SEC Form S-3 filed by T Stamp Inc.

As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 19, 2024

Registration No. 333-[_]

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM S-3

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

T Stamp Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

3017 Bolling Way NE, Floor 2,

Atlanta, Georgia, 30305, USA

(404) 806-9906

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Gareth Genner

c/o T Stamp Inc.

3017 Bolling Way NE, Floor 2,

Atlanta, Georgia, 30305, USA

(404) 806-9906

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

With a copy to:

CrowdCheck Law LLP

700 12th Street NW, Suite 700

Washington, DC 20005

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: From time to time after the effective date of this registration statement.

If the only securities being registered on this form are being offered pursuant to dividend or interest reinvestment plans, please check the following box. ¨

If any of the securities being registered on this form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, other than securities offered only in connection with dividend or interest reinvestment plans, check the following box. x

If this form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ¨

If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ¨

If this form is a registration statement pursuant to General Instruction I.D. or a post-effective amendment thereto that shall become effective upon filing with the Commission pursuant to Rule 462(e) under the Securities Act, check the following box. ¨

If this form is a post-effective amendment to a registration statement filed pursuant to General Instruction I.D. filed to register additional securities or additional classes of securities pursuant to Rule 413(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act.¨

The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act, or until this registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to such Section 8(a), may determine.

The information contained in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and offers to buy these securities are not being solicited in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED DECEMBER [_], 2024

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS

T Stamp Inc.

Up to 9,722,209 Shares of Class A Common Stock Issuable Upon The Exercise of Private Placement Warrants

This prospectus relates to the resale from time to time of up to an aggregate of 9,722,209 shares of our Class A Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Warrant Shares”), comprised of shares issuable upon the exercise of common stock purchase warrants consisting of Series A common warrants exercisable for up to 5,555,548 shares of Class A Common Stock at an exercise price of $0.54 per share (the “Series A Warrants”), and Series B common warrants exercisable for up to 4,166,661 shares of Class A Common Stock at an exercise price of $0.54 per share (the “Series B Warrants”, and collectively, the “Private Placement Warrants”) which were sold to a certain investor (the “Selling Stockholder”) in a private placement offering consummated on December 6, 2024. We are registering these Warrant Shares as required by the Securities Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”) that we entered into with the Selling Stockholder on December 5, 2024. The Selling Stockholder may offer and sell the Warrant Shares in public or private transactions, or both. These sales may occur at fixed prices, at market prices prevailing at the time of sale, at prices related to the prevailing market price, or at negotiated prices.

As provided by Rule 416 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this prospectus also covers any additional shares of Class A Common Stock that may become issuable upon any anti-dilution adjustment pursuant to the terms of the Private Placement Warrants issued to the Selling Stockholder by reason of stock splits, stock dividends, and other events described therein.

The Selling Stockholder may sell all or a portion of Warrant Shares through underwriters, broker-dealers, or agents, who may receive compensation in the form of discounts, concessions, or commissions from the Selling Stockholder, the purchasers of the Warrant Shares, or both. See “Plan of Distribution” for a more complete description of the ways in which the Warrant Shares may be sold. We will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of any of the 9,722,209 Warrant Shares by the Selling Stockholder. However, upon exercise of the Private Placement Warrants for cash, the Selling Stockholder would pay us an exercise price of $0.54 per Warrant Share, subject to any adjustment pursuant to the terms of the Private Placement Warrants, or an aggregate of approximately $5,249,993 if the Private Placement Warrants are exercised in full for cash. The Private Placement Warrants are also exercisable on a cashless basis under certain circumstances, and if the Private Placement Warrants are exercised on a cashless basis, we would not receive any cash payment from the Selling Stockholder upon any such exercise of the Private Placement Warrants. We have agreed to bear the expenses (other than underwriting discounts, commissions, or agent’s commissions and legal expenses of the Selling Stockholder) in connection with the registration of the Warrant Shares being offered under this prospectus by the Selling Stockholder.

We will pay the expenses of registering the Warrant Shares, but all selling and other expenses incurred by the Selling Stockholder will be paid by the Selling Stockholder. See “Plan of Distribution” for further details.

This prospectus provides you with a general description of the securities that may be resold by the Selling Stockholder. In certain circumstances, we may provide a prospectus supplement that will contain specific information about the terms of a particular offering by the Selling Stockholder. Such supplements may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus. You should carefully read this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement before you invest in any of our securities.

Our Class A Common Stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “IDAI.” On December 18, 2024, the last reported sale price of our Class A Common Stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market was $0.3751 per share.

As of December 18, 2024, the aggregate market value of our outstanding Class A Common Stock held by non-affiliates was approximately $7.44 million based on 19,833,632 shares of Class A Common Stock held by non-affiliates on such date, and based on the last reported sale price of our Class A Common Stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market on such date of $0.3751 per share. As of the date of this prospectus, we have sold $460,229.80 worth of securities on September 3, 2024 and $2,996,525.37 worth of securities on December 6, 2024, for a total of $3,456,755.17 worth of securities sold pursuant to General Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3 during the prior 12-calendar month period ending on, and including, the date of this prospectus.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and are subject to reduced public company reporting requirements.

