclosure controls and procedures. The Head of IT and Chief Operating Officer work with the company’s incident response team to help the company mitigate and remediate cybersecurity incidents of which they are notified. Notifications may be received via automated alerts and reports from electronic system monitoring tools that we have implemented to assist in the protection against phishing, malware, business email compromise, ransomware, and other cyberthreats, or may be submitted directly to our Head of IT from employees who believe they may have received a suspicious threat. In addition, the company’s incident response processes include reporting to the Audit Committee for certain cybersecurity incidents.

The Audit Committee receives periodic reports from the Head of IT and Chief Operating Officer concerning the company’s significant cybersecurity threats and risk and the processes the company has implemented to address them. The Audit Committee also receives summaries or presentations related to the company’s information systems and data and cybersecurity threats, risk and mitigation.

Stockholder Communications with The Board of Directors

The Board has adopted a formal process by which stockholders may communicate with the Board or any of its directors. Stockholders who wish to communicate with the Board may do so by sending written communications addressed to the Secretary of Equillium, Inc., 2223 Avenida de la Playa, Suite 105, La Jolla, California 92037. These communications will be reviewed by the Secretary of Equillium who will determine whether the communication is appropriate for presentation to the Board or the relevant director. The purpose of this screening is to allow the Board to avoid having to consider irrelevant or inappropriate communications (such as advertisements, solicitations and hostile communications).

Code of Business Conduct and Ethics

The Company has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to all officers, directors and employees, including its principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is available on the Company’s website at www.equilliumbio.com. The information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Proxy Statement or our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. If the Company makes any substantive amendments to the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics or grants any waiver from a provision of the code to any executive officer or director, the Company will promptly disclose the nature of the amendment or waiver on its website or in a current report on Form 8-K.

Hedging and Pledging Policy

Under our insider trading policy, our directors, officers, other employees and consultants may not hedge their ownership of our stock, including but not limited to trading in options, puts, calls, or other derivative instruments related to our stock. Additionally, directors, officers, other employees and consultants may not purchase our stock on margin, borrow against our stock held in a margin account, or pledge our stock as collateral for a loan.

PROPOSAL 2: APPROVAL OF AN AMENDMENT TO OUR AMENDED AND

RESTATED CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION TO EFFECT A REVERSE STOCK

SPLIT OF OUR COMMON STOCK

Background

Our Board of Directors has unanimously approved a series of alternate amendments to our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, which would:

•

effect a reverse stock split (“Reverse Stock Split”) of all issued and outstanding shares of our common stock, at a ratio ranging from 1-for-2 to 1-for-10, inclusive.

Accordingly, effecting a Reverse Stock Split would reduce the number of outstanding shares of our common stock. The effectiveness of any one of these amendments and the abandonment of the other amendments, or the abandonment of all of these amendments, will be determined by our Board of Directors following the Annual Meeting and prior to December 31, 2025. Our Board of Directors has recommended that these proposed amendments be presented to our stockholders for approval.

Our stockholders are being asked to approve these proposed amendments pursuant to Proposal 2, and to grant authorization to our Board of Directors to determine, at its option, whether to implement a Reverse Stock Split, including its specific timing and ratio.

Should we receive the required stockholder approvals for Proposal 2, our Board of Directors will have the sole authority to elect, at any time on or prior to December 31, 2025 and without the need for any further action on the part of our stockholders, whether to effect a Reverse Stock Split and the number of whole shares of our common stock, between and including two (2) and ten (10), that will be combined into one share of our common stock.

Notwithstanding approval of Proposal 2 by our stockholders, our Board of Directors may, at its sole option, abandon the proposed amendments and determine prior to the effectiveness of any filing with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware not to effect any Reverse Stock Split, as permitted under Section 242(c) of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware. If our Board of Directors does not implement a Reverse Stock Split on or prior to December 31, 2025, stockholder approval would again be required prior to implementing any Reverse Stock Split.

By approving Proposal 2, our stockholders will: (a) approve a series of alternate amendments to our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation pursuant to which any whole number of outstanding shares of common stock between and including two (2) and ten (10) could be combined into one share of common stock; and (b) authorize our Board of Directors to file only one such amendment, as determined by the Board at its sole option, and to abandon each amendment not selected by the Board. Our Board of Directors may also elect not to undertake any Reverse Stock Split and therefore abandon all amendments.

Approval of Reverse Stock Split of our Common Stock (Proposal 2)

Our Board of Directors has adopted and is recommending that our stockholders approve a series of alternate amendments to our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to effect a Reverse Stock Split. The text of the proposed form of Certificate of Amendment to our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, which we refer to as the Certificate of Amendment, is attached hereto as Appendix A.

We are proposing that our Board of Directors have the discretion to select the Reverse Stock Split ratio from within a range between and including 1-for-2 and 1-for-10, rather than proposing that stockholders approve a specific ratio at this time, in order to give our Board of Directors the flexibility to implement a Reverse Stock Split at a ratio that reflects the Board’s then-current assessment of the factors described below under “Criteria to be Used for Determining Whether to Implement the Reverse Stock Split.” If the Board decides to implement a Reverse Stock Split, we will file the Certificate of Amendment with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware and the Reverse Stock Split will be effective on the business day following the filing of the Certificate of Amendment with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware, or such later time as is chosen by the Board and set forth in the Certificate of Amendment. Except for adjustments that may result from the treatment of fractional shares as described below, each of our stockholders will hold the same percentage of our outstanding common stock immediately following the Reverse Stock Split as such stockholder holds immediately prior to the Reverse Stock Split.

Reasons for Reverse Stock Split

To maintain our listing on Nasdaq. By potentially increasing our stock price, the Reverse Stock Split would reduce the risk that our common stock could be delisted from The Nasdaq Capital Market. To continue our listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market, we must comply with Nasdaq Marketplace Rules, which requirements include a minimum bid price of $1.00 per share. While we are currently in compliance with the minimum bid price requirement set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(a)(1) (the “Bid Price Rule”) for continued inclusion on The Nasdaq Capital Market, we have previously had periods where we were not in compliance with the Bid Price Rule.

The Board of Directors has considered the potential harm to us and our stockholders should Nasdaq delist our common stock from The Nasdaq Capital Market. Delisting could adversely affect the liquidity of our common stock since alternatives, such as the OTC Bulletin Board and the pink sheets, are generally considered to be less efficient markets. An investor likely would find it less convenient to sell, or to obtain accurate quotations in seeking to buy, our common stock on an over-the-counter market. Many investors likely would not buy or sell our common stock due to difficulty in accessing over-the-counter markets, policies preventing them from trading in securities not listed on a national exchange or for other reasons.

The Board of Directors believes that the proposed Reverse Stock Split is a potentially effective means for us to, if applicable, maintain compliance with the $1.00 minimum bid price requirement and to avoid, or at least mitigate, the likely adverse consequences of our common stock being delisted from The Nasdaq Capital Market by producing the immediate effect of increasing the bid price of our common stock.

To potentially improve the marketability and liquidity of our common stock. Our Board of Directors believes that the increased market price of our common stock expected as a result of implementing a Reverse Stock Split could improve the marketability and liquidity of our common stock and encourage interest and trading in our common stock.

•

Stock Price Requirements: We understand that many brokerage houses, institutional investors and funds have internal policies and practices that either prohibit them from investing in low-priced stocks or tend to discourage individual brokers from recommending low-priced stocks to their customers or by restricting or limiting the ability to purchase such stocks on margin. Additionally, a Reverse Stock Split could help increase analyst and broker interest in our common stock as their internal policies might discourage them from following or recommending companies with low stock prices.

•

Stock Price Volatility: Because of the trading volatility often associated with low-priced stocks, many brokerage houses and institutional investors have internal policies and practices that either prohibit them from investing in low-priced stocks or tend to discourage individual brokers from recommending low-priced stocks to their customers. Some of those policies and practices may make the processing of trades in low-priced stocks economically unattractive to brokers.

•

Transaction Costs: Investors may be dissuaded from purchasing stocks below certain prices because brokers’ commissions, as a percentage of the total transaction value, can be higher for low-priced stocks.

Criteria to be Used for Determining Whether to Implement Reverse Stock Split

In determining whether to implement the Reverse Stock Split and which Reverse Stock Split ratio to implement, if any, following receipt of stockholder approval of Proposal 2, our Board of Directors may consider, among other things, various factors, such as:

•

the historical trading price and trading volume of our common stock;

•

the then-prevailing trading price and trading volume of our common stock and the expected impact of the Reverse Stock Split on the trading market for our common stock in the short- and long-term;

•

our ability to maintain our listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market;

•

which Reverse Stock Split ratio would result in the least administrative cost to us;

•

prevailing general market and economic conditions; and

•

whether and when our Board of Directors desires to have the additional authorized but unissued shares of common stock that will result from the implementation of a Reverse Stock Split available to provide the flexibility to use our common stock for business and/or financial purposes, as well as to accommodate the shares of our common stock to be authorized and reserved for future equity awards.

Certain Risks and Potential Disadvantages Associated with Reverse Stock Split

We cannot assure you that the proposed Reverse Stock Split will increase our stock price for a sustained period and have the desired effect of maintaining compliance with Nasdaq Marketplace Rules. We expect that the Reverse Stock Split will increase the market price of our common stock so that we may be able maintain compliance with the Nasdaq $1.00 minimum bid price requirement, if applicable. However, the effect of the Reverse Stock Split upon the market price of our common stock cannot be predicted with any certainty, and the history of similar reverse stock splits for companies in like circumstances is varied, particularly since some investors may view a reverse stock split negatively. It is possible that the per share price of our common stock after the Reverse Stock Split will not rise in proportion to the reduction in the number of shares of our common stock outstanding resulting from the Reverse Stock Split, and the market price per post-Reverse Stock Split share may not exceed or remain in excess of the $1.00 minimum bid price for a sustained period of time, and the Reverse Stock Split may not result in a per share price that would attract brokers and investors who do not trade in lower priced stocks. In addition, although we believe the Reverse Stock Split may enhance the desirability of our common stock to certain potential investors, we cannot assure you that, if implemented, our common stock will be more attractive to institutional and other long-term investors. Even if we implement the Reverse Stock Split, the market price of our common stock may decrease due to factors unrelated to the Reverse Stock Split. In any case, the market price of our common stock may also be based on other factors which may be unrelated to the number of shares outstanding, including our future performance. If the Reverse Stock Split is consummated and the trading price of the common stock declines, the

percentage decline as an absolute number and as a percentage of our overall market capitalization may be greater than would occur in the absence of the Reverse Stock Split. Even if the market price per post-Reverse Stock Split share of our common stock remains in excess of $1.00 per share, we may be delisted due to a failure to meet other continued listing requirements, including Nasdaq requirements related to the minimum number of shares that must be in the public float, the minimum market value of the public float and the minimum number of “round lot” holders.

The proposed Reverse Stock Split may decrease the liquidity of our common stock and result in higher transaction costs. The liquidity of our common stock may be negatively impacted by a Reverse Stock Split, given the reduced number of shares that would be outstanding after the Reverse Stock Split, particularly if the stock price does not increase as a result of the Reverse Stock Split. In addition, if a Reverse Stock Split is implemented, it will increase the number of our stockholders who own “odd lots” of fewer than 100 shares of common stock. Brokerage commission and other costs of transactions in odd lots are generally higher than the costs of transactions of more than 100 shares of common stock. Accordingly, a Reverse Stock Split may not achieve the desired results of increasing marketability and liquidity of our common stock described above.

The effective increase in the authorized number of shares of our common stock as a result of the Reverse Stock Split could have anti-takeover implications. The implementation of a Reverse Stock Split will result in an effective increase in the authorized number of shares of our common stock, which could, under certain circumstances, have anti-takeover implications. The additional shares of common stock that would become available for issuance if this Proposal 2 is approved and a Reverse Stock Split is implemented could be used by us to oppose a hostile takeover attempt or to delay or prevent changes in control or our management. For example, without further stockholder approval, the Board could adopt a “poison pill” which would, under certain circumstances related to an acquisition of our securities that is not approved by the Board, give certain holders the right to acquire additional shares of our common stock at a low price. The Board also could strategically sell shares of common stock in a private transaction to purchasers who would oppose a takeover or favor the current Board. Although this Proposal 2 has been prompted by business and financial considerations and not by the threat of any hostile takeover attempt (nor is the Board currently aware of any such attempts directed at us), stockholders should be aware that approval of this Proposal 2 could facilitate future efforts by us to deter or prevent changes in control, including transactions in which the stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares over then current market prices.

Effects of Reverse Stock Split

After the effective date of any Reverse Stock Split that our Board of Directors elects to implement, each stockholder will own a reduced number of shares of common stock. However, any Reverse Stock Split will affect all of our stockholders uniformly and will not affect any stockholder’s percentage ownership interests in Equillium, except to the extent that the Reverse Stock Split results in any of our stockholders owning a fractional share as described below. Voting rights and other rights and preferences of the holders of our common stock will not be affected by a Reverse Stock Split (other than as a result of the payment of cash in lieu of fractional shares). For example, a holder of 2% of the voting power of the outstanding shares of our common stock immediately prior to a Reverse Stock Split would continue to hold 2% (assuming there is no impact as a result of the payment of cash in lieu of issuing fractional shares) of the voting power of the outstanding shares of our common stock immediately after such Reverse Stock Split. The number of stockholders of record will not be affected by a Reverse Stock Split (except to the extent that any stockholder holds only a fractional share interest and receives cash for such interest after such Reverse Stock Split).

The principal effects of a Reverse Stock Split will be that:

•

depending on the Reverse Stock Split ratio selected by the Board, each two to ten shares of our common stock owned by a stockholder will be combined into one new share of our common stock;

•

no fractional shares of common stock will be issued in connection with any Reverse Stock Split; instead, holders of common stock who would otherwise receive a fractional share of common stock pursuant to the Reverse Stock Split will receive cash in lieu of the fractional share as explained more fully below;

•

the Reverse Stock Split will result in an effective increase in the authorized number of shares of our common stock;

•

based upon the Reverse Stock Split ratio selected by the Board, proportionate adjustments will be made to the per share exercise price and/or the number of shares issuable upon the exercise or vesting of all then outstanding stock options, restricted stock units and warrants (if any), which will result in a proportional decrease in the number of shares of our common stock reserved for issuance upon exercise or vesting of such stock options, restricted stock units and warrants, and, in the case of stock options and warrants, a proportional increase in the exercise price of all such stock options and warrants; and

•

the number of shares then reserved for issuance under our equity compensation plans will be reduced proportionately based upon the Reverse Stock Split ratio selected by the Board.

