SEC Form 10-K filed by Fly-E Group Inc.

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2025

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from___________ to___________

Commission file number 001-42122

Fly-E Group, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐  

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common stock of Fly-E Group, Inc. held by non-affiliates was approximately $4.73 million based upon the closing price per share of $3.05 on September 30, 2024.

APPLICABLE ONLY TO REGISTRANTS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY

PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PRECEDING FIVE YEARS:

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Section 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. Yes ☐ No ☐

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO CORPORATE REGISTRANTS)

As of July 15, 2025, there were 18,096,873 shares of common stock of the registrant issued and outstanding.

Table of Contents

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report, including, without limitation, statements under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology, including the words “believes,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “may,” “will,” “potential,” “projects,” “predicts,” “continue,” or “should,” or, in each case, their negative or other variations or comparable terminology. These statements are based on management’s current expectations, but actual results may differ materially due to various factors, including, but not limited to: 

The forward-looking statements contained in this annual report are based on our current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on us. Future developments affecting us may not be those that we have anticipated. These forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties (some of which are beyond our control) and other assumptions that may cause actual results or performance to be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any of our assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary in material respects from those projected in these forward-looking statements. We caution you that forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and that our actual results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and developments in the industry in which we operate may differ materially from those made in or suggested by the forward-looking statements contained in this annual report. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws.

Part I

Item 1. Business

Overview

Fly-E Group, Inc. (“Fly-E Group,” and collectively with its subsidiaries, the “Company,” “we” or similar terminology), is an electric vehicle (“EV”) company that is principally engaged in designing, installing and selling smart electric motorcycles (“E-motorcycles”), electric bikes (“E-bikes”), electric scooters (“E-scooters”) and related accessories under the brand “Fly E-Bike.” At Fly E-Bike, our commitment is to encourage people to incorporate eco-friendly transportation into their active lifestyles, ultimately contributing towards building a more environmentally friendly future.

Our first store was established in 2018 in New York. Our business has grown rapidly since then and we believe we are now one of the leading providers of E-bikes for food delivery workers in New York City. As of July 15, 2025, we have 20 stores, including 19 retail stores in the U.S and one retail store in Canada. The Company offers rental services from selected locations in New York, Toronto, and Los Angeles. We also operate one online store at flyebike.com, focusing on selling E-motorcycles, E-bikes and E-scooters, serving customers in the United States. In addition, we plan to open a second online store focusing on selling gas bikes in the future. In addition, we plan to extend our business into South America and Europe.

We have a diversified product portfolio that is designed to satisfy the various demands of our customers and address different urban travel scenarios. Additionally, we aim to refresh our product offerings continuously to align with evolving market trends. As of July 15, 2025, we offered 27 E-motorcycle products, 36 E-bike products and 38 E-scooter products.

We build our smart E-bikes based on advanced and innovative technologies, including smart technologies, powertrain and battery technologies and automotive inspired functionalities. Adhering to our user-centric philosophy in product design, we collect user feedback and product performance data to develop new products or functionalities to satisfy unmet demand. All our products are designed to embody themes of style, freedom and technology. Some of our E-bikes are specifically designed for food delivery workers and are featured with longer battery life and stable backseat for holding a basket. In addition, we designed an easy battery swap system for these E-bikes, allowing food delivery workers to easily replace a fully charged battery at any of our stores within a minute.

Our net revenues were approximately $25.4 million for the year ended March 31, 2025, consisting of retail sales revenue of approximately $21.7 million, wholesale revenue of approximately $3.5 million, and rental services revenue of $171,867. Our net revenues were approximately $32.2 million for the year ended March 31, 2024, consisting of retail sales revenue of approximately $26.4 million and wholesale revenue of $5.8 million.

Recent Developments

2024 Stock Split

In April 2024, we effected a stock split of our authorized and all issued and outstanding shares of our common stock and preferred stock at a split ratio of 1-for-110,000, where the par value of the Company’s common stock remained unchanged at $0.01 per share, and number of authorized shares of the Company’s capital stock was increased from 440 to 48,400,000, with the number of authorized shares of common stock and preferred stock being increased from 400 to 44,000,000 and from 40 to 4,400,000, respectively. The issued and outstanding common stock and preferred stock increased at a split ratio of 1-for-110,000.

IPO

On June 7, 2024, we consummated our initial public officering (the “IPO”) and sold 450,000 shares of common stock, at a price of $20.00 per share. The gross proceeds of the offering were $9.0 million, prior to deducting the underwriting discounts, commissions and offering expenses payable by the Company. In addition, we granted the underwriters a 30-day option to purchase an additional 67,500 shares of common stock at the initial public offering price, less underwriting discounts and commissions, to cover over-allotments. On June 25, 2024, we sold an additional 67,500 shares of common stock to the underwriters of our IPO for gross proceeds of $1.4 million upon full exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option. Net proceeds received by us from our initial public offering, including the exercise of the over-allotment option, were approximately $9.2 million. We also issued to The Benchmark Company, LLC (the “IPO Representative”), the representative of the IPO underwriters warrants to purchase 25,875 shares. None of such warrants were exercised as of the date of this annual report.

Loan and Security Agreement

On August 5, 2024, the Company, Fly E-Bike, Inc. (“Fly E-Bike”), a Delaware corporation, and Fly EV, Inc. (collectively with the Company and Fly E-Bike, the “Borrower”) entered into a loan and security agreement (the “Loan Agreement”) with Peapack-Gladstone Bank (the “Lender”). Pursuant to the Loan Agreement, the Lender made available to the Borrower a $5 million revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit”), which the Borrower will use periodically for operating needs and to help facilitate acquisitions. The Loan Agreement has a one-year term. The principal balance of the loan under the Revolving Credit bears interest at a per annum rate equal to the term SOFR plus a spread of 3.50%, with a floor of 5.50%. The Borrower will make interest-only payments quarterly, starting on November 1, 2024. The entire amount of outstanding principal and interest is due on August 31, 2025.

As security for the payment of the loan, the Borrower granted the Lender a continuing lien on and security interest in all assets of the Borrower, including accounts, chattel paper, documents, instruments, inventory, general intangibles, equipment, fixtures, deposit accounts, goods, letter-of-credit rights, supporting obligations, investment property, commercial tort claims, property in the Lender’s possession, additions, and proceeds. The Borrower paid a non-refundable revolving credit closing fee of $20,000 at closing, agreed to pay an unused line fee of 0.25% quarterly, and a late charge of 5% on any payments not made within five days of the due date. Upon an event of default, the Lender may terminate the Revolving Credit, declare the Borrower’s obligations immediately due and payable, and exercise rights under the UCC and other applicable laws, including taking possession of the collateral and selling it.

Rental Program

We launched a rental program to meet the increasing market demand for safe, UL-certified e-bikes in compliance with New York State regulations in October 2024. The rental service, now available in New York City, Toronto, and Los Angeles via the Go Fly rental service mobile app and select Fly E-Bike stores, provides users with a flexible and affordable e-bike rental option. As part of our growth strategy, we plan to expand the rental service to Miami in the near term.

Trade-in Program

In January 2025, the New York City Department of Transportation (“NYC DOT”) launched a $2 million trade-in program, allowing eligible food delivery workers to replace their unsafe e-bikes, e-mobility devices, and batteries with high-quality versions. Our Fly-11 PRO was chosen as the official model of NYC DOT and participates in this program. From January 2025 to June 2025, we participated in this program and completed the delivery of Fly-11 Pro models to our retail partner participating in the program.

Increase in Authorized Shares

In March 2025, we amended our amended and restated certificate of incorporation to increase the authorized shares of common stock from 100,000,000 shares to 300,000,000 shares.

UL Litigation

On or about March 12, 2025, UL LLC (“UL”) filed a complaint against the Company, along with the Company’s certain subsidiaries and certain individuals, in the Eastern District of New York (the “Complaint”). The Complaint alleges that the Company improperly used UL’s trademark by claiming certain products were certified by UL. The Complaint seeks $2,000,000 for each instance an allegedly counterfeit UL mark was used and asserts claims for federal trademark infringement and counterfeiting, unfair competition and false designations of the origin and false and misleading representations, common law unfair competition, common law unjust enrichment, and unlawful deceptive acts and practices.

On May 21, 2025, Company, along with its certain subsidiaries and certain individuals, and UL entered into a settlement and release agreement (the “Settlement Agreement”) on mutually acceptable settlement terms. Pursuant to the Settlement Agreement, the Company and the other defendants agreed to pay UL an aggregate amount of $1,000,000 before November 30, 2025, and entered into a Consent Judgment and Permanent Injunction pursuant to which the Company and the other defendants agreed not to offer for sale, sell, or distribute products with UL Marks that were not tested and certified by UL. From May 28 to July 15, 2025, the Company paid $350,000 to UL.

The Settlement Agreement fully resolves all pending litigation between UL and the Company, and each party fully releases the other party from any and all past or present claims, demands, causes of action, obligations, damages, liabilities, expenses, or compensation of whatever kind or nature, that were or could have been asserted in connection with the Company’s sales of products with a UL Mark which were not tested and certified by UL.

2025 Reverse Stock Split

On March 10, 2025, the Company held a special meeting of stockholders. At the special meeting, the stockholders approved a proposal to amend the Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation to effect a reverse stock split of the Company’s issued and outstanding shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, by a ratio in the range of 1-for-2 to 1-for-15, with such ratio to be determined in the discretion of the board of directors of the Company and with such action to be effected at such time and date, if at all, as determined by the board of directors within one year after the conclusion of the special meeting.

On June 16, 2025, the board of directors approved a one-for-five (1:5) reverse stock split of the Company’s issued and outstanding shares of common stock (the “2025 Reverse Stock Split”). On July 2, 2025, the Company filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware the Second Certificate of Amendment to its Certificate of Incorporation (the “Certificate of Amendment”) to effect the 2025 Reverse Stock Split. The 2025 Reverse Stock Split became effective as of 5:00 p.m., Eastern Time, on July 3, 2025, and the Company’s common stock began trading on the Nasdaq Stock Market on a split-adjusted basis on July 7, 2025.

After the 2025 Reverse Stock Split, every five (5) shares of the Company’s issued and outstanding common stock have been automatically converted into one share of common stock, without any change in the par value per share. In addition, (i) a proportionate adjustment has been made to the per share exercise price and the number of shares issuable upon the exercise of all outstanding warrants to purchase shares of common stock, and (ii) the number of shares reserved for issuance pursuant to the Company’s stock incentive plan has been reduced proportionately. Any fraction of a share of common stock created as a result of the 2025 Reverse Stock Split was rounded up to the nearest whole share. 

The Company’s common stock continues to trade on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “FLYE.” The new CUSIP number for common stock following the 2025 Reverse Stock Split is 343927208.

Unless otherwise noted, the share and per share information in this annual report reflects the 2024 Stock Split and the 2025 Reverse Stock Split .

Registered Direct Offering

On June 2, 2025, we closed our registered direct offering of an aggregate of (i) 5,719,111 shares of our common stock, par value $0.01 and (ii) 11,438,222 warrants (the “Warrants”) to purchase 11,438,222 shares of common stock at a combined purchase price per share and accompanying Warrants of $1.2140, resulting in net proceeds to us of $6.24 million after deducting placement agent fees and offering expenses. All of the shares (including shares underlying the Warrants) were registered under the Securities Act pursuant to a registration statement on Form S-1, as amended (File No. 333-286678), which was declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 15, 2025. American Trust Investment Services, Inc. (“ATIS”) acted as the exclusive placement agent for the offering. We paid ATIS aggregate commissions of $219,430 and incurred offering expenses of $178,625.