INVESTING IN OUR SECURITIES INVOLVES A HIGH DEGREE OF RISK. SEE “RISK FACTORS” ON PAGE 9 OF THIS PROSPECTUS AND ANY SIMILAR SECTION CONTAINED IN THE APPLICABLE PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT CONCERNING FACTORS YOU SHOULD CONSIDER BEFORE INVESTING IN OUR SECURITIES.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The date of this prospectus is                , 2024.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

This prospectus provides you with a general description of the Class A Common Stock (or Warrant Shares) that may be resold by the Selling Stockholder, which is not meant to be a complete description of the Class A Common Stock.

To the extent required by applicable law, each time the Selling Stockholder sells securities, we will provide you with this prospectus and, to the extent required, a prospectus supplement that will contain more information about the specific terms of the offering. We may also authorize one or more free writing prospectuses to be provided to you that may contain material information relating to these offerings. The prospectus supplement may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus with respect to that offering. If there is any inconsistency between the information in this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement, you should rely on the prospectus supplement. Before purchasing any securities, you should carefully read both this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement, together with the additional information described under the headings “Where You Can Find More Information” and “Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference.”

We have not authorized anyone to provide you with any information or to make any representations other than those contained in this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement or any free writing prospectuses prepared by or on behalf of us or to which we have referred you. We take no responsibility for and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of any other information that others may give you. You should assume that the information appearing in this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement to this prospectus is accurate as of the date on its respective cover, and that any information incorporated by reference is accurate only as of the date of the document incorporated by reference, unless we indicate otherwise. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since those dates.

Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this prospectus to the “Company,” “T Stamp”, “Trust Stamp”, “we,” “us” and “our” refer to T Stamp Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its consolidated subsidiaries.

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

This summary highlights selected information appearing elsewhere in this prospectus or incorporated by reference in this prospectus and does not contain all of the information that you need to consider in making your investment decision. You should carefully read the entire prospectus, the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, including the risks of investing in our securities discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” contained in the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, and under similar headings in the other documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus. You should also carefully read the information incorporated by reference into this prospectus, including our financial statements, and the exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.

Overview

Trust Stamp was incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware on April 11, 2016 as “T Stamp Inc.” T Stamp Inc. and its subsidiaries primarily develop proprietary artificial intelligence-powered solutions, researching and leveraging machine learning artificial intelligence, including computer vision, cryptography, and data mining, to process and protect data and deliver insightful outputs that identify and defend against fraud, protect sensitive user information, facilitate automated processes, and extend the reach of digital services through global accessibility. We utilize the power and agility of technologies such as GPU processing, edge computing, neural networks, and large language models to process and protect data faster and more effectively than historically possible to deliver results at a disruptively low cost for usage across multiple industries.

Our team has substantial expertise in the creation and development of AI-enabled software products. We license our technology and expertise in numerous fields, with an increasing emphasis on addressing diverse markets through established partners who will integrate our technology into field-specific applications.

Over the last six months, the Company has undertaken a multi-pronged process to position itself better to leverage the growing opportunities offered by the expanded use and acceptance of AI technologies. This process has included:

Markets

Trust Stamp has evaluated the market potential for its services in part by reviewing the following reports, articles, and data sources, none of which were commissioned by the Company, and none of which are to be incorporated by reference:

Data Security and Fraud

Financial and societal inclusion

Trust Stamp’s biometric authentication, liveness detection, and information tokenization enable individuals to verify and establish their identities using data derived from biometrics. While individuals in this market lack traditional means of identity verification, Trust Stamp provides a means to authenticate identity that preserves an individual’s privacy and control over that identity.

Alternatives to Detention (“ATD”)

Other Markets

The Company is developing products and working with partners and industry organizations in other sectors that offer significant market opportunities and has entered into go-to-market or licensing agreements, including global data location services, healthcare, IoT, automotive dealer services, and computer vision for UAV operations. We anticipate licensing our technology in numerous fields, typically through established partners who will integrate our technology into field-specific applications.

Principal Products and Services

We adhere to the best practices outlined in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”) and International Organization for Standardization (“ISO”) frameworks, and our policies and procedures in managing personally identifiable information (“PII”) comply with General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) requirements wherever such requirements are applicable.

Key Customers

The Company’s initial business consisted of developing proprietary privacy-first identity solutions and implementing them through custom applications built and maintained for a few key customers. In 2022, the Company added to its product offerings a modular and highly scalable SaaS model with low-code or no implementation (“the Orchestration Layer”).

Recent Developments

Securities Purchase Agreement

On December 5, 2024, the Company entered into the SPA with the Selling Stockholder pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell to the Selling Stockholder (i) in a registered direct offering, (a) 2,085,000 shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Shares”); and (b) Pre-Funded Warrants (the "Pre-Funded Warrants") to purchase 3,470,548 shares of the Company's Class A Common Stock at an exercise price of $0.001 per share and (ii) in a concurrent private placement, the Private Placement Warrants. The offering price per Share and respective Private Placement Warrants was $0.54, and the offering price per Pre-Funded Warrant was $0.539.

The securities issued in the registered direct offering were offered pursuant to the Company’s shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (File 333-271091) initially filed by the Company with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), on April 3, 2023 and declared effective on April 12, 2023. The Pre-Funded Warrants are exercisable upon issuance and will remain exercisable until all of the Pre-Funded Warrants are exercised in full.