The following table contains approximate information, based on share information as of April 1, 2024, relating to our outstanding common stock based on the proposed Reverse Stock Split ratios (without giving effect to the treatment of fractional shares):


Status	Number of Shares of Common Stock Authorized		Number of Shares of Common Stock Issued and Outstanding		Number of Shares of Common Stock Reserved for Future Issuance		Number of Shares of Common Stock Authorized but Unissued and Unreserved

Pre-Reverse Stock Split		200,000,000		35,254,752		13,559,075		151,186,173
Post-Reverse Stock Split 1:2		200,000,000		17,627,376		6,779,537		175,593,087
Post-Reverse Stock Split 1:3		200,000,000		11,751,584		4,519,691		183,728,725
Post-Reverse Stock Split 1:4		200,000,000		8,813,688		3,389,768		187,796,544
Post-Reverse Stock Split 1:5		200,000,000		7,050,950		2,711,815		190,237,235
Post-Reverse Stock Split 1:6		200,000,000		5,875,792		2,259,845		191,864,363
Post-Reverse Stock Split 1:7		200,000,000		5,036,393		1,937,010		193,026,597
Post-Reverse Stock Split 1:8		200,000,000		4,406,844		1,694,884		193,898,272
Post-Reverse Stock Split 1:9		200,000,000		3,917,194		1,506,563		194,576,243
Post-Reverse Stock Split 1:10		200,000,000		3,525,475		1,355,907		195,118,618

After the effective date of any Reverse Stock Split that our Board of Directors elects to implement, our common stock would have a new committee on uniform securities identification procedures (CUSIP) number, a number used to identify our common stock.

Our common stock is currently registered under Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act and we are subject to the periodic reporting and other requirements of the Exchange Act. The implementation of any proposed Reverse Stock Split will not affect the registration of our common stock under the Exchange Act. Our common stock would continue to be listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “EQ” immediately following the Reverse Stock Split, although it is likely that Nasdaq would add the letter “D” to the end of the trading symbol for a period of twenty trading days after the effective date of the Reverse Stock Split to indicate that the Reverse Stock Split had occurred.

Effective Date

The proposed Reverse Stock Split would become effective at 5:00 p.m., Eastern Time, on the business day following the filing of a Certificate of Amendment with the office of the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware, or such later date as is chosen by the Board and set forth in the Certificate of Amendment, which date we refer to in this Proposal 2 as the Effective Date. Except as explained below with respect to fractional shares, effective as of 5:00 p.m., Eastern Time, on the Effective Date, shares of common stock issued and outstanding immediately prior thereto will be combined, automatically and without any action on the part of us or our stockholders, into a fewer number of new shares of our common stock in accordance with the Reverse Stock Split ratio determined by our Board within the limits set forth in this Proposal 2.

Cash Payment In Lieu of Fractional Shares

No fractional shares of common stock will be issued as a result of any Reverse Stock Split. Instead, in lieu of any fractional shares to which a stockholder of record would otherwise be entitled as a result of the Reverse Stock Split, Equillium will pay cash (without interest) equal to such fraction multiplied by the average of the closing sales prices of the common stock on The Nasdaq Capital Market during regular trading hours for the five consecutive trading days immediately preceding the Effective Date (with such average closing sales prices being adjusted to give effect to the Reverse Stock Split). After the Reverse Stock Split, a stockholder otherwise entitled to a fractional interest will not have any voting, dividend or other rights with respect to such fractional interest except to receive payment as described above.

As of April 1, 2024, there were 50 stockholders of record of our common stock. Upon stockholder approval of this Proposal 2, if our Board of Directors elects to implement the proposed Reverse Stock Split, stockholders owning, prior to the Reverse Stock Split, less than the number of whole shares of common stock that will be combined into one share of common stock in the Reverse Stock Split would no longer be stockholders. For example, if a stockholder held 5 shares of common stock immediately prior to the Reverse Stock Split and the Reverse Stock Split ratio selected by the Board was 1-for-10, then such stockholder would cease to be a stockholder of Equillium following the Reverse Stock Split and would not have any voting, dividend or other rights except to receive payment for the fractional share as described above. Based on our stockholders of record as of April 1, 2024, and assuming a Reverse Stock Split ratio of 1-for-10, we do not expect that cashing out fractional stockholders will reduce the number of stockholders of record. In addition, we do not intend for this transaction to be the first step in a series of plans or proposals of a “going private transaction” within the meaning of Rule 13e-3 of the Exchange Act.

Record and Beneficial Stockholders

If this Proposal 2 is approved by our stockholders and our Board of Directors elects to implement a Reverse Stock Split, stockholders of record holding all of their shares of our common stock electronically in book-entry form under the direct registration system for securities will be automatically exchanged by the exchange agent and will receive a transaction statement at their address of record indicating the number of new post-split shares of our common stock they hold after the Reverse Stock Split along with payment in lieu of any fractional shares. Non-registered stockholders holding common stock through a bank, broker or other nominee should note that such banks, brokers or other nominees may have different procedures for processing the Reverse Stock Split and making payment for fractional shares than those that would be put in place by us for registered stockholders. If you hold your shares with such a bank, broker or other nominee and if you have questions in this regard, you are encouraged to contact your nominee.

If this Proposal 2 is approved by our stockholders and our Board of Directors elects to implement a Reverse Stock Split, stockholders of record holding some or all of their shares in certificate form will receive a letter of transmittal from Equillium or its exchange agent, as soon as practicable after the Effective Date. Our transfer agent is expected to act as “exchange agent” for the purpose of implementing the exchange of stock certificates. Holders of pre-Reverse Stock Split shares will be asked to surrender to the exchange agent certificates representing pre-Reverse Stock Split shares in exchange for post-Reverse Stock Split shares and payment in lieu of fractional shares (if any) in accordance with the procedures to be set forth in the letter of transmittal. No new post-Reverse Stock Split share certificates will be issued to a stockholder until such stockholder has surrendered such stockholder’s outstanding certificate(s) together with the properly completed and executed letter of transmittal to the exchange agent.

STOCKHOLDERS SHOULD NOT DESTROY ANY PRE-SPLIT STOCK CERTIFICATE AND SHOULD NOT SUBMIT ANY CERTIFICATES UNTIL THEY ARE REQUESTED TO DO SO.

Accounting Consequences

The par value per share of our common stock would remain unchanged at $0.0001 per share after any Reverse Stock Split. As a result, on the Effective Date, the stated capital on our balance sheet attributable to the common stock would be reduced proportionally, based on the actual Reverse Stock Split ratio, from its present amount, and the additional paid-in capital account would be credited with the amount by which the stated capital would be reduced. The net income or loss per share of common stock would be increased because there would be fewer shares of common stock outstanding. The Reverse Stock Split would be reflected retroactively in our financial statements. We do not anticipate that any other accounting consequences would arise as a result of any Reverse Stock Split.

No Appraisal Rights

Our stockholders are not entitled to dissenters’ or appraisal rights under the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware with respect to the proposed alternate amendments to our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to allow for a Reverse Stock Split.

Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences

The following is a summary of certain material U.S. federal income tax consequences of the Reverse Stock Split that are generally expected to be applicable to stockholders that hold their shares of common stock as capital assets within the meaning of Section 1221 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) (generally property held for investment). This summary is based upon the provisions of the Code, Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder, administrative rulings and judicial decisions, all as in effect as of the date hereof, and all of which are subject to change and differing interpretations, possibly with retroactive effect. Changes in these authorities or their interpretation may result in the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the Reverse Stock Split differing substantially from the consequences summarized below. This summary, except for the discussion under “Information Reporting and Backup Withholding” below, is limited to stockholders who are U.S. Holders (as defined below).

This summary is for general information purposes only and does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be relevant to U.S. Holders in light of their particular circumstances or to U.S. Holders that may be subject to special tax rules, including, without limitation: (i) persons subject to the alternative minimum tax; (ii) banks, insurance companies, or other financial institutions; (iii) tax-exempt organizations; (iv) dealers in securities or commodities; (v) regulated investment companies or real estate investment trusts; (vi) partnerships (including entities or arrangements treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes and their partners or members); (vii) traders in securities that elect to use the mark-to-market method of accounting; (viii) persons whose “functional currency” is not the U.S. dollar; (ix) persons holding our common stock in a hedging transaction, “straddle,” “conversion transaction” or other risk reduction transaction; (x) persons who acquired our common stock in connection with employment or the performance of services; (xi) retirement plans; (xii) persons who are not treated as U.S. Holders for U.S. federal income tax purposes; or (xiii) certain former citizens or long-term residents of the United States.

In addition, this summary does not address: (a) the tax consequences of transactions effectuated before, after or at the same time as the Reverse Stock Split, whether or not they are in connection with the Reverse Stock Split; (b) any U.S. federal non-income tax consequences of the Reverse Stock Split, including estate, gift or other tax consequences; (c) any state, local or non-U.S. tax consequences of the Reverse Stock Split; (d) the Medicare contribution tax on net investment income, or (e) tax consequences to holders of options, warrants or similar rights to acquire our common stock. No ruling from the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”), or opinion of counsel, has been or will be requested in connection with the Reverse Stock Split. Stockholders should be aware that the IRS could adopt a position which could be sustained by a court contrary to that set forth in this discussion.

Accordingly, each stockholder should consult with such stockholder’s own tax advisor with respect to all of the potential tax consequences to such stockholder of the Reverse Stock Split.

For purposes of this discussion, a “U.S. Holder” means a beneficial owner of shares of our common stock that is any of the following:

•

an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States or someone treated as a U.S. citizen or resident for U.S. federal income tax purposes;

•

a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof, or the District of Columbia;

•

an estate, the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or

•

a trust if (i) a U.S. court can exercise primary supervision over the trust’s administration and one or more “United States persons” (within the meaning of Section 7701(a)(30) of the Code) are authorized or have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (ii) it has a valid election in effect under applicable U.S. Treasury Regulations to be treated as a United States person for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

If a partnership (including any entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) holds shares of our common stock, the tax treatment of a partner in the partnership generally will depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partnerships holding our common stock and the partners therein should consult their tax advisors regarding the tax consequences to them of the Reverse Stock Split.

EACH STOCKHOLDER SHOULD CONSULT ITS TAX ADVISORS WITH RESPECT TO THE PARTICULAR TAX CONSEQUENCES OF THE REVERSE STOCK SPLIT TO SUCH STOCKHOLDER.

Taxation of U.S. Holders

The Reverse Stock Split should constitute a “recapitalization” for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a recapitalization, except as described below with respect to cash received in lieu of fractional shares, a U.S. Holder should not recognize gain or loss as a result of the Reverse Stock Split. A U.S. Holder’s aggregate tax basis in the shares of the common stock received pursuant to the Reverse Stock Split should equal the U.S. Holder’s aggregate tax basis in the shares of the common stock surrendered, and such U.S. Holder’s holding period in the shares of the common stock received should include the holding period of the shares of the common stock surrendered. Treasury regulations promulgated under the Code provide detailed rules for allocating the tax basis and holding period of shares of common stock surrendered pursuant to the Reverse Stock Split to shares of common stock received pursuant to the Reverse Stock Split. U.S. Holders holding shares of common stock that were acquired on different dates and at different prices should consult their tax advisors regarding the allocation of the tax basis and holding period of such shares.

A U.S. Holder who receives cash in lieu of a fractional share of common stock pursuant to the Reverse Stock Split generally should recognize capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference, if any, between the amount of cash received and the portion of the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the shares of common stock surrendered that is allocated to such fractional share of common stock. Such capital gain or loss generally should be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the common stock surrendered in the Reverse Stock Split exceeds one year at the time of the Reverse Stock Split. Long-term capital gains of non-corporate U.S. Holders are generally subject to preferential tax rates. There are limitations on the deductibility of capital losses under the Code.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

Stockholders may be subject to information reporting with respect to any cash received in exchange for a fractional share interest in a new share in the Reverse Stock Split. Stockholders who are subject to information reporting and who do not provide a correct taxpayer identification number and other required information (such as by submitting a properly completed IRS Form W-9) may also be subject to backup withholding, at the applicable rate. Any amount withheld under such rules is not an additional tax and may be refunded or credited against the stockholder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, provided that the required information is properly furnished in a timely manner to the IRS.

The preceding discussion is intended only as a summary of certain material U.S. federal income tax consequences of the Reverse Stock Split. It is not a complete analysis or discussion of all potential tax effects that may be important to a particular holder. All holders of our common stock should consult their own tax advisors as to the specific tax consequences of the Reverse Stock Split to them, including record retention and tax-reporting requirements, and the applicability and effect of any federal, state, local and non-U.S. tax laws.

Required Vote

Stockholder approval of this Proposal 2 requires a “FOR” vote from a majority of the votes cast on this proposal.

THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS RECOMMENDS THAT STOCKHOLDERS VOTE “FOR” THE APPROVAL OF A REVERSE STOCK SPLIT AS SET FORTH IN PROPOSAL 2.

PROPOSAL 3: RATIFICATION OF APPOINTMENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

The Audit Committee has appointed KPMG LLP (“KPMG”) as our independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024 and has further directed that management submit the selection of its independent registered public accounting firm for ratification by the stockholders at the Annual Meeting and recommended that stockholders ratify such selection. KPMG has audited our financial statements since 2018. Representatives of KPMG are expected to be present at the Annual Meeting. They will have an opportunity to make a statement if they so desire and will be available to respond to appropriate questions.

Neither our amended and restated bylaws nor other governing documents or law require stockholder ratification of the appointment of KPMG as our independent registered public accounting firm. However, the Audit Committee is submitting the selection of KPMG to the stockholders for ratification as a matter of good corporate practice. If the stockholders fail to ratify the appointment, the Audit Committee will reconsider whether or not to retain that firm. Even if the selection is ratified, the Audit Committee in its discretion may direct the appointment of different independent auditors at any time during the year if they determine that such a change would be in the best interests of us and our stockholders.

The affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the shares present virtually or represented by proxy and entitled to vote on the matter at the Annual Meeting will be required to ratify the appointment of KPMG.

Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The following table represents aggregate fees billed to us by KPMG for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:


	Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2023		Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2022
Audit Fees ⁽¹⁾	$	513,250	$	575,000
Audit Related Fees ⁽²⁾		—		30,000
Tax Fees ⁽³⁾		100,429		25,000
All Other Fees		—		—

Total Fees	$	613,679	$	630,000

(1)	Audit fees consist of fees associated with the annual audit, reviews of the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K and quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and review of registration statements and related issuances of consents.

(2)	Fees for audit-related services include fees associated with consultations related to our acquisition of Bioniz Therapeutics, Inc.

(3)	Tax fees consist of tax consultations related to the preparation of an Internal Revenue Code Section 382 study and our transaction with Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.

All fees described above were pre-approved by the Audit Committee.

In connection with the audit of our 2023 financial statements, we entered into an engagement agreement with KPMG that sets forth the terms by which KPMG will perform audit services for us.

Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures

The Audit Committee must pre-approve the audit and non-audit services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firm.

Report of the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors*

The Audit Committee has reviewed and discussed the audited consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 with our management. The Audit Committee has discussed with the independent registered public accounting firm the matters required to be discussed under the applicable requirements of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”) and the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Audit Committee has also received the written disclosures and the letter from the independent registered public accounting firm required by applicable requirements of the PCAOB regarding the independent registered public accounting firm’s communications with the Audit Committee concerning independence, and has discussed with the independent registered public accounting firm the accounting firm’s independence. Based on the foregoing, the Audit Committee has recommended to the Board that the audited consolidated financial statements be included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

Martha J. Demski (Chair)

Bala S. Manian, Ph.D.

Yu (Katherine) Xu, Ph.D.

The material in this report is not “soliciting material,” is not deemed “filed” with the SEC and is not to be incorporated by reference in any of our filings under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any such filing.

THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS RECOMMENDS

A VOTE “FOR” PROPOSAL 3.

PROPOSAL 4: ADVISORY VOTE ON EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

In accordance with the requirements of Section 14A of the Exchange Act and the related rules of the SEC, our stockholders are being asked to approve, in an advisory, non-binding vote, the compensation of our named executive officers as disclosed pursuant to Item 402 of Regulation S-K, including the compensation tables and narrative discussion. In considering their vote, we urge stockholders to review the information on our compensation policies and decisions regarding the named executive officers presented in the Executive and Director Compensation section beginning on page 46.

This advisory resolution, commonly referred to as a “say-on-pay” resolution, is non-binding. Although this resolution is non-binding, the Board and the Compensation Committee value the opinions of our stockholders and will review and consider the voting results when making future compensation decisions for our named executive officers. If the “Three Year” option is the option that receives the highest number of affirmative votes as to the frequency of future say-on-pay votes under Proposal 5, we expect that we will conduct our next say-on-pay vote at the 2027 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

We believe that our compensation components provide a reasonable balance of base compensation and long-term equity-based incentive compensation that is closely aligned with our overall performance. We aim to provide executive officers with a reasonable level of security through base salary and benefits, while rewarding them through cash and equity-based incentive compensation to achieve business objectives and create stockholder value. We believe that each of our compensation components is integral to attracting, retaining, and rewarding qualified named executive officers.

The text of the resolution in respect of Proposal 4 is as follows:

“RESOLVED, that the compensation paid to the Company’s named executive officers as disclosed pursuant to Item 402 of Regulation S-K, including the compensation tables and narrative discussion, is hereby approved.”

PROPOSAL 5: ADVISORY VOTE ON THE FREQUENCY OF SOLICITATION OF ADVISORY STOCKHOLDER APPROVAL OF EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

In accordance with the requirements of Section 14A of the Exchange Act and the related rules of the SEC, our stockholders are also entitled to vote, on an advisory basis, on whether the “say-on-pay” vote, as required by Section 14A of the Exchange Act, should occur every one, two, or three years. The vote on the frequency of the say-on-pay vote, just as with the say-on-pay vote itself, is advisory only, and it also is not binding on us or on our Board of Directors. Although the vote is non-binding, the Compensation Committee and the Board will carefully consider the outcome of the vote when determining the frequency of future stockholder advisory votes to approve the compensation of our named executive officers.

Although our executive compensation programs are designed to promote a long-term connection between pay and performance, after careful consideration, the Board has determined that a say-on-pay vote that occurs every three years is the most appropriate alternative for our company at this time. As a biotechnology company, we have important milestones relating to drug development that do not occur every calendar year. While executive compensation is evaluated annually, the Board of Directors also considers progress over a multi-year timeframe, which is common in small- and mid-capitalization companies in our industry. The Board of Directors believes that a vote every three years provides stockholders the opportunity to evaluate our compensation program on a more thorough, longer-term basis than an annual vote. Therefore, the Board recommends that you vote for a “Three Year” frequency for the say-on-pay vote.

Although the Board recommends a say-on-pay vote be held three years, you may vote one of four choices for this Proposal 5 on the proxy card: “One Year”, “Two Years”, “Three Years”, or “Abstain.” The text of the resolution in respect of Proposal 5 is as follows:

“RESOLVED, that the option of once every one year, two years, or three years that receives the highest number of affirmative votes of the shares present virtually or represented by proxy at the meeting and entitled to vote generally on the subject matter for this resolution will be determined to be the preferred frequency with which the Company is to hold an advisory stockholder vote to approve the compensation paid to the Company’s named executive officers, as disclosed pursuant to Item 402 of Regulation S-K, including the compensation tables and narrative discussion.”

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

Daniel M. Bradbury, 62, has served as our Executive Chairman of our Board since January 2020 and has been a member and the chairman of our Board since March 2017. For additional information regarding Mr. Bradbury’s industry experience and education, see above under “Class III Director Nominees for Election at the Annual Meeting.”

Bruce D. Steel, 57, has served as our President and as our Chief Executive Officer since January 2020 and as a member of our Board since March 2017. Mr. Steel served as our President and Chief Business Officer from June 2018 through December 2019. For additional information regarding Mr. Steel’s industry experience and education, see above under “Directors Continuing in Office Until the 2026 Annual Meeting.”

Stephen Connelly, Ph.D., 42, has served as our Chief Scientific Officer since January 2018 and as a member of our Board since March 2017. For additional information regarding Dr. Connelly’s industry experience and education, see above under “Directors Continuing in Office Until the 2025 Annual Meeting.”

Jason A. Keyes, 53, has served as our Chief Financial Officer since March 2018 and also has served as a director of our Australian subsidiary since January 2019. Mr. Keyes formerly served on the board of directors, including as chair of the audit committee, of Sesen Bio, Inc., a publicly-held biopharmaceutical company, from 2020 to 2023. From January 2013 to February 2018, Mr. Keyes held positions of increasing responsibility at Orexigen Therapeutics, Inc., a publicly-held pharmaceutical company which filed a voluntary petition for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in March 2018, most recently as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Keyes held positions of increasing responsibility at Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a publicly-held biopharmaceutical company, from August 2007 until January 2013, most recently as Senior Director of Finance. Prior to joining Amylin, Mr. Keyes held positions of increasing responsibility in finance and corporate strategy at Amgen Inc., a publicly-held biopharmaceutical company, and Baxter Healthcare Corporation, a publicly-held healthcare company. Mr. Keyes received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Civil Engineering from Stanford University and an M.B.A. from the Anderson School at the University of California, Los Angeles.

Christine Zedelmayer, 54, has served as our Senior Vice President, Chief Operating Officer since January 2020. Ms. Zedelmayer served as our Vice President of Operations from February 2018 through December 2019. Ms. Zedelmayer owns and was previously principal consultant at Centerra Consulting, LLC, a project management and investor relations consulting firm focused on life sciences, from 2012 to 2018, where she led strategic business development projects for clients and served as head of investor relations for a variety of medical device companies. Prior to Centerra, from 2003 to 2012, Ms. Zedelmayer held a variety of roles at Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a publicly-held biopharmaceutical company, including Senior Director of Alliance Management, where she led the global collaboration with Eli Lilly and as Executive Director of Investor Relations. Before joining Amylin, Ms. Zedelmayer held various leadership positions within project management at Amgen Inc., a publicly-held biopharmaceutical company, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a publicly-held biopharmaceutical company, and Hybritech, Inc., a privately-held medical diagnostics company. Ms. Zedelmayer received her B.S. in Electrical Engineering from San Diego State University and an M.B.A. with Finance emphasis from California Lutheran University.

EXECUTIVE AND DIRECTOR COMPENSATION

We are a “smaller reporting company” under Item 10 of Regulation S-K promulgated under the Exchange Act, and the following compensation disclosure is intended to comply with the requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies. Although the rules allow us to provide less detail about our executive compensation program, the Compensation Committee is committed to providing the information necessary to help stockholders understand its executive compensation-related decisions. Accordingly, this section includes supplemental narratives that describe the 2023 executive compensation program for our named executive officers.

Our named executive officers for the year ended December 31, 2023, which consist of our principal executive officer and our two other most highly compensated executive officers, were:

•

Bruce D. Steel, our President and Chief Executive Officer;

•

Stephen Connelly, Ph.D., our Chief Scientific Officer; and

•

Christine Zedelmayer, our Senior Vice President, Chief Operating Officer.

Executive Summary

Our business strategy is to develop high-impact, novel therapeutics to treat autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, and by so doing, deliver long-term value for our stockholders. The Compensation Committee believes that it is critical to attract, retain, and incentivize highly skilled executive officers to execute on our business strategy. Accordingly, our executive compensation program is structured to provide a competitive level of base cash compensation, with the opportunity to earn meaningfully more only upon successful performance. This structure motivates our executives to achieve results for our business and value for our stockholders over the long-term because our executives are only paid cash bonuses to the extent we achieve our goals, and only realize value for stock options if our stock price increases over a multi-year period and the executive remains employed with us over that period.

Compensation Committee Role

The Compensation Committee is comprised of independent, non-employee members of the Board of Directors and is responsible for evaluating and determining the compensation paid to the named executive officers. The Compensation Committee retains an independent compensation consultant to assist it in making executive compensation decisions.

For 2023, the Compensation Committee engaged Radford, an Aon Hewitt Company (“Aon”), as its independent compensation consultant. In making 2023 compensation decisions, the Compensation Committee reviewed market data for each named executive officer’s position, compiled by Aon, from the following peer group of companies for 2023:


Alpine Immune Sciences, Inc.		Jounce Therapeutics, Inc.

Aridis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.		Mustang Bio, Inc.

aTyr Pharma, Inc.		Oncternal Therapeutics, Inc.

Calithera Biosciences, Inc.		Otonomy, Inc.

Cidara Therapeutics, Inc.		PhaseBio Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Corvus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.		Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Eledon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.		Soleno Therapeutics, Inc.

Evelo Biosciences, Inc.		Surface Oncology, Inc.

Gritstone bio, Inc.		Unity Biotechnology, Inc.

Immunic, Inc.

The 2023 peer group was recommended by Aon and compiled by selecting companies with the following parameters: publicly-traded, pre-commercial stage biopharmaceutical companies, with an emphasis on companies focused on autoimmune and/or immunology therapeutic areas, and a preference for companies located in biotechnology hub locations, in particular San Diego, with market capitalizations under $400 million and headcounts below 150.

2023 Compensation Actions

•

In 2023, we did not increase base salaries for our named executive officers and maintained the same annual target performance bonus opportunities, as a percentage of base salary, for our named executive officers as applied in 2022. Our Chief Executive Officer’s 2023 base salary and total target cash compensation, which includes a target performance bonus opportunity, were both below the 25th percentile of our peer group.

•

Based on performance against our corporate goals for 2023, we paid performance-based bonuses at 95% of target, reflecting the Compensation Committee’s assessment that we achieved an overall scoring of 95% with respect to our 2023 corporate goals.

•

We continued to grant equity awards in the form of stock options to our named executive officers to incentivize and reward for stockholder value creation over the long-term and to retain our executive officers. The 2023 stock option grants for our named executive officers represented nearly a 32% decrease from those granted in 2022, based on the grant date fair value of such stock options, as reported in the Summary Compensation Table (which includes the incremental fair value recognized in 2023 as a result of our stock option repricing).

•

We structured 67% of our Chief Executive Officer’s target compensation and approximately 50% of the average of our other two named executive officers’ target compensation as variable or at-risk pay, consisting of an annual cash performance bonus and equity awards that provide payout only if we achieve our corporate goals and our stock appreciates over the long-term. “Target compensation” or “target pay” consists of base salary, target performance bonus opportunity and equity awards granted in 2023, based on the grant date fair value as reported in the Summary Compensation Table.

LOGO

Chief Executive Officer’s Realizable Compensation

The Compensation Committee believes that given the heavily weighted pay-for-performance structure of our executive compensation program, realizable pay is an important measure to review in analyzing the alignment between our executive compensation program and our business/stock price performance. Compensation that is actually realizable by our Chief Executive Officer helps our Compensation Committee, Board of Directors and investors understand the sensitivity of our compensation program to our actual financial and stock performance and illustrates the alignment of our compensation program with stockholder interests. Our Chief Executive Officer’s 2023 realizable pay was 42% lower than his total compensation reported in the Summary Compensation Table.

The chart below shows our indexed total stockholder return (“TSR”) over the past two years, with both the total reported compensation of our Chief Executive Officer as well as the Chief Executive Officer’s “realizable” pay, which reflects base salary and annual performance-bonus earned and values equity awards granted during the year using their intrinsic value as of the end of each fiscal year (whether or not vested and exercisable). Intrinsic value is the number of shares subject to an outstanding equity award, multiplied by the stock price at the end of the year and, in the case of stock options, reduced by the exercise price required to purchase such shares. Intrinsic value differs from the value reported in the Summary Compensation Table, in that intrinsic value represents the value that could be received by the award recipient (and for these purposes, ignoring vesting schedules), whereas the value as required to be reported in the Summary Compensation Table represents the grant date fair value for accounting purposes, regardless of subsequent events affecting the share price. Indexed TSR is the return associated with a hypothetical $100 investment in our stock at the beginning of the relevant period.