Disposal of Certain Subsidiaries

During the year ended March 31, 2025 and from April to July 2025, the Company disposed several subsidiaries as part of an disposal plan aimed at simplifying its legal and operational structure and improving administrative efficiency. The divestitures were not intended to be a strategic withdrawal from any specific geographic region or industry, but rather a measure to streamline the Company’s corporate structure and reduce complexity in financial reporting. Between December 2024 and July 2025, the Company sold 15 subsidiaries to third-party individuals in multiple transactions, for an aggregated cash consideration of approximately $1.3 million, of which $133,000 has been collected as of July 15, 2025.  See “Note 14— Disposal of Subsidiaries and Note 15-Subsequent Events” in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for details.

Our History and Corporate Structure

We initially started our business in 2018 as Ctate Inc. (“Ctate”), a New York corporation. Our business has experienced rapid growth since then and we opened multiple retail stores within a short period of time. In the interest of efficient management, each retail store was managed by a separate company wholly owned by Ctate.

Fly E-Bike, Inc. (“Fly E-Bike”), a Delaware corporation, was a wholly owned subsidiary of Ctate incorporated on August 22, 2022. On September 12, 2022, Ctate and Fly E-Bike entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger, pursuant to which Ctate merged into and with Fly E-Bike, with Fly E-Bike being the surviving corporation.

Fly-E Group, a Delaware corporation, was incorporated on November 1, 2022. On December 21, 2022, Fly E-Bike, the stockholders of Fly E-Bike and Fly-E Group entered into a Share Exchange Agreement, pursuant to which Fly-E Group acquired all of the issued and outstanding shares of Fly E-Bike by issuing its shares to the stockholders of Fly E-Bike on a one-for-one basis (the “Share Exchange”). As a result of the Share Exchange, Fly E-Bike became a wholly owned subsidiary of Fly-E Group. Fly-E Group has no substantive operations other than holding all of the issued and outstanding shares of Fly E-Bike and Fly EV, Inc. Our business is primarily conducted through Fly E-Bike and its subsidiaries. Fly EV. Inc. is a Delaware corporation incorporated on November 1, 2022 and currently has no substantive operations.

Our Industry

E-motorcycles, E-bikes and E-scooters are the two-wheelers that run on electric energy that is converted into mechanical energy rather than running on fuel. They are chargeable and eco-friendly automotive solutions. E-motorcycles and E-bikes are built with solid metal and fiber frames that are combined with mechanical and electronic components. An E-scooter is a plug-in EV powered by electric power. These scooters offer additional advantages such as agility, flexibility, versatility and ease of maneuver in high traffic congestion areas.

The EV industry has been experiencing significant growth and innovation in recent years. With the advancement of technology and the increasing demand for environmentally friendly transportation options, E-bikes, E-motorcycles and E-scooters have become popular choices for commuting, leisure and sports. As the demand for sustainable transportation options continues to grow, the EV industry is poised for further growth and development.

Some of the major trends driving the growth of the EV industry include the increasing demand for sustainable transportation options, advancements in battery and motor technology, and the growing popularity of E-bike sharing services. Government incentives and regulations, such as tax credits and subsidies for the purchase of EVs, are also driving the growth of the industry.

The Asia-Pacific region is the largest market for the electric two-wheelers due to the growing awareness about the benefits of electric vehicles, rising personal disposable income, growing demand for affordable electric vehicles for short-distance commuting and increasing adoption of smart technologies. We believe that North America is expected to experience significant growth in the future due to growing government initiatives to raise awareness of such products among individuals.

City bikes and city E-bikes are popular in big cities in the United States, such as New York City, Miami and Dallas. There is also a growing popularity of E-scooters as an increasing number of EV merchants are launching their businesses in these cities.

The growth of the EV industry is further accelerated by the rise in small package deliveries in big cities. New York City is a major commercial hub and the largest metropolitan area in the United States. As a result, the volume of small package deliveries in New York City is remarkably high, and it has continued to grow over the years. With the rise of E-commerce and online shopping, more and more people in New York City are relying on package deliveries for their everyday needs, leading to a significant increase in small package delivery volume. The COVID-19 pandemic has further accelerated this trend as more people have turned to online shopping.

The high volume of package deliveries in New York City has led to concerns about traffic congestion and delivery vehicle emissions, which the city is working to address through initiatives such as congestion pricing and EV incentives. For short-distance deliveries within urban areas, E-bike delivery can be a more efficient and environmentally friendly option compared to truck delivery. E-bikes can navigate through congested city streets, often taking shorter routes that trucks cannot access, and deliver packages quickly without contributing to traffic congestion or air pollution. Additionally, E-bikes are often cheaper to operate and maintain than trucks. We expect that other large densely populated cities in the United States, such as Miami and Dallas, face similar challenges and will continue to adopt the use of E-bikes, E-motorcycles, and E-scooters to meet their delivery needs.

Our Strengths

Early Entry into the Market: We entered the EV market early and were able to seize the market opportunities to experience rapid growth. We started our business in 2018 and were able to leverage the potential created by the thriving E-commerce industry. Additionally, the COVID-19 lockdown further amplified the demand for online food and essential item deliveries, creating a favorable environment for the expansion and utilization of EVs, particularly E-bikes, which further accelerated our business growth.

Brand Reputation: We have a strong brand reputation for consistent delivery of high-quality EV products and excellent customer service. Our brand and retail stores have become reliable business partners for most food delivery workers, especially in New York City. As a result, they have come to recognize our name and trust our services, establishing a loyal customer base for us.

Innovative Products and Services: We continue to offer innovative, differentiated products and services that help set us apart from our competitors. Since 2018, we have launched over 67 new products and introduced new versions to our existing products with upgrades to design, motor and battery technology. Additionally, we are developing the Fly E-Bike app, which will be used by customers to better manage and enjoy their riding experience. We are also developing the Fly E-Bike Care, an extended warranty program that will provide value-added options for our customers in the near future.

Our Strategies

Our plan to grow our business using the following key strategies:

Enhance our position as a leader in urban mobility: We believe we are one of the leading providers of urban mobility solutions for New York City, particularly for food and package delivery workers. We intend to leverage this first mover advantage to continue to solidify our market leadership, by enhancing our brand, continuing to innovate, growing our product and service portfolio and expanding our sales network.

Improve brand recognition: We will maintain our commitment to providing exceptional customer service as a means of further enhancing our brand. We will provide an enhanced shopping experience by effectively managing and upgrading our retail stores. In addition, we plan to open more flagship stores in high-traffic retail locations in New York City and other major cities in the United States to further elevate the quality of our brand messaging. Furthermore, we plan to increase our offerings of accessories, such as introducing more style options to our branded apparel, to further strengthen our customers’ connection to Fly E-Bike. We also intend to collaborate with other lifestyle brands across different industries to further promote our brand image.

Continue our innovation: We will persist in advancing our product line by incorporating cutting-edge design, optimizing user experience and delivering optimal performance. We are developing our Fly E-Bike app, which we plan to include functions to improve the communication between our customers and our products. Additionally, we plan to launch Fly E-Bike Care in the near future, a service designed to function as an insurance policy and provide customers with continuous maintenance services beyond the manufacturer and battery warranty period.

Expand our sales network: We plan to expand our sales network internationally. We intend to enter selected overseas markets that offer identified growth opportunities and favorable government policies, such as South America and Europe. As of July 15, 2025, we operate one store in Canada and 19 retail stores in the United States, spanning across the states of New York, Massachusetts, Maryland, Florida, Washington D.C., California and New Jersey. We also operate one online store at flyebike.com, focusing on selling E-motorcycles, E-bikes and E-scooters, serving customers in the United States. In addition, we plan to open a second online store focusing on selling gas bikes in the future.

Diversify our service offerings: We are planning to broaden our business by leveraging our existing retail stores as logistics hubs for small package delivery. We are currently trying to seek business partners, assemble a delivery team and develop an app for the delivery business.

Our Products

We offer a diverse product portfolio that satisfies various demands of our customers and addresses different urban travel scenarios. Following market trends and technological updates, we continuously develop and add new products into our portfolio to meet our customers’ needs. We also regularly introduce upgrades and refreshes to our existing models.

E-motorcycles

Our E-motorcycle category consists of 27 different products, which include a range of E-moped, E-motorcycle and E-tricycle.

E-moped

(Fly-7)		(Fly-10)		(Fly-Pro)

Our E-moped product line is one of our most popular, featuring a range of eight different models. Our E-mopeds can run an average of 20-70 miles on a single charge, with a top speed of 20-38 miles per hour. Additionally, our E-mopeds are capable of holding a payload of 185-400 pounds. Each E-moped offer several standard features, including a remote key fob, alarm system, lockable under-seat storage, front and rear suspension, and a complete lighting package. Some models also offer a USB phone charging port for added convenience. These features make them an ideal choice for delivery workers.

All of our E-mopeds feature a low seat height and large tires, providing excellent stability at all speeds and on all surfaces. Moreover, their electric drivetrain requires no clutch or gears, making them easy to operate for almost anyone.

E-motorcycle

(RZ)		(FTC)		(DY-VNM SL)

We also offer E-motorcycles that are designed for urban commuting and city riding, offering a range of 25-80 miles on a single charge and a top speed of 30-59 miles per hour. They have a payload capacity of 160-400 pounds and feature a powerful electric motor with multiple riding modes to choose from. Additionally, our E-motorcycles are equipped with advanced safety features, including anti-lock brakes and a high-performance suspension system, ensuring optimal handling and rider safety.

E-tricycle

(Fly-Tricycle)

The Fly-Tricycle is an electric three-wheel vehicle that offers three seats. The interior of this vehicle is crafted with high-quality automotive-grade materials, ensuring long-lasting durability. This vehicle can run a range of 43-62 miles on a single charge, with a top speed of 30 miles per hour. Additionally, the Fly-Tricycle is capable of holding a payload of 1,239 pounds.

E-bikes

We currently offer 36 different E-bike products, which include a range of City E-bike, foldable E-bike and standard E-bike.

City E-bike

(City E-Bike)

Our City E-Bike has a range of 15-20 miles on a single charge and a maximum speed of 20 miles per hour. It has a payload capacity of 200 pounds and an under-seat storage area.

Foldable E-bike

(Dolphin E-Bike)		(Air-2)

Our foldable E-bikes, including the Dolphin E-Bike and the Air-2, are versatile and convenient for folding. They are capable of running 20-25 miles on a single charge with a top speed of 23 miles per hour. In addition, our foldable E-bikes have a payload capacity of 250 pounds. They are compact, portable and easy to store, making them a good choice for people who are conscious of space limitations, such as those who live in small apartments in big cities.

Standard E-bike

(Sword Fish E-Bike)		(Rhino)

Our standard E-bikes are designed to be lightweight and come in a variety of different outlook designs, with multiple speed options to choose from. They offer a range of 20-60 miles on a single charge, with a top speed range of 15-32 miles per hour, and have a payload capacity of 180-250 pounds.

E-scooters

Our E-scooter segment currently offers 38 different products, which include the Insurgent E-Scooter, Flytron, H-Max and H-1 models.

(Insurgent E-Scooter)		(Flytron)		(H-Max)		(H-1)

Our E-scooters offer a range of 15-45 miles on a single charge and a top speed range of 15-40 miles per hour. They are also capable of holding a weight range of 250-330 pounds. Additionally, our smart E-scooters are equipped with hydraulic disc brakes made from special alloys. The brake discs are slotted to extend the life of the system. The hardware of the brakes is complemented by the electronic braking system, which provides for intelligent braking and recycling kinetic energy. Certain of our models also employ the combined braking system, which splits braking force between the front and rear discs to shorten the braking distance at higher speeds.

Accessories and spare parts

We offer a comprehensive line of Fly E-Bike branded accessories and spare parts. We also sell traditional bikes.

For accessories, we offer riding gear, such as raincoats, gloves and knee pads, and accessories that can be installed on our products to enhance their functionality, such as storage baskets and tail boxes, smart phone holders, backrests and locks, among others. We also sell branded apparel.

In addition, we provide performance upgrades, including high-performance upgrade components for wheels, shock absorbers, brake calipers and carbon fiber body panels, among others.

