tcx20230605_def14a.htm

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

SCHEDULE 14A

(Rule 14a-101)

INFORMATION REQUIRED IN PROXY STATEMENT

SCHEDULE 14A INFORMATION

Proxy Statement Pursuant to Section 14(a) of the Securities

Exchange Act of 1934

Filed by the Registrant ☒

Filed by a Party other than the Registrant ☐

Check the appropriate box:

☐	Preliminary Proxy Statement

☐	Confidential, for Use of the Commission Only (as permitted by Rule 14a-6(e)(2))

☒	Definitive Proxy Statement

☐	Definitive Additional Materials

☐	Soliciting Material Pursuant to § 240.14a-12

TUCOWS INC.

(Name of Registrant as Specified In Its Charter)

(Name of Person(s) Filing Proxy Statement, if other than the Registrant)

Payment of Filing Fee (Check the appropriate box):

☒	No fee required.

☐	Fee paid previously with preliminary materials.

☐	Fee computed on table in exhibit required by Item 25(b) per Exchange Act Rules 14a-6(i)(1) and 0-11

July 28, 2023

Dear Fellow Shareholder:

Tucows Inc. will hold its 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (“Annual Meeting”) on September 7, 2023, commencing at 1:00 p.m. Eastern Time. Tucows will again hold its Annual Meeting in a virtual-only format.

Shareholders will be able to attend and listen to the Annual Meeting live, submit questions, and vote their shares electronically, from virtually any location around the world. In order to attend and vote at the Annual Meeting, you must register in advance at https://register.proxypush.com/TCX, prior to the deadline of September 6, 2023 at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time. If you are not a shareholder, please register at the same link, using the guest option. Upon completing your registration, you will receive further instructions via email, including unique links that will allow you to access the Annual Meeting, and permit you to submit questions.

You are entitled to register and participate in the Annual Meeting as a shareholder, if you were a shareholder on July 10, 2023, the record date of the Annual Meeting. Registration is now open and you must register before 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time, on September 6, 2023, in order to be able to attend the Annual Meeting.

The accompanying notice of Annual Meeting and proxy statement describe the matters we will discuss and vote on at the Annual Meeting. You will also have an opportunity to ask questions.

As permitted by the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), we are furnishing proxy materials, including this notice of Annual Meeting; proxy statement; our Annual Report on Form 10-K/A for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022; and the electronic proxy card, for the meeting to our shareholders via the Internet, by sending you a Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials, (the “Notice”), that explains how to access our proxy materials, and how to vote online. If you received the Notice and would like us to send you a printed copy of our proxy materials, please follow the instructions included in the Notice.

Your vote is important. I hope you will join us at the virtual Annual Meeting. Whether or not you plan to attend, we encourage you to vote – regardless of the size of your shareholdings. Every vote is important, and your participation enables us to listen and act on what matters to you as a shareholder. Please ensure that your shares are represented and voted at the Annual Meeting in accordance with your instructions by promptly completing, signing, dating and returning the enclosed proxy card in the envelope provided, or by voting your shares over the phone or online. Voting online is fast and convenient, and your vote is immediately tabulated and confirmed. Using the Internet also helps save us money by reducing postage and proxy tabulation costs. Please refer to detailed instructions included in the proxy statement or in the Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials.

	Sincerely,

	Elliot Noss
	President and Chief Executive Officer

TUCOWS INC.

96 Mowat Avenue

Toronto, Ontario M6K 3M1

Canada

NOTICE OF ANNUAL MEETING OF SHAREHOLDERS

September 7, 2023

The 2023 Annual Meeting of shareholders of Tucows Inc. will be held virtually per our President and Chief Executive Officer’s Shareholder Letter, at 1:00 p.m., Eastern Time, on September 7, 2023, in order to:

	1.	Elect eight directors to serve on our Board of Directors until the next annual meeting of shareholders or until their successors are duly elected and qualified;

	2.	Approve, on a non-binding basis, named Executive Officer compensation

	3.	Approve, on a non-binding basis, the frequency of the vote on named Executive Officer compensation

	4.	Ratify the appointment of Deloitte LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm to audit our financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2023;

	5.	Transact such other business as may properly come before the meeting and any and all adjournments and postponements thereof.

At the Annual Meeting, our Board of Directors intends to present Allen Karp, Erez Gissin, Elliot Noss, Jeffery Schwartz, Robin Chase, Marlene Carl, Lee Matheson and Gigi Sohn as nominees for election to the Board of Directors.

Only shareholders of record on the books of the Company at the close of business on July 10, 2023, will be entitled to notice of, and to vote at, the Annual Meeting and any adjournment or postponement thereof. Our Board of Directors is soliciting the enclosed proxy. Please carefully read the accompanying proxy statement for more information regarding the business to be transacted at the Annual Meeting. You will also find enclosed our Annual Report on Form 10-K/A for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

A complete list of the shareholders entitled to vote at the Annual Meeting will be available to those who properly register for and attend the Annual Meeting to review for purposes related to the Annual Meeting.


	Davinder Singh
	Chief Financial Officer, Secretary and Treasurer

Important Notice Regarding the Availability of Proxy Materials

for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to Be Held on September 7, 2023:

We have elected to furnish the proxy materials to you via the Internet pursuant to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) rules, which allows us to reduce costs associated with the 2023 Annual Meeting. Beginning on or about July 28, 2023, we will first release to certain stockholders the “Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials” containing instructions on how to access the proxy materials online. The “Notice of Internet Availability Proxy Materials," will also instruct you as to how you may vote your proxy. No printed materials will be available unless you specifically request them by following the instructions in the “Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials.” Printed copies will be provided upon request at no charge.

This proxy statement and our Annual Report on Form 10-K/A for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, are also available at http://www.tucowsproxymaterials.com/ for viewing, downloading and printing. The information on our website is not part of this proxy statement. References to our website in this proxy statement are intended to serve as inactive textual references only.

TUCOWS INC.

96 Mowat Avenue

Toronto, Ontario M6K 3M1

Canada

PROXY STATEMENT

ANNUAL MEETING OF SHAREHOLDERS

September 7, 2023

We are sending this proxy statement to shareholders of Tucows Inc., a Pennsylvania corporation (“Tucows”, the “Company”, “we”, or “our”), in connection with our Board of Directors’ (the “Board”) solicitation of proxies for use at our Annual Meeting of shareholders to be held virtually per our President and Chief Executive Officer’s Shareholder Letter at 1:00 p.m. Eastern Time, on September 7, 2023, (the “Annual Meeting”). We have also enclosed our Annual Report on Form 10-K/A for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, (“2022 Annual Report”).

VOTING INFORMATION

Record Date

The record date for the Annual Meeting was July 10, 2023. You may vote all shares of our common stock that you owned as of the close of business on that date. On July 10, 2023, we had 10,853,297 shares of common stock outstanding. Each share of common stock is entitled to one vote on each matter to be voted at the Annual Meeting. This proxy statement or the Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials, (the “Notice”), are being mailed or made available online on or about July 28, 2023, to shareholders of record as of the close of business on the record date.

How to Vote

By mail: If you hold your shares through a securities broker (that is, in street name), you may complete and mail the voting instruction card forwarded to you by your broker. If you hold your shares in your name as a holder of record, you can vote your shares by proxy by properly completing, signing and dating the proxy card and returning it in the enclosed postage-paid envelope. A properly completed and returned proxy card will be voted as you instruct, unless you subsequently revoke your instructions.

Online: If you hold your shares through a securities broker, you may vote your shares online by following the instructions included with the voting instruction card forwarded to you by your broker. If you vote your shares via online, you may incur costs such as Internet access charges. Online voting is available through 11:59 p.m., prevailing time, on September 6, 2023.

At the Annual Meeting: Submitting your vote by mail or via online does not limit your right to vote by attending the virtual annual meeting per our President and Chief Executive Officer’s Shareholder Letter if you later decide to do so. To attend please register at https://register.proxypush.com/TCX prior to the deadline of September 6, 2023 at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time. If you are not a shareholder, please use the guest option at the link above when registering. Upon completing your registration, you will receive further instructions via email, including your unique links that will allow you access to the Annual Meeting and will permit you to submit questions. If you hold your shares in street name and want to vote virtually at the Annual Meeting, you must obtain a proxy from your broker and email a copy of your legal proxy to Kristine Markfort at our Share Transfer Agent, Odyssey Transfer US Inc., at KMarkfort@odysseytrust.com by 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time, September 6, 2023.

Revoking Your Proxy

You can revoke your proxy at any time before your shares are voted at the Annual Meeting. If you are a shareholder of record, you can send a written notice of revocation to our Secretary at our principal executive office, (96 Mowat Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M6K 3M1, Canada), or preferably by email to agm@tucows.com, and request another proxy card. If you hold your shares through a broker, bank, or other nominee, you can revoke your proxy by contacting such broker, bank, or other nominee, and asking for a new proxy card. If you submitted your proxy online, you can amend your vote by re-voting online. You can also virtually attend the Annual Meeting and vote. Merely virtually attending the Annual Meeting will not revoke your proxy.