LOGO

While the Compensation Committee recognizes that TSR is not the sole measure of our performance, we are mindful that TSR is important to our stockholders and a common measure used by institutional investors in assessing the alignment between pay and performance. We recognize there are a variety of ways to measure pay-for-performance alignment, and multiple measurements are often appropriate. Realizable pay, and as compared to TSR described in this section, supplements, and is not a substitute for the information contained in the Pay Versus Performance disclosure below. We present the alignment of Chief Executive Officer compensation with our performance in the manner described in this section because we believe this is helpful to demonstrate how our Compensation Committee aligns pay with performance.

Our Executive Compensation Practices


What We Do		What We Don’t Do
Pay for performance - structure a substantial portion of pay to be “at risk” and based on Company performance		No agreements providing for excise tax or other gross ups

Bonuses are dependent on meeting corporate objectives		No single trigger change in control benefits

Maintain a clawback policy		No fringe benefits or perquisites that are not available to all employees

Seek and value stockholder feedback on compensation practices		No hedging or pledging of Company stock

Retain independent compensation consultant		No guaranteed bonuses or base salary increases

Summary Compensation Table

The following table shows the compensation earned by our named executive officers for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.


Name and principal position	Year		Salary ($)		Option awards ($)⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾		Non-equity incentive plan compensation ($)⁽³⁾		Total ($)

Bruce D. Steel		2023		455,400		568,343		324,472		1,348,215
President and Chief Executive Officer		2022		455,400		881,888		341,550		1,678,838
Stephen Connelly, Ph.D.		2023		414,000		255,934		157,320		827,254
Chief Scientific Officer		2022		414,000		339,188		165,600		918,788
Christine Zedelmayer		2023		401,250		231,781		152,475		785,506
Senior Vice President, Chief Operating Officer		2022		401,250		339,188		160,500		900,938

(1)

In accordance with SEC rules, amounts shown in this column reflect the aggregate grant date fair value of the stock option awards computed in accordance with Financial Accounting Standard Board (“FASB”), Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718 for stock-based compensation transactions (“ASC 718”). Assumptions used in the calculation of these amounts are described in Note 11 to our audited financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. These amounts do not reflect the actual economic value that will be realized by the named executive officer upon the vesting of the stock options, the exercise of the stock options, or the sale of the common stock underlying such stock options.

(2)

The 2023 amounts shown in this column include compensation expense of $262,893, $125,559 and $101,406 for Mr. Steel, Dr. Connelly and Ms. Zedelmayer, respectively, related to our stock option repricing that became effective on August 14, 2023. See below under “Stock Option Repricing” for additional detail.

(3)	The 2023 amounts shown in this column represent performance bonuses earned in 2023, which were paid in cash in March 2024.

Compensation Program Overview

Our compensation program for executive officers is designed to encourage our management team to achieve our short-term and long-term corporate objectives while effectively managing business risks and challenges. We provide what we believe is a competitive total compensation package to our management team through a combination of base salary, an annual performance-based bonus opportunity and long-term equity-based incentives.

Annual Base Salary

The 2023 annual base salaries for our named executive officers are provided below. Note the base salaries for our named executive officers did not change in 2023 compared to 2022.


Name	2023 Base Salary ($)

Bruce D. Steel		455,400
Stephen Connelly, Ph.D.		414,000
Christine Zedelmayer		401,250

Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation

In keeping with our pay for performance philosophy, the annual performance-based bonus that can be earned by each named executive officer is variable and at risk due to its dependency on the performance of the company. For 2023, each named executive officer’s annual performance-based bonus was based upon the level of achievement of our corporate goals as determined by the Compensation Committee and the Board.

Prior to the start of each calendar year, the Chief Executive Officer develops, with input from our named executive officers and the rest of the executive leadership team, our annual corporate goals, including recommended weightings for each goal. The weighting for each corporate goal depends on its importance and business value for the company and our stockholders. In addition, there may be certain upside goals such that the total goal achievement could be greater than 100% of target. The Chief Executive Officer submits the corporate goals and recommended weightings to the Compensation Committee and the Board for their review and approval. The Compensation Committee and Board review the corporate goals and weightings and may modify them as they deem appropriate prior to approval.

At the end of the year, the Compensation Committee assesses the extent to which each annual corporate goal has been attained, including, in its discretion, considering additional achievements by the Company not originally set forth in the annual corporate goals. Once so determined, the Compensation Committee then determines payouts against each named executive officer’s target bonus.

The Compensation Committee sets the target bonus opportunity for a new year at the end of the prior year, based primarily on benchmark data provided by Radford, including target bonus percentages and total cash compensation of similar positions at our peer companies, and considering the totality of compensation to potentially be provided to our named executive officers. The target bonus opportunity as a percentage of 2023 base salary for each of our named executive officers was as follows:


Name	2023 Target Bonus (% of annual base salary)

Bruce D. Steel		75	%
Stephen Connelly, Ph.D.		40	%
Christine Zedelmayer		40	%

The target bonus percentages for our named executive officers did not change in 2023 compared to 2022.

Our corporate goals for 2023, the weighting of each goal, and achievement against such goal, as determined by our Compensation Committee in December 2023, were as follows:


2023 Corporate Goals	Weighting	Highlights of Company Performance	Achieved?	Total

Achieve certain enrollment target in our Phase 3 EQUATOR study in acute graft-versus-host disease by the end of 2023	20%	Reached designated enrollment target by December 31, 2023	Yes	20%
Complete enrollment in the Type B portion of the Phase 1b EQUALISE study in lupus nephritis patients by the end of 2023	20%	Announced completion of enrollment in November 2023 Positive data presented at annual meetings of American Society of Nephrology (ASN) and American College of Rheumatology (ACR) in November 2023	Yes	20%
Complete enrollment and report initial data from the Phase 2 study of EQ101 in alopecia areata by the end of 2023	40%	Announced enrollment completion in December 2023 Study baseline data reported in December 2023	Yes	40%


2023 Corporate Goals	Weighting	Highlights of Company Performance	Achieved?	Total
Complete enrollment of Phase 1 SAD/MAD study of EQ102 in healthy volunteers and initiate a proof-of-concept study in celiac disease patients by the end of 2023	10%	Completed enrollment of SAD and MAD cohorts by the end of 2023. Based on lower-than-expected bioavailability observed and advancements made with the preclinical development of EQ302, which has a more favorable profile than EQ102, the company decided not to initiate a celiac disease portion of the Phase 1 study of EQ102 and instead focus on advancing the development of EQ302	Partial	5%
Identify additional next-generation formulation candidates for pegylated products by the end of the 2023 to advance further into development	5%	Following the screening of multiple formulation candidates, a lead formulation for subcutaneous delivery was identified for potential use in subsequent clinical studies	Yes	5%
Generate and confirm activity of next-generation multi-cytokine inhibiting peptides	5%	Generated and confirmed activity of new multi-cytokine targeting molecules, including EQ302	Yes	5%
Upside Goals: In-license or acquire additional asset or complete strategic outbound transaction	25%		No	0%

TOTAL GOAL ACHIEVEMENT				95%

Based on the company’s performance across all of its goals in 2023 as summarized above, the Compensation Committee approved of a 95% total performance achievement level. As a result, the Compensation Committee awarded Mr. Steel a $324,472 bonus, Dr. Connelly a $157,320 bonus, and Ms. Zedelmayer a $152,475 bonus.

Equity-Based Incentive Awards

Our equity-based incentive awards are designed to align our interests and those of our stockholders with those of our employees and consultants, including our named executive officers. For example, the 10.5% ownership of our common stock outstanding by our Chief Executive Officer at the end of 2023 was significantly higher than our peer group with a mean of approximately 5.1%, which demonstrates a relatively high alignment between our Chief Executive Officer and the interests of our shareholders. The Board and Compensation Committee are responsible for approving equity grants.

We have historically granted stock options as a long-term compensation incentive vehicle for our named executive officers, as described in more detail under “Stock Option Repricing” below. However, we may grant equity awards at such times as our Board and/or Compensation Committee determines appropriate. Other than our founders, our executive officers generally are awarded an initial grant in the form of a stock option in connection with their commencement of employment.

Prior to our initial public offering in October 2018, we granted all stock options pursuant to our 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (“2017 Plan”). Following our initial public offering, we have granted and will grant equity incentive awards under the terms of our 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (“2018 Plan”) and 2024 Inducement Plan (“Inducement Plan”). The terms of the 2017 Plan, the 2018 Plan and the Inducement Plan are described below under “—Equity Benefit Plans.”

All options are granted with an exercise price per share that is no less than the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant of such award. Our stock option awards generally vest over a four-year period subject to continued service and may be subject to acceleration of vesting and exercisability under certain termination and change in control events. See “— Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End.”

In January 2023, the Compensation Committee granted options to purchase 410,000 shares, 175,000 shares and 175,000 shares of our common stock to Mr. Steel, Dr. Connelly and Ms. Zedelmayer, respectively, each at an exercise price of $1.06 per share. Each of these options was repriced in August 2023 to an exercise price of $0.785 per share, except that if a repriced option is exercised prior to the end of a retention period, as described in more detail under “Stock Option Repricing” below, the optionholder will be required to pay a premium price equivalent to the original exercise price per share. Each of the options vests as to 25% of the shares on the first anniversary of the grant date with the balance of shares vesting in equal monthly installments over the remaining 36 months, subject to the respective named executive officer’s continued service with us and subject to full acceleration of all of the shares in the event the respective named executive officer is terminated by us without cause or the officer resigns for good reason, in each case within 12 months after a change in control.

Agreements with our Named Executive Officers

We have entered into offer letter agreements with each of our named executive officers which are described below. For a discussion of the severance pay and other benefits available in connection with a termination of employment and/or a change in control under the arrangements with our named executive officers, please see “—Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change in Control” below. In addition, each of our named executive officers is eligible to participate in the employee benefit plans generally available to our employees.

Bruce D. Steel. In June 2018, we entered into an offer letter with Mr. Steel, which was amended in January 2020 and which governs the terms of his employment with us. The offer letter provides for an initial annual base salary and eligibility for an annual performance-based bonus, based on the attainment of individual and corporate objectives to be determined and approved by us.

Stephen Connelly, Ph.D. In June 2018, we entered into an amended and restated offer letter with Dr. Connelly, which governs the terms of his employment with us. The offer letter provides for an initial annual base salary and eligibility to receive an annual performance-based bonus, based on the attainment of individual and corporate objectives to be determined and approved by us.

Christine Zedelmayer. In January 2018, we entered into an offer letter with Ms. Zedelmayer, which was amended in January 2020 and which governs the terms of her employment with us. The offer letter provides for an initial annual base salary and eligibility to receive an annual performance-based bonus, based on the attainment of individual and corporate objectives to be determined and approved by us.

Potential Payments and Benefits upon Termination or Change in Control

Each of our named executive officer’s employment is at will and may be terminated by us at any time. Regardless of the manner in which the named executive officer’s service terminates, such named executive officer is entitled to receive any and all accrued but unpaid amounts earned during the officer’s term of service, including unpaid salary, as applicable.

In addition, the offer letter agreements with each of Mr. Steel, Dr. Connelly and Ms. Zedelmayer each provide that, if we terminate such named executive officer’s employment without cause, the named executive officer is entitled to receive (i) continuation of then-current base salary for six months and (ii) payment of premiums for group health insurance COBRA continuance coverage for six months or, if earlier, the date on which the named executive officer becomes eligible to receive comparable benefits from another employer.

Additionally, if we terminate the named executive officer’s employment without cause within one month prior to, or within 12 months following, certain change of control and asset sale transactions, the named executive officer is entitled to receive (i) continuation of then-current base salary for 12 months, (ii) an amount equal to the applicable named executive officer’s target annual bonus and (iii) payment of the premiums for group health insurance COBRA continuance coverage for 12 months or, if earlier, the date on which the named executive officer becomes eligible to receive comparable benefits from another employer.

In each case, the severance benefits are conditioned upon the execution and non-revocation of a general release of claims by the applicable named executive officer in a form provided by us.

Our named executive officers are also entitled to full acceleration of all of the shares subject to their then-outstanding options in the event the respective named executive officer is terminated by us without cause or the officer resigns for certain good reasons, in each case within 12 months after a change in control.

Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End

The following table sets forth certain information regarding equity awards granted to our named executive officers that remain outstanding as of December 31, 2023:


	Option Awards⁽¹⁾
Named Executive Officer	Grant Date		Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options Exercisable (#)			Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options Unexercisable (#)		Option Exercise Price ($)⁽²⁾⁽³⁾		Option Expiration Date

Bruce D. Steel		2/13/2019		45,648	⁽⁴⁾		—	$	0.785		2/12/2024
		2/13/2019		44,352			—	$	0.785		2/12/2029
		12/10/2019		100,000			—	$	0.785		12/9/2029
		5/19/2020		53,750			6,250	$	0.785		5/18/2030
		5/28/2020		100,110	⁽⁵⁾		—	$	0.785		5/27/2030
		1/4/2021		178,645			66,355	$	0.785		1/3/2031
		1/19/2022		155,729			169,271	$	0.785		1/18/2032


	Option Awards⁽¹⁾
Named Executive Officer	Grant Date		Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options Exercisable (#)			Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options Unexercisable (#)		Option Exercise Price ($)⁽²⁾⁽³⁾		Option Expiration Date

		1/3/2023		—			410,000	$	0.785		1/2/2033
Stephen Connelly, Ph.D.		2/13/2019		90,000	⁽⁴⁾		—	$	0.785		2/12/2029
		12/10/2019		52,500	⁽⁴⁾		—	$	0.785		12/9/2029
		5/19/2020		36,284	⁽⁴⁾		6,250	$	0.785		5/18/2030
		1/4/2021		72,916	⁽⁴⁾		27,084	$	0.785		1/3/2031
		1/19/2022		59,895			65,105	$	0.785		1/18/2032
		1/3/2023		—			175,000	$	0.785		1/2/2033
Christine Zedelmayer		9/13/2018		35,695			—	$	0.785		9/12/2028
		2/13/2019		41,666	⁽⁴⁾		—	$	0.785		2/12/2029
		12/10/2019		75,000	⁽⁴⁾		—	$	0.785		12/9/2029
		1/4/2021		72,916	⁽⁴⁾		27,084	$	0.785		1/3/2031
		1/19/2022		59,895			65,105	$	0.785		1/18/2032
		1/3/2023		—			175,000	$	0.785		1/2/2033

(1)	Other than Ms. Zedelmayer’s 2018 option, which was granted under our 2017 Plan, all of the outstanding stock option awards were granted under and subject to the terms of the 2018 Plan, the terms of both of which are described below under “— Equity Benefit Plans.”