Fly E-Bike App

We are currently developing the Fly E-Bike app, which is a management service mobile software for our EVs. We aim to design an app that will bring users a comprehensive intelligent experience to create a safer and more satisfying riding life. The development of the app is still in its preliminary stage. We have launched a testing version of the app, which is currently unavailable to our customers. Once development is completed, the app is expected to include functions such as GPS, navigation, battery and tire pressure management, online shopping, and anti-theft features.

After Sales Services

Our EVs are primarily serviced through our retail stores, which provide repair, maintenance and bodywork services. Our regular maintenance services include exterior check, mechanical structure service, motor system check, electrification service, battery maintenance service, tire pressure check and cleaning services. We also provide other value-added services through our retail stores, including GPS add-on and installation, and theft reporting.

Warranty Policy

Manufacturer Warranty

We offer a three-month limited manufacturer’s warranty on all models of our E-bikes, E-motorcycles and E-scooters. The warranty period starts on the day the product is delivered to the customer. This warranty only covers limited factory defects and minor cosmetic damages. It does not cover misuse or broken parts caused by the user or by any other events.

Battery Warranty

We also offer a three-month warranty on battery for any manufacturer defect in material or workmanship. If a battery becomes faulty within the specified warranty period, we will replace it free of charge.

Fly E-Bike Care

We plan to launch our value-added Fly E-Bike Care program in the near future, which will function as an insurance policy to provide customers with continuous maintenance services beyond the warranty period mentioned above. This program will be designed to offer a wider range of coverage than the manufacturer and battery warranties, including accidental damages caused by customers. Additionally, we intend to add a “Fly E-Bike Care” feature to our app, which will send maintenance reminders to users based on their driving behavior and mileage.

Manufacturing and Assembly

We source substantially all of our vehicle components from China and the United States. For the years ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, over 50% and 50% of the parts were sourced from China, respectively. For the year ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, we sourced over 40% and over 40% of our vehicle components from the United States, respectively. Although we rely on certain principal vendors in China and the United States for most of our components, we believe there are multiple sources for each of our critical components.

To ensure a secure and reliable supply chain, we have implemented a centralized vendor management system that consolidates all vendor management activities under a centralized team. This approach enables us to streamline our purchasing process, enhance our negotiating power and maintain better relationships with our vendors.

We are currently working with two principal vendors, Xiamen Innolabs Technology Co., Ltd. (“XFT”) and Depcl Corp. (previously known as Fly Wing E-Bike Inc.), each of which respectively supplied approximately 42% and 32% of our accessories and components during the year ended March 31, 2025. During the year ended March 31, 2024, our top three principal vendors included Depcl Corp, XFT, and Anhui Ineo International Trading Co., Ltd., each of which respectively supplied approximately 36%, 21% and 13% accessories and components. Our principal vendors are responsible for sourcing all the parts used in our vehicles from various suppliers, and they also oversee the quality control process. We maintain close relationships with our principal vendors to ensure that we have access to high-quality accessories and components for our EVs at competitive prices and receive reliable and timely deliveries. We work closely with them to improve our supply chain efficiency and reduce costs.

Our centralized vendor management system also helps us to manage risk more effectively by identifying potential risks and developing strategies to mitigate them. Rather than dealing with the original suppliers, we monitor the performance of our principal vendors, which enables us to quickly identify and address any problems and manage the supply resources more efficiently. Our system ensures each critical product component is supported by at least three vendors, thereby minimizing the risk of supply chain disruptions. This approach helps us to reduce the risk of supply chain disruptions, which can have a significant impact on our business operations.

After importing the accessories and components, we assemble them into our vehicles in a leased facility located in Maspeth, New York. For the year ended March 31, 2025, we produced 4,595 E-motorcycles, 5,974 E-bikes and 1,557 E-scooters . For the year ended March 31, 2024, we produced 8,390 E-motorcycles, 7,638 E-bikes and 3,171 E-scooters.

Quality Control

We believe that the quality of our products is crucial to our continued growth. We place great emphasis on quality control and have implemented stringent monitoring and quality control systems to manage our operations.

For the parts sourced from China, we rely on our one of our principal vendors in China, XFT, to monitor the factories responsible for manufacturing these parts used in our vehicles. Its duties include the following:

Factory check: XFT is responsible for confirming the size, production capacity and certification qualifications of a factory, confirming whether the equipment required for the production line is complete and whether the testing equipment is complete, checking the factory’s quality assurance process and other quality control procedures.

Proofing: After the samples that meet the requirements are confirmed by XFT and us, they will be sealed as golden samples, and mass production is required to follow the golden sample standard.

Mass production: Before the start of mass production, the factory is required to develop and review standard operating procedures and quality assurance standards that are acceptable to XFT and us. XFT will closely follow the production process, ensuring that strict quality control measures are implemented at every stage of production. After the mass production starts, XFT will perform the first article inspection to confirm whether the mass production meets the required standards.

Inspection: After mass production, in addition to requiring the factory to submit a quality control report, XFT will send its own quality control personnel to conduct random inspections on the products according to the corresponding standards of acceptable quality level.

We also source certain parts used in our vehicles from the United States. For these parts, our U.S. principal vendors and our quality control team perform quality control procedures similar to those discussed above for our China-sourced parts. This includes ensuring that the parts meet our quality standards and specifications, as well as conducting regular factory audits and inspections to identify any potential issues, and ensure ongoing compliance with our requirements.

We have not experienced any significant product recall, refunds or other quality control outbreak since we commenced operations.

Sales and Marketing

We have established an omnichannel retail model network to sell our products and provide services to our customers. We currently operate 20 retail stores and work with 85 distributors in the United States to sell our products. In addition, we have our own online store where we promote and sell our products. Our Fly E-Bike app, which is under development, can also become a venue where we can advertise our products. We also leverage our omnichannel retail network to deliver maintenance and repair services at our retail stores and to collect data for business insights.

We focus on promoting awareness of our brand as a lifestyle brand with high-quality smart E-bikes, E-motorcycles and E-scooters. Our brand and products are marketed to retail customers through digital and experiential activities as well as through more traditional promotional and advertising activities. We aim to engage in cost-effective marketing activities by taking advantage of social media and to build an online and offline ecosystem of users that will promote awareness of our brand.

One key component of our strategy is to expand our presence on social media platforms. We currently have accounts on Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, Xiaohongshu (Rednote), and WeChat, on which we frequently post guides, videos and tutorials that educate people on how to use and maintain E-bikes, E-scooters and E-motorcycles, as well as benefits of E-mobility.

In terms of offline marketing, we prioritize in-store promotions and targeted advertising. This includes offering discounts and special deals in our retail stores, as well as using targeted advertising to reach potential customers who are likely to be interested in our products. We also place ads in local newspapers and magazines and distribute flyers on the streets to promote the opening of new stores. Additionally, our products have gained significant visibility among food delivery workers in New York City, who make up the majority of our customer base. The increasing trend of people ordering food delivery, particularly during and after the COVID-19 lockdown, has contributed to the widespread visibility of our products in the cities.

Our Distribution Channels

Retail Distribution Network

Our sales are conducted through both retail stores and distributors.

Out of our 20 retail stores in the United States, nine are situated in New York, while four are in New Jersey, two in Florida, one in Maryland, one in Massachusetts, one in California and one in Washington, D.C. We also operate one retail store in Canada. Our retail stores adopt a consistent design and layout and provide a consistent shopping experience. We closely monitor the sales performance, service level and activities within our retail stores. We will continue to collect store operation data such as consumer traffic flow and traffic flow sources, test drive frequencies and sales conversion rate. This information helps us adjust store-specific retailing and marketing strategies, thereby increasing per store sales.

In terms of our distributors, most of them are located in the United States. Our distributors purchase products from us at a wholesale price, and are responsible for the logistics, warehousing and distribution to other retail stores. We do not charge any initial fees or continuing fees to our distributors. The majority of our distributors make full payments upfront for their orders, which helps us improve cash flow management.

We intend to expand our overseas market and are currently working with one distributor in the Dominican Republic.

Online Distribution Network

All of our products can be purchased on our website, flyebike.com. In addition, we plan to open a second online store focusing on selling gas bikes in the future.

We have adopted an online to offline model that enables us to seamlessly integrate the online and offline networks to provide a cohesive and consistent experience to our customers. The online platform acts as a conduit for influencing customers and directing sales to our retail stores. Our customers can conveniently place orders online and pick up their products at our retail stores.

Our Customers

We acquire customers through multiple channels, including (i) referrals from our existing customers, (ii) our distributors, and (iii) our marketing and promotional activities. Due to our strong brand image, loyal customer base and evolving product portfolio, we believe there are significant growth opportunities across these channels. No customers account for more than 10% of our revenues for the years ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. The majority of our customers are food delivery workers in New York City. This group constitutes approximately 72% and 70% of our customer base for the year ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Environmental Matters

We are subject to federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations that impose limitations on the discharge of pollutants into the environment and establish standards for the handling, generation, emission, release, discharge, treatment, storage and disposal of certain materials, substances and wastes and the remediation of environmental contaminants (collectively, “Environmental Laws”). In the ordinary course of our assembling processes, we may use materials or generate waste that are subject to these Environmental Laws.

We endeavor to adhere to all applicable Environmental Laws and act as necessary to comply with these laws. We maintain an environmental and safety program at our facilities. The environmental and safety program includes obtaining environmental permits as required, capturing and appropriately disposing of any waste by-products, tracking hazardous waste generation and disposal, air emissions, safety situations, material safety data sheet management, storm water management and recycling, and auditing and reporting on its compliance.

Intellectual Property

We currently hold one trademark in the United States, which covers our logo. We also hold four trademarks in China, which cover the names “FLY E-BIKE”, “FLY EBIKE”, “FLYEBIKE” and our logo. Additionally, we have two trademarks in the Dominican Republic covering the name “FLY E-BIKE” and our logo, and one trademark in Panama covering the name “FLY E-BIKE”. All these trademarks are effective from 2022 to 2033.

Other than the trademarks mentioned above, we do not own any patents, copyrights or other intellectual property registrations in the United States. We plan to seek further intellectual property registrations in the United States in the future. We currently also seek to protect our trade secrets and other proprietary information through common law copyright and trademark principles.

Competition

There are numerous companies that sell E-bikes, E-motorcycles and E-scooters in the United States and even more globally. The markets for EVs are highly competitive based on a number of factors, including innovation, performance, price, technology, product features, styling, fit and finish, brand recognition, quality and distribution. We believe our ability to compete successfully in these markets depends on our ability to capitalize on our competitive strengths and build brand recognition.

Many companies, which have greater financial and marketing resources than us, make electric two-wheelers, including Trek Bicycle Corporation, Specialized Bicycle Components, Inc., Specialized Bicycle Components, Inc. and Rad Power Bikes Inc. While we believe we are well positioned in this competitive market, there is no assurance that our vehicles will be successful in the respective markets in which they compete. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors — Risks Related to the Company’s Business, Operations, and Industry — The markets in which we operate are in their infancy and highly competitive, and we may not be successful in competing in this industry.”

Regulation

We are subject to a wide variety of laws and regulations in the United States. These laws and regulations govern various items directly or indirectly related to our business, such as labor and employment, anti-discrimination, product liability, vehicle defects, vehicle maintenance and repairs, personal injury, rider text messaging, service payments, consumer protection, taxation, privacy, data security, intellectual property, competition, terms of service, mobile application accessibility, insurance, money transmittal, and environmental, health and safety. They are often complex and subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity. As a result, their application in practice may change or develop over time through judicial decisions or as new guidance or interpretations are provided by regulatory and governing bodies, such as federal, state, and local administrative agencies.

The micromobility industry is relatively nascent and rapidly evolving. New laws and regulations continue to be adopted, implemented, interpreted and iterated upon in response to our growing industry and associated technology. As we expand our business into new markets or introduce new offerings into existing markets, regulatory bodies or courts may claim that (i) we are subject to additional requirements or (ii) we are prohibited from conducting our business in certain jurisdictions.