The Private Placement Warrants (and the shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of the Private Placement Warrants) were not registered under the Securities Act, and were offered pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act provided under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and/or Rule 506 of Regulation D promulgated under the Securities Act.

Pursuant to the SPA, the Company agreed to hold an annual or special meeting of its stockholders within sixty (60) days following the closing date of the SPA for the purpose of obtaining shareholder approval of (i) an increase in the number of authorized shares of the Company; and (ii) the SPA and transactions contemplated thereunder (including, but not limited to, the issuance of the Private Placement Warrants, and shares issuable upon the exercise of the Private Placement Warrants) as may be required by the applicable rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Stock Market (“Shareholder Approval”). If the Company does not obtain Shareholder Approval at the first meeting, the Company must call a meeting every ninety (90) days thereafter to seek Shareholder Approval until the earlier of the date on which Shareholder Approval is obtained or the warrants are no longer outstanding.

Also, pursuant to the SPA, the Selling Stockholder has agreed not to exercise certain previously issued warrants held by the Selling Stockholder exercisable for shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock in an amount up to the number of shares required to be reserved for the issuance of shares pursuant to the Pre-Funded Warrants and Private Placement Warrants issued pursuant to the SPA until the Company amends its certificate of incorporation for the authorization of additional shares. Stockholder approval for amending the Company's certificate of incorporation was received on November 18, 2024. Immediately prior to this transaction contemplated by the SPA, the Selling Stockholder held warrants that may be exercised for the purchase of 12,410,858 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock.

The terms of the Series A and Series B Warrants that comprise the Private Placement Warrants are identical, except that the Series A Warrants provide for additional protections for the Selling Stockholder in the event of a “Fundamental Transaction” while the Series A Warrants are outstanding (which includes, but is not limited to, merger transactions or a sale of substantially all of the Company’s assets). In such an event, then if holders of the Company’s Common Stock are given any choice as to the securities, cash or property to be received in a Fundamental Transaction, then the Selling Stockholder will be given the same choice as to the consideration it receives upon any exercise of either the Series A or Series B Warrants following such Fundamental Transaction. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary, for the Series A Warrants, in the event of a Fundamental Transaction, the Selling Stockholder may require the Company or its successor to repurchase the Series A Warrants for its Black-Scholes Value (as defined in the Series A Warrant) in cash. This right can be exercised concurrently with, or within 30 days following, the consummation or public announcement of the transaction. If the Fundamental Transaction occurs outside the Company’s control, such as in a hostile takeover or an unapproved transaction, the holder is entitled to receive consideration equivalent in type and proportion to that offered to common stockholders, also calculated based on the Black-Scholes model. Additionally, if no consideration is offered to the Company’s stockholders in the transaction, the holder is deemed to receive common stock of the successor entity, preserving the Series A Warrants’ value.

The Private Placement Warrants are immediately exercisable upon the date Shareholder Approval is received, and will expire five years thereafter, and in certain circumstances may be exercised on a cashless basis. If we fail for any reason to deliver shares of Class A Common Stock upon the valid exercise of the Private Placement Warrants, subject to our receipt of a valid exercise notice and the aggregate exercise price, by the time period set forth in the Private Placement Warrants, we are required to pay the applicable holder, in cash, as liquidated damages as set forth in the Private Placement Warrants. The Pre-Funded Warrants and Private Placement Warrants also include customary buy-in rights in the event we fail to deliver shares of common stock upon exercise thereof within the time periods set forth in the Pre-Funded Warrants and Private Placement Warrants.

On December 6, 2024, the Company closed the registered direct offering and the private placement offering raising gross proceeds of approximately $3.0 million before deducting placement agent fees and other offering expenses payable by the Company. In the event that all Private Placement Warrants are exercised for cash, the Company will receive additional gross proceeds of approximately $5,249,993. The Company’s primary use of the net proceeds will be for working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes.

Pursuant to the terms of the SPA, the Company is required within 30 days of December 5, 2024 to file a registration statement on Form S-1 or other appropriate form if the Company is not then S-1 eligible registering the resale of the shares of Class A Common Stock issued and issuable upon the exercise of the Private Placement Warrants. The Company is required to use commercially reasonable efforts to cause such registration to become effective within 91 days of the closing of the offering, and to keep the registration statement effective at all times until no investor owns any Private Placement Warrants or shares issuable upon exercise thereof.

Pursuant to the terms of the SPA, from December 5, 2024 until 30 days after closing, subject to certain exceptions, we may not issue, enter into any agreement to issue or announce the issuance or proposed issuance of any shares of common stock or common stock equivalents, or file any registration statement or any amendment or supplement thereto, other than a prospectus supplement for the Shelf Registration Statement. In addition, from December 5, 2024 until 45 days after closing, we are prohibited from effecting or entering into an agreement to effect any issuance of common stock or common stock equivalents involving a variable rate transaction (as defined in the SPA).