Returning Your Proxy without Indicating Your Vote

If you return a properly completed, signed, and dated proxy card without indicating your vote, and do not revoke your proxy, your shares will be voted according to the Board’s recommendations.

Quorum Required to Hold the Annual Meeting

On September 7, 2023 we need the presence of, virtually or by proxy, shareholders entitled to cast at least a majority of the votes that all shareholders are entitled to cast, on a particular matter to be acted upon at the meeting, in order to constitute a quorum for the purpose of consideration of, and action on the matter. If a quorum is present, then the shareholders can continue to do business and vote on other matters until adjournment. Votes withheld in the election of directors are treated as present for purposes of determining a quorum. If your shares are held in “street name,” and you do not give your broker voting instructions, your broker generally will have discretion to vote your shares for “routine” matters such as the proposal to ratify Deloitte LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2023. If your broker votes your shares on this proposal you will be deemed present for purposes of determining a quorum. For more information regarding “routine” and “non-routine” matters and “broker non-votes,” see, “Street Name Shares and Broker Non-Votes.”

Vote Required to Elect Directors

A plurality of the votes cast is required for the election of directors. Accordingly, the eight nominees for election as directors who receive the highest number of votes actually cast will be elected.

Vote Required to Ratify the Appointment of Deloitte LLP

The affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast by all shareholders represented at the Annual Meeting virtually or by proxy, and entitled to vote, is required to ratify the appointment of Deloitte LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for the year ending December 31, 2023.

Street Name Shares and Broker Non-Votes

If your shares are held in “street name,” you must instruct the broker or such other nominee as to how to vote your shares by following the instructions that the broker or other nominee provides to you. Brokers usually offer the ability for shareholders to submit voting instructions by mail by completing a vote instruction form, by telephone or online. If you do not provide instructions to your broker or other nominee, your shares will not be voted on any proposal on which your broker or other nominee does not have discretionary authority to vote. This is called a “broker non-vote.”

Brokers will not have authority to vote for the election of directors. “Broker non-votes,” will not occur in connection with the proposal to ratify Deloitte LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for the year ending December 31, 2023, because this is a “routine” matter and brokers, banks, trustee and other nominees have discretionary voting authority to vote shares on this proposal without specific instruction from the beneficial owner of such shares.

Withholding Your Vote or Voting to “Abstain”

In the election of directors, you may withhold your vote for any of the nominees. Withheld votes will be excluded entirely from the vote and will have no effect on the outcome. For the other proposals, you may vote to “abstain.” If you vote to “abstain” for another proposal, your vote will have no effect on the outcome of such proposal, because your shares will be excluded entirely from the vote and will not be deemed as a vote cast.

Postponement or Adjournment of the Annual Meeting

If you have already properly completed and returned your proxy and the Annual Meeting is postponed or adjourned, your proxy will still be valid and may be voted at the rescheduled meeting. You will still be able to revoke your proxy at any time before it is voted.

BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP OF COMMON STOCK AND RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS

Stock Ownership of Executive Officers and Directors

The following table sets forth the beneficial ownership of our common stock, as of the record date, by our President and Chief Executive Officer, our Chief Financial Officer and our three other most highly compensated executive officers for the last completed fiscal year (each a “named executive officer” or a “NEO”); each of our directors; and all of our directors and executive officers as a group. The information on beneficial ownership in the table and related footnotes is based upon data furnished to us by, or on behalf of, the persons referred to in the table. Unless otherwise indicated in the footnotes to the table, each person named has sole voting power and sole investment power with respect to the shares included in the table.

	Beneficial Ownership of Common Stock
Name	Common Stock Beneficially Owned Excluding Options			Stock Options Exercisable within 60 Days of July 10, 2023		Total Common Stock Beneficially Owned		Percent of Class(1)
Elliot Noss		705,603	(2)		25,875		731,478		6.7	%
96 Mowat Avenue Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Davinder Singh		7,080			20,562		27,642		*
Justin Reilly		-			12,249		12,249		*
David Woroch		124,856	(3)		20,312		145,168		1.3	%
Bret Fausett		30,255			25,937		56,192		*
Robin Chase		16,672			15,000		31,672		*
Erez Gissin		17,887			15,000		32,887		*
Jeffrey Schwartz		12,375			15,000		27,375		*
Brad Burnham		26,112			7,500		33,612		*
Allen Karp		18,014	(4)		15,000		33,014		*
Marlene Carl		18			4,375		4,393		*
All directors and executive officers as a group (12 persons)		1,011,255			263,518		1,274,773		11.7	%

* Less than 1%.

(1) Based on 10,853,297 shares outstanding as of July 10, 2023, and stock options exercisable within 60 days of July 10, 2023.

(2) Includes an aggregate of 120,670 shares of common stock that are held in Mr. Noss’s RRSP accounts. Includes 1,639 shares of common stock that are held in Mr. Noss’s TFSA account. Includes 38,968 shares of common stock that are held in Mr. Noss’s former spouses name, over which he has voting power only, pursuant to a separation agreement of 2013. Includes 514,951 shares of Common Stock that are subject to a loan and pledge arrangement entered into by Mr. Noss in order to satisfy the required Canadian taxes and exercise price due in connection with the exercise of expiring options.

(3) Includes 54,984 shares of common stock that are held in Mr. Woroch’s RRSP account and 10,750 shares of common stock held in his wife’s RRSP account.

(4) Includes 3,000 shares of common stock that are held directly by Mr. Karp’s wife.

Share Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners

The following table sets forth information with respect to each shareholder known to us to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of our outstanding common stock as reported in such shareholder’s most recent Schedule 13G or Schedule 13D filing with the SEC. The beneficial ownership of shares for Mr. Noss is described in the table above.

	Beneficial Ownership of Common Stock
Name and Address of Beneficial Owner	Number of Shares Beneficially Owned			Percent of Class (1)

Investmentaktiengesellschaft für langfristige Invetoren TGV		1,712,539	(2)		15.9	%
Ruengsdorfer Str. 2e
53173 Bonn, Germany

Edgepoint Investment Group, Inc.		1,666,019	(3)		15.5	%
150 Bloor Street West, Suite 500
Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 2X9

Blacksheep Fund Management Ltd.		981,230	(4)		9.1	%
Rock House, Main Street
Blackrock, Co ,Dublin, Ireland A94 YY39

BlackRock, Inc.		668,308	(5)		6.2	%
55 East 52nd Street
New York, NY 10055

The Vanguard Group		615,568	(6)		5.7	%
100 Vanguard Blvd.
Malvern, PA 19355

(1)	Based on 10,853,297 shares outstanding as of July 10, 2023.

(2)

Investmentaktiengesellschaft für langfristige Invetoren TGV had shared investment and voting power over 1,712,539 shares of common stock. This information is based solely on a review of a Schedule 13G/A filed with the SEC on January 30, 2023 by Investmentaktiengesellschaft fürlangfristige Invetoren TGV.

(3)

Edgepoint Investment Group, Inc. had sole investment and voting power over 1,507,750 shares of common stock, and shared investment and voting power over 158,269 shares of common stock. This information is based solely on a review of a Schedule 13G/A filed with the SEC on February 13, 2023 by Edgepoint Investment Group, Inc.

(4)	Blacksheep Fund Management Ltd. had sole investment and voting power over 981,230 shares of common stock. This information is based solely on a review of a Schedule 13D/A filed with the SEC on February 7, 2023 by Blacksheep Fund Management Ltd.

(5)

Blackrock Inc. had sole investment power over 668,308 shares of common stock, sole voting power over 657,245 shares of common stock, and no voting power over 11,063 shares of common stock. This information is based solely on a review of a Schedule 13G/A filed with the SEC on February 1, 2023 by Blackrock Inc.

(6)

The Vanguard Group had sole investment power over 590,034 shares of common stock, shared investment power over 25,534 shares of common stock, shared voting power over 16,958 shares of common stock, and no voting power over 598,610 shares of common stock. This information is based solely on a review of a Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on February 9, 2023 by The Vanguard Group.

Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports

Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act, requires our directors and executive officers and persons who own more than ten percent of a registered class of our equity securities to file with the SEC reports of ownership and reports of changes in ownership of our common stock and our other equity securities. These persons are required by SEC regulation to furnish us with copies of all Section 16(a) reports they file.

We believe that, under the SEC’s rules and based solely upon our review of the copies of the Forms 3, 4 and 5 furnished to us, or written representations from certain reporting persons, any such reports have been filed in a timely manner.

PROPOSAL No. 1

ELECTION OF DIRECTORS

Our business is managed under the direction of our Board of Directors (“Board”). Our Second Amended and Restated Bylaws, as amended (the “Bylaws”), provide that our Board determines the number of directors from time to time, which is currently set at a maximum of seven.

Our directors are all subject to annual election and serve until the election or appointment and qualification of their successors or their earlier death, resignation or removal. The current term of office of all of our directors expires upon election of their successors at the 2023 Annual Meeting.