Our products may also be subject to various environmental, health, and safety regulations, including, but not limited to, those regarding product safety and waste management. For example, we are subject to environmental laws and regulations regarding the handling and disposal of hazardous substances and solid wastes, including electronic wastes and batteries. These laws regulate the generation, storage, treatment, transportation and disposal of solid and hazardous waste, and may impose strict, joint and several liability for the investigation and remediation of areas where hazardous substances may have been released or disposed. For instance, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, as amended (“CERCLA”) and comparable state laws impose liability, without regard to fault or the legality of the original conduct, on certain classes of persons that contributed to the release of a hazardous substance into the environment. These persons include current and prior owners or operators of the site where the release of the hazardous substance occurred as well as companies that disposed or arranged for the disposal of hazardous substances found at the site. Under CERCLA, these persons may be subject to joint and several strict liability for the costs of cleaning up the hazardous substances that have been released into the environment, for damages to natural resources, and for the costs of certain health studies. CERCLA also authorizes the Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) and, in some instances, third parties to act in response to threats to the public health or the environment and seek to recover costs incurred from the responsible classes of persons. In the course of ordinary operations, we, through third parties and contractors, may handle hazardous substances within the meaning of CERCLA and similar state statutes and, as a result, may be jointly and severally liable for all or part of the costs required to clean up sites at which these hazardous substances have been released into the environment.

We may also be subject to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (“RCRA”) and comparable state statutes for the generation, storage, or disposal of solid wastes, which may include hazardous wastes. RCRA regulates both solid and hazardous wastes, but, in particular, imposes strict requirements on the generation, storage, treatment, transportation and disposal of hazardous wastes. In addition, federal and state laws may require or otherwise regulate the reuse and recycling of batteries, including lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries, used in our products.

Certain of our products are also regulated by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (“CPSC”) pursuant to various federal laws. CPSC can require the manufacturer of products containing a safety defect to recall or repurchase such products and may also impose fines or penalties on the manufacturer. Similar laws exist in some states, cities, and other countries in which we sell our products. In 2025, the CPSC proposed regulations concerning lithium-ion battery safety in micromobility devices. While the rulemaking was later withdrawn, this development indicates a continued focus on the safety and thermal integrity of battery systems used in electric bikes and scooters, and may result in future mandatory standards. In April 2025, the House of Representatives passed H.R. 973, the “Setting Consumer Standards for Lithium-Ion Batteries Act.” If passed by the Senate, the act would give the CPSC 180 days to promulgate micromobility regulations.

Additionally, in January 2025, the National Park Service (NPS) issued a proposed rule to restrict the operation of powered micromobility devices within federal parks to designated routes and signed zones. If finalized, this rule may limit where our vehicles can operate and require updated operational compliance within park-adjacent jurisdictions.

Certain of our products are also regulated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (“NHTSA”) pursuant to various federal laws and regulations. NHTSA can require the manufacturer of motor vehicles or motor vehicle equipment containing a safety defect to recall or repurchase such products and may also impose fines or penalties on the manufacturer. Certain of our products are also regulated by EPA, and the California Air Resources Board (“CARB”) for products sold in California. EPA and CARB can require the manufacturer to recall or repurchase vehicles that are uncertified or that contain an emission-related defect and may also impose fines or penalties on the manufacturer.

In addition, some of our products may be subject to local laws and regulations. For instance, in March 2023, the New York City Council amended its administrative code to require that all powered bicycles, powered mobility devices including electric scooters, and storage batteries for such mobility devices distributed, sold, leased, rented, or offered for sale, lease, or rental in New York City must be certified as compliant with the applicable Underwriter Laboratories (UL) standard, which is a widely recognized standard for safety in electrical products in the United States. The law became effective in September 2023. In 2024 and 2025, New York City and New York State introduced additional laws and enforcement mechanisms addressing the safety of micromobility devices. These include operating manual requirements, mandatory in-store safety disclosures, increased FDNY enforcement authority, and penalties for sales of uncertified or modified batteries. New York City also launched a sidewalk battery charging cabinet program in spring 2025 and is considering legislation that would require registration and license plates for e-bikes and e-scooters.

Additionally, because we receive, use, transmit, disclose, and store personally identifiable information and other data relating to users on our platform, we are subject to numerous local, municipal, state, federal, and international laws and regulations that address privacy, data protection, and the collection, storing, sharing, use, transfer, disclosure, and protection of certain types of data. Such regulations include the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act, the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991, the U.S. Federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 and Section 5(a) of the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914.

We sell and distribute our vehicles internationally through international distributors. As such, we will be subject to the local laws of each jurisdiction in which we sell our vehicles. These regulations may result in increased costs and expenses, which may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Employees

As of July 15, 2025, we had 64 employees, consisting of 35 full-time employees and 29 part-time employees.

Our employees are not represented by a labor organization or covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We believe that we maintain a good working relationship with our employees and to date, we have not experienced any significant labor disputes.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

An investment in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this annual report, including “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes before making a decision to invest in our common stock. Our business, operating results, financial condition, or prospects could be materially and adversely affected by any of these risks and uncertainties. If any of these risks actually occurs, the trading price of our common stock could decline and you might lose all or part of your investment. Our business, operating results, financial performance, or prospects could also be harmed by risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently do not believe are material.

Summary of Risk Factors

Risks Related to the Company’s Business, Operations, and Industry 

Risks Related to Our Securities

Risks Related to the Company’s Business, Operations, and Industry 

We may be unable to meet our growing production plans and delivery plans, any of which could harm our business and prospects.

In order to meet the demand of our products in domestic and overseas markets, we plan to open more stores overseas while focusing on developing more wholesale domestic customers. Our plans call for achieving and sustaining increases in vehicles production and deliveries. Our ability to achieve these plans will depend upon a number of factors, including our suppliers’ ability to support our needs and our ability to utilize our current assembling capacity, achieve the planned production yield and further increase capacity as planned while maintaining our desired quality levels and optimize design and production changes. If we are unable to realize our plans, our brand, business, prospects, financial condition and operating results could be materially damaged.

We are dependent on a limited number of principal vendors in China for a significant portion of our vehicle components, and the inability of these vendors to deliver necessary components of our products according to our schedule and at prices, quality levels and volumes acceptable to us, or our inability to efficiently manage these components, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results.

We source a significant portion of our vehicle components from China and then assemble these parts into our products in the United States. We rely on a limited number of principal vendors who help us source and supply parts used in our vehicles from various suppliers in China. We currently do not maintain long-term contracts with our suppliers and vendors. While we believe our contract management processes are strong, we nevertheless could experience difficulties.

If our principal vendors decide to terminate their partnership with us, experience sourcing failures, or otherwise become unable to provide us with the necessary components in sufficient quantities, in a timely manner, and on acceptable terms, we may have to delay the production and sale of our products or find an alternative vendor. Any significant unanticipated demand would require us to procure additional components in a short amount of time. While we believe that we will be able to secure additional or alternate sources of supply for most of our components in a relatively short time frame, there is no assurance that we will be able to do so or develop our own replacements for certain highly customized components of our products.

In addition, if we encounter unexpected difficulties with our principal vendors, and if we are unable to fill these needs from other vendors in a timely manner, we could experience production delays and potential loss of access to important technology and parts for producing, servicing and supporting our vehicles. The loss of any vendors or the disruption in the supply of components from these vendors could lead to design changes and delays in product deliveries to our customers, which could hurt our relationships with our customers and result in negative publicity, damage to our brand and a material and adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

The current tensions in international trade policies and rising political tensions, particularly between the United States and China, may adversely impact our business and operating results.

We source a significant portion of our vehicle components from China. The application of sanctions, trade restrictions or tariffs by the U.S. or other countries may adversely impact the industry supply chain. The U.S. government has implemented policies restricting international trade and investment, such as tariffs, export controls, economic or trade sanctions, and foreign investment filing and approval requirements. These actions may materially and adversely affect international trade, global financial markets, and the stability of the global economic condition. In the past, the U.S. government has imposed higher tariffs on certain products imported from China to penalize China for what it characterizes as unfair trade practices. China has responded by imposing higher tariffs on certain products imported from the United States.

In particular, in April 2025 the United States announced an across-the-board 10% tariff on all countries and individualized higher tariffs on certain countries, including China. A great deal of uncertainty surrounds the state of tariffs and other trade measures worldwide. While the current U.S. administration has been actively focused on trade, the exact implementation, amount, scope and nature of these tariffs remains unclear. It also remains unclear how other countries will respond to the United States’ trade proposals and actions.

As of now, high reciprocal tariffs are in effect between China and the United States and the United States has announced, but temporarily paused the effective date of, tariffs on goods imported from many other countries, including Mexico, Canada, Taiwan and the European Union. Significant trade partners such as Mexico, Canada and the European Union have announced retaliatory tariffs. Further, while the United States has exempted certain technology products such as semiconductors and electronics from the reciprocal tariffs announced on April 2, 2025 such that our products are not subject to the announced tariffs, it has also initiated Section 232 investigations on such products, possibly leading to the imposition of specific tariffs on these products or on products that incorporate them.

We cannot predict what additional actions, if any, may be taken with respect to tariffs or trade relations between the United States and China, what products may be subject to such actions, or what actions may be taken by the China in retaliation. The adoption and expansion of trade restrictions, the occurrence of a trade war, or other governmental action related to tariffs, trade agreements or related policies have the potential to adversely impact our supply chain and access to equipment, our costs and our product margins. The additional tariffs imposed on components or equipment that we source from China will increase our costs and could have an adverse impact on our operating results and financial conditions in future periods.

We rely on third parties for quality control on the parts sourced from China.

We rely on one of our principal vendors in China to monitor the factories manufacturing the parts sourced from China for use in our vehicles. We have limited control over the ability of third-party manufacturers to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance and qualified personnel. If our principal vendor fails to perform its duties, including proper inspections on sample products before mass production, the third-party manufacturers may fail to manufacture our product components according to our schedule and requirements or at all. The quality of our products is crucial to our continued growth. If our principal vendor fails to perform its supervising and inspecting duties properly, our final products could have quality issues, which could result in product recall, return of products and potential lawsuits against us if our products cause any injuries or damages due to the quality issues. Any occurrence of the foregoing could hurt our relationship with our customers and result in negative publicity, damage to our brand and a material and adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Our success will depend on our ability to economically produce our vehicles at scale, and our ability to produce vehicles of sufficient quality and appeal to customers on schedule and at scale is unproven.

Our business success will depend in large part on our ability to economically produce, market and sell our vehicles at sufficient capacity to meet the demands of our customers. We will need to scale our production capacity in order to successfully implement our growth strategy.

We currently have one facility in which we assemble all of our products in Maspeth, New York. We have no experience in large-scale production of our vehicles, and we do not know whether we will be able to develop efficient, automated, low-cost production capabilities and processes, such that we will be able to meet the quality, price and production standards, as well as the production volumes, required to successfully market our vehicles and meet our business objectives and customer needs. Any failure to develop and scale our production capability and processes could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Changes in our supply chain may result in increased cost. If we are unsuccessful in our efforts to control and reduce supplier costs and manage inventory at optimal levels, our operating results will suffer.

As we plan to continue expanding our business, we expect to include more products and their components in our inventory, which will make it more challenging for us to manage our inventory effectively and will put more pressure on our warehousing system. Maintaining excessive inventory levels beyond customer demand can lead to higher inventory carrying costs. High inventory levels may also require us to commit substantial capital resources, preventing us from using that capital for other important purposes. On the other hand, if we underestimate customer demand or encounter delays from our vendors in supplying vehicle components promptly, we may face inventory shortages.

This could potentially compel us to procure vehicle components at higher costs, leading to a backorder situation or unfulfilled customer orders, which could lead to potential cancellations or loss of customers to competitors and negatively impact our brand image and reputation.