The foregoing description of the SPA, Pre-Funded Warrants, Series A Warrants, and Series B Warrants is intended to be a summary, and is qualified by reference to the full text of each of these documents, filed as Exhibits 10.31, 4.16, 4.17, and 4.18, respectively, to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

Placement Agency Agreement

Also in connection with the offering, on December 5, 2024, the Company entered into a placement agency agreement (the “Placement Agency Agreement”) with Maxim Group LLC (the “Placement Agent”). Pursuant to the terms of the Placement Agency Agreement, the Placement Agent agreed to use its reasonable best efforts to arrange for the sale of the Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants, and Private Placement Warrants. The Company will pay the Placement Agent a cash fee equal to 7.0% of the gross proceeds generated from such sales and will reimburse the Placement Agent for certain of its expenses in an aggregate amount up to $45,000.

The Placement Agency Agreement contains customary representations, warranties and agreements by the Company, customary conditions to closing, indemnification obligations of the Company and the Placement Agent, including for liabilities under the Securities Act, other obligations of the parties, and termination provisions.

The foregoing description of the Placement Agency Agreement is intended to be a summary, and is qualified by reference to the full text the Placement Agency Agreement, filed as Exhibit 1.1 to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

Lock Up Agreements

In addition, pursuant to certain “lock-up” agreements (each, a “Lock-Up Agreement”) that were required to be entered into as a condition to the closing of the SPA, our officers and directors have agreed, for a period of 30 days from December 6, 2024, not to engage in any of the following, whether directly or indirectly, without the consent of the Selling Stockholder under the SPA: offer to sell, sell, contract to sell pledge, grant, lend, or otherwise transfer or dispose of our common stock or any securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for Class A Common Stock (the “Lock-Up Securities”); enter into any swap or other arrangement that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of the Lock-Up Securities; make any demand for or exercise any right or cause to be filed a registration statement, including any amendments thereto, with respect to the registration of any Lock-Up Securities; enter into any transaction, swap, hedge, or other arrangement relating to any Lock-Up Securities subject to customary exceptions; or publicly disclose the intention to do any of the foregoing.

The foregoing description of the Lock-Up Agreement is intended to be a summary, and is qualified by reference to the full text the Lock-Up Agreement, filed as Exhibit 10.32 to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

Results of Stockholder Special Meeting

On November 18, 2024, the Company held a Special Meeting of Stockholders (the “Special Meeting”) to consider and vote upon:

At the Special Meeting, 44% of our Common Stock entitled to vote at the Special Meeting were represented in person or by proxy at the Special Meeting. Based on the results of the vote, the stockholders voted to approve Proposals 1, 2, 3 and 4. The number of votes cast for or withheld from the approval is also set forth below. The voting results disclosed below are final.

Election of New Board Member

On November 2, 2024, the Board of Directors of the Company elected Andrew Scott Francis, the current Chief Technology Officer of the Company, to the Board of Directors, effective immediately, to fill a vacancy on the Board of Directors left from the resignation of Joshua Allen from the Company's Board of Directors on September 26, 2024. Andrew Scott Francis will be a member of the “Class III” directors of the Company.

Corporate Information

Trust Stamp was incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware on April 11, 2016 as “T Stamp Inc.” Our principal executive offices are located at 3017 Bolling Way NE, Floor 2, Atlanta, GA 30305, and our telephone number is (404) 806-9906. Our website address is www.truststamp.ai. None of the information contained on, or that may be accessed through, our website is a prospectus or constitutes part of, or is otherwise incorporated into this prospectus.

The Offering

RISK FACTORS

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Before deciding whether to invest in our securities, you should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described under the heading “Risk Factors” contained in the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, and discussed under the section entitled “Risk Factors” contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, which is incorporated by reference into this prospectus in their entirety, together with other information in this prospectus, the documents incorporated by reference and any free writing prospectus that we may authorize for use in connection with this offering. The risks described in these documents are not the only ones we face, but those that we consider to be material. There may be other unknown or unpredictable economic, business, competitive, regulatory or other factors that could have material adverse effects on our future results. Past financial performance may not be a reliable indicator of future performance, and historical trends should not be used to anticipate results or trends in future periods. If any of these risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flow could be seriously harmed. This could cause the trading price of our securities to decline, resulting in a loss of all or part of your investment. Please also carefully read the section below entitled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus, each prospectus supplement and the information incorporated by reference in this prospectus and each prospectus supplement contain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), that involve risks and uncertainties, as well as assumptions that, if they never materialize or prove incorrect, could cause our results to differ materially and adversely from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements may include, but are not limited to, statements relating to our outlook or expectations for earnings, revenues, expenses, asset quality or other future financial or business performance, strategies, expectations or business prospects, or the impact of legal, regulatory or supervisory matters on our business, results of operations, or financial condition. Specifically, forward-looking statements may include statements relating to our future business prospects, revenue, income, and financial condition.

Forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of words such as “estimate,” “plan,” “project,” “forecast,” “intend,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “seek,” “target,” or similar expressions. Forward-looking statements reflect our judgment based on currently available information and involve a number of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements.

Important factors could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations include, but are not limited to:

Forward-looking statements are based on assumptions we have made in light of our industry experience and our perceptions of historical trends, current conditions, expected future developments and other factors we believe are appropriate under the circumstances. You are cautioned that these statements are not guarantees of performance or results. They involve risks, uncertainties (many of which are beyond our control) and assumptions. Although we believe that these forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, you should be aware that many factors could affect our actual operating and financial performance and cause our performance to differ materially from the performance anticipated in the forward-looking statements. We discuss in greater detail many of these risks in the applicable prospectus supplement, in any free writing prospectuses we may authorize for use in connection with a specific offering, in our most recent annual report on Form 10-K, as well as any amendments thereto, and in our subsequent filings with the SEC, which are incorporated by reference into this prospectus in their entirety.