Our Board of Directors is presently composed of seven members. All director nominees have agreed to be named in this proxy statement and to serve if elected.

Our Board expects that all of the nominees will be available for election and willing to serve as directors. In the event that any of the nominees become unavailable or unwilling to serve as a director, proxies received will be voted for substitute nominees to be designated by our Board or, in the event no such designation is made, proxies will be voted for a lesser number of nominees.

Set forth below is biographical information for each nominee standing for election at the 2023 Annual Meeting. The following descriptions also outline the specific experience, qualifications, attributes, and skills that qualify each person to serve on our Board.

The directors standing for election are:

Erez Gissin

Director since August 2001

Mr. Gissin, 64, has served since 2010 as a managing partner in Helios Energy Investment, a renewable energy investment fund. From 2005 to 2010, Mr. Gissin served as the Chief Executive Officer of BCID Ltd., an investment company focusing on infrastructure development projects in China. From 2000 to 2005, Mr. Gissin served as the Chief Executive Officer of IP Planet Networks Ltd., an Israeli satellite communication operator providing Internet backbone connectivity and solutions to Internet Service Providers. From 1995 to 2000, Mr. Gissin was Vice President, Business Development of Eurocom Communications Ltd., a holding company that controls several telecommunications services, equipment and Internet companies in Israel.

Mr. Gissin has a strong background in the internet communications industry and has gained significant institutional knowledge in his long tenure as one of our directors. Mr. Gissin also has significant leadership experience as the Chief Executive Officer of BCID Ltd. and IP Planet Networks Ltd. and has extensive financial acumen derived from his years of executive experience and PE fund management. All of these qualities qualify Mr. Gissin to be a director of Tucows.

Elliot Noss

Director since August 2001

Mr. Noss, 60, is our President and Chief Executive Officer and has served in such capacity since the completion of our merger with Tucows Delaware in August 2001. From May 1999 until completion of the merger in August 2001, Mr. Noss served as President and Chief Executive Officer of Tucows Delaware. Before that, from April 1997 to May 1999, Mr. Noss served as Vice President of Corporate Services of Tucows Interactive Ltd., which was acquired by Tucows Delaware in May 1999.

Mr. Noss’s lengthy service as our Chief Executive Officer has provided him with extensive knowledge of, and experience with, Tucows’ operations, strategy and financial position. In addition, Mr. Noss has widespread knowledge of the internet and software industry generally that, coupled with his operational expertise, qualifies him to be a director of Tucows.

Jeffrey Schwartz

Director since June 2005

Mr. Schwartz, 61, has served as a director of Dorel Industries since 1987 and as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer since 2003. Mr. Schwartz is a graduate of McGill University in Montreal and has a degree in the field of business administration.

Mr. Schwartz has a significant amount of public-company financial expertise, particularly in his executive experience as the chief financial officer of Dorel Industries, Inc. This executive experience, along with Mr. Schwartz’s service as one of our Audit Committee members (and as Chairperson of our Audit Committee since 2005), qualifies him to be a director of Tucows.

Allen Karp

Director since October 2005 and Chair Emeritus since September 2021

Mr. Karp, 82, was with Cineplex Odeon Corporation in various positions from 1986 to 2005, retiring as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer in 2002 and as Chairman Emeritus in 2005. From 1966 to 1986, he practiced law at the law firm of Goodman and Carr LLP, where he was named partner in 1970. Mr. Karp was until recently a Director of Brookfield Real Estate Services Inc., where he also served on the Audit Committee and as the Chair of the Corporate Governance Committee. From 2004 to 2014, Mr. Karp was Chairman of the Board of Directors of IBI Group Inc., as well as Chairman of the Nominating, Governance and Compensation Committee. Mr. Karp is a past director of the Toronto International Film Festival Group, where he served as Chairman of the Board from 1999 to 2007 and served as Chairman of its Corporate Governance Committee from 2007 to 2012. Additionally, Mr. Karp has previously served as director of several other public corporations.

Mr. Karp has extensive executive leadership skills, long-standing senior management experience, a strong ethics and compliance focus and audit committee experience. These skills and qualifications, in addition to his recent service on the boards of directors of other public companies, enable him to bring valuable perspectives to our Board, particularly with respect to corporate governance matters, and qualify him to be a director of Tucows.

Robin Chase

Chair since September 2021 and Director since October 2014

Robin Chase, 64, is a transportation entrepreneur. She is co-founder and former CEO of Zipcar, founded in 2000, the world’s leading car sharing network; as well as co-founder of Veniam, founded in 2012, a network company that moves terabytes of data between vehicles and the cloud. In 2019, she co-founded her first nonprofit, NUMO, a global alliance to channel the opportunities presented by new urban mobility technologies to build cities that are sustainable and just. Her book is Peers Inc: How People and Platforms are Inventing the Collaborative Economy and Reinventing Capitalism.

In addition to Ms. Chase’s position as Chair of the Tucows Board, she sits on the boards of World Resources Institute, and serves on the Dutch multinational DSM’s Sustainability Advisory Board. In the past, she served on the boards of Veniam and the Massachusetts Department of Transportation, the French National Digital Agency, the National Advisory Council for Innovation & Entrepreneurship for the US Department of Commerce, the Intelligent Transportations Systems Program Advisory Committee for the US Department of Transportation, the OECD’s International Transport Forum Advisory Board, the Massachusetts Governor’s Transportation Transition Working Group, and Boston Mayor’s Wireless Task Force.

Ms. Chase lectures widely, has been frequently featured in the major media, and has received many awards in the areas of innovation, design, and environment, including the prestigious Urban Land Institute’s Nicols Prize as Urban Visionary, Time 100 Most Influential People, Fast Company Fast 50 Innovators, and BusinessWeek Top 10 Designers. Robin graduated from Wellesley College and MIT’s Sloan School of Management, was a Harvard University Loeb Fellow, and received an honorary Doctorate of Design from the Illinois Institute of Technology.

Ms. Chase’s experience operating companies at the chief executive officer level along with her numerous experiences on these boards and councils qualify her to be a director of Tucows.

Marlene Carl

Director since September 2021

Marlene Carl, 34, is CFO at CHAPTERS group AG, a German publicly traded company focused on entrepreneurial and long-term investments in companies with scalable business models from a variety of sectors including a number of software companies. Prior to joining CHAPTERS in 2020, Ms. Carl worked in financing for eight years focusing on digital infrastructure in Europe from Fiber-to-the-Home (“FTTH”) roll-outs in rural areas to data center construction for banks, including Berenberg and NIBC Bank N.V. based in Hamburg, London and Frankfurt. Ms. Carl holds a Master of Science from Frankfurt School of Finance & Management with focus on Capital Markets.

Ms. Carl’s experience in investment management and infrastructure financing, including FTTH projects, qualify her to be a director of Tucows.

Lee Matheson

Director as of September 7, 2023

Lee Matheson, 42, is a Partner at EdgePoint Investment Group Inc. Previously, Mr. Matheson was a co-founder of Broadview Capital Management Inc. and portfolio manager of the Broadview Dark Horse LP, a long/short fund focused on Canadian small cap securities. Mr. Matheson has extensive public company experience having served on the boards of Echelon Financial Holdings Inc., RDM Corporation, AlarmForce Industries Inc., WesternOne Inc., Medworxx Solutions Inc., and Strad Inc. Mr. Matheson is currently a director of AutoCanada Inc. and Optiva Inc. and is a Chartered Financial Analyst Charterholder.

Mr. Matheson’s experience in investment management, financing, and SaaS businesses qualify him to be a director of Tucows.

Gigi Sohn

Director as of September 7, 2023

Gigi Sohn, 61, is the Executive Director of the American Association of Public Broadband (AAPB), a Benton Institute Senior Fellow and Public Advocate and a Distinguished Fellow at the Georgetown Law Institute for Technology Law & Policy. She is one of the nation’s leading public advocates for open, affordable and democratic communications networks. In October 2021, President Biden nominated her to serve on the Federal Communications Commission.

From 2013 to 2016, Ms. Sohn was Counselor to the former Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission, Tom Wheeler. She spent the previous 12 years as Co-Founder and CEO of Public Knowledge, a leading communications and intellectual property policy advocacy organization serving the interests of consumers in Washington. Ms. Sohn was previously a Project Specialist in the Ford Foundation’s Media, Arts and Culture unit and Executive Director of the Media Access Project, the first public interest communications law firm. In 1997, President Clinton appointed Ms. Sohn to serve as a member of his Advisory Committee on the Public Interest Obligations of Digital Television Broadcasters.

Ms. Sohn is a long-time advocate for LGBTQ+ equality and has served as President of the Gay and Lesbian Lawyers (now the LGBT Bar Association) of Washington, DC from 1994-1997 and was elected as the first openly LGBTQ+ member of the District of Columbia Bar Board of Governors.

Ms. Sohn’s experience in telecommunications policy and regulation, and consumer interests qualify her to be a director of Tucows.