There is no assurance that our suppliers will ultimately be able to meet our cost, quality and volume needs, or do so on a timely basis. Furthermore, as the volume of our sales increases, we will need to accurately forecast, purchase and warehouse components at much higher volumes than we have experience with. If we are unable to accurately match the timing and quantities of component purchases to our actual needs, or successfully implement automation, inventory management and other systems to accommodate the increased complexity in our supply chain, we may incur unexpected production disruption, or storage, transportation and write-off costs. Any of the above could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Increases in costs, disruption of supply, or shortage of materials used to manufacture the component parts used in our vehicles, including potential risks stemming from the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, could harm our business.

We may experience increases in the cost or a sustained interruption in the supply or shortage of materials. Any such increase, supply interruption or shortage could materially and negatively impact our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. The prices for these materials fluctuate, and their available supply may be unstable, depending on market conditions and global demand for these materials, including as a result of increased production of similar products by our competitors, and could adversely affect our business and operating results. These risks include:

Disruption in our supply chain and rising prices of raw materials as a result of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine may also negatively impact our businesses. In February 2022, Russian military forces launched a military action in Ukraine. The ongoing military action between Russia and Ukraine, sanctions and other measures imposed against Russia, Belarus, the Crimea Region of Ukraine, the so-called Donetsk People’s Republic and the so-called Luhansk People’s Republic by the U.S. and other countries and bodies around the world, as well as the existing and potential further responses from Russia or other countries to such sanctions, tensions and military actions, has in the past and in the future could continue to adversely affect the global economy and financial markets and could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. Additional potential sanctions and penalties have also been proposed and/or threatened. Although our operations have not experienced a material adverse impact on supply chain or other aspects of our business from the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, during times of war and other major conflicts, we and the third parties upon which we rely may be vulnerable to a heightened risk of these attacks that could materially disrupt our operations, supply chain, and ability to produce, sell and distribute our products. We cannot predict the progress or outcome of the conflict in Ukraine or its impacts in Ukraine, Russia or Belarus as the conflict, and any resulting government reactions, are rapidly developing and beyond our control. The extent and duration of the military action, sanctions and resulting market disruptions could be significant, could result in increases in commodity, freight, logistics and input costs and could potentially have substantial impact on the global economy and our business for an unknown period of time.

Substantial increases in the prices for our materials or prices charged to us would increase our operating costs, and could reduce our margins if we cannot recoup the increased costs through increased prices. Any attempts to increase prices in response to increased material costs could result in cancellations of vehicle orders and therefore materially and adversely affect our brand, business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Our vehicles may not perform in line with customer expectations.

Our vehicles may not perform in line with customers’ expectations. For example, our vehicles may not have the durability or longevity of other vehicles in the market, and may not be as easy and convenient to repair as other vehicles on the market. Any product defects or any other failure of our vehicles to perform as expected could harm our reputation and result in adverse publicity, lost revenue, delivery delays, product recalls, product liability claims, harm to our brand and reputation, and significant warranty and other expenses, and could have a material adverse impact on our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

In addition, the range of our vehicles on a single charge declines principally as a function of usage, time and charging patterns as well as other factors. For example, a customer’s use of his or her electric vehicle as well as the frequency with which he or she charges the battery can result in additional deterioration of the battery’s ability to hold a charge. Furthermore, our vehicles may contain defects in design and manufacture that may cause them not to perform as expected or that may require repair. If any of our vehicles fail to perform as expected, we may need to delay deliveries, initiate product recalls and provide servicing or updates under warranty at our expenses, which could materially and adversely affect our brand, business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Our future growth is dependent on the demand for, and upon consumers’ willingness to adopt electric vehicles.

Demand for our products depends to a large extent on general, economic, political and social conditions in a given market and the introduction of new electric vehicles and technologies. As our business grows, economic conditions and trends will impact our business, prospects and operating results as well.

Demand for our electric vehicles may also be affected by factors directly impacting the price or the cost of purchasing and operating electric vehicles such as sales and financing incentives, prices of raw materials, parts and components and governmental regulations, including tariffs, import regulation and other taxes. Volatility in demand may lead to lower vehicle unit sales, which may result in further downward price pressure and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

In addition, the demand for our vehicles and services will highly depend upon the adoption by consumers of new energy vehicles in general and electric vehicles in particular. The market for new energy vehicles is still rapidly evolving, characterized by rapidly changing technologies, price and other competition, evolving government regulation and industry standards and changing consumer demands and behaviors.

Other factors that may influence the adoption of new energy vehicles, and specifically electric vehicles, include:

Any of the factors described above may cause current or potential customers not to purchase our electric vehicles and use our services. If the market for electric vehicles does not develop as we expect or develops more slowly than we expect, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results will be affected.

The electric mobility industry is subject to rapidly changing and often complex regulatory environments.

The electric mobility industry is subject to rapidly changing and often complex regulatory environments at local, state, national, and international levels. Evolving regulations related to safety standards, emissions, licensing, and operational requirements can have a substantial impact on our business operations and profitability. Compliance with these changing regulations may necessitate costly modifications to our products, business processes, or market strategies, which could lead to increased expenses and delays in product development and market entry. Failure to navigate and adhere to evolving regulations adequately could result in legal and financial liabilities, damage to our reputation, and potential market restrictions. Furthermore, inconsistency in regulations between different jurisdictions may create challenges in maintaining uniform business practices and product offerings, increasing our exposure to regulatory risks. Furthermore, a significant portion of our customer base comprises food delivery workers, and if leading food delivery platforms like Uber Eats and DoorDash impose new requirements on the type of electric vehicles they allow, non-compliance on our part could result in the loss of these customers. While we believe we are presently in compliance with applicable laws and regulations in our operating regions, there can be no assurance that we can always promptly adapt to the rapidly changing regulatory environment. If we fail to effectively adjust to the changing regulatory landscape and comply with applicable laws and regulations in our operating regions, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results would be materially and adversely affected.

We may be unable to adequately control the costs associated with our operations.

We expect to incur significant costs which will impact our profitability, including research and development expenses as we roll out new models and improve existing models, raw material procurement costs and selling and distribution expenses as we build our brand and market our vehicles. Our ability to remain profitable in the future will not only depend on our ability to successfully market our vehicles and other products and services but also to control our costs. If we are unable to cost efficiently design, manufacture, market, sell and distribute and service our vehicles and services, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results would be materially and adversely affected.

We may not succeed in establishing, maintaining and strengthening our brand, which could materially and adversely affect customer acceptance of our products, which could in turn materially affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Our business and prospects heavily depend on our ability to develop, maintain and strengthen the Fly E-Bike brand. If we are unable to establish, maintain and strengthen our brand, we may lose the opportunity to build and maintain a critical mass of customers. Our ability to develop, maintain and strengthen our brand will depend heavily on the success of our marketing efforts. Failure to develop and maintain a strong brand could materially and adversely affect customer acceptance of our vehicles, could result in suppliers and other third parties being less likely to invest time and resources in developing business relationships with us, and could materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

We have a relatively short operating history, which makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects, forecast financial results, and assess the risks and challenges we may face.

Our business is relatively new and rapidly evolving. We first launched our business in 2018 and have a limited operating history. We have encountered in the past, and will encounter in the future, risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies with limited operating histories in rapidly changing industries. Risks and challenges we have faced or expect to face as a result of our relatively limited operating history and evolving business model include our ability to:

If our assumptions regarding these risks and uncertainties, which we use to plan and operate our business, are incorrect or change, or if we do not address these risks successfully, our results of operations could differ materially from our expectations and our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results could be adversely affected.

There is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

We believe there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern as of the date of this annual report. The going concern may be included in our future reports and could materially limit our ability to raise additional funds through the issuance of new debt or equity securities or otherwise.

As of March 31, 2025, we had cash of $0.8 million. We had working capital of $1.3 million and $0.3 million as of March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024, respectively. We had net loss of $5.3 million and net income of $1.9 million for the year ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. During the year ended March 31, 2025, net cash used in operating activities of the Company was approximately $10.1 million. As of March 31, 2025, we had a current portion of contractual obligation of approximately $8.9 million. We plan to alleviate the going concern risk through (i) equity financing to support the Company’s working capital; (ii) other available sources of financing (including debt) from banks and other financial institutions; and (iii) financial support from the Company’s related parties. There is no assurance that we will be successful in implementing the foregoing plans or that additional financing will be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Our inability to secure needed financing when required could require material changes to our business plans and could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue as a going concern and results of operations.

We identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If we are unable to remediate these material weaknesses, or identify additional material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial condition or results of operations, which may adversely affect our business and stock price.

In connection with the preparation and audit of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2025, we identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weaknesses that have been identified included our lack of (i) sufficient financial reporting and accounting personnel with appropriate knowledge of generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (the “U.S. GAAP”) and SEC reporting requirements to properly address complex U.S. GAAP accounting issues and to prepare and review our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures to fulfill U.S. GAAP and SEC financial reporting requirements, (ii) formal internal control policies and internal independent supervision functions to establish formal risk assessment process and internal control framework, and (iii) sufficient controls designed and implemented in IT environment and IT general control activities, which are mainly associated with areas of logical access management, change management, computer operation, service organization management as well as cyber security management.

In response to the material weaknesses identified for the year ended March 31, 2025, we are in the process of implementing a number of measures to address the material weaknesses identified, including but not limited to (i) hiring additional qualified accounting and financial personnel with appropriate knowledge and experience in U.S. GAAP accounting and SEC reporting; (ii) organizing regular training for our accounting staff, especially training related to U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements; and (iii) regularly conducting checks on the IT software we utilize to ensure its proper functionality, and arranging training sessions for our IT staff. We also plan to adopt additional measures to improve our internal control over financial reporting, including, among others, creating a U.S. GAAP accounting policies and procedures manual, which will be maintained, reviewed and updated, on a regular basis, to the latest U.S. GAAP accounting standards, strengthening corporate governance as well as general control over our information technology. While we believe these efforts, once completed, will remediate the material weaknesses, we may not be able to complete our evaluation, testing or any required remediation in a timely fashion, or at all. We cannot assure you that the measures we have taken to date and may take in the future, will be sufficient to remediate the control deficiencies that led to our material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting, to prevent the identification of significant deficiencies in the future or that they will prevent or avoid potential future material weaknesses. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting is subject to various inherent limitations, including cost limitations, judgments used in decision making, assumptions about the likelihood of future events, the possibility of human error and the risk of fraud. If we are unable to remediate the material weaknesses, our ability to record, process and report financial information accurately, and to prepare financial statements within the time periods required of public companies could be adversely affected which, in turn, may adversely affect our reputation and business and the market price of our common stock. In addition, any such failures could result in litigation or regulatory actions by the SEC or other regulatory authorities, loss of investor confidence, delisting of our securities and harm our reputation and financial condition, or diversion of financial and management resources from the operation of our business.

The markets in which we operate are in their infancy and highly competitive, and we may not be successful in competing in this industry.

The market of electric two-wheel vehicles is in its infancy, and we expect it will become more competitive in the future. There is no assurance that our vehicles will be successful in the respective markets in which they compete. A significant and growing number of established and new companies, as well as other companies, have entered or are reported to have plans to enter the electric vehicle market. Most of our current and potential competitors have significantly greater financial, technical, manufacturing, marketing, sales networks and other resources than we do and may be able to devote greater resources to the design, development, manufacturing, distribution, promotion, sale and support of their products. Increased competition could result in lower vehicles sales, price reductions, revenue shortfalls, loss of customers and loss of market share, which could harm our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

An adverse determination in any significant product liability claim against us could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

The development, production, marketing, sale and usage of our vehicles will expose us to significant risks associated with product liability claims. As a provider of consumer products, we are, from time to time, subject to civil litigation regarding those products, including in publicly-available court filings. Our business is vulnerable to product liability claims, and we may face inherent risk of exposure to claims in the event our vehicles do not perform or are claimed to not have performed as expected. If our products are defective, malfunction or are used incorrectly by our customers, it may result in bodily injury, property damage or other injury, including death, which could give rise to product liability claims against us. For example, our certain EVs use lithium-ion batteries, which, if not appropriately managed and controlled, can rapidly release energy by venting smoke and flames that can ignite nearby materials. Furthermore, there is some risk of electrocution if individuals who attempt to repair battery packs do not follow applicable maintenance and repair protocols. Any such damage or injury would likely lead to product liability claims against us and potentially a safety recall. Any losses that we may suffer from any liability claims and the effect that any product liability litigation may have upon the brand image, reputation and marketability of our products could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations or financial condition. No assurance can be given that material product liability claims will not be made in the future against us, or that claims will not arise in the future in excess or outside of our insurance coverage and contractual indemnities with suppliers and manufacturers. We may not be able to obtain adequate product liability insurance for our existing or new products or the cost of doing so may be prohibitive. Adverse determinations of material product liability claims made against us could also harm our reputation and cause us to lose customers and could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

We are dependent upon our executives for their services and any interruption in their ability to provide their services could cause us to cease operations.