Unless required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect new information or future events or developments. Thus, you should not assume that actual events are bearing out as expressed or implied in such forward-looking statements. You should read this prospectus, any applicable prospectus supplement, together with the documents we have filed with the SEC that are incorporated by reference and any free writing prospectus that we may authorize for use in connection with this offering completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of the forward-looking statements in the foregoing documents by these cautionary statements.

USE OF PROCEEDS

We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of the Warrant Shares covered by this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement. All proceeds from the sale of the Warrant Shares will be for the account of the Selling Stockholder. However, we will receive the proceeds of any cash exercise of the Private Placement Warrants. We intend to use the net proceeds from any cash exercise of the Private Placement Warrants for general corporate purposes, which includes working capital, business and product development, potential acquisitions, retirement of debt and other business opportunities. The timing and amount of our actual expenditures will be based on many factors; therefore, unless otherwise indicated in the prospectus supplement, our management will have broad discretion to allocate the net proceeds of our offerings.

We will bear all other costs, fees and expenses incurred in effecting the registration of the offering and sale of the Warrant Shares covered by this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement, including, without limitation, all registration and filing fees, Nasdaq listing fees and fees and expenses of our counsel and our accountants, in accordance with the terms of the SPA. The Selling Stockholder will pay any discounts, commissions, and fees of underwriters, selling brokers, dealer managers or similar securities industry professionals incurred by the Selling Stockholder in disposing of the Warrant Shares covered by this prospectus.

THE SELLING STOCKHOLDER

The shares of Class A Common Stock (or Warrant Shares) being offered by the Selling Stockholder are those issuable to the Selling Stockholder upon exercise of the Private Placement Warrants. For additional information regarding the issuance of the Private Placement Warrants, see “Recent Developments” further above in this prospectus. We are registering the shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Private Placement Warrants in order to permit the Selling Stockholder to offer the shares for resale from time to time.

In September 2022, April 2023, June 2023, September 2024, and December 2024, the Selling Stockholder and the Company engaged in transactions whereby, pursuant to the terms of Securities Purchase Agreements dated September 11, 2022, April 14, 2023, June 5, 2023, September 3, 2024, and December 5, 2024, respectively, the Company sold the Selling Stockholder a number of shares of Class A Common Stock and warrants to purchase shares of Class A Common Stock in various private placement transactions, and subsequently filed registration statements on Form S-1 that were declared effective in January 2023 (File No. 333-267668), August 2023 (File No. 333-272343), and September 2023 (File No. 333-274160), respectively, to register for resale by the Selling Stockholder those shares, as well as the shares issuable upon the exercise of the warrants sold to this investor in those transactions (with the exception of the September 2024 and December 2024 transactions, whereby the Company sold the Selling Stockholder pre-funded warrants in a registered direct pursuant to the Company’s shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (File 333-271091) declared effective on April 12, 2023).

Additionally, in December 2023, the Selling Stockholder the Company entered into a warrant exercise agreement, whereby the Selling Stockholder agreed to exercise certain warrants previously issued to the Selling Stockholder in exchange for the Company (i) reducing the exercise price of all those warrants; and (ii) issuing the Selling Stockholder new unregistered warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 3,600,000 shares of Class A Common Stock, with an exercise price of $1.34 per share in a private placement pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act. The Company subsequently filed resale registration statement on Form S-3 with respect to the 3,600,000 shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise of those warrants, which was declared effective on April 23, 2024 (File No. 333-277151).

Apart from these previous transactions, and the transactions described in this prospectus relating to the SPA, the Selling Stockholder has not had any material relationship with the Company within the past three years.

The table below lists beneficial ownership information of the Selling Stockholder as of the date of this prospectus, as well as the expected beneficial ownership of the Selling Stockholder after the conclusion of this offering.

In accordance with the terms of the SPA with the Selling Stockholder, this prospectus generally covers the resale of the maximum number of shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Private Placement Warrants, determined as if the outstanding Private Placement Warrants were exercised in full as of the trading day immediately preceding the date this registration statement was initially filed with the SEC, each as of the trading day immediately preceding the applicable date of determination and all subject to adjustment as provided in the SPA, without regard to any limitations on the exercise of the Private Placement Warrants. The fourth column assumes the sale of all the shares offered by the Selling Stockholder pursuant to this prospectus.

Under the terms of the Private Placement Warrants, the Selling Stockholder may not exercise the Private Placement Warrants to the extent such exercise would cause the Selling Stockholder, together with its affiliates and attribution parties, to beneficially own a number of shares of Class A Common Stock which would exceed 4.99% (or, at the option of the Selling Stockholder upon 61 days’ notice to the Company subject to the terms of the Private Placement Warrants, up to 9.99%), as applicable of our then outstanding Class A Common Stock following such exercise, excluding for purposes of such determination shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon exercise of such Warrants which have not been exercised. The number of shares in the table do not reflect this limitation. The Selling Stockholder may sell all, some or none of the Warrant Shares in this offering. See “Plan of Distribution.”