(2)

All of the stock option awards were granted with a per share exercise price at least equal to the closing sales price for our common stock on the Nasdaq market as of the grant date. Unless otherwise noted, all options granted provide for the following “standard” vesting schedule: 25% of the shares subject to the option vest on the 12-month anniversary of the grant date and the remaining shares subject to the option vest in equal monthly installments over the next three years subject to the named executive officer’s continued service to us. The options are subject to potential vesting acceleration as described above under “— Equity-Based Incentive Awards” and “— Potential Payments and Benefits Upon Termination or Change in Control.”

(3)	On August 14, 2023, the Board approved a repricing of certain option grants. The option exercise price reflects the new exercise price of $0.785, subject to certain conditions including a “retention period”. See below under “Stock Option Repricing” for additional detail.

(4)	On August 14, 2023, the option grant was converted from an incentive stock option to a non-qualified stock option.

(5)	Option was fully vested as of the date of grant.

Stock Option Repricing

Stock options have historically been a critical component of our executive compensation program. All equity awards granted to our employees, including our executive officers, through and including our 2023 fiscal year, have been in the form of stock options. Our emphasis on stock options is consistent with our peer clinical-stage development companies and intended to link executive pay to stockholder return, motivate our executive officers’ performance toward our long-term success and encourage our executive officers to continue their employment with us.

During the past several years, the price of our common stock has significantly decreased. As of August 14, 2023 substantially all of the stock options held by our employees (including our named executive officers) were “underwater,” with exercise prices well above the then-current market price of our common stock. A significant portion of these options had been “underwater” for more than 12 months. As a result, the Board believed these stock options had little or no perceived value to our employees and therefore were no longer effective as incentives to motivate and retain these individuals. In response, on August 7, 2023, the Board approved an option repricing, which was effective on August 14, 2023 (the “Option Repricing Effective Date”).

The Board approved the repricing after multiple meetings, careful consideration of various alternatives and a review of other applicable factors and with the advice of our independent compensation consultant, Aon, and our outside legal counsel, Cooley LLP. The Board believed that the repricing was critical to our future success to revitalize the incentive value of our outstanding stock options to retain and motivate our employees. When considering alternatives to a repricing, the Board considered, among other alternatives, cash-based retention vehicles and/or supplemental equity compensation. The Board determined the repricing program was preferable for a variety reasons, including because it avoided significant additional cash expenditures (to devote more of our cash resources towards advancing our research and clinical trial objectives) and it avoided the increased stock dilution that would result from a significant number of new supplemental equity grants. The Board designed the program with the following terms that it felt were important from a retention and governance perspective:

•

Only options with an exercise price per share greater than the closing price on August 14, 2023 were eligible for the repricing.

•

Only options held by individuals who were employed with us on August 14, 2023 or were non-employee members of our Board (except for options held by Mr. McDermott, who voluntarily elected to abstain from the repricing), were eligible for the repricing; consultants were not eligible to participate.

•

Employees holding repriced options must remain in service with us for a “retention period” in order to exercise the option for the reduced exercise price. The retention period is 18 months for all eligible options. The retention period may end sooner upon the earlier of (i) a change in control if the option is not assumed, continued or substituted for in such transaction; or (ii) the employee’s qualifying termination (generally defined as a termination of service due to death or disability, by the Company other than for cause or due to such individual’s resignation on or following a change in control under certain circumstances constituting good reason (generally as described in the named executive officers’ offer letter)).

As of the Option Repricing Effective Date, all options eligible for the repricing were immediately repriced such that the exercise price per share for such options was reduced to $0.785 per share (the closing price of our common stock on the Option Repricing Effective Date), provided that a premium exercise price equal to the original exercise price per share of the applicable option before the repricing would apply to any exercise that occur prior to satisfying the retention period.

Each of our named executive officers held options eligible for the repricing.

Each of the repriced options held by our named executive officers is shown in the table below. Please refer to the table titled “Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End” for additional details regarding the repriced options held by our named executive officers.


Named Executive Officer	Total Number of Shares Underlying Repriced Options		Exercise Price Range of Option Prior to Repricing

Bruce D. Steel		1,330,110	$	1.06 - $7.88
Stephen Connelly, Ph.D.		585,034	$	1.06 - $7.16
Christine Zedelmayer		552,361	$	1.06 - $5.03

There were no changes to the number of shares underlying the repriced options or to the vesting schedules or expiration dates of the options. Repriced options that previously qualified as “incentive stock options” became “nonstatutory stock options” as a result of the repricing, as indicated above in the “Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End” table. The repriced options otherwise remain subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the 2017 Plan or 2018 Plan, as applicable, and the relevant stock option agreement.

We treated the repricing as a modification of the original stock options and calculated additional compensation costs under ASC Topic 718 for the difference between the fair value of the modified award and the fair value of the original award on the Option Repricing Effective Date. The repricing resulted in incremental stock-based compensation cost under ASC Topic 718, including as reported in the “Summary Compensation Table” for our named executive officers and in the table under the heading “Director Compensation” below with respect to all directors except for Mr. McDermott (who, as noted above, voluntarily elected to abstain from the repricing).

Perquisites Health, Welfare and Retirement Benefits

Our named executive officers, during their employment with us, are eligible to participate in our employee benefit plans, including our medical, dental, group term life, disability and accidental death and dismemberment insurance plans, in each case on the same basis as all of our other employees. In addition, we provide a 401(k) plan to our employees, including our named executive officers, as discussed in the section below entitled “—401(k) Plan.”

We generally do not provide perquisites or personal benefits to our named executive officers, except in limited circumstances. We do, however, pay the premiums for medical, dental, group term life, disability and accidental death and dismemberment insurance for all of our employees, including our named executive officers. Our Board may elect to adopt qualified or nonqualified benefit plans in the future if it determines that doing so is in our best interests.

401(k) Plan

We maintain a defined contribution employee retirement plan (“401(k) plan”) for our employees. Our named executive officers are eligible to participate in the 401(k) plan on the same basis as our other employees. The 401(k) plan is intended to qualify as a tax-qualified plan under Section 401(k) of the Code. The 401(k) plan provides that each participant may contribute up to the lesser of 100% of his or her compensation or the statutory limit, which was $22,500 for calendar year 2023. Participants that are 50 years or older can also make “catch-up” contributions, which in calendar year 2023 was up to an additional $7,500 above the statutory limit. We currently do not make matching contributions into the 401(k) plan on behalf of participants. Participant contributions are held and invested, pursuant to the participant’s instructions, by the plan’s trustee.

Nonqualified Deferred Compensation

We do not maintain nonqualified defined contribution plans or other nonqualified deferred compensation plans. Our Board may elect to provide our officers and other employees with nonqualified defined contribution or other nonqualified deferred compensation benefits in the future, if it determines that doing so is in our best interests.

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

The following table provides certain information with respect to all of our equity compensation plans in effect as of December 31, 2023.


	Equity Compensation Plan Information
Plan Category	Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights (a)		Weighted- average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights (b)		Number of securities remaining available for issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) (c)⁽¹⁾

Equity compensation plans approved by stockholders ⁽²⁾		7,031,075	$	0.90		1,555,847
Equity compensation plans not approved by stockholders ⁽³⁾		—	$	—		—

Total		7,031,075				1,555,847

(1)

Under the terms of the 2018 Plan, the number of shares of our common stock reserved for issuance under the 2018 Plan will automatically increase on January 1 of each calendar year through January 1, 2028, in an amount equal to 5.0% of the total number of shares of our capital stock outstanding on the last day of the calendar month before the date of each automatic increase, or a lesser number of shares determined by our board of directors. Under the terms of our 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”), the number of shares of our common stock reserved for issuance will automatically increase on January 1 of each calendar year through January 1, 2028, by the lesser of (1) 1.0% of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding on the last day of the calendar month before the date of the automatic increase, and (2) 343,275 shares; provided that before the date of any such increase, our board of directors may determine that such increase will be less than the amount set forth in clauses (1) and (2).

(2)	Includes the 2017 Plan, the 2018 Plan and our ESPP. 979,383 shares under column (c) are attributable to our ESPP.

(3)	As of December 31, 2023, we did not have any equity compensation plans that were not approved by our stockholders.

Clawbacks

As a public company, if we are required to restate our financial results due to our material noncompliance with any financial reporting requirements under the federal securities laws as a result of misconduct, executive officers including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer may be legally required to reimburse us for any bonus or other incentive-based or equity-based compensation they received that was based on the originally reported and restated financial results in accordance with the provisions of section 304 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended. Additionally, we have implemented a Dodd-Frank Act-compliant clawback policy, as required by SEC rules.

Equity Benefit Plans

2018 Equity Incentive Plan

Our Board adopted our 2018 Plan in October 2018 and our stockholders approved our 2018 Plan in October 2018. The 2018 Plan became effective on October 11, 2018 in connection with our initial public offering. The 2018 Plan is a successor to and continuation of our 2017 Plan. No further grants will be made under the 2017 Plan.

Our 2018 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options (“ISOs”), within the meaning of Section 422 of the Code, to employees, including employees of any parent or subsidiary, and for the grant of nonstatutory stock options (“NSOs”), stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards, performance stock awards, performance cash awards and other forms of stock awards to employees, directors and consultants, including employees and consultants of our affiliates.

Our Compensation Committee administers our 2018 Plan and is referred to as the “plan administrator” herein. Our Board or Compensation Committee may also delegate certain limited authority to one or more of our officers.

ISOs and NSOs are granted under stock option agreements adopted by the plan administrator. The plan administrator determines the exercise price for stock options, within the terms and conditions of the 2018 Plan, provided that the exercise price of a stock option generally cannot be less than 100% of the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. Options granted under the 2018 Plan vest at the rate specified in the stock option agreement as determined by the plan administrator.

The plan administrator determines the term of stock options granted under the 2018 Plan, up to a maximum of 10 years. Unless the terms of an optionholder’s stock option agreement provide otherwise, if an optionholder’s service relationship with us or any of our affiliates ceases for any reason other than disability, death, or cause, the optionholder may generally exercise any vested options for a period of three months following the cessation of service. This period may be extended in the event that exercise of the option is prohibited by applicable securities laws or our insider trading policy. If an optionholder’s service relationship with us or any of our affiliates ceases due to death, or an optionholder dies within a certain period following cessation of service, the optionholder or a beneficiary may generally exercise any vested options for a period of 18 months following the date of death. If an optionholder’s service relationship with us or any of our affiliates ceases due to disability, the optionholder may generally exercise any vested options for a period of 12 months following the cessation of service. In the event of a termination for cause, options generally terminate upon the termination date. In no event may an option be exercised beyond the expiration of its term. The aggregate fair market value, determined at the time of grant, of our common stock with respect to ISOs that are exercisable for the first time by an award holder during any calendar year under all of our stock plans may not exceed $100,000. Options or portions thereof that exceed such limit will generally be treated as NSOs. No ISO may be granted to any person who, at the time of the grant, owns or is deemed to own stock possessing more than 10% of our total combined voting power or that of any of our parent or subsidiary corporations unless (1) the option exercise price is at least 110% of the fair market value of the stock subject to the option on the date of grant and (2) the term of the ISO does not exceed five years from the date of grant.

Our 2018 Plan provides that in the event of certain specified significant corporate transactions (or a change in control, as defined in the 2018 Plan), unless otherwise provided in an award agreement or other written agreement between us and the award holder, the plan administrator may take one or more of the following actions with respect to such stock awards:

•

arrange for the assumption, continuation, or substitution of a stock award by a successor corporation;

•

arrange for the assignment of any reacquisition or repurchase rights held by us to a successor corporation;

•

accelerate the vesting, in whole or in part, of the stock award and provide for its termination if not exercised (if applicable) at or before the effective time of the transaction;

•

arrange for the lapse, in whole or in part, of any reacquisition or repurchase rights held by us;

•

cancel or arrange for the cancellation of the stock award, to the extent not vested or not exercised before the effective time of the transaction, in exchange for a cash payment, if any; or

•

make a payment equal to the excess, if any, of (A) the value of the property the participant would have received on exercise of the award immediately before the effective time of the transaction, over (B) any exercise price payable by the participant in connection with the exercise.

The plan administrator is not obligated to treat all stock awards or portions of stock awards in the same manner and is not obligated to take the same actions with respect to all participants.

In the event of a change in control, the plan administrator may take any of the above-mentioned actions. Awards granted under the 2018 Plan may be subject to additional acceleration of vesting and exercisability upon or after a change in control as may be provided in the applicable stock award agreement or in any other written agreement between us or any affiliate and the participant, but in the absence of such provision, no such acceleration will automatically occur.

Our Board has the authority to amend, suspend, or terminate our 2018 Plan, provided that such action does not materially impair the existing rights of any participant without such participant’s written consent. Certain material amendments also require the approval of our stockholders. No ISOs may be granted after the tenth anniversary of the date our Board adopts our 2018 Plan. No stock awards may be granted under our 2018 Plan while it is suspended or after it is terminated.

2017 Equity Incentive Plan

Our Board and our stockholders approved our 2017 Plan in December 2017. No further awards may be granted under the 2017 Plan, and all outstanding awards granted under the 2017 Plan that are repurchased, forfeited, expire or are canceled will become available for grant under the 2018 Plan in accordance with its terms.

Our 2017 Plan provided for the grant of ISOs within the meaning of Section 422 of the Code to employees, including employees of any parent or subsidiary, and for the grant of NSOs, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units and other forms of stock awards to employees, directors and consultants, including employees and consultants of our affiliates.

Our Compensation Committee administers our 2017 Plan and is referred to as the “plan administrator” herein.

If an optionholder’s service relationship with us or any of our affiliates ceases for any reason other than disability, death or cause, the optionholder may generally exercise any vested options for a period of up to three months following the cessation of service. This period may be extended in the event that exercise of the option is prohibited by applicable securities laws or our insider trading policy.

If an optionholder’s service relationship with us or any of our affiliates ceases due to death, or an optionholder dies within a certain period following cessation of service, the optionholder or a beneficiary may generally exercise any vested options for a period of up to 18 months following the date of death. If an optionholder’s service relationship with us or any of our affiliates ceases due to disability, the optionholder may generally exercise any vested options for a period of up to 12 months following the cessation of service. In the event of a termination for cause, options generally terminate upon the termination date. In no event may an option be exercised beyond the expiration of its term.