The loss of the services of any member of our management team, including our CEO, could have a material adverse effect on us. We do not maintain any key man life insurance on our executives, including our CEO. The loss of the services of any of our executive management could impair our ability to execute our business plan and growth strategy, as we may not be able to find suitable individuals to replace such personnel on a timely basis or without incurring increased costs, or at all. Our future success will also depend on our ability to attract, retain and motivate other highly skilled employees. Competition for personnel in our industry is intense. We may not be able to retain our key employees or attract, assimilate or retain other highly qualified employees in the future. If we do not succeed in attracting new personnel or retaining and motivating our current personnel, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results will be adversely affected.

Our management team does not have any experience in operating a publicly traded company.

While our management team has a wide breadth of business experience, none of our executive officers have held an executive position at a publicly traded company. Given the onerous compliance requirements to which public companies are subject, there is a chance our executive officers will fail to perform at a level expected of public company officers. In such an event, the Company’s share price could be adversely affected. The management team’s limited experience in dealing with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies could be a significant disadvantage in that it is likely that an increasing amount of their time may be devoted to these activities which will result in less time being devoted to the management and growth of the company. We may not have adequate personnel with the appropriate level of knowledge, experience and training in the accounting policies, practices or internal control over financial reporting required of public companies in the United States. In addition, the development and implementation of the standards and controls necessary for us to achieve the level of accounting standards required of a public company in the United States may require costs greater than expected. It is possible that we will be required to expand our employee base and hire additional employees to support our operations as a public company which will increase our operating costs in future periods.

We may need to defend ourselves against patent or trademark infringement claims, which may be time-consuming and would cause us to incur substantial costs.

Companies, organizations or individuals, including our competitors, may hold or obtain patents, trademarks or other proprietary rights that would prevent, limit or interfere with our ability to make, use, develop, sell or market our vehicles, which could make it more difficult for us to operate our business. From time to time, we receive communications from holders of patents or trademarks regarding their proprietary rights, including in publicly available court filings. Companies holding patents or other intellectual property rights may bring suits alleging infringement of such rights or otherwise assert their rights. If we are determined to have infringed upon a third party’s intellectual property rights, we may be required to do one or more of the following:

In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us and our failure or inability to obtain a license to the infringed technology or other intellectual property right, our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, any litigation or claims, whether or not valid, could result in substantial costs, negative publicity and diversion of resources and management attention.

If we are unable to adequately establish, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property and proprietary rights, our reputation may be harmed, we may be subject to litigation, and our business may be adversely affected.

Our future success and competitive position depend on our ability to establish, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property and proprietary rights. We currently hold one trademark in the United States. Other than that, we do not own any issued patents, copyright nor other intellectual property registrations in the United States. We also seek to protect our trade secrets and other proprietary information through common law copyright and trademark principles, but these actions may be inadequate. The steps we have taken and will take may not prevent unauthorized use, reverse engineering or misappropriation of our technologies and we may be unable to detect any of the foregoing. Our lack of intellectual property protection in the United States may restrict our ability to protect our technologies and processes from competition. Defending and enforcing our intellectual property rights may result in litigation, which can be costly and divert management attention and resources. We plan to apply for patents, additional trademarks and other intellectual property registrations in the United States in the future to protect our brand and technologies. However, the intellectual property application process is complex and can be time-consuming. Even after investing significant resources in preparing and filing an application, there is no guarantee that it will be granted. If our efforts to protect our technologies and intellectual property are inadequate, the value of our brand and other intangible assets may be diminished and competitors may be able to mimic our cloud services. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Improper activities by third parties, exploitation of encryption technology, new data-hacking tools and discoveries and other events or developments may result in future intrusions into or compromise of our networks and technology systems.

Our systems, website, data (wherever stored), software or networks and those of third-party suppliers and service providers, are vulnerable to security breaches, including unauthorized access, computer viruses or other malicious code and other cyber threats that could have a security impact. We, our third-party suppliers and service providers may not be able to anticipate evolving techniques used to effect security breaches (which change frequently and may not be known until launched), or prevent attacks by hackers, including phishing or other cyber-attacks, or prevent breaches due to employee error or malfeasance, in a timely manner or at all. Cyber-attacks have become far more prevalent in the past few years, potentially leading to the theft or manipulation of confidential and proprietary information or loss of access to, or destruction of, data on our or third-party systems, as well as interruptions or malfunctions in our or third parties’ operations. If a breach occurs within the supply chain, disjointed or delayed response efforts can exacerbate the impact, prolong recovery time, and increase potential damage to our operations and reputation. In addition, at present, there are no existing contractual agreements delineating cybersecurity responsibilities between our company and our suppliers or service providers. This absence of clear terms poses a risk wherein disputes regarding liability and accountability in the event of a security breach may emerge. Such disputes could potentially result in legal complexities, financial losses, and impeded incident resolution within our supply chain.

We have taken and are taking steps to monitor and enhance the security of our information technology systems. Furthermore, our board of directors schedules periodic discussions with management regarding significant risk exposures, including risks related to data privacy and cybersecurity, and assists in taking steps to mitigate the risk of cyberattacks on us. However, the techniques used by cyber criminals change frequently and often cannot be recognized until launched against a target; accordingly, we may not be able to anticipate these frequently changing techniques, implement adequate preventive measures for all of them or remediate any unauthorized access on a timely basis. All preventive measures, as well as additional measures that may be required to comply with rapidly evolving security standards and protocols imposed by law, regulation, industry standards or contractual obligations, may cause us to incur substantial expenses. Any unauthorized access into our customers’ sensitive information, data belonging to us or our vendors or employee data, even if we are compliant with industry security standards, could put us at a competitive disadvantage, result in deterioration of our customers’, vendors’ and employees’ confidence in us and subject us to investigations, required notifications, potential litigation, liability, fines and penalties and consent decrees, resulting in a possible material adverse impact on our brand, business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

We may be unable to improve our existing products and develop and market new products that respond to customer needs and preferences and achieve market acceptance.

We may not be able to compete as effectively with our competitors, and ultimately satisfy the needs and preferences of our customers unless we can successfully enhance existing products, develop new innovative products and distinguish our products from our competitors’ products through innovation and design. Product development requires significant financial, technological and other resources. There can be no assurance that we will be able to incur a level of investment in research and development that will be sufficient to successfully make us competitive in product innovation and design. In addition, even if we are able to successfully enhance existing products and develop new products, there is no guarantee that the markets for our existing products and new products will progress as anticipated. If any of the markets in which our existing products compete do not develop as expected, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results could be materially adversely affected.

We have limited experience servicing our vehicles, and if we are unable to address the service requirements of our customers, our business could be materially and adversely affected.

We have limited experience servicing or repairing our vehicles. Servicing electric vehicles is different than servicing traditional vehicles and requires specialized skills, including training and servicing techniques for electric vehicles. If we are unable to successfully address the servicing requirements of our customers or establish a market perception that we maintain high-quality support, our reputation could be harmed, we may be subject to claims from our customers, and our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results may be materially and adversely affected.

Significant product repair and/or replacement due to product warranty claims or product recalls could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

We provide a three-month warranty against defects for our EVs and three-month warranty on the battery. Our warranty will generally require us to repair or replace defective products during such warranty periods at no cost to the consumer. We will record provisions based on an estimate of product warranty claims, but there is the possibility that actual claims may exceed these provisions and therefore negatively impact our results of operations or financial condition.

In addition, we may in the future be required to make product recalls or could be held liable in the event that some of our products do not meet safety standards or statutory requirements on product safety, even if the defects related to any such recall or liability are not covered by our limited warranty. The repair and replacement costs that we could incur in connection with a recall could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition. Product recalls could also harm our reputation and cause us to lose customers, particularly if recalls cause consumers to question the safety or reliability of our products, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

If our vehicle owners customize our vehicles or change the charging infrastructure with aftermarket products, the vehicle may not operate properly, which may create negative publicity and could harm our business.

Electric vehicle enthusiasts may seek to “hack” our vehicles to modify their performance, which could compromise vehicle safety systems. Also, customers may customize their vehicles with after-market parts that can compromise driver safety. We do not test, nor do we endorse, such changes or products. In addition, the use of improper external cabling or unsafe charging outlets can expose our customers to injury from high voltage electricity. Such unauthorized modifications could reduce the safety of our vehicles and any injuries resulting from such modifications could result in adverse publicity which would negatively affect our brand and harm our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Risks Related to Our Securities

An active, liquid and orderly trading market for our common stock may not develop or be maintained, and our stock price may be volatile.

We cannot predict the nature of the market for our common stock, and we cannot assure you that an active, liquid or orderly trading market for our common stock will be maintained. To the extent that an active market does not develop, you may have difficulty in selling any shares of our common stock. If there is no active, liquid or orderly market for our common stock, the reported bid and asked price at the time you seek to purchase or sell shares may not reflect the price at which you could either buy or sell shares of our common stock.

Our directors and executive officers will continue to exercise significant control over us, which will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could delay or prevent a change in corporate control.

The existing holdings of our directors and executive officers is in the aggregate, approximately 18.7% of our outstanding common stock as of the date of this annual report. As a result, these stockholders may be able to influence our management and affairs and control the outcome of matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election of directors and any sale, merger, consolidation, or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. The concentration of voting power among one or more of these stockholders may have an adverse effect on the price of our common stock.

In addition, this concentration of ownership might adversely affect the market price of our common stock by: (1) delaying, deferring or preventing a change of control of our company; (2) impeding a merger, consolidation, takeover or other business combination involving our company; or (3) discouraging a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our company.

The price of our common stock may be volatile and fluctuate substantially and rapidly, which could result in the loss of a significant part of your investment.

The market price of our common stock may fluctuate substantially and rapidly and may be higher or lower than the public offering price. The stock market, in general, and the market for smaller companies such as ours, in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations. Such volatility, including any stock-run up, may be unrelated or disproportionate to the actual or expected operating performance and financial condition or prospects of those companies, making it difficult for the investors to assess the rapidly changing value of our common stock. These fluctuations may be even more pronounced in the trading market for our common stock shortly following the listing of our common stock on Nasdaq as a result of the limited public float available following the IPO. The market price for our common stock may be influenced by many factors, including:

In the past, many companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business.

We incur increased costs as a result of being a publicly traded company.

As a company with publicly traded securities, we incur additional legal, accounting and other expenses not presently incurred. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, as well as rules promulgated by the SEC and the national securities exchange on which we list, requires us to adopt corporate governance practices applicable to U.S. public companies. These rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about us, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding our common stock, then our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us, our industry and our market. If no analyst elects to cover us and publish research or reports about us, the market for our common stock could be severely limited and our stock price could be adversely affected. As a small-cap company, we are more likely than our larger competitors to lack coverage from securities analysts. In addition, even if we receive analyst coverage, if one or more analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline. If one or more analysts who elect to cover us issue negative reports or adversely change their recommendations regarding our common stock, our stock price could decline.