SECURITIES BEING REGISTERED AND DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK

We are registering for resale by the Selling Stockholder from time to time of up to an aggregate of 9,722,209 shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of the Private Placement Warrants sold to the Selling Stockholder in a private placement offering consummated on December 6, 2024.

General

The authorized capital stock of the Company consists of Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share. The total number of authorized shares of Common Stock of the Company is 50,000,000, all of which are designated as Class A Common Stock.

The following summary description of our capital stock is based on the provisions of our Third Amended & Restated Certificate of Incorporation, our amended and restated bylaws and the applicable provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”). This description is not complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by reference to our Third Amended & Restated Certificate of Incorporation (our “A&R Certificate of Incorporation”) and our amended and restated bylaws (our “Bylaws”), each of which is incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, and the DGCL. You should read our A&R Certificate of Incorporation our Bylaws and the applicable provisions of the DGCL for a complete statement of the provisions described below and for other provisions that may be important to you. For information on how to obtain copies of our A&R Certificate of Incorporation and our Bylaws, see “Where You Can Find Additional Information.”

Common Stock

Pursuant to the Company’s A&R Certificate of Incorporation, the Board of Directors of the Company has the right to designate shares of the Company’s Common Stock as either Class A or Class B Common Stock. As of the date of this prospectus, all shares of Common Stock of the Company have been designated as Class A Common Stock, and there is no issued (or designated) Class B Common Stock. The rights and preferences of each of the Class A and Class B classes of Common Stock are summarized below.

Class A Common Stock

Voting Rights

Holders of shares of Class A Common Stock are entitled to one vote for each on all matters submitted to a vote of the shareholders, including the election of directors.

Dividend Rights

Holders of each class of Common Stock are entitled to receive dividends, as may be declared from time to time by the Board of Directors out of legally available funds as detailed in our A&R Certificate of Incorporation. The Company has never declared or paid cash dividends on any of its capital stock and currently does not anticipate paying any cash dividends after this offering or in the foreseeable future.

Liquidation Rights

In the event of a voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution, or winding up of the Company, the holders of Class A Common Stock are entitled to share ratably in the net assets legally available for distribution to shareholders after the payment of all debts and other liabilities of the Company.

Exchange Rights

A holder of shares of Class A Common Stock shares that is a bank, savings association, or a holding company (or an affiliate thereof) may at any time choose to exchange all or any portion of shares of Class A Common Stock it holds for shares of Class B Common Stock. In the event of such an election, each Class A share for which the holder makes such election shall be exchanged for a Class B share on a one-for-one basis without the payment of any additional consideration. In the event of such an election, the Company will take all necessary corporate actions to affect such exchange, the holder will surrender its certificate or certificates representing the shares of Class A Common Stock for which it made such election, and such Shares of Class A Common Stock shall be cancelled.

Transfer Rights

There are no restrictions on the transfer of shares of Class A Common Stock of the Company.

Class B Common Stock

The rights and preferences of the Company’s Class B Common Stock are identical to those of the Class A Common Stock of the Company, except for as described below.

Voting Rights

Holders of shares of Class B Common Stock have no voting rights with respect to such shares; provided that the holders of Class B Common Stock shall be entitled to vote (one vote for each Class B share held) to the same extent that the holders of Shares of Class A Common Stock would be entitled to vote on matters as to which non-voting equity interests are permitted to vote pursuant to 12 C.F.R. § 225.2(q)(2) (or a successor provision thereto).

Transfer Rights

In the event a holder of shares of Class B Common Stock transfers all or any portion of his or her shares of Class B Common Stock to a “Permitted Transferee” (as defined below), such Permitted Transferee will be entitled to elect to exchange all or any portion of such Shares of Class B Common Stock for Shares of Class A Common Stock on a one-for-one basis without the payment of any additional consideration. No fractional shares may be so exchanged. In the event of such an election, the Company will take all necessary corporate actions to effect such exchange, the holder will surrender its certificate or certificates representing the Shares of Class B Common Stock for which it made such election, and such Shares of Class B Common Stock shall be cancelled. A “Permitted Transferee” is a person or entity who acquires Shares of Class B Common Stock from a bank, savings association, or a holding company (or an affiliate thereof) in any of the following transfers:

Warrants

The Company has various warrants outstanding that are exercisable for shares of its Class A Common Stock. See (i) the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 filed with the SEC on April 1, 2024; (ii) the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed with the SEC on April 11, 2024; (iii) the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-3/A filed with the SEC on April 15, 2024; (iv) the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2024 filed with the SEC on May 16, 2024; and (v) the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 filed with the SEC on August 13, 2024; (vi) the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 5, 2024, and Form 8-K/A filed on September 13, 2024; (vii) the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 13, 2024 for information on the outstanding warrants of the Company; (viii) the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 filed with the SEC on November 15, 2024 (including the amendment to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q/A filed with the SEC on November 21, 2024 to correct an error in the original report); and (ix) the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on December 6, 2024.

Anti-Takeover Effects of Our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws

Our A&R Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws contain certain provisions that could have the effect of delaying, deferring or discouraging another party from acquiring control of us. These provisions, which are summarized below, could discourage takeovers, coercive or otherwise. These provisions are also designed, in part, to encourage persons seeking to acquire control of us to negotiate first with our Board of Directors. We believe that the benefits of increased protection of our potential ability to negotiate with an unfriendly or unsolicited acquirer outweigh the disadvantages of discouraging a proposal to acquire us.