Our 2017 Plan provides that in the event of a “corporate transaction” (as defined in the 2017 Plan) unless otherwise provided in an award agreement or other written agreement between us and the award holder, the plan administrator may take one or more of the following actions with respect to such stock awards:

•

arrange for the assumption, continuation, or substitution of a stock award by a surviving or acquiring corporation;

•

arrange for the assignment of any reacquisition or repurchase rights held by us to the surviving or acquiring corporation;

•

accelerate the vesting, in whole or in part, of the stock award and provide for its termination if not exercised (if applicable) at or before the effective time of the transaction;

•

arrange for the lapse, in whole or in part, of any reacquisition or repurchase rights held by us;

•

cancel or arrange for the cancellation of the stock award, to the extent not exercised before the effective time of the transaction, in exchange for a payment in such form as may be determined by our Board, equal to the excess, if any, of (A) the per share amount (or value of property per share) payable to holders of common stock in connection with the transaction, over (B) the per share exercise price under the stock award (if any), multiplied by the number of vested shares subject to the stock award;

•

suspend the exercise of the stock award, prior to the effective time of the transaction, for such period as our Board determines is necessary to facilitate the negotiation and consummation of the transaction; and

•

if a stock award is eligible for “early exercise,” cancel or arrange for the cancellation of any such “early exercise” rights upon the transaction, such that following the transaction, such stock award may only be exercised to the extent vested.

The plan administrator is not obligated to treat all stock awards or portions of stock awards in the same manner and is not obligated to treat all participants in the same manner.

A stock award may be subject to additional acceleration of vesting and exercisability upon or after a change in control as may be provided in an applicable award agreement or other written agreement, but in the absence of such provision, no such acceleration will occur.

2024 Inducement Plan

Our Board adopted our Inducement Plan in March 2024. Our Inducement Plan was adopted without stockholder approval pursuant to Rule 5635(c) of the Nasdaq Listing Rules.

Our Inducement Plan provides for the grant of NSOs, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards, performance stock awards, performance cash awards and other forms of stock awards. Our Inducement Plan does not provide for the grant of ISOs within the meaning of Section 422 of the Code.

Stock awards granted under our Inducement Plan may only be made to individuals who did not previously serve as our employees or non-employee directors or an affiliate of us (or following such individuals’ bona fide period of non-employment with us or an affiliate of us), as an inducement material to the individuals’ entering into employment with us or an affiliate of us or in a manner otherwise permitted by the Nasdaq Listing Rules.

The terms of our Inducement Plan are otherwise substantially similar to our 2018 Plan (including with respect to the treatment of stock awards upon corporate transactions involving us or certain changes in our capitalization), except stock awards granted under our Inducement Plan may not be repriced without stockholder approval.

The maximum number of shares of our common stock that may be issued under our Inducement Plan is 1,500,000 shares. Shares subject to stock awards granted under our Inducement Plan that expire or terminate without being exercised in full, or that are settled in cash rather than in shares, do not reduce the number of shares available for issuance under our Inducement Plan. Additionally, shares become available for future grant under our Inducement Plan if they were issued under stock awards granted under our Inducement Plan and we repurchase or reacquire them or they are forfeited. This includes shares used to pay the exercise price of a stock award or to satisfy the tax withholding obligations related to a stock award.

2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

Our Board adopted, and our stockholders approved, our ESPP in October 2018 and the ESPP became effective on October 11, 2018 in connection with our initial public offering. The ESPP is intended to qualify as an “employee stock purchase plan” within the meaning of Section 423 of the Code for U.S. employees.

Our Compensation Committee administers the ESPP. The ESPP is implemented through a series of offerings under which eligible employees are granted purchase rights to purchase shares of our common stock on specified dates during such offerings. Under the ESPP, we may specify offerings with durations of not more than 27 months, and may specify shorter purchase periods within each offering. Each offering will have one or more purchase dates on which shares of our common stock will be purchased for employees participating in the offering. An offering under the ESPP may be terminated under certain circumstances.

Generally, all regular employees, including executive officers, employed by us or by any of our designated affiliates, may participate in the ESPP and may contribute, normally through payroll deductions, up to 15% of their earnings (as defined in the ESPP) for the purchase of our common stock under the ESPP, subject to certain limitations set forth in the ESPP of offering document thereunder. Unless otherwise determined by our Compensation Committee or Board, common stock will be purchased for the accounts of employees participating in the ESPP at a price per share that is at least the lesser of (1) 85% of the fair market value of a share of our common stock on the first date of an offering, or (2) 85% of the fair market value of a share of our common stock on the date of purchase.

In the event of certain significant corporate transactions (as defined in the ESPP), any then-outstanding rights to purchase our stock under the ESPP may be assumed, continued, or substituted for by any surviving or acquiring entity (or its parent company). If the surviving or acquiring entity (or its parent company) elects not to assume, continue, or substitute for such purchase rights, then the participants’ accumulated payroll contributions will be used to purchase shares of our common stock within 10 business days before such corporate transaction, and such purchase rights will terminate immediately.

Our Board has the authority to amend or terminate our ESPP, provided that except in certain circumstances such amendment or termination may not materially impair any outstanding purchase rights without the holder’s consent. We will obtain stockholder approval of any amendment to our ESPP as required by applicable law or listing requirements.

Director Compensation

The following table sets forth in summary form information concerning the compensation that we paid or awarded during the year ended December 31, 2023, to each of our directors that was not also a named executive officer. Our named executive officers who are also members of our Board did not receive additional compensation for their Board service.


Name⁽¹⁾	Fees Earned or Paid in Cash ($)		Option Awards ($)^(2)(3)(4)		Total ($)

Daniel Bradbury ⁽⁵⁾		158,000		109,295		267,295
Martha J. Demski		69,500		29,271		98,771
Bala S. Manian, Ph.D.		67,000		34,787		101,787
Charles McDermott		52,000		8,686		60,686
Mark Pruzanski, M.D.		54,500		29,271		83,771
Barbara Troupin, M.D.		47,000		18,251		65,251
Yu (Katherine) Xu, Ph.D.		52,000		22,861		74,861

(1)	Dr. Connelly and Mr. Steel did not earn compensation during 2023 for their services on the Board. Dr. Connelly’s and Mr. Steel’s compensation is fully reflected in the “— Summary Compensation Table” above.

(2)

In accordance with SEC rules, amounts shown in this column reflect the aggregate grant date fair value of the stock option awards, adjusted as appropriate to account for options that were repriced, computed in accordance with FASB ASC 718. Assumptions used in the calculation of these amounts are described in Note 11 to our audited financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. These amounts do not reflect the actual economic value that will be realized by the non-employee director upon the vesting of the stock options, the exercise of the stock options, or the sale of the common stock underlying such stock options.

(3)

The amounts shown in this column include compensation expense of $72,045, $20,585, $26,101, $0, $20,585, $9,565 and $14,175 for Mr. Bradbury, Ms. Demski, Dr. Manian, Mr. McDermott, Dr. Pruzanski, Dr. Troupin and Dr. Xu, respectively, related to our stock option repricing that became effective on August 14, 2023. See below under “Stock Option Repricing” for additional detail.

(4)

As of December 31, 2023, the aggregate number of shares subject to outstanding options to purchase our common stock held by our non-employee directors, as well as Mr. Bradbury, was as follows: 278,708 shares for Mr. Bradbury, 96,770 shares for Ms. Demski, 117,404 shares for Dr. Manian, 116,686 shares for Mr. McDermott, 96,770 shares for Dr. Pruzanski, 60,000 for Ms. Troupin and 70,000 shares for Dr. Xu. On January 3, 2023, the Compensation Committee granted Mr. Bradbury an option to purchase 50,000 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $1.06 per share. The option was repriced in August 2023 to an exercise price of $0.785 per share. The option vests as to 25% of the shares on the first anniversary of the grant date with the balance of the shares vesting in approximately equal installments over the remaining 36 months. On May 22, 2023, pursuant to the director compensation policy in effect at the time, we granted each of Drs. Manian, Pruzanski, Troupin and Xu, Ms. Demski and Mr. McDermott an option to purchase 20,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.65 per share. Each such option vests in 12 successive equal monthly installments commencing from May 22, 2023, provided that each such option will, in any case, be fully vested on the date of our next annual stockholder meeting, subject to the respective director’s continued service with us.

(5)	Mr. Bradbury’s compensation reflects his employment with the Company as Executive Chairman pursuant to which he receives an annual salary of $158,000.

Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy

Our Compensation Committee reviews the compensation program for our non-employee directors on an annual basis, with the assistance of its independent compensation consultant, Aon, which prepares a comprehensive assessment of our non-employee director compensation program against competitive market practices using the same compensation peer group used for executive compensation purposes. Following such review, the Compensation Committee approves any updates to the non-employee director compensation program. Mr. Bradbury does not receive compensation pursuant to our non-employee director compensation policy.

Our non-employee director compensation policy was most recently amended in March 2022. As in effect for 2023, our compensation policy provided that each non-employee director would receive the following compensation for service on our Board:

•

an annual cash retainer of $42,000;

•

an additional cash retainer of $20,000 to the chairman of the Board;

•

an additional annual cash retainer of $10,000, $7,500, and $5,000 for service as a member of the Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, respectively;

•

an additional annual cash retainer of $20,000, $15,000 and $10,000 for service as chair of the Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, respectively (in lieu of the additional cash retainer for committee membership);

•

an initial option grant to purchase 40,000 shares of our common stock for each non-employee director who first joins our Board, on the date of initial election or appointment to the Board, vesting monthly over a three-year period following the grant date; and

•

an annual option grant to purchase 20,000 shares of our common stock for each non-employee director serving on the Board on the date of our annual stockholder meeting, vesting monthly over the one-year period following the grant date provided that the option will, in any case, be fully vested on the date of the Company’s next annual stockholder meeting.

To the extent that the price of our common stock increases or decreases by 25% or more since the later of the date of (a) March 1, 2022 or (b) the most recent initial option grant made to a director, then the number of shares subject to an initial grant may be increased or decreased to reflect the proportional change in the price of our common stock, as determined by our Compensation Committee prior to such next following initial grant.

Each of the option grants described above will vest and become exercisable subject to the director’s continuous service to us, provided that each option will vest in full upon a change in control (as defined in the 2018 Plan). The term of each option will be 10 years, subject to earlier termination as provided in the 2018 Plan, except that the post-termination exercise period will be for 12 months from the date of termination, if such termination is other than for death, disability or cause. The options will be granted under our 2018 Plan, the terms of which are described in more detail above under “—Equity Benefit Plans—2018 Plan.”

We have reimbursed and will continue to reimburse all of our non-employee directors for their travel, lodging and other reasonable expenses incurred in attending meetings of our Board and committees of our Board.

Item 402(v) Pay Versus Performance

The disclosure included in this section is prescribed by SEC rules and does not necessarily align with how the Company or the Compensation Committee view the link between the Company’s performance and named executive officer (“NEO”) pay. For additional information about our pay for performance compensation philosophy and how we seek to align executive compensation with the Company’s performance, refer to “Executive and Director Compensation” beginning on page 46.

Required Tabular Disclosure of Pay Versus Performance

The table below shows compensation actually paid (as defined by the SEC in Item 402(v) of Regulation S-K) for our NEOs and the required financial performance measures for the years shown in the table. Use of the term “compensation actually paid” (“CAP”) is required by the SEC’s rules and as a result of the calculation methodology required by the SEC, such amounts differ from compensation actually received by the individuals and the compensation decisions described in the “Executive and Director Compensation” section above. For purposes of this discussion, our Chief Executive Officer is also referred to as our principal executive officer or “PEO” and our other NEOs are referred to as our “Non-PEO NEOs”


Fiscal Year	Summary Compensation Table Total for PEO⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾		Compensation Actually Paid to PEO⁽¹⁾⁽³⁾		Average Summary Compensation Table Total for Non-PEO NEOs⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾		Average Compensation Actually Paid to Non-PEO NEOs⁽¹⁾⁽³⁾		Value of Initial Fixed $100 Investment Based on Total Shareholder Return⁽⁴⁾		Net Income (thousands)⁽⁵⁾
2023	$	1,348,215	$	1,029,248	$	806,380	$	671,536	$	19.18	$	(13,335	)
2022	$	1,678,838	$	606,129	$	909,863	$	442,017	$	28.12	$	(62,428	)

(1)	NEOs included in these columns reflect the following individuals:


Year	PEO		Non-PEO NEOs
2023		Bruce D. Steel		Stephen Connelly, Christine Zedelmayer
2022		Bruce D. Steel		Stephen Connelly, Christine Zedelmayer

(2)	Amounts reflect Summary Compensation Table Total Pay for our NEOs for each corresponding year.

(3)

CAP has been calculated based on the requirements and methodology set forth in the applicable SEC rules (Item 402(v) of Regulation S-K). The CAP calculation includes the end-of-year value of awards granted within the fiscal year, the change in fair value from prior year end of vested awards and the change in the fair value of unvested awards granted in prior years, regardless of if, when, or at which intrinsic value they will actually vest. To calculate CAP the following amounts were deducted from and added to the total compensation number shown in the Summary Compensation Table (“SCT”):


Reconciliation of Summary Compensation Table Total to CAP for PEO*	Fiscal Year 2022 ($)			Fiscal Year 2023 ($)

Summary Compensation Table Total	$	1,678,838		$	1,348,215
Minus: Grant Date Fair Value of Equity Awards Granted in the Fiscal Year	$	881,888		$	568,343
Plus: Fair Value at Fiscal Year End of Outstanding and Unvested Equity Awards Granted in the Fiscal Year	$	241,605		$	199,629
Plus: Fair Value at Fiscal Year End of Outstanding and Unvested Equity Awards Granted in the Fiscal Year	$	(340,708	)	$	(70,218	)
Plus: Fair Value at Vesting of Equity Awards Granted and Vested in the Fiscal Year	$	0		$	0
Plus: Change in Fair Value as of the Vesting Date of Equity Awards Granted in Prior Fiscal Years that Vested in the Fiscal Year	$	(91,718	)	$	119,965

CAP	$	606,129		$	1,029,248


Reconciliation of Average Summary Compensation Table Total to Average Compensation Actually Paid for Non-PEO NEOs*	Fiscal Year 2022 ($)			Fiscal Year 2023 ($)

Summary Compensation Table Total	$	909,863		$	806,380
Minus: Grant Date Fair Value of Equity Awards Granted in the Fiscal Year	$	339,188		$	243,857
Plus: Fair Value at Fiscal Year End of Outstanding and Unvested Equity Awards Granted in the Fiscal Year	$	92,925		$	85,207
Plus: Change in Fair Value of Outstanding and Unvested Equity Awards Granted in Prior Fiscal Years	$	(165,691	)	$	(27,694	)
Plus: Change in Fair Value as of the Vesting Date of Equity Awards Granted in Prior Fiscal Years that Vested in the Fiscal Year	$	(55,892	)	$	51,500

CAP	$	442,017		$	671,536

For purposes of the above adjustments, the fair value of equity awards on the applicable date were determined in accordance with FASB’s ASC Topic 718, using valuation methodologies that are generally consistent with those used to determine the grant-date fair value for accounting purposes. The table below contains ranges of assumptions used in the valuation of outstanding equity awards for the relevant fiscal year(s). For more information, please see the notes to our financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and the footnotes to the Summary Compensation Table of this Proxy Statement.