Note that Brad Burnham, co-founder of Union Square Ventures, has decided not to seek reelection after six years of service on the Tucows Board of Directors.

The Board unanimously recommends a vote FOR the nominees listed above.

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Corporate Governance Documents

The governance principles of our Board include the charters of our Audit Committee and our Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee. Our governing principles also include our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics which includes specifics for our senior officers, including our Chief Executive Officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions. Each of these documents can be obtained without charge from our Internet web site at tucows.com. Amendments and waivers of our ethics policy for our senior officers will either be posted on our website or filed with the SEC on a Current Report on Form 8-K.

Director Independence

Ms. Chase serves as Chair of the Board. The Board currently consists of seven directors, all of whom, except for Elliot Noss, are “independent” within the meaning of the independence requirements prescribed by the listing standards of the NASDAQ Capital Market. The Board believes that this structure, which provides an overwhelming majority of independent directors, coupled with the Board meeting in executive session without any management directors or non-independent directors present, is an appropriate structure for Tucows’ Board. We believe that this structure provides appropriate and independent oversight by the Board. The Board regularly consults with our Chief Executive Officer, who is also a director, and our Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee to review the various types of risk that affect Tucows and the strategies to mitigate such risks. The Board believes that this structure has been effective.

Meetings

Our Board met seven times for regularly scheduled meetings and seven times for special meetings during fiscal 2022 (“Fiscal 2022”). Our Board also took action by unanimous written consent on four occasions during Fiscal 2022. Each director attended at least 75% of the total number of meetings of the Board during Fiscal 2022.

Executive Sessions of Independent Directors

A majority of the independent directors meet quarterly in executive sessions without members of our management present. Ms. Chase was responsible for chairing the executive sessions.

Policy Regarding Attendance

Directors are expected, but are not required, to attend board meetings, meetings of committees on which they serve, and shareholder meetings, and to spend the time needed and meet as frequently as necessary to discharge their responsibilities properly. Elliot Noss attended our 2022 annual meeting of shareholders held virtually. The remainder of the Board were available on request.

Committees

Our Board has two committees, the Audit Committee established in accordance with Section 3(a)(58)(A) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”), as amended, and the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee. Our committees generally meet in connection with regularly scheduled quarterly and annual meetings of the Board, with additional meetings held as often as its members deem necessary to perform its responsibilities. From time to time, depending on the circumstances, the Board may form a new committee or disband a current committee.

The Audit Committee currently consists of Mr. Schwartz (Chair), Mr. Karp and Mr. Gissin, all of whom are independent directors as prescribed by the NASDAQ Capital Market listing standards and Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act.

The Audit Committee held five meetings during Fiscal 2022. Each member of the Audit Committee attended at least 75% of the total number of meetings of the committee during Fiscal 2022. The Audit Committee’s purposes are to:

	●	Provide oversight of the Company’s accounting and financial reporting processes and the audit of the Company’s financial statements;

	●	Assist the Board in oversight of (i) the integrity of the Company’s financial statements, (ii) the Company’s compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, (iii) the qualifications, independence and performance of the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, and (iv) the Company’s internal accounting and financial controls;

	●	Provide to the Board such information and materials as it may deem necessary to make the Board aware of significant financial matters that require the attention of the Board; and

	●	Oversee the management of risks associated with the Company’s financial reporting, accounting and auditing matters.

Each of the members of our Audit Committee is an independent director and satisfies the independence standards as prescribed by the listing standards of the NASDAQ Capital Market and Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and is able to read and understand fundamental financial statements including balance sheets, income statements and cash flow statements. Additionally, the Board has determined that Mr. Schwartz qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” as defined under Item 407(d)(5) of Regulation S-K. The Board has adopted a written charter for the Audit Committee, which the Audit Committee has reviewed and determined to be in compliance with the rules prescribed by the listing standards of the NASDAQ Capital Market and which is available at tucows.com.

The Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee currently consists of Ms. Chase (Chair), Mr. Schwartz and Mr. Karp. Each member of our Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee is an independent director as defined in the listing standards of the NASDAQ Capital Market and also satisfies the applicable compensation committee member independence standards as prescribed by the listing standards of the NASDAQ Capital Market and Rule 10C-1 under the Exchange Act.

The Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee held four meetings during Fiscal 2022. The Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee took action by unanimous written consent on one occasion during Fiscal 2022. Each member of the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee attended at least 75% of the total number of meetings of the committee during Fiscal 2022. The Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee’s purposes are to:

	●	Identify individuals qualified to become board members, consistent with criteria approved by the Board.
	●	Select, or recommend that the Board select, the director nominees for election at each annual meeting of stockholders.
	●	Oversee the evaluation of the Board and management.
	●	Review and approve corporate goals and objectives relevant to the CEO compensation, evaluate the CEO's performance in light of those goals and objectives, and, either as a committee or together with the other independent directors (as directed by the Board), determine and approve the CEO's compensation level based on this evaluation.

	●	Review and approve non-CEO Executive compensation including incentive compensation and equity-based compensation.
	●	Provide oversight of the Company’s compensation policies and plans and benefits programs, and overall compensation philosophy.
	●	Administer the Company’s equity compensation plans for its executive officers and employees and the granting of equity awards pursuant to such plans or outside of such plans; and
	●	Cause to be prepared the report of the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee required by the rules and regulations of the SEC.

The Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee may delegate authority to one or more members of this committee or one or more members of management when appropriate, but no such delegation is allowed if the authority is required by law, regulation or listing standard to be exercised by the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee as a whole. The Board has adopted a written charter for the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee, which the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee has reviewed and determined to be in compliance with the rules prescribed by the listing standards of the NASDAQ Capital Market and which is available at tucows.com.

Our executive officers do not play a formal role in determining their compensation. However, our People Team reviews (i) information the Company purchased from Payscales (formerly known as Payfactor) and (ii) published trends for the year from a variety of public sources, and, after consulting with Mr. Noss, our Chief Executive Officer, provides consolidated information outlining management’s recommendation regarding executive officer compensation based on title to the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee. The Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee then reviews and discusses the information provided with our CEO and Chief People Officer and then determines the total compensation for each named executive officer, as it deems appropriate.

Board Leadership Structure and Responsibilities

Our Board of Directors oversees management’s performance on behalf of our shareholders. Our Board's primary responsibilities are to (1) monitor management’s performance to assess whether we are operating in an effective, efficient and ethical manner to create value for our shareholders, (2) periodically review our long-range plans, business initiatives, capital projects and budget matters and (3) approve compensation for our President and Chief Executive Officer who, with senior management, manages our day-to-day operations.

Our Board and its committees meet throughout the year on a set schedule, and also hold special meetings and act by written consent from time to time as appropriate. The independent directors meet without management present at regularly scheduled executive sessions at each quarterly Board meeting and some special Board meetings. Our Board has delegated certain responsibilities and authority to its Audit Committee and Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee. The Audit Committee periodically discusses with management the Company's policies and guidelines regarding risk assessment and risk management, as well as the Company's major financial risk exposures and the steps that management has taken to monitor and control such exposures. The Audit Committee also reviews, evaluates and recommends changes to the Company’s financial reporting policies and procedures. The Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee reviews and evaluates the risks underlying the Company’s compensation policies and plans and recommends changes to these policies and plans accordingly. Our Board believes that risk oversight actions taken by our Board and its committees are appropriate and effective at this time.

We believe it is beneficial to separate the roles of Chief Executive Officer and Chairperson to facilitate their differing roles in the leadership of our company. The role of the Chairperson includes setting the agenda for, and presiding over, all meetings of our Board of Directors, including executive sessions of independent directors, providing input regarding information sent to our Board of Directors, serving as liaison between the Chief Executive Officer and the independent directors and providing advice and assistance to the Chief Executive Officer. The Chairperson is also a key participant in establishing performance objectives and overseeing the process for the annual evaluation of our Chief Executive Officer’s performance. In addition, under our Bylaws, our Chairperson has the authority to call special meetings of our Board and shareholders. In contrast, our Chief Executive Officer is responsible for handling our day-to-day management and direction, serving as a leader to the management team and formulating corporate strategy.

Currently our Chairperson is Ms. Chase, while Mr. Noss serves as our Chief Executive Officer. Ms. Chase is an independent director. Ms. Chase has extensive executive leadership skills, long-standing senior management and board experience, and a strong ethics and compliance focus.

We believe that this leadership structure for our Board provides us with the most effective level of oversight over the Company’s business operations while at the same time enhancing our Board’s ability to oversee our enterprise-wide approach to risk management and corporate governance and best serves the interests of our shareholders. It allows for a balanced corporate vision and strategy, which is necessary to address the challenges and opportunities we face at this time and demonstrates our commitment to good corporate governance. In addition, it allows for appropriate oversight of the Company by our Board, fosters appropriate accountability of management and provides a clear delineation of responsibilities for each position.