Authorized but Unissued Capital Stock

We have authorized but unissued shares of Common Stock, and our Board of Directors may authorize the issuance of one or more series of preferred stock without stockholder approval. These shares could be used by our Board of Directors to make it more difficult or to discourage an attempt to obtain control of us through a merger, tender offer, proxy contest or otherwise.

Limits on Stockholder Action to Call a Special Meeting

Our Bylaws provide that special meetings of the stockholders may be called only by our Board of Directors. A stockholder may not call a special meeting, which may delay the ability of our stockholders to force consideration of a proposal or for holders controlling a majority of our capital stock to take any action, including the removal of directors.

Our A&R Certificate of Incorporation authorizes our Board of Directors to fill vacancies or newly created directorships.

If there is a vacancy on our Board of Directors, the majority of the directors then in office may elect a successor to fill any vacancies or newly created directorships. This may also discourage or deter a potential acquirer from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect their own slate of directors or otherwise attempt to obtain control of our Company.

Classified Board of Directors

The A&R Certificate of Incorporation provides for a classified board of directors of the Company, with the board divided into three classes. Class I will hold office for a term expiring at the 2023 annual meeting of stockholders; Class II will hold office initially for a term expiring at the 2024 annual meeting of stockholders; and Class III will hold office initially for a term expiring at the 2025 annual meeting of stockholders. At each annual meeting following this initial classification and election, the successors to the class of directors whose terms expire at that meeting would be elected for a term of office to expire at the third succeeding annual meeting after their election and until their successors have been duly elected and qualified.

The Class I directors were elected at the 2023 annual meeting for a term of office for a term expiring at the 2026 annual meeting.

PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

The Selling Stockholder, which as used herein includes certain donees, pledgees, transferees, or other successors-in-interest selling Warrant Shares or interests in Warrant Shares received after the date of this prospectus from the Selling Stockholder as a gift, pledge, partnership distribution or other transfer, may, from time to time, sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of any or all of their Warrant Shares on any stock exchange, market or trading facility on which the shares are traded or in private transactions. These dispositions may be at fixed prices, at prevailing market prices at the time of sale, at prices related to the prevailing market price, at varying prices determined at the time of sale, or at negotiated prices.

The Selling Stockholder may use any one or more of the following methods when disposing of shares or interests therein:

The Selling Stockholder may transfer the Warrant Shares in other circumstances, in which case the transferees, pledgees, or other successors in interest will be the selling beneficial owners for purposes of this prospectus.

In connection with the sale of our Class A Common Stock or interests therein, the Selling Stockholder may enter into hedging transactions with broker-dealers or other financial institutions, which may in turn engage in short sales of the Class A Common Stock in the course of hedging the positions they assume. The Selling Stockholder may also sell shares of our Class A Common Stock short and deliver these securities to close out its short positions, or loan or pledge the Class A Common Stock to broker-dealers that in turn may sell these securities. The Selling Stockholder may also enter into option or other transactions with broker-dealers or other financial institutions or the creation of one or more derivative securities which require the delivery to such broker-dealer or other financial institution of shares offered by this prospectus, which shares such broker-dealer or other financial institution may resell pursuant to this prospectus (as supplemented or amended to reflect such transaction).

The aggregate proceeds to the Selling Stockholder from the sale of the Warrant Shares offered by them will be the sale price of the Warrant Shares less discounts or commissions, if any. The Selling Stockholder reserves the right to accept and, together with its agents from time to time, to reject, in whole or in part, any proposed purchase of Warrant Shares to be made directly or through agents. We will not receive any of the proceeds from this offering.

The Selling Stockholder also may resell all or a portion of the shares in open market transactions in reliance upon Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933, provided that it meets the criteria and conforms to the requirements of that rule.

The Selling Stockholder and any underwriters, broker-dealers or agents that participate in the sale of the Class A Common Stock or interests therein may be “underwriters” within the meaning of Section 2(11) of the Securities Act. Any discounts, commissions, concessions, or profit they earn on any resale of the shares may be underwriting discounts and commissions under the Securities Act. If any of the Selling Stockholder is an “underwriter” within the meaning of Section 2(11) of the Securities Act, it will be subject to the prospectus delivery requirements of the Securities Act.

To the extent required, the shares of our Class A Common Stock to be sold, the names of the Selling Stockholder, the respective purchase prices and public offering prices, the names of any agents, dealer, or underwriter, any applicable commissions or discounts with respect to a particular offer will be set forth in an accompanying prospectus supplement or, if appropriate, a post-effective amendment to the registration statement that includes this prospectus.

In order to comply with the securities laws of some states, if applicable, the Warrant Shares may be sold in these jurisdictions only through registered or licensed brokers or dealers. In addition, in some states the Warrant Shares may not be sold unless it has been registered or qualified for sale or an exemption from registration or qualification requirements is available and is complied with.

We have advised the Selling Stockholder that the anti-manipulation rules of Regulation M under the Exchange Act may apply to sales of shares in the market and to the activities of the Selling Stockholder and their affiliates. In addition, to the extent applicable we will make copies of this prospectus (as it may be supplemented or amended from time to time) available to the Selling Stockholder for the purpose of satisfying the prospectus delivery requirements of the Securities Act. The Selling Stockholder may indemnify any broker-dealer that participates in transactions involving the sale of the shares against certain liabilities, including liabilities arising under the Securities Act.