Stock Options	Fiscal Year 2022	Fiscal Year 2023
Expected Term	0.5 -9.0 years	0.5 - 9.0 years
Strike Price	$2.45 - $7.88	$0.79 - $7.88
Volatility	77.64% - 89.77%	75.92% - 86.71%
Dividend Yield	0.0% - 0.0%	0.0% - 0.0%
Risk-Free Interest Rate	0.55% - 4.65%	3.27% - 4.87%

(4)	The amounts reflect the cumulative total shareholder return of our common stock at the end of each fiscal year. In each case, assume an initial investment of $100 on December 31, 2021, and reinvestment of dividends, if any.

(5)	The amounts reported represent the net income reflected in the Company’s audited financial statements for the applicable fiscal year.

Required Disclosure of the Relationship Between CAP and Financial Performance Measures

In accordance with Item 402(v) of Regulation S-K, we are providing the following descriptions of the relationships between information presented in the Pay Versus Performance table above.

Relationship between CAP vs. Net Income

The following chart illustrates the relationship between CAP for our PEO and the average CAP for our Non-PEO NEOs against the Company’s net income:

LOGO

Relationship between CAP vs. Cumulative TSR of Company

The following chart illustrates the relationship between CAP for our PEO and the average CAP for our Non-PEO NEOs against the Company’s TSR:

LOGO

All information provided above under the “Item 402(v) Pay Versus Performance” heading will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Company under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any such filing, except to the extent the Company specifically incorporates such information by reference.

SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF

CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT

The following table sets forth certain information regarding the ownership of our common stock as of April 1, 2024 by: (i) each of our directors; (ii) each of our named executive officers; (iii) all of our current executive officers and directors as a group; and (iv) all those known by us to be beneficial owners of more than 5% of its common stock.

The following table is based upon information supplied by officers, directors and principal stockholders, Schedules 13G filed with the SEC and other sources. Unless otherwise indicated in the footnotes to this table and subject to community property laws where applicable, we believe that each of the stockholders named in this table has sole voting and investment power with respect to the shares indicated as beneficially owned. Applicable percentages are based on 35,254,752 shares outstanding on April 1, 2024, adjusted as required by rules promulgated by the SEC. The number of shares of common stock used to calculate the percentage of ownership of each listed beneficial owner includes the shares of common stock underlying options or convertible securities held by such beneficial owner that are exercisable or convertible within 60 days following April 1, 2024. Unless otherwise indicated, the address for the following stockholders is: c/o Equillium, Inc., 2223 Avenida De La Playa, Suite 105, La Jolla, CA 92037.


	Beneficial Ownership
Beneficial Owner	Number of Shares (#)		Percent of Total (%)

Greater than 5% stockholders
Decheng Capital Management III (Cayman) LLC (1)		4,447,308		12.6
Biocon SA (2)		2,316,134		6.6
Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited (3)		1,842,977		5.2
Named Executive Officers and Directors
Bruce D. Steel (4)		4,546,872		12.6
Stephen Connelly, Ph.D. (5)		1,392,616		3.9
Christine Zedelmayer (6)		502,189		1.4
Daniel M. Bradbury (7)		3,933,952		11.1
Martha J. Demski (8)		120,569			*
Bala S. Manian, Ph.D. (9)		141,203			*
Charles McDermott (10)		140,485			*
Mark Pruzanski, M.D. (11)		120,569			*
Barbara Troupin, M.D. (12)		48,888			*
Yu (Katherine) Xu, Ph.D. (13)		70,000			*
All current executive officers and directors as a group (11 persons) (14)		11,528,558		30.3

*	Less than one percent.

(1)

Information is based solely on a Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on February 14, 2022 by Decheng Capital Management III (Cayman), LLC (“Decheng”). The Schedule 13G reports that Decheng has sole and shared voting and dispositive power with respect to 4,447,308 shares of common stock. The address of Decheng is 3000 Sand Hill Road, Building 2, Suite 110, Menlo Park, CA 94025.

(2)	The address of Biocon SA is c/o BDO SA, Rue de l’Avenir 2, 2800 Delémont, Switzerland.

(3)

Information is based solely on a joint Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on January 19, 2024 by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited (“Takeda”) and Takeda Ventures, Inc. (“TVI”). The Schedule 13G reports that TVI holds 1,842,977 shares of common stock and that Takeda shares beneficial ownership of such shares. TVI is directly owned by Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc., which is owned directly by both Takeda (72.7%) and Takeda Pharmaceuticals International AG (27.30%). Takeda Pharmaceuticals International AG is a wholly owned direct subsidiary of Takeda. The address of Takeda is 1-1, Nihonbashi- Honcho 2-Chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo M0 103-8668, Japan and the address of TVI is 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA 92121.

(4)

Consists of (i) 48,495 shares of common stock held by Mr. Steel, (ii) 3,232,500 shares of common stock held by Bruce D. Steel, as trustee of the Steel Family Revocable Trust dated June 5, 2002, (iii) 431,000 shares of common stock held by Kevin N. Steel, as trustee of the Sierra Kathleen Steel Trust of January 1, 2005 and (iv) 834,877 shares of common stock that Mr. Steel has the right to acquire from us within 60 days of April 1, 2024 pursuant to the exercise of stock options.

(5)	Consists of (i) 993,000 shares of common stock held by Dr. Connelly and (ii) 399,616 shares of common stock that Dr. Connelly has the right to acquire from us within 60 days of April 1, 2024 pursuant to the exercise of stock options.

(6)	Consists of (i) 135,246 shares of common stock held by Ms. Zedelmayer and (ii) 366,943 shares of common stock that Ms. Zedelmayer has the right to acquire from us within 60 days of April 1, 2024 pursuant to the exercise of stock options.

(7)

Consists of (i) 1,838,688 shares of common stock held by BioBrit, of which Mr. Bradbury is the managing member, (ii) 742,399 shares of common stock held by The Bradbury Family 2009 Irrevocable Trust dated September 1, 2009, (iii) 565,454 shares of common stock held by Annette E Bradbury & Daniel M Bradbury TTEE Annette E Bradbury Irrev. Descendant’s Trust dated November 24, 2020, (iv) 565,454 shares of common stock held by Annette E Bradbury & Daniel M Bradbury TTEE Daniel M Bradbury Irrev. Descendant’s Trust dated November 24, 2020 and (v) 221,957 shares of common stock that Mr. Bradbury has a right to acquire from us within 60 days of April 1, 2024 pursuant to the exercise of stock options.

(8)	Consists of (i) 23,799 shares of common stock held by the Martha J. Demski Trust Dated October 1, 1994 and (ii) 96,770 shares of common stock that Ms. Demski has the right to acquire from us within 60 days of April 1, 2024 pursuant to the exercise of stock options.

(9)	Consists of (i) 23,799 shares of common stock held by Dr. Manian and (ii) 117,404 shares of common stock that Dr. Manian has the right to acquire from us within 60 days of April 1, 2024 pursuant to the exercise of stock options.

(10)	Consists of (i) 23,799 shares of common stock held by the McDermott Family Trust Dated November 25, 2002 and (ii) 116,686 shares of common stock that Mr. McDermott has the right to acquire from us within 60 days of April 1, 2024 pursuant to the exercise of stock options.

(11)	Consists of (i) 23,799 shares of common stock held by Dr. Pruzanski and (ii) 96,770 shares of common stock that Dr. Pruzanski has the right to acquire from us within 60 days of April 1, 2024 pursuant to the exercise of stock options.

(12)	Consists of shares of common stock that Dr. Troupin has the right to acquire from us within 60 days of April 1, 2024 pursuant to the exercise of stock options.

(13)	Consists of shares of common stock that Dr. Xu has the right to acquire from us within 60 days of April 1, 2024 pursuant to the exercise of stock options.

(14)

Consists of (i) the shares described in Notes (4) through (13) above, (ii) 136,633 shares of common stock held by the Keyes Trust Dated September 10, 2004 and beneficially owned by Jason A. Keyes, our Chief Financial Officer, and (iii) 374,582 shares of common stock that Mr. Keyes has the right to acquire from us within 60 days of April 1, 2024 pursuant to the exercise of stock options.

TRANSACTIONS WITH RELATED PERSONS AND INDEMNIFICATION

Related-Person Transactions Policy and Procedures

Our Board has adopted a written related-person transactions policy that sets forth our policies and procedures regarding the identification, review, consideration and oversight of “related-person transactions.” For purposes of our policy only, a “related-person transaction” is a transaction, arrangement or relationship (or any series of similar transactions, arrangements or relationships) in which we and any “related person” are participants involving an amount that exceeds $120,000. Transactions involving compensation for services provided to us as an employee, consultant or director are not considered related-person transactions under this policy. A related person is any executive officer, director, nominee to become a director or a holder of more than 5% of our common stock, including any of their immediate family members and affiliates, including entities owned or controlled by such persons.

Under the policy, where a transaction has been identified as a related-person transaction, management must present information regarding the proposed related-person transaction to our Audit Committee (or, where review by our Audit Committee would be inappropriate, to another independent body of our Board) for review. The presentation must include a description of, among other things, all of the parties thereto, the direct and indirect interests of the related persons, the purpose of the transaction, the material facts, the benefits of the transaction to us and whether any alternative transactions are available, an assessment of whether the terms are comparable to the terms available from unrelated third parties and management’s recommendation. To identify related-person transactions in advance, we rely on information supplied by our executive officers, directors and certain significant stockholders. In considering related-person transactions, our Audit Committee or another independent body of our Board takes into account the relevant available facts and circumstances including, but not limited to:

•

the risks, costs and benefits to us;

•

the impact on a director’s independence in the event the related person is a director, immediate family member of a director or an entity with which a director is affiliated;

•

the terms of the transaction;

•

the availability of other sources for comparable services or products; and

•

the terms available to or from, as the case may be, unrelated third parties.

In the event a director has an interest in the proposed transaction, the director must recuse himself or herself from the deliberations and approval.

Certain Related-Person Transactions

The following includes a summary of transactions with related persons since January 1, 2022, to which we have been a party and in which the amount involved in the transaction exceeds the lesser of $120,000 or 1% of the average of our total assets at year-end for the last two completed fiscal years:

Employment Arrangements

We currently have written offer letters with our executive officers. For information about our offer letters with our named executive officers, refer to “Executive and Director Compensation—Agreements with our Named Executive Officers.”

Stock Options Granted to Executive Officers and Directors

We have granted stock options to our executive officers and directors. For information about our stock option awards to our named executive officers and our directors, refer to “Executive and Director Compensation—Equity-Based Incentive Awards”, “Executive and Director Compensation—Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End” and “Executive and Director Compensation—Director Compensation.”

Biocon Agreements

On April 7, 2022, we entered into an agreement with Biocon Limited (“Biocon”), an affiliate of Biocon SA (“Biocon SA”), who is a holder of more than 5% of our common stock, to collaborate on and co-fund a Phase 2 clinical study of itolizumab in subjects with ulcerative colitis. This clinical study is being conducted by Biocon in India. Equillium and Biocon have agreed to each fund a certain percentage of the total clinical study costs. We expect our share of the total clinical study costs to complete this study will be approximately $1.4 million. During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and

2022, we incurred $0.5 million and $0.4 million related to our portion of the total clinical study costs, respectively. During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, we paid Biocon $0.4 million related to this clinical study. We did not make any such payments to Biocon during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2023, we had accrued $0.4 million payable to Biocon. We have not been invoiced by or made any payments to Biocon related to this clinical study since December 31, 2023.

In May 2023, we entered into a purchase order with Biocon SA for drug product and related shipping totaling $0.2 million. The full amount of that purchase order was completed and paid in 2023. In February 2022, we entered into a purchase order with Biocon SA for drug product and related shipping totaling $0.3 million. The full amount of that purchase order was completed and paid in 2022. In March 2024, we entered into a purchase order with Biocon SA for drug product and related shipping totaling $0.1 million. We have not been invoiced or made any payments to Biocon related to this purchase order.

In February 2020, we entered into a master services agreement with Syngene International Limited (“Syngene”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Biocon, for chemistry, manufacturing and controls (“CMC”) services associated with itolizumab development (the “Syngene MSA”). In July 2023, we entered into a work order totaling $5.4 million with Syngene for CMC activities related to small- and large-scale batch manufacturing associated with the development of a pre-filled syringe product presentation for itolizumab. Of the total work order value, $0.7 million is a firm commitment. The remainder of the total work order value is dependent upon the results of the small-scale batch manufacturing and Equillium’s decision to move forward with the large-scale manufacturing. This decision has not yet been made at the time of filing of this Proxy Statement. During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we incurred and paid $0.3 million and $0.1 million, respectively, related to open work orders under the Syngene MSA. As of December 31, 2023, we had accrued $3,000 payable to Syngene. Since December 31, 2023, we have made $0.2 million in payments related to services performed in 2024 under the Syngene MSA.