Board Diversity

We believe it is important that our Board is composed of individuals reflecting the diversity represented by our employees, our customers, and our communities. With the addition of Marlene Carl in 2021 and nomination of Gigi Sohn in 2023, we are expanding the diversity of our Board. Below, we provide an enhanced disclosure regarding the diversity of our Board as required by the listing standards of the NASDAQ Capital Market.

Board Diversity Matrix (As of July 15, 2022 and July 10, 2023)
Total Number of Directors	8
	Female	Male	Non- Binary	Did Not Disclose Gender
Part I: Gender Identify
Directors	2	5	0	0
Part II: Demographic Background
African American or Black	0	0	0	0
Alaskan Native or Native American	0	0	0	0
Asian	0	0	0	0
Hispanic or Latinx	0	0	0	0
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander	0	0	0	0
White	2	5	0	0
Two or More Races or Ethnicities	0	0	0	0
LGBTQ+	0
Did Not Disclose Demographic Background	0

Role of the Board in Risk Oversight

One of our Board’s key functions is providing oversight of our risk management process. Our Board does not have a standing risk management committee, but rather administers this oversight function directly through our Board as a whole, as well as through Board of Directors standing committees that address risks inherent in their respective areas of oversight. In particular, our Audit Committee has the responsibility to consider and discuss our major financial risk exposures and the steps our management has taken to monitor and control these exposures, our Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee assesses and monitors whether any of our compensation policies and programs has the potential to encourage excessive risk-taking, monitors our major legal compliance risk exposures and our program for promoting and monitoring compliance with applicable legal and regulatory requirements, and our Board is responsible for monitoring and assessing strategic risk exposure and other risks not covered by our committees.

The full Board (or the appropriate committee in the case of risks that are under the purview of a particular committee) receives reports on the risks we face from our Chief Executive Officer or other members of management to enable us to understand our risk identification, risk management and risk mitigation strategies. When a committee receives the report, the chairperson of the relevant committee reports on the discussion to the full Board during that committee’s reports portion of the next Board meeting. However, it is the responsibility of the committee chairs to report findings regarding material risk exposures to our Board as quickly as possible.

Director Nomination

Our Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee is responsible for identifying potential nominees to our Board. In considering candidates for nomination, our Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee seeks individuals who evidence strength of character, mature judgment, career specialization, relevant technical skills or financial acumen, diversity of viewpoint and industry knowledge. As set forth in the charter of our Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee, our Board endeavors to have directors who collectively possess a broad range of skills, expertise, industry and other knowledge and business and other experience useful to the effective oversight of our business. In addition, our Board also seeks members from diverse backgrounds so that our Board consists of members with a broad spectrum of experience and expertise and with a reputation for integrity. In determining whether to nominate a current director for re-election, our Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee will take into account these same criteria as well as the director’s past performance, including his or her participation in and contributions to the activities of the Board.

Our Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee will evaluate and consider recommendations for director candidates from shareholders using the same criteria described above. As set forth in the charter of the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee, recommendations submitted by the Company’s shareholders shall be submitted, along with the following to the attention of the Chairperson of the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee at 96 Mowat Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M6K 3M1 Canada at least 120 days before the first anniversary of the date on which we first mailed our proxy materials for our prior year’s annual meeting of shareholders:

	•	the name and address of the recommending shareholder;

	•	the candidate’s name and the information about the individual that would be required to be included in a proxy statement under the rules of the SEC;

	•	information about the relationship between the candidate and the recommending shareholder;

	•	the consent of the candidate to serve as a director; and

	•	proof of the number of shares of our common stock that the recommending shareholder owns and the length of time the shares have been owned.

Communications with our Board of Directors

A Tucows’ shareholder who wishes to communicate with our Board may send correspondence to the attention of our Secretary at 96 Mowat Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M6K 3M1 Canada. The Secretary will submit the shareholder’s correspondence to the Chairperson of the Board, the Chairperson of the appropriate committee, or the appropriate individual director, as applicable.

Director Compensation

Under the terms of our 2006 Amended and Restated Equity Compensation Plan (the “2006 Plan”), we make automatic formula grants of nonqualified stock options to our non-employee directors and members of committees of our Board as described below. All stock-based compensation for our non-employee directors is governed by our 2006 Plan or its predecessor, our 1996 Equity Compensation Plan (the “1996 Plan”). All options granted under the automatic formula grants vest after one year, have an exercise price equal to the fair market value per common share as determined by the per share price as of the close of business on the date of grant and have a five-year term. Options are granted to directors under the 2006 Plan as follows:

	•	on the date a non-employee director becomes a director, he or she is granted options to purchase 4,375 shares of our common stock;

	•	on the date a director becomes a member of the Audit Committee, he or she is granted options to purchase 3,750 shares of our common stock;

	•	on the date a director becomes a member of the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee, he or she is granted options to purchase 2,500 shares of our common stock; and

	•	on each date on which we hold our annual meeting of shareholders, each non-employee director in office immediately before and after the annual election of directors receives an automatic grant of options to purchase 3,750 shares of our common stock.

Initial option grants become exercisable in full upon the completion of one (1) year of Board service measured from the date of grant. Annual option grants become exercisable in full upon the completion of Board service through the earlier of (i) one (1) year measured from the date of grant or (ii) the date of the annual shareholder meeting following the date of grant. All formula option grants become exercisable on an accelerated basis upon a change of control or the non- employee director’s termination of Board service by reason of death or disability.

Directors who are employees receive no additional or special compensation for serving as directors.

All annual fees are paid to our directors in quarterly installments.

On each date on which we hold our annual meeting of shareholders, each non-employee director in office immediately before and after the annual election of directors receives an automatic grant of options to purchase shares of our common stock. The initial grant is set at 3,750 options. Each non-employee member of the Board will receive $30,000 annually, the Chairperson of the Board will additionally receive $15,000; each Chair of the Audit Committee and Corporate Governance, Nomination and Compensation Committee will additionally receive $7,500; and each member of the Audit Committee and Corporate Governance, Nomination and Compensation Committee will additionally receive $12,000.

We also purchase directors and officer's liability insurance for the benefit of our directors and officers as a group in the amount of $30 million. We also reimburse our directors for their reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in attending meetings of our Board or its committees.

The table below shows all compensation paid to each of our non-employee directors during 2022. Each of the directors listed below served for the entire year.

Name	Fees earned or paid in cash ($)		Option awards ($)(1)		Total ($)

Allen Karp	$	54,000	$	60,549	$	114,549
Brad Burnham		30,000		60,549		90,549
Erez Gissin		42,000		60,549		102,549
Jeffrey Schwartz		61,500		60,549		122,049
Marlene Carl		30,000		60,549		90,549
Robin Chase		64,500		60,549		125,049
	$	282,000	$	363,295	$	645,295

(1)

On September 8, 2022 under the 2006 Plan, our non-employee directors were awarded these automatic formula option grants. Under the 2006 Plan, these options will vest one year after the grant date and carry an exercise price of $44.13. All these options remained outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and have a five-year term. The aggregate grant date fair value of the option grants was calculated in accordance with the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 718 and based on the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and used the same assumptions that are set forth in “Note 15 – Stock Option Plans” of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements including Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.

EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

COMPENSATION DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

Philosophy

We recognize that our success depends to a great degree on the integrity, knowledge, imagination, skill, diversity and teamwork of our employees. To this end, attracting and retaining the level of executive talent we need to be successful in accomplishing our mission of providing simple useful services that help people unlock the power of the Internet is a key objective of our executive compensation program. Our executive compensation program is designed to ensure we have the talent we need to maintain our current high-performance standards and grow our business for the future. As such, we aim to provide competitive compensation packages for all our key positions, including our Named Executive Officers (“NEOs”) that are guided by market rates and tailored to account for the specific needs and responsibilities of the particular position as well as the performance and unique qualifications of the individual employee. For Fiscal 2022, our NEO's included Messrs. Noss, Singh, Reilly, Woroch and Fausett.

This Compensation Discussion and Analysis (“CD&A”) provides comprehensive information about our executive compensation program for our Fiscal 2022 NEOs, who are listed below, and provides context for the decisions underlying the compensation reported in the executive compensation tables in this Annual Report. Our NEOs are:

Elliot Noss	President and Chief Executive Officer, Tucows Inc. and Ting (“CEO”)
Davinder Singh	Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”)
Justin Reilly	Chief Executive Officer, Wavelo
David Woroch	Chief Executive Officer, Tucows Domains Services
Bret Fausett	Chief Legal Officer & General Counsel (“General Counsel”)

Our philosophy is to provide a mix of compensation that motivates our executives to achieve our short and long- term performance goals in a market-competitive and fiscally responsible way, which in turn will create value for our shareholders. We achieve our objectives by designing our executive compensation program so that a substantial amount of our NEOs’ compensation is performance-based to ensure the actual compensation paid to our executives is appropriately aligned with our Company’s performance, and shareholder long-term interests. Beginning in Fiscal 2023, to better link individual compensation to Company performance, the Company will determine variable compensation based on a scorecard of organizational targets that are specific to each executive's business segment performance. In addition, we also link individual compensation to Company performance by virtue of the parent company or subsidiary stock options granted by the Company. More specifically, our executive compensation programs are designed to:

	•	provide an appropriate mix of fixed and variable compensation to attract, retain and motivate key executives;

	•	provide a substantial portion of our executive compensation that is performance-based, on a company or service basis, to support creation of long-term shareholder value, financial growth and operational efficiency without encouraging excessive risk taking;

	•	target compensation at the 50th percentile of market levels, as measured by Payscales; and

	•	promote internal equity by offering comparable pay to executives whom we expect to make roughly equivalent contributions, while differentiating executives’ compensation arrangements when appropriate.