We have agreed to indemnify the Selling Stockholder against liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, relating to the registration of the shares offered by this prospectus.

We have agreed with the Selling Stockholder to keep the registration statement of which this prospectus constitutes a part effective at all times until no Selling Stockholder owns any Private Placement Warrants or Warrant Shares.

Our Class A Common Stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “IDAI.”

LEGAL MATTERS

The validity of the securities being offered hereby will be passed upon for us by CrowdCheck Law, LLP. Additional legal matters may be passed upon for us or any underwriters, dealers or agents, by counsel named in the applicable prospectus supplement.

EXPERTS

The consolidated financial statements of T Stamp Inc. and its subsidiaries as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and for the fiscal years then ended, have been audited by Marcum LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as set forth in their reports thereon, included in T Stamp Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. The report of Marcum LLP includes an explanatory paragraph related to the substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Such consolidated financial statements have been incorporated herein by reference in reliance upon such report given on the authority of such firms as experts in accounting and auditing.

WHERE YOU CAN FIND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information about issuers, such as us, who file electronically with the SEC. The address of that website is http://www.sec.gov.

This prospectus and any prospectus supplement are part of a registration statement that we filed with the SEC and do not contain all of the information in the registration statement. The full registration statement may be obtained from the SEC or us, as provided below. Other documents establishing the terms of the offered securities are or may be filed as exhibits to the registration statement. Statements in this prospectus or any prospectus supplement about these documents are summaries and each statement is qualified in all respects by reference to the document to which it refers. You should refer to the actual documents for a more complete description of the relevant matters. You may obtain a copy of the registration statement through the SEC’s website, as provided above.

We maintain a website at www.truststamp.ai. None of the information contained on, or that may be accessed through, our website is a prospectus or constitutes part of, or is otherwise incorporated into, this prospectus.

INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE

The SEC’s rules allow us to “incorporate by reference” information into this prospectus, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to another document filed separately with the SEC. The information incorporated by reference is deemed to be part of this prospectus. Any statement contained in this prospectus or a previously filed document incorporated by reference will be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this prospectus to the extent that a statement contained in this prospectus or a subsequently filed document incorporated by reference modifies or replaces that statement.

This prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement incorporate by reference the documents set forth below that have previously been filed with the SEC, other than portions of these documents that are furnished under Item 2.02 or Item 7.01 of a Current Report on Form 8-K:

In addition, all reports and other documents we subsequently file pursuant to Section 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act will also be deemed to be incorporated by reference into this prospectus and deemed to be part of this prospectus from the date of the filing of such reports and documents. In addition, all reports and other documents filed by us pursuant to the Exchange Act after the date of the initial registration statement and prior to effectiveness of the registration statement shall be deemed to be incorporated by reference into this prospectus.

Any statement contained in a document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference herein shall be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this prospectus to the extent that a statement contained herein or in any subsequently filed document that also is or is deemed to be incorporated by reference herein, as the case may be, modifies or supersedes such statement. Any such statement so modified or superseded shall not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part of this prospectus.

We will furnish without charge to each person, including any beneficial owner, to whom a prospectus is delivered, upon written or oral request, a copy of any or all of the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus but not delivered with the prospectus, including exhibits that are specifically incorporated by reference into such documents. You should direct any requests for documents to:

T Stamp Inc.

3017 Bolling Way NE, Floor 2, Atlanta, Georgia, 30305

Attention: Corporate Secretary

(404) 806-9906

PART II

INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS

Item 14. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution

The following table sets forth an estimate of the fees and expenses, other than the underwriting discounts and commissions, payable by the registrant in connection with the issuance and distribution of the securities being registered. All the amounts shown are estimates, except for the SEC registration fee.

Item 15. Indemnification of Directors and Officers

Our A&R Certificate of Incorporation contains provisions limiting the liability of directors to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law and provides that we will indemnify each of our directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted under Delaware law. Our A&R Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws also provide our Board of Directors with the discretion to indemnify our employees and other agents when determined appropriate by the Board. In addition, each employment agreement entered into between the Company and its officers and/or directors contains certain indemnification provisions, which require us to indemnify them in certain circumstances.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers, or persons controlling our Company pursuant to the foregoing provision, we have been informed that in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.

Item 16. Exhibits

* Filed herewith.

 + Pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K, schedules have been omitted and will be furnished on a supplemental basis to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.

Item 17. Undertakings

(a) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:

(1) To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:

provided, however, that paragraphs (1)(i), (1)(ii) and (1)(iii) do not apply if the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in reports filed with or furnished to the Commission by the registrant pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that are incorporated by reference in the registration statement, or is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) that is part of the registration statement.

(2) That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

(3) To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.

(4) That, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser:

(5) That, for the purpose of determining liability of the registrant under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities, the undersigned registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser:

(b) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each filing of the registrant’s annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan’s annual report pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) that is incorporated by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

(c) Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

(d) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that:

(1) For purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b) (1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective.

(2) For the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form S-3 and has duly caused this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Atlanta, State of Georgia, on December 19, 2024.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this registration statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.