We are working with Biocon on several CMC projects associated with preparing for a potential biologics license application (“BLA”) filing for itolizumab. During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we incurred $0.6 million and $0.1 million, respectively, related to these CMC projects. As of December 31, 2023, we had accrued $0.7 million payable to Biocon. During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we were not invoiced by and did not make any payments to Biocon related to these projects. In March 2024, we entered into a purchase order with Biocon for full-time equivalent headcount supporting these itolizumab BLA CMC projects for the year ended December 31, 2023 totaling $0.6 million. In April 2024, we received an invoice for the full amount due and payable under this purchase order. In April 2024, we also entered into a purchase order with Biocon for full-time equivalent headcount supporting these itolizumab BLA CMC projects for the period from January 1, 2024 to December 31, 2024 totaling $1.5 million. We have not made any payments to Biocon related to these CMC projects since December 31, 2023.

Indemnification Agreements

We have entered, and intend to continue to enter, into separate indemnification agreements with our directors and executive officers, in addition to the indemnification provided for in our amended and restated bylaws. These agreements, among other things, require us to indemnify our directors and executive officers for certain expenses, including attorneys’ fees, judgments, fines and settlement amounts incurred by a director or executive officer in any action or proceeding arising out of their services as one of our directors or executive officers or as a director or executive officer of any other company or enterprise to which the person provides services at our request. We believe that these bylaw provisions and indemnification agreements are necessary to attract and retain qualified persons as directors and officers.

The limitation of liability and indemnification provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws may discourage stockholders from bringing a lawsuit against directors for breach of their fiduciary duties. They may also reduce the likelihood of derivative litigation against directors and officers, even though an action, if successful, might benefit us and our stockholders. A stockholder’s investment may decline in value to the extent we pay the costs of settlement and damage awards against directors and officers pursuant to these indemnification provisions.

OTHER INFORMATION FOR STOCKHOLDERS

Stockholder Proposals for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders

Stockholders of the Company may submit proposals that they believe should be voted upon at the Company’s annual meeting of Stockholders or nominate persons for election to the Board.

Pursuant to Rule 14a-8 under the Exchange Act, stockholder proposals meeting certain requirements may be eligible for inclusion in the Company’s proxy statement for the Company’s 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. To be eligible for inclusion in the Company’s 2025 proxy statement, any such stockholder proposals must be submitted in writing to the Secretary the Company no later than December 11, 2024 in addition to complying with certain rules and regulations promulgated by the SEC. The submission of a stockholder proposal does not guarantee that it will be included in the Company’s proxy statement.

Alternatively, in accordance with the “advance notice” provisions of our bylaws, stockholders seeking to present a stockholder proposal or nomination at the Company’s 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, without having it included in the Company’s proxy statement, must timely submit notice of such proposal or nomination. To be timely, a stockholder’s notice must be received by the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the Company not later than the close of business on the 90th day nor earlier than the close of business on the 120th day before the first anniversary of the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, unless the date of the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders is advanced by more than 30 days or delayed by more than 30 days from the anniversary of the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. For the Company’s 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, this means that any such proposal or nomination must be submitted no earlier than January 22, 2025 and no later than February 21, 2025. If the date of the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders is advanced by more than 30 days or delayed by more than 30 days from the anniversary of the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, the stockholder must submit any such proposal or nomination no earlier than the close of business on the 120th day prior to the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and not later than the close of business on the later of the 90th day prior to the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, or the 10th day following the day on which public announcement of the date of the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders is first made by the Company.

In addition to satisfying the deadlines in the “advance notice” provisions of our amended and restated bylaws, a stockholder who intends to solicit proxies in support of nominees submitted under these “advance notice” provisions, to comply with the universal proxy rules, stockholders who intend to solicit proxies in support of director nominees other than Company’s nominees must include in their notice the information required by Rule 14a-19 under the Exchange Act.

Notices of any proposals or nominations for the Company’s 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders should be sent to the Secretary of the Company at 2223 Avenida de la Playa, Suite 105, La Jolla, California, 92037.

HOUSEHOLDING OF PROXY MATERIALS

The SEC has adopted rules that permit companies and intermediaries (e.g., brokers) to satisfy the delivery requirements for Annual Meeting materials with respect to two or more stockholders sharing the same address by delivering a single set of Annual Meeting materials addressed to those stockholders. This process, which is commonly referred to as “householding,” potentially means extra convenience for stockholders and cost savings for companies.

This year, a number of brokers with account holders who are Equillium stockholders will be “householding” the Company’s proxy materials. A single set of Annual Meeting materials will be delivered to multiple stockholders sharing an address unless contrary instructions have been received from the affected stockholders. Once you have received notice from your broker that they will be “householding” communications to your address, “householding” will continue until you are notified otherwise or until you revoke your consent. If, at any time, you no longer wish to participate in “householding” and would prefer to receive a separate set of Annual Meeting materials, please notify your broker or Equillium. Direct your written request to Equillium, Inc., Attn: Secretary, 2223 Avenida de la Playa, Suite 105, La Jolla, California, 92037, or call us at (858) 240-1200. Stockholders who currently receive multiple copies of the Annual Meeting materials at their addresses and would like to request “householding” of their communications should contact their brokers.

ADDITIONAL FILINGS

We make available, free of charge on our website, all of our filings that are made electronically with the SEC, including Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K. To access these filings, go to our website at www.equilliumbio.com and click on “SEC Filings” under the “Investors” heading. Copies of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended 2023, including financial statements and schedules thereto, filed with the SEC, are also available without charge to stockholders by contacting Equillium, Inc. by mail at Attn: Secretary, 2223 Avenida de la Playa, Suite 105, La Jolla, California, 92037, by telephone at (858) 240-1200, or by email at ir@equilliumbio.com.

OTHER MATTERS

The Board knows of no other matters that will be presented for consideration at the Annual Meeting. If any other matters are properly brought before the meeting, it is the intention of the persons named in the accompanying proxy to vote on such matters in accordance with their best judgment.


By		Order of the Board of Directors,

Bruce D. Steel
President and Chief Executive Officer
April 11, 2024

A copy of the Company’s Annual Report to the Securities and Exchange Commission on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 is available without charge upon written request to: Secretary, Equillium, Inc., 2223 Avenida de la Playa, Suite 105, La Jolla, California, 92037.

APPENDIX A

CERTIFICATE OF AMENDMENT OF THE

AMENDED AND RESTATED CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION OF EQUILLIUM, INC.

EQUILLIUM, INC., a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of Delaware, herby certifies as follows:

FIRST: The name of this corporation is Equillium, Inc. (the “Company”).

SECOND: The date on which the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation was originally filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware is March 16, 2017. The Company was originally incorporated under the name Attenuate Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.

THIRD: The Board of Directors of the Company, acting in accordance with the provisions of Sections 141 and 242 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, adopted resolutions amending its Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as heretofore amended (the “Certificate of Incorporation”), as follows: ¹

Effective as of the effective time of 5:00 p.m., Eastern time, on the business day following the filing of this Certificate of Amendment with the office of the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware (the “Effective Time”), each [, two (2), three (3), four (4), five (5), six (6), seven (7), eight (8), nine (9), ten (10)] shares of the Company’s Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time shall, automatically and without any action on the part of the Company or the respective holders thereof, be combined into one (1) share of Common Stock without increasing or decreasing the par value of each share of Common Stock (the “Reverse Split”); provided, however, no fractional shares of Common Stock shall be issued as a result of the Reverse Split and, in lieu thereof, upon receipt after the Effective Time by the exchange agent selected by the Company of a properly completed and duly executed transmittal letter and, where shares are held in certificated form, the surrender of the stock certificate(s) formerly representing shares of pre-Reverse Split Common Stock, any stockholder who would otherwise be entitled to a fractional share of post-Reverse Split Common Stock as a result of the Reverse Split, following the Effective Time (after taking into account all fractional shares of post-Reverse Split Common Stock otherwise issuable to such stockholder), shall be entitled to receive a cash payment (without interest) equal to the fractional share of post-Reverse Split Common Stock to which such stockholder would otherwise be entitled multiplied by the average of the closing sales prices of a share of the Company’s Common Stock (as adjusted to give effect to the Reverse Split) on The Nasdaq Capital Market during regular trading hours for the five (5) consecutive trading days immediately preceding the date this Certificate of Amendment is filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware. Each stock certificate that, immediately prior to the Effective Time, represented shares of pre-Reverse Split Common Stock shall, from and after the Effective Time, automatically and without any action on the part of the Company or the respective holders thereof, represent that number of whole shares of post-Reverse Split Common Stock into which the shares of pre-Reverse Split Common Stock represented by such certificate shall have been combined (as well as the right to receive cash in lieu of any fractional shares of post-Reverse Split Common Stock as set forth above); provided, however, that each holder of record of a certificate that represented shares of pre-Reverse Split Common Stock shall receive, upon surrender of such certificate, a new certificate representing the number of whole shares of post-Reverse Split Common Stock into which the shares of pre-Reverse Split Common Stock represented by such certificate shall have been combined pursuant to the Reverse Split, as well as any cash in lieu of fractional shares of post-Reverse Split Common Stock to which such holder may be entitled as set forth above. The Reverse Split shall be effected on a record holder-by-record holder basis, such that any fractional shares of post-Reverse Split Common Stock resulting from the Reverse Split and held by a single record holder shall be aggregated.

These amendments approve the combination of any whole number of shares of Equillium’s common stock between and including two (2) and ten (10) into one (1) share of Equillium’s common stock. By these amendments, the stockholders would approve each of the alternate amendments proposed by Equillium’s Board of Directors. If the reverse stock split proposal is approved by stockholders, the Certificate of Amendment filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware will include only that reverse stock split ratio determined by Equillium’ s Board of Directors to be in the best interests of Equillium and its stockholders. The other amendments will be abandoned pursuant to Section 242(c) of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware. Equillium’s Board of Directors may also elect not to effect any reverse stock split, in which case all proposed alternate amendments will be abandoned.

FOURTH: The foregoing amendment was submitted to the stockholders of the Company for their approval, and was duly adopted in accordance with the provisions of Section 242 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware and shall be effective as of 5:00 p.m., Eastern time, on the business day following the filing of this Certificate of Amendment with the office of the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, EQUILLIUM, INC. has caused this Certificate of Amendment to be signed by its Chief Executive Officer this day of , 2024.


EQUILLIUM, INC.

By:
		Bruce D. Steel
		Chief Executive Officer

LOGO

P.O. BOX 8016, CARY, NC 27512-9903


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Equillium, Inc.				Internet:
Annual Meeting of Stockholders				www.proxypush.com/EQ
				· Cast your vote online
				· Have your Proxy Card ready
				· Follow the simple instructions to record your vote

For Stockholders of record as of April 1, 2024				Phone:
Wednesday, May 22, 2024 1:00 PM, Pacific Time				1-855-680-7102
Annual Meeting to be held live via the Internet - please visit www.proxydocs.com/EQ for more details.				· Use any touch-tone telephone · Have your Proxy Card ready · Follow the simple recorded instructions
				Mail:
				· Mark, sign and date your Proxy Card
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YOUR VOTE IS IMPORTANT!

PLEASE VOTE BY: 1:00 PM, Pacific Time, May 22, 2024.				Virtual:
				You must register to attend the meeting online and/or participate at www.proxydocs.com/EQ.

This proxy is being solicited on behalf of the Board of Directors

The undersigned hereby appoints Bruce D. Steel and Jason A. Keyes (the “Named Proxies”), and each or either of them, as the true and lawful attorneys of the undersigned, with full power of substitution and revocation, and authorizes them, and each of them, to vote all the shares of capital stock of Equillium, Inc. which the undersigned is entitled to vote at said meeting and any adjournment thereof upon the matters specified and upon such other matters as may be properly brought before the meeting or any adjournment thereof, conferring authority upon such true and lawful attorneys to vote in their discretion on such other matters as may properly come before the meeting and revoking any proxy heretofore given.

THE SHARES REPRESENTED BY THIS PROXY WILL BE VOTED AS DIRECTED OR, IF NO DIRECTION IS GIVEN, SHARES WILL BE VOTED IDENTICAL TO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS RECOMMENDATION. This proxy, when properly executed, will be voted in the manner directed herein. In their discretion, the Named Proxies are authorized to vote upon such other matters that may properly come before the meeting or any adjournment or postponement thereof.

You are encouraged to specify your choice by marking the appropriate box (SEE REVERSE SIDE) but you need not mark any box if you wish to vote in accordance with the Board of Directors’ recommendation. The Named Proxies cannot vote your shares unless you sign (on the reverse side) and return this card.

PLEASE BE SURE TO SIGN AND DATE THIS PROXY CARD AND MARK ON THE REVERSE SIDE


		Equillium, Inc. Annual Meeting of Stockholders


Please make your marks like this:

THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS RECOMMENDS A VOTE:

FOR all the nominees for director listed below, FOR Proposals 2, 3 and 4, and 3-YEARS for Proposal 5.

PROPOSAL

YOUR VOTE

BOARD OF

DIRECTORS

RECOMMENDS

Election of the three nominees for Class III director named herein to hold office until the 2027 annual meeting of stockholders and until his or her respective successor has been duly elected and qualified, or until his or her respective earlier death, resignation or removal.

FOR

WITHHOLD

1.01 Daniel M. Bradbury

☐

FOR

1.02 Martha J. Demski

☐

FOR

1.03 Mark Pruzanski, M.D.

☐

FOR

AGAINST

ABSTAIN

☐

FOR

To ratify, in a non-binding vote, the appointment by the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors of KPMG LLP as the independent registered public accounting firm of the Company for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024.

☐

FOR

To approve, on an advisory basis, the compensation of the Company’s named executive officers as disclosed in the Proxy Statement.

☐

FOR

1YR

2YR

3YR

ABSTAIN

To indicate, on an advisory basis, the preferred frequency of stockholder advisory votes on the compensation of the Company’s named executive officers.

☐

3 YEARS

NOTE: To conduct any other business properly brought before the Annual Meeting or any continuation, postponement or adjournment thereof.

You must register to attend the meeting online and/or participate at www.proxydocs.com/EQ. Authorized Signatures - Must be completed for your instructions to be executed.

Please sign exactly as your name(s) appears on your account. If held in joint tenancy, all persons should sign. Trustees, administrators, etc., should include title and authority. Corporations should provide full name of corporation and title of authorized officer signing the Proxy/Vote Form.




Signature (and Title if applicable)	Date	Signature (if held jointly)	Date

SEC Form DEF 14A filed by Equillium Inc.