Overview of Pay Elements and Linkage to Compensation Philosophy and Objectives

We believe the following elements of our compensation program help us to realize our compensation philosophy and objectives:

Pay Element	Characteristics	Compensation Philosophy and Objectives	Factors Considered to Determine Awards
Salary	Annual fixed cash compensation	Provides a competitive and stable component of income to our executives	• Job responsibilities • Experience • Individual contributions • Future potential • Internal pay equity • Effect on other elements of compensation and benefits including target bonus amounts
Short-Term Incentive Bonus	Annual variable cash compensation based on the achievement of pre- established annual performance measures, for Fiscal 2022, these were based on parent company Adjusted EBITDA for Compensation and starting Fiscal 2023, these will be based on balanced scorecards for each business which include a mix of performance measures tailored to each business segment	Provides competitive short- term incentive opportunities for our executives to earn annual cash bonuses based on performance objectives that, if attained, can reasonably be expected to (i) promote our business and strategic objectives and (ii) correspond to those paid to similarly-situated and comparably skilled executives at peer companies	• Company performance measures • Service performance measures
Stock Options Grants	Annual long-term equity awards, which can be in our Company ("Company Options") that vest over 4 years or non-recurring options in one or more of our subsidiaries of Wavelo or Ting ("Subsidiary Options") that vest over 3 years	Provides variable compensation that helps to retain executives and ensures our executives’ interests are aligned with those of shareholders to grow long-term value	• Job responsibilities • Individual contributions •Future potential • Value of vested and unvested outstanding equity awards • Internal pay equity

The weight of each of these components has to date not been determined by any particular formula, although our overall mix of total compensation has historically emphasized retention value. The specific mix of components has been and will continue to be within the discretion and business judgment of our Board and the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee, which has placed greater emphasis on considerations specific to the individual holding a particular executive position rather than on general market data.

Role of Shareholder Say-on-Pay Votes

We provide our shareholders with the opportunity to cast a triennial advisory vote on executive compensation, or a Say-on-Pay proposal. At our annual meeting of stockholders held on September 8, 2020, 96% of the votes cast on the Say- on-Pay proposal at that meeting were voted in favor of the compensation of our NEOs, as described in the proxy statement for the 2020 annual meeting. Accordingly, the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee believes that this affirms stockholder support for our executive compensation policies and practices, and no material changes have been made to such policies and practices as a result of our Say-on-Pay proposal and voting results in September 2020.

At the 2020 Annual Meeting, a majority of our stockholders approved, as recommended by our Board, a proposal for our stockholders to be provided with the opportunity to cast a non-binding advisory vote on compensation of our NEOs every three years. Our Board believed that this frequency would be appropriate as a triennial vote would provide the Company with sufficient time to engage with stockholders to understand and respond to the “say-on-pay” vote results and to put in place any changes to the Company’s compensation program as a result of such discussions, if necessary.

Determining Total Compensation

With respect to each NEO, in determining total compensation, the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee considers the Company’s compensation philosophy as outlined above, comparative market data and specific factors relative to each NEO’s responsibilities and performance. We do not specifically benchmark compensation for our NEOs in terms of picking a particular percentile relative to other people with similar titles at peer group companies. We believe that many subjective factors unique to each NEO’s responsibilities and performance are not adequately reflected or otherwise accounted for in a percentile-based compensation determination.

In addition, in determining the appropriate level of total compensation for our NEOs, the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee (i) reviews and considers the performance of each NEO, and (ii) considers, for each NEO, the estimated amount of total compensation:

	●	we would be willing to pay to retain that person;
	●	we would have to pay to replace the person; and
	●	the individual could otherwise command in the employment marketplace.

Our People Team leadership reviews comparative data derived from market research and publicly available information for each of the NEOs and then recommends compensation levels for all employees to our CEO. The CEO then, after consultation with our People Team, makes recommendations to the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee regarding total compensation for each NEO. The Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee reviews and discusses the information and then determines the total compensation for each NEO, as it deems appropriate.

The CEO’s total compensation is determined by the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee outside the presence of the CEO. The Committee’s decision regarding total compensation for the CEO is based on the philosophy outlined above and includes a review of comparative data and consideration of the accomplishments of the CEO in developing the business strategy for the Company, the performance of the Company relative to this strategy and his ability to attract and retain senior management. In establishing the CEO’s total compensation, the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee is also mindful of the prior results of the shareholder’s Advisory Vote on Executive Compensation.

Base Salary

We provide a base salary to our NEOs to compensate them for services rendered on a day-to-day basis during the year and to provide sufficient fixed cash compensation to allow them to focus on their ongoing responsibilities. The base salaries of all executive officers are reviewed annually and adjusted when necessary to reflect individual roles and performance as well as market conditions.

In connection with the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee’s annual review process, the Committee approved a new targeted total compensation structure for our NEOs, including an increase to base and incentive bonus compensation. The Committee approved the increase in compensation in a phased approach with 50% of the increase implemented in 2020 and 50% of the increase implemented in 2021 and 2022, respectively.

Annual Cash Incentive Bonuses

We use annual cash incentive bonuses to communicate specific goals that are of primary importance during the coming year and motivate our senior officers and NEOs to achieve these goals. Each year, we assess if our corporate financial and strategic objectives are optimally aligned with our management incentive compensation plan to motivate and reward our senior executives, including our NEOs, to attain specific short-term performance objectives that, in turn, further our long- term business objectives. These objectives are based upon corporate or service-related targets, rather than individual objectives. In setting target payout levels under our management incentive compensation plan, our Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee considers historical payouts, the total cost to the company should performance objectives be achieved and our retention needs.

As a result of the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee's assessment and the re-alignment of Tucows' operating segments in 2022, starting in Fiscal 2023, our annual cash incentive bonuses will be based on a balanced scorecard for each business which include a mix of performance measures tailored to each business segment.

The Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee determines the initial level of funding for the annual incentive bonus pools during the annual budgeting process and approves provisional quarterly payments, computed on a pro-rata basis, based on quarterly minimum year-to-date targets for our senior officers, including NEOs, taking into account the Company’s actual performance on a year-to-date basis. In Fiscal 2022, to ensure that our annual target remained the primary consideration, any quarterly payments were subject to a discretionary holdback percentage, which has historically been set at 25%. For Fiscal 2023, semi-annual payments will not be subject to a discretionary holdback percentage of 25%. The future holdback percentage could be adjusted for each semiannual period should circumstances warrant it. The Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee retains the right to interpret, rescind, prescribe, amend or suspend payment under our management incentive compensation plan at any time. Changes made by the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee will however only be on a prospective basis so will not impact any semi-annual rights our NEO’s and senior officers may have up to the date of the change.

The performance goals under our management incentive compensation plan consists of two components; namely, an incentive bonus and an overachievement bonus, each with established thresholds and maximum achievement levels.

For the incentive bonus component, achievement of established targets for each NEO will equate to 100% of the bonus being paid. Where 75% of an established target is achieved (“floor level”) this will result in 50% of the bonus being paid. Below the floor level no bonus is payable. In those cases, where achievement is between the floor level and the established target, straight-line interpolation is applied from the established target levels.

To further incent our senior management and NEOs to promote our business and strategic objectives; to the extent that the Company’s actual performance exceeds the Company’s targets, which was Adjusted EBITDA in 2022 or each individual business' balanced scorecard for 2023 for compensation goals (“overachievement target”), the Compensation Committee sets aside 30% of the overachievement target in an overachievement pool to reward our senior management, employees and NEOs.

Incentive Bonus program

The table below summarizes the 2022 and 2023 incentive bonus opportunities for our NEOs.