We are an “emerging growth company” and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to “emerging growth companies” will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the federal securities laws, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions and relief from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies.” In particular, while we are an “emerging growth company”, (1) we will not be required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, (2) we will be exempt from any rules that may be adopted by the PCAOB requiring mandatory audit firm rotations or a supplement to the auditor’s report on financial statements, (3) we will be subject to reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and (4) we will not be required to hold nonbinding advisory votes on executive compensation or stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We will take advantage of these exemptions. In addition, an emerging growth company may take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) for complying with new or revised accounting standards, meaning that the company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, we will not be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.

We may remain an “emerging growth company” until the fiscal year-end following the fifth anniversary of the completion of this initial public offering, though we may cease to be an “emerging growth company” earlier under certain circumstances, including (1) if we become a large accelerated filer, (2) if our gross revenue exceeds $1.235 billion in any fiscal year, or (3) if we issue more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible notes in any three year period. We cannot assure you that we will be able to take advantage of all of the benefits of the available to emerging growth companies.

We are a “smaller reporting company” and, even if we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, we may still be subject to reduced reporting requirements.

We are a “smaller reporting company” as defined in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Smaller reporting companies may choose to present only the two most recent fiscal years of audited financial statements in their annual reports on Form 10-K and have reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation and, if a smaller reporting company has less than $100 million in annual revenue, it would not be required to obtain an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by its independent registered public accounting firm. We will remain a smaller reporting company until the last day of any fiscal year for so long as either: (i) the market value of our shares of common stock held by non-affiliates does not equal or exceed $250 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter; or (ii) our annual revenues is less than $100 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter. To the extent we take advantage of such reduced disclosure obligations, it may make the comparison of our financial statements with other public companies difficult or impossible.

We may issue shares of preferred stock in the future, which could make it difficult for another company to acquire us or could otherwise adversely affect holders of our common stock, which could depress the price of our common stock.

Our certificate of incorporation authorizes us to issue one or more series of preferred stock. Our board of directors will have the authority to determine the preferences, limitations and relative rights of the shares of preferred stock and to fix the number of shares constituting any series and the designation of such series, without any further vote or action by our stockholders. Our preferred stock could be issued with voting, liquidation, dividend and other rights superior to the rights of our common stock. The potential issuance of preferred stock may delay or prevent a change in control of us, discouraging bids for our common stock at a premium to the market price, and materially adversely affect the market price and the voting and other rights of the holders of our common stock.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends or distributions on our capital stock. We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends or distributions on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to support operations and to finance expansion and therefore we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.

The declaration, payment and amount of any future dividends will be made at the discretion of the board of directors, and will depend upon, among other things, the results of our operations, cash flows and financial condition, operating and capital requirements, and other factors as the board of directors considers relevant. There is no assurance that future dividends will be paid, and, if dividends are paid, there is no assurance with respect to the amount of any such dividend. As a result, investors will be reliant upon capital appreciation for any returns on their investment in the shares of our common stock.

Future sales of our common stock in the public market could reduce our stock price, and any additional capital raised by us through the sale of equity or convertible securities may dilute your ownership in us.

As of July 15, 2025, there are 3,432,000shares of restricted common stock, which constitute approximately 32.3% of our outstanding common stock, may be eligible for sale pursuant to Rule 144 at various times, subject to limitations provided by Rule 144 and lock-up agreements which our stockholders, including our directors and officers, who hold 3,366,000shares have signed lock-ups for period of 180 days from the closing of the registered direct offering, which expires on December 1, 2025, release from the lock-up restriction at the discretion of the placement agent for the registered direct offering. If placement agent for the registered direct offering waives or releases parties to the lock-up, the market price for our common stock could be adversely impacted.

We intend to file a registration statement with the SEC on Form S-8 providing for the registration of shares of our common stock issued or reserved for issuance under our equity incentive plan or pursuant to stock options. Subject to the satisfaction of vesting conditions and the expiration of lock-up agreements, shares registered under the registration statement on Form S-8 will be available for resale immediately in the public market without restriction other than those restrictions imposed on sales by affiliates pursuant to Rule 144.

We cannot predict the size of future issuances of our common stock or securities convertible into common stock or the effect, if any, that future issuances and sales of shares of our common stock will have on the market price of our common stock. Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock (including shares issued in connection with any acquisition we may make), or the perception that such sales, including sales by our existing stockholders pursuant to Rule 144, could occur, may adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock.

Because our directors and executive officers own or have the right to vote approximately 18.7% of our outstanding common stock, they may be able to elect all directors, approve all matters requiring stockholder approval and block any action which may be beneficial to stockholders. 

As of July 15, 2025, our directors and executive officers beneficially own approximately 18.7% of our outstanding common stock. Our bylaws provide that a majority of the aggregate voting power of the stock issued and outstanding and entitled to vote constitutes a quorum for a meeting of stockholders. As a result, they may have the ability to elect all of our directors and to approve actions requiring stockholder approval as well as to prevent any action from being taken which they oppose even if such action would benefit stockholders.

Delaware law and provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws could make a merger, tender offer or proxy contest difficult, thereby depressing the trading price of our common stock.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation (as amended) and bylaws contain provisions that could depress the trading price of our common stock by acting to discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of us or changes in its management that the stockholders may deem advantageous. These provisions include the following:

Any provision of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation (as amended) or bylaws or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock, and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock.

Our management is required to devote a substantial amount of time to comply with public company regulations.

As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act as well as rules implemented by the SEC and Nasdaq, impose various requirements on public companies, including those related to corporate governance practices. Our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to these requirements. Certain members of our management do not have significant experience in addressing these requirements. Moreover, these rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly.

Among other things, our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. Our compliance with these requirements will require that it incur substantial accounting and related expenses and expend significant management efforts. We will need to hire additional accounting and financial staff to comply with public company regulations. The costs of hiring such staff may be material and there can be no assurance that such staff will be immediately available to us.

Moreover, because we have identified deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses, investors could lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our common stock could decline and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by Nasdaq, the SEC or other regulatory authorities.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to comply with the continued listing standards of Nasdaq.

Our eligibility for listing on Nasdaq depends on our ability to comply with Nasdaq’s continued listing requirements. On October 2, 2024, we received written notice from Nasdaq indicating that the bid price for our common stock for the last 31 consecutive business days, had closed below the minimum $1.00 per share and, as a result, we are not in compliance with the $1.00 minimum bid price requirement for the continued listing on Nasdaq, as set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2).

In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), we have a period of 180 calendar days, or until March 31, 2025, to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement. To regain compliance, the closing bid price of our common stock must meet or exceed $1.00 per share for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days during this 180 day period. On April 2, 2025, Nasdaq notified us that, although the Company has not regained compliance with the minimum bid price requirement, the Company is eligible to receive an additional 180 calendar day period or until September 29, 2025, to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement, pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A). We will monitor the closing bid price of our common stock and may, if appropriate, consider implementing available options, including, but not limited to, implementing a reverse share split of our common stock, to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement under the Nasdaq Listing Rules. On June 16, 2025, our board of directors approved a one-for-five (1:5) reverse stock split of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock. On July 3, 2025, we filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware a Certificate of Amendment to our Certificate of Incorporation to effect the 2025 Reverse Stock Split. The 2025 Reverse Stock Split became effective on July 3, 2025, and our common stock began trading on a split-adjusted basis on Nasdaq on July 7, 2025. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to regain such compliance.

If Nasdaq delists our common stock from trading on its exchange, we and our stockholders could face significant material adverse consequences including:

FINRA sales practice requirements may limit a stockholder’s ability to buy and sell our common stock.

The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) has adopted rules that require that in recommending an investment to a customer, a broker-dealer must have reasonable grounds for believing that the investment is suitable for that customer. Prior to recommending speculative low-priced securities to their non-institutional customers, broker-dealers must make reasonable efforts to obtain information about the customer’s financial status, tax status, investment objectives and other information. Under interpretations of these rules, the FINRA believes that there is a high probability that speculative low-priced securities will not be suitable for at least some customers. The FINRA requirements make it more difficult for broker-dealers to recommend that their customers buy our common stock, which may have the effect of reducing the level of trading activity in our common stock. As a result, fewer broker-dealers may be willing to make a market in our common stock, reducing a stockholder’s ability to resell shares of our common stock.

Holders of the Warrants will have no rights as a common stockholder until they acquire our common stock.

Until holders of the Warrants acquire shares of our common stock upon exercise of the Warrants, the holders will have no rights with respect to shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants. Upon exercise of the Warrants, the holder will be entitled to exercise the rights of a common stockholder as to the security exercised only as to matters for which the record date occurs after the exercise.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about us, our business or our market, or if they change their recommendations regarding our securities adversely, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock is influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. If any of the analysts who may cover us change their recommendation regarding our common stock adversely, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, our stock price would likely decline. If any analyst who may cover us were to cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

Not applicable.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Item 2. Properties

Our corporate and executive offices that we own are located in 136-40 39^th Avenue, Suite 202, Flushing, NY 11354, encumbered by debt. In addition, we lease a warehouse in Maspeth, New York, where we assemble all of our vehicles. The warehouse, which is approximately 52,264 square feet, is under one lease that is due to expire on April 30, 2029, at a current annual rent of approximately $1.2 million.  

We believe our facilities are sufficient to meet our needs in the near term, as we expand our operations, we may require additional space in which to assemble our vehicles and we do not have any commitments for such space. All of our retail stores are leased. For the year ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, we paid an aggregate of $2.9 million and $2.4 million, respectively, for the spaces used for retail stores.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

We may be subject to legal proceedings, investigations and claims incidental to the conduct of our business from time to time. As a provider of consumer products, we are, from time to time, subject to civil litigation regarding those products and intellectual property rights of third parties, including in publicly-available court filings. We are not currently a party to, nor are we aware of, any legal proceedings, investigations or claims which, in the opinion of our management, are likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Part II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information

Our common stock commenced trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market on June 6, 2024 under the symbol “FLYE”.

Stockholders

As of July 15, 2025, we had 26 stockholders of record.

Transfer Agent

VStock Transfer, LLC, 18 Lafayette Place, Woodmere, New York 11598, is the transfer agent for our common stock.

Dividends

We have never declared or paid any cash or other dividends or distributions on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development of our business. We do not expect to pay any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Payment of future dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, restrictions contained in any financing instruments, provisions of applicable law and other factors the board deems relevant.

Item 6. [Reserved]

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and the notes thereto included in this annual report. The following discussion contains forward-looking statements. Actual results could differ materially from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements”.

Overview

We are an EV company that is principally engaged in designing, installing and selling E-motorcycles, E-bikes, E-scooters and related accessories under the brand “Fly E-Bike.” At Fly E-Bike, our commitment is to encourage people to incorporate eco-friendly transportation into their active lifestyles, ultimately contributing towards building a more environmentally friendly future.

Fly E-Bike was established in 2018 with its first store opened in New York. Our business has grown rapidly since then and we are now one of the leading providers of E-bikes for food delivery workers in New York City. As of July 15, 2025, we have 20 stores, including 19 retail stores in the U.S and one retail store in Canada. The Company offers rental services from selected locations in New York, Toronto, and Los Angeles. We also operate one online store at flyebike.com, focusing on selling E-motorcycles, E-bikes and E-scooters, serving customers in the United States. In addition, we plan to open a second online store focusing on selling gas bikes in the future. We plan extend our business into South America and Europe in the future.

We have a diversified product portfolio that is designed to satisfy the various demands of our customers and address different urban travel scenarios. Additionally, we aim to refresh our product offerings continuously to align with evolving market trends. As of July 15, 2025, we offered 27 E-motorcycle products, 36 E-bike products and 38 E-scooter products.