	2023			2022
Named Officer	Target incentive Bonus Opportunity(1)		Basis for Target incentive Bonus for 2023	Target incentive Bonus Opportunity(1)		Basis for Target incentive Bonus for 2022
Elliot Noss	$	362,858	50% Ting targets, 30% Wavelo targets and 20% Tucows Domains targets	$	281,452	100% Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA for Compensation(2)
Davinder Singh	$	153,276	50% Ting targets, 15% Wavelo targets and 35% Tucows Domains targets	$	137,816	100% Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA for Compensation(2)
Justin Reilly	$	347,344	100% Wavelo targets	$	361,818	100% Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA for Compensation(2)
David Woroch	$	157,064	100% Domain Services targets	$	144,308	100% Domain Services targets
Bret Fausett	$	158,828	50% Ting targets, 15% Wavelo targets and 35% Tucows Domains targets	$	120,578	100% Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA for Compensation (2)

(1)

All dollar amounts below are shown U.S. dollars. Amounts payable in Canadian dollars for 2022 have been converted into U.S. dollars based upon the exchange rate of 1.300 Canadian dollars for each U.S. dollar, the average OANDA exchange rate for 2022 as at December 31, 2022. Amounts payable in Canadian dollars during the 2023 fiscal year have been converted into U.S. dollars based upon the exchange rate of 1.354 Canadian dollars for each U.S. dollar, which represents the year-end exchange rate as at December 31, 2022

(2)

Adjusted EBITDA for Compensation excludes depreciation of property and equipment, amortization of intangibles, income tax provision, interest expense, interest income, stock-based compensation, accretion of contingent consideration, asset impairment, loss on the disposal of Ting Mobile customer assets, gains and losses from unrealized foreign currency transactions and infrequently occurring items including acquisition and transition costs. Gains and losses from unrealized foreign currency transactions removes the unrealized effect of the change in the mark-to-market values on outstanding unhedged foreign currency contracts, as well as the unrealized effect from the translation of monetary accounts denominated in non-U.S. dollars to U.S. dollars and infrequently occurring items. Under relevant SEC rule, we are not required to present reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA for Compensation to GAAP financial measures if Adjusted EBITDA for Compensation is presented in connection with disclosure of target levels in the CD&A.

Our Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee met in February 2023 and determined the achievement of the financial objectives applicable under the management incentive compensation plan for 2022 had been partially achieved. As the Company only partially met its Adjusted EBITDA for Compensation targets for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee assessed that 80% of the incentive bonuses for all our NEO’s was payable.

In connection with the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee’s annual review process, the Committee also approved a new set of performance goals under our management incentive compensation plan for Fiscal 2023 and decided not to increase the incentive bonus target opportunity for our NEOs.

Overachievement Bonus Program

The Overachievement Bonus Program is designed to further incent our employees, senior management and NEOs to exceed the Company’s Adjusted EBITDA for compensation goals. In assessing our overall performance for Fiscal 2022, the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee deemed that no overachievement bonus should be payable for Fiscal 2022.

Equity-Based Awards

We believe that equity-based awards encourage our NEOs to focus on the long-term performance of our business. Our Board grants equity awards to executives and other employees in order to enable them to participate in the long-term appreciation of our stock price. Additionally, we believe our equity awards provide an important retention tool for our NEOs, as they are subject to multi-year vesting. The equity awards can be Company Options and Subsidiary Options. To date, we have not adopted stock ownership guidelines for our NEOs.

Historically, we have granted equity-based awards in the form of Company Options, including options granted at the commencement of employment and additional awards each year. The size of the initial option grant made to each NEO upon joining our company is primarily based on competitive conditions applicable to the NEO's specific position. For subsequent equity grants to our NEOs, our Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee receives input from our CEO and the People Team leadership.

In Fiscal 2022 the Company issued Subsidiary Options for Wavelo in addition to the Company Options. Please see Note 15– Stock Option Plans” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report for a detailed description of these plans. In Fiscal 2023 the Company issued Subsidiary Options for Ting. The Company granted Subsidiary Options in Ting to certain NEOs on January 16, 2023. The Ting Equity Compensation Plan (ECP) includes private subsidiary stock which have been established for the benefit of the employees, officers, directors and certain consultants of Ting. The Ting stock options were introduced in order to provide variable compensation that helps retain executives and ensures that our executives' interests are aligned with those stakeholders of the business to grow the long-term value. The maximum number of Ting common units that have been set aside for issuance under the plan is 10 million units, currently there are 100 million common units outstanding. Generally, options issued under the ECP vest over a four-year period and have a term not exceeding ten years. Compensation costs for awards of stock-based compensation settled in shares are determined based on the fair value of share-based instrument at the time of the grant and are recognized as expense over the vesting period of the share-based instrument. No Company Option grants have yet been awarded for Fiscal 2023.

In connection with its annual review process, the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee approved, effective June 17, 2022, the following Company Option awards to our NEOs. These options vest in equal installments on each of the first four anniversaries of the grant date, generally subject to the NEO’s continued employment with us. In addition, we granted Subsidiary Options in Wavelo on November 9, 2022.

The following table sets forth the number of Company Options granted and their corresponding aggregate grant date fair value as of December 31, 2022.

Name	Number of Company options		Aggregate Grant Date Fair Value (US Dollars)
Elliot Noss		5,000	$	73,781
Davinder Singh		5,000	$	73,781
Justin Reilly		5,000	$	73,781
David Woroch		10,000	$	147,561
Bret Fausett		5,000	$	73,781

On June 29, 2023 the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee approved the following stock option awards to our NEOs. These stock options vest in equal installments on each of the first four anniversaries of the grant date, generally subject to the NEO’s continued employment with us.

Name	Number of Company options		Aggregate Grant Date Fair Value (US Dollars)
Elliot Noss		5,000	$	57,542
Davinder Singh		5,000	$	57,542
David Woroch		5,000	$	57,542
Bret Fausett		3,500	$	40,279

The following table sets forth the number of Wavelo Subsidiary Options granted and their corresponding aggregate grant date fair value as of December 31, 2022.

Name	Number of Subsidiary options		Aggregate Grant Date Fair Value (US Dollars)
Elliot Noss		1,000,000	$	487,761
Davinder Singh		150,000	$	73,164
Justin Reilly		4,500,000	$	2,194,926
Bret Fausett		150,000	$	73,164

The following table sets forth the number of Ting Subsidiary Options granted and their corresponding aggregate grant date fair value, as of January 16, 2023:

Name	Number of Subsidiary options		Aggregate Grant Date Fair Value (US Dollars)
Elliot Noss		2,000,000	$	201,700
Davinder Singh		50,000	$	5,042
Bret Fausett		50,000	$	5,042

During Fiscal 2022 options exercised and vested for our named executive officers were as follows:

Name	Company options exercised during Fiscal 2022		Company options vested during Fiscal 2022		Subsidiary options exercised during Fiscal 2022		Subsidiary options vested during Fiscal 2022
Elliot Noss		10,000		4,625		-		-
Davinder Singh		7,000		2,938		-		-
Justin Reilly		-		3,813		-		-
David Woroch		5,000		2,688		-		-
Bret Fausett		-		2,657		-		-

Severance and Change of Control Benefits

Our Board believes that it is necessary to offer senior members of our executive team severance benefits to ensure that they remain focused on executing our strategic plans, including in the event of a proposed or actual acquisition. We have entered into employment agreements with our NEOs to provide them with additional severance benefits upon an involuntary termination of employment under specified circumstances prior to and following a change of control. The terms of these agreements are described below in "Potential Payments on Termination or Change in Control."

Perquisites

We do not provide any significant perquisites or other personal benefits to our NEOs.

Benefits

We provide the following benefits to our NEOs. We believe these benefits are typical of the companies with which we compete for employees:

	●	healthcare insurance;

	●	life insurance and accidental death and dismemberment insurance;

	●	long term disability insurance;

	●	a registered retirement savings matching program;

	●	a healthcare spending account;

	●	a car allowance;

	●	an annual medical; and

●

an employee assistance program.

Certain Corporate Governance Considerations

We currently do not require our executive officers to own a particular number of shares of our common stock. The Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee is satisfied that stock and option holdings among our executive officers are sufficient at this time to provide motivation and to align their interests with those of our shareholders. However, we prohibit all directors and employees from hedging their economic interest in the Company securities that they hold.

Tax Considerations

We do not provide any tax gross-ups to our executive officers or directors.

In designing our compensation programs, the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee considers the financial accounting and tax consequences to Tucows as well as the tax consequences to our employees. In determining the aggregate number and mix of equity grants in any fiscal year, the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee and management consider the size and share-based compensation expense of the outstanding and new equity awards.

Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code generally disallows a federal income tax deduction to public companies for annual compensation over $1 million (per individual) paid to their chief executive officer, chief financial officer and the next three most highly compensated executive officers (as well as certain other officers who were covered employees in years after 2016). As a result, most of the compensation payable to our NEOs in excess of $1 million per person in a year will not be fully deductible.

Tax deductibility is not the primary factor used by the Committee in setting compensation, however, and corporate objectives may not necessarily align with the requirements for full deductibility under Section 162(m). Our Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee has not adopted a formal policy regarding tax deductibility of compensation paid to our NEOs. We believe it is important and in the best interests of our shareholders to preserve flexibility in administering compensation programs as corporate objectives may not always be consistent with the requirements for full deductibility under Section 162(m).

Compensation Risk Assessment

The Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee oversaw the performance of a risk assessment of our Executive Compensation Program to ascertain any potential material risks that may be created by this program. Because performance-based incentives are used in our executive compensation program, it is important to ensure that these incentives do not result in our NEOs taking unnecessary or excessive risks or any other actions that may conflict with our long-term interests. The Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee considered the following attributes of our Executive Compensation Program:

	•	the balance between short- and long-term incentives;
	•	use of qualitative as well as quantitative performance factors in determining compensation payouts, including minimum and maximum performance thresholds, funding that is based on actual results measured against pre-approved financial and operational goals and metrics that are clearly defined;
	•	incentive compensation that includes a stock component where value is best realized through long-term appreciation of stockholder value; and
	•	incentive compensation components that are paid or vest over an extended period.

The Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee focuses primarily on the compensation of our NEOs because risk-related decisions depend predominantly on their judgment. The Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee believes that risks arising from our policies and practices for compensation of other employees are not reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on us.

Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation

The members of the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee of our Board during 2023 were Ms. Chase (Chair) and Messrs. Karp and Schwartz. To ensure that our compensation policies are administered in an objective manner, our Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee is composed entirely of independent directors. None of the members of our Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee has ever been an officer or employee of the Company or its subsidiaries. None of our executive officers serves as a member of the Board or compensation committee of any entity that has one or more executive officers on our Board or Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee.

Compensation Committee Report

The Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee has reviewed and discussed the foregoing CD&A with management and, based on such review and discussions, the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee has recommended to the Board that the CD&A be included in this Annual Report.

Submitted by the following members of the Corporate Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee:

Robin Chase (Chair)

Allen Karp

Jeffrey Schwartz

Summary Compensation Table

The following Summary Compensation table provides a summary of the compensation earned by our NEOs, including our Chief Executive Officer, our Chief Financial Officer, and our next three most highly compensated executive officers for services rendered in all capacities during 2022. Specific aspects of this compensation are dealt with in further detail in the tables that follow. All dollar amounts below are shown in U.S. dollars. If necessary, amounts that were paid in Canadian dollars during Fiscal 2022 were converted into U.S. dollars based upon the exchange rate of 1.300 Canadian dollars for each U.S. dollar, which represents the average Oanda exchange rate for 2022.

Name and Principal Position	Year	Salary ($)		Bonus (1) ($)		Stock Awards ($)		Option Awards (2) ($)		All Other Compensation (3) ($)		Total ($)
Elliot Noss	2022	$	409,156	$	281,452	$	—	$	73,781	$	495,571	$	1,259,960
President and Chief Executive Officer	2021		397,112		242,240		—		125,719		8,379		773,450
	2020		359,143		204,713		—		90,315		7,845		662,016

Davinder Singh	2022		269,447		137,816		—		73,781		176,012		657,056
Chief Financial Officer	2021		260,840		112,162		—		125,719		7,182		505,902
	2020		234,511		82,077		—		45,158		6,724		368,470

Justin Reilly (4)	2022		603,031		361,818		—		73,781		2,196,080		3,234,710
Chief Executive Officer, Wavelo	2021		317,128		114,166		—		100,575		1,197		533,066
	2020		291,371		96,152		—		45,158		1121		433,802

David Woroch	2022		282,553		144,308		—		147,561		6,701		581,124
Chief Executive Officer, Tucows Domains Services	2021		269,165		134,584		—		100,575		7,182		511,506
	2020		246,838		120,950				45,158		6,724		419,670

Bret Fausett	2022		286,436		120,578		—		73,781		73,164		553,959
Chief Legal Officer	2021		274,461		98,806		—		125,719		-		498,985
	2020		254,846		44,100		—		47,880		-		346,826

(1)	Represents bonus earned under our incentive programs during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.

Of the 2022 amount, the following amounts were paid in February 2023

Elliot Noss	$	107,611
Davinder Singh	$	50,389
Justin Reilly	$	233,839
David Woroch	$	57,441
Bret Fausett	$	45,773

Of the 2021 amount, the following amounts were paid in February 2022

Elliot Noss	$	104,902
Davinder Singh	$	48,646
Justin Reilly	$	49,233
David Woroch	$	59,539
Bret Fausett	$	43,403

Of the 2020 amount, the following amounts were paid in February 2021

Elliot Noss	$	89,561
Davinder Singh	$	35,909
Justin Reilly	$	42,066
David Woroch	$	52,916
Bret Fausett	$	37,582

(2)

Represents the aggregate grant date fair value of such Company Options, calculated in accordance with FASB ASC 718. Please see “Note 15– Stock Option Plans” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report, for a discussion of the assumptions underlying these calculations.

(3)	Amounts reported in this column are comprised of the following items:

		Additional
		Health		Car		One-Time		Subsidiary		All Other
		Spending		Allowance		Payment		Stock Options (2)		Compensation
	Year	Credits ($)		($)		($)		($)		($)
Elliot Noss	2022	$	1,154	$	6,656	$	—	$	487,761	$	495,571
	2021		1,197		7,182		—		—		8,379
	2020		1,121		6,724		—		—		7,845

Davinder Singh	2022		1,154		5,547		96,147		73,164		176,012
	2021		1,197		5,985		—		—		7,182
	2020		1,121		5,603		—		—		6,724

Justin Reilly	2022		1,154		—		—		2,194,926		2,196,080
	2021		1,197		—		—		—		1,197
	2020		1,121		—		—		—		1,121

David Woroch	2022		1,154		5,547		—		—		6,701
	2021		1,197		5,985		—		—		7,182
	2020		1,121		5,603		—		—		6,724

Bret Fausett	2022		—		—		—		73,164		73,164
	2021		—		—		—		—		—
	2020		—		—		—		—		—

Executive Pay Ratio

In August 2015 pursuant to a mandate of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the SEC adopted a rule requiring annual disclosure of the ratio of the median employee’s annual total compensation to the total annual compensation of the principal executive officer (‟PEO”). The Company’s PEO is Mr. Noss. The annual total compensation for fiscal year 2022 for our PEO was $1,259,960, and for the median employee was $56,193. The resulting ratio of our PEO’s pay to the pay of our median employee for fiscal year 2022 is 22 to 1.

The measurement was prepared as of December 31, 2022 based on active employees as at that date and total compensation for the annual period then ended, consistent with the methodology used to prepare the measure in Fiscal 2021. The Company utilized tax records to determine the total annual compensation based on gross employment income for each individual Form W-2 or equivalent for our international subsidiaries. Gross employment income includes salaries, bonus, company medical benefits, car allowance and benefits from exercise of stock-options. We determined the compensation of our median employee (i) by calculating the annual total compensation described above for each of our employees, (ii) ranking the annual total compensation of all employees except for the PEO from lowest to highest and (iii) determining the Median Employee, consistent with the methodology used in 2021. The Median Employee’s Fiscal 2022 compensation was then determined in a manner consistent with the Summary Compensation Table above and compared to the PEO to derive the ratio.

Grants of Plan-Based Awards

The following table sets forth information concerning plan-based awards granted to our NEOs in 2022:

Name	Grant date	All other option awards: Number of shares underlying Company options		Exercise or base price of option awards		Grant date fair value of option awards (1)
Elliot Noss	6/17/2022		5,000	$	41.97	$	73,781
Davinder Singh	6/17/2022		5,000	$	41.97	$	73,781
Justin Reilly	6/17/2022		5,000	$	41.97	$	73,781
David Woroch	6/17/2022		10,000	$	41.97	$	147,561
Bret Fausett	6/17/2022		5,000	$	41.97	$	73,781

(1)

Represents the grant date fair value of such awards, calculated in accordance with FASB ASC 718. Please see “Note 15 – Stock Option Plans” of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of the Annual Report, for a discussion of the assumptions underlying these calculations.

The following table sets forth information concerning Subsidiary plan-based awards granted to our NEOs in 2022:

Name	Grant date	All other option awards: Number of shares underlying Subsidiary Options		Exercise or base price of Subsidiary Option awards		Grant date fair value of Subsidiary Option awards (1)
Elliot Noss	11/9/2022		1,000,000	$	1.27	$	487,761
Davinder Singh	11/9/2022		150,000	$	1.27	$	73,164
Justin Reilly	11/9/2022		4,500,000	$	1.27	$	2,194,926
Bret Fausett	11/9/2022		150,000	$	1.27	$	73,164

(1)

Represents the grant date fair value of such awards, calculated in accordance with FASB ASC 718. Please see “Note 15 – Stock Option Plans” of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report, for a discussion of the assumptions underlying these calculations.

Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End

The following table sets forth information concerning stock options held by the named executive officers as of December 31, 2022:

Name	Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Company Options (#) Exercisable		Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Company Options (#) Unexercisable		Option Exercise Price ($)		Option Expiration Date

Elliot Noss		4,500		—		64.10	6/4/2025
		3,375		1,125		62.12	5/27/2026
		2,250		2,250		60.01	5/27/2027
		1,250		3,750		79.44	5/11/2028
		—		5,000		41.97	6/16/2029

SEC Form DEF 14A filed by Tucows Inc.