We are currently in the process of developing a Fly E-Bike app, which is a management service mobile software for our EVs, enabling customers to purchase bikes, locate company stores, schedule bike repairs, and more. We aim to design an app that will bring users a comprehensive intelligent experience to create a safer and more satisfying riding life. The development of the app is still in its preliminary stage. We have launched a testing version of the app, which is currently unavailable to our customers. In December 2023, the Company engaged DF Technology US Inc (“DFT”) for certain technology services, for the development of the enterprise resource planning system (“ERP system”), and in July 2024, the Company engaged DFT to develop a mobile phone application for its renal services, the GO FLY APP. The total contract price for the GO FLY APP is $500,000, and the GO FLY APP was delivered and launched in the rental business on September 5, 2024. The total contract price for the ERP system is $2,500,000. The ERP system is fully completed and delivered on May 20, 2025. During the fiscal year of 2025, the Company started to use part of the ERP system which was valued at $2,310,000 and treated that part as computer hardware and software and started for depreciation. As of March 31, 2025, the Company paid $136,580 to DFT as prepayment for software development.  

We source a significant portion of our vehicle components from China and the United States, and then assemble them into our vehicles in a facility located in Maspeth, New York. For the year ended March 31, 2025, we produced 4,595 E-motorcycles, 5,974 E-bikes and 1,557 E-scooters at the same facility.

Recent Developments

See “Item 1. Business — Recent Developments.”

Key Factors that Affect Operating Results

Our results of operations and financial condition are affected by the general factors driving the U.S.’s electric two-wheeled vehicles industry, including, among others, the U.S.’s overall economic growth, the increase in per capita disposable income, the expansion of urbanization, the growth in consumer spending and consumption upgrades, the competitive environment, governmental policies and initiatives towards electric two-wheeled vehicles, as well as the general factors affecting the electric two-wheeled vehicles industry in overseas markets. Unfavorable changes in any of these general industry conditions could negatively affect demand for our products and materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

While our business is influenced by these general factors, our results of operations are more directly affected by company specific factors, including the following major factors:

New Customers

Our growth will depend on our ability to achieve sales targets, including our ability to attract new customers, which in turn depends in part on our ability to execute our retail strategy and produce effective marketing initiatives to expand our brand perception with prospective customers. As of July 15, 2025, we have 20 stores, including 19 retail stores in the U.S and one retail store in Canada. We offer rental services from selected locations. We also operate one online store, focusing on selling E-motorcycles, E-bikes, and E-scooters and selling our product in the United States. It is critical for us to successfully manage production ramp-up and quality control to deliver to customers in adequate volume and quality.

With respect to branding and marketing, we plan to raise brand awareness through both traditional and social media channels and connect with customers through physical touchpoints such as our retail stores and distributors. We believe that effective marketing can boost our brand awareness and contribute to increased sales. In addition, we intend to provide superior customer experience through our trained technicians who will provide after-sale maintenance and repair services at our retail stores. An inability to attract new customers would substantially impact our ability to grow revenue or improve our financial results.

Product Sales Price and Volume

For the year ended March 31, 2025, our net revenues decreased by 21.0% to $25.4 million, compared to $32.2 million for the same period in 2024, which was primarily driven by a decrease in total units sold, which dropped by 10,846 units, from 69,611 units for the year ended March 31, 2024, to 58,765 units for the year ended March 31, 2025. The decrease in volume is mainly due to recent lithium-battery accidents involving E-Bikes and E-Scooters. With an increasing number of lithium-battery explosion incidents in New York, customers are less inclined to purchase E-Bikes.  Consequently, sales have declined as customers opt for oil-powered vehicles over electric vehicles. The decrease in volume also attributed in part to the closures and disposition of our retail stores during the year ended March 31, 2025. The average sales price per EV increased by $29, from $960 in the year ended March 31, 2024 to $989 in the year ended March 31, 2025. These improvements were driven by product upgrades and enhanced sales channels in the market.

We currently have a streamlined product portfolio consisting of three categories, with multiple models and specifications for each category. Our ability to increase the sales price and volume will depend on our ability to continually enhance our brand to attract customers, as well as our ability to successfully operate our retail stores and expand our sales network both domestically and globally. However, our product sales price is influenced by various factors such as market demand and competitors’ pricing, and although we continue working on product improvements and retail expansion, there can be no guarantee of sustained sales price increase or improved sales volume. If our prices remain stable, increasing sales volume would become important for continued revenue growth, and failure to do so would significantly impact our ability to grow revenue or improve our financial results.

Employees

Our payroll expenses were $4.7 million for the year ended March 31, 2025, compared to $2.9 million for the year ended March 31, 2024. As four stores were closed and four others were sold during the year ended March 31, 2025, and an additional six stores were sold subsequently, we expect a decrease in payroll expenses in the next fiscal year due to reduced demand for store sales staff. Each of our retail stores has a minimum of two employees, and additional office employees will be hired to support retail stores in customer service and marketing. In addition, to maintain excellent customer service in our retail stores, each store will have at least one trained repair professional. Effective management of payroll expenses remains crucial to our ability to grow revenue and enhance our financial results, especially as we navigate a reduced workforce.

Vendor and Supply Management

During the year ended March 31, 2025, we worked with two principal vendors, Xiamen Innolabs Technology Co., Ltd and Depcl Corp., each of which respectively supplied approximately 41.9% and 32.3% of the accessories and components used in all our products for the year ended March 31, 2025.

We have implemented a centralized vendor management system that streamlines purchasing, enhances our negotiating power and maintains strong vendor relationships. We believe this approach delivers cost savings, improved risk management and increased negotiating power, ultimately benefiting our operating results. Changes in costs related to our major vendors can significantly affect our financial condition and operating results.

Market Trends, Competition and Tariff

We operate in a rapidly growing EV market with a special focus on E-motorcycles, E-bikes and E-scooters. However, increased competition may pressure prices and margins, reducing sales volume, revenues, and sales margin for us. Additionally, marketing and advertising costs may rise as we differentiate ourselves and maintain our market position. Moreover, competitors may impact customer acquisition and retention, satisfaction and loyalty. While we believe we maintain competitive advantages in several areas, including brand, product design and quality, smart features, omnichannel retail model, customer satisfaction and loyalty, we must continuously innovate, invest in research and development and marketing to maintain our competitive edge and unique selling points. Recently, the U.S. government issued executive orders imposing tariffs on products from key international suppliers, citing national security and public health concerns. These tariffs are expected to impact a wide range of imported goods, including components used in e-bike and e-scooter manufacturing. While some agreements have temporarily delayed their implementation, ongoing trade tensions could lead to supply chain disruptions, increased costs, and pricing pressures within the industry. Tariffs on e-bikes and e-scooters or their components would likely increase prices for consumers, and create challenges for U.S. manufacturers and retailers. While there could be long-term opportunities for domestic production, the immediate impact would likely be negative for the growing e-bike and e-scooter market.

Regulatory Landscape

We operate in an industry that is subject to extensive environmental, safety and other laws and regulations, which include products safety and testing, as well as battery safety and disposal. These requirements create additional costs and possible production delay in connection with the testing and manufacturing of our products. We also benefit from environmental regulations in our target markets which include economic incentives to purchasers of EVs and tax credits for EV manufacturers. The Governor of New York State signed a legislative package in July 2024 aimed at raising awareness about the safe use of e-bikes and lithium-ion battery products, prohibiting the sale of non-compliant batteries, requiring safety protocols and training for first responders, mandating operating manuals for e-bike retailers, and improving accident reporting and registration processes for e-bikes and mopeds. Additionally, in January 2025, the New York City Department of Transportation launched a $2 million trade-in program, allowing eligible food delivery workers to replace their unsafe e-bikes, e-mobility devices, and batteries with certified, high-quality versions. Our Fly-11 PRO was chosen for the official model of DOT and participates in this program. From January 2025 to June 2025, we participated in this program and completed the delivery of Fly-11 Pro models to our retail partner participating in the program. While we expect relevant regulations to provide a tailwind to our growth, it is possible for other regulations to result in margin pressures.

How to Assess Our Performance

In assessing performance, management considers a variety of performance and financial measures, including principal growth in net sales, gross profit, gross margin, selling, general and administrative expenses and EBITDA. The key measures that we use to evaluate the performance of our business are set forth below.

Net Sales

We generate revenue from sales of our EVs, their accessories and spare parts, and provision of repair services at our retail stores. Our net sales comprise gross sales net of discounts and return allowances. We do not record sales taxes as a component of retail revenues as we consider it a pass-through conduit for collecting and remitting sales taxes. Return allowances, which reduce net revenues, are estimated based on historical experience.

E-bikes, E-motorcycles and E-scooters sales. We generate a substantial majority of our revenues from sales of E-bikes, E-motorcycles and E-scooters directly to customers through our online store and retail stores, and to our distributors.

Accessories and spare parts sales. We also sell accessories and spare parts for our EVs, such as rear storage boxes and front baskets. In addition, we offer Fly E-Bike branded accessories and general merchandise, such as decorative car plates, key chains and apparel.

Service revenues. We also provide repair services at our retail stores for a fee. The Company operates rental business primarily from the Go Fly rental mobile app and selected Fly E-Bike stores that provide users with a flexible and affordable e-bike rental option.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales includes product costs, warehouse rent expenses, payroll costs, depreciation costs, inventory reserves, warranty costs, and logistic costs. The logistic costs incurred to receive products from our vendors are included in our inventory and recognized as cost of sales upon sale of products to our customers.

Gross Profit and Gross Margin

We calculate gross profit as net sales less cost of revenue. Gross margin represents gross profit as a percentage of net sales.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses primarily consist of retail operational expenses, salaries and benefits costs, marketing, advertising, and corporate overhead.

Marketing costs primarily consist of advertising and payroll and related expenses for personnel engaged in marketing and selling activities.

We expect that our selling and marketing expenses will continue to increase in the foreseeable future, as we plan to further expand our sales network and retail channels, and engage in more selling and marketing activities to enhance our brand and attract more purchases from new and existing customers.

General and administrative expenses primarily consist of costs for corporate functions, including payroll and related expenses, facilities and equipment expenses, such as depreciation and amortization expense and rent, and professional fees. We expect that our general and administrative will increase in the foreseeable future, as we hire additional personnel and incur additional expenses related to the anticipated growth of our business and our operation as a public company after the completion of our initial public offering.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

To supplement our financial information presented in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (the “U.S. GAAP”), management periodically uses certain “non-GAAP financial measures,” as such term is defined under the rules of the SEC, to clarify and enhance understanding of past performance and prospects for the future. Generally, a non-GAAP financial measure is a numerical measure of a company’s operating performance, financial position or cash flows that excludes or includes amounts that are included in or excluded from the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. For example, non-GAAP measures may exclude the impact of certain items such as acquisitions, divestitures, gains, losses and impairments, or items outside of management’s control. Management believes that the following non-GAAP financial measure provides investors and analysts useful insight into our financial position and operating performance. Any non-GAAP measure provided should be viewed in addition to, and not as an alternative to, the most directly comparable measure determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Further, the calculation of these non-GAAP financial measures may differ from the calculation of similarly titled financial measures presented by other companies and therefore may not be comparable among companies.

We use EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization) to evaluate our operating performance. We believe EBITDA provides additional insight into our underlying, ongoing operating performance and facilitates year-to-year comparisons by excluding the earnings impact of interest, tax, depreciation and amortization and that presenting EBITDA is more representative of our operational performance and may be more useful for investors.

We reconcile our non-GAAP financial measure to our net income, which is our most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. EBITDA includes adjustments for provision for income taxes, as applicable, interest income and expense, depreciation, and amortization. EBITDA does not represent and should not be considered an alternative to net income as determined by U.S. GAAP, and our calculations thereof may not be comparable to those reported by other companies. We believe EBITDA is an important measure of operating performance and provides useful information to investors because it highlights trends in our business that may not otherwise be apparent when relying solely on U.S. GAAP measures and because it eliminates items that have less bearing on our operating performance. EBITDA, as presented herein, is a supplemental measure of our performance that is not required by, or presented in accordance with, U.S. GAAP. We use non-GAAP financial measures as supplements to our U.S. GAAP results in order to provide a more complete understanding of the factors and trends affecting our business. EBITDA is a measure of operating performance that is not defined by U.S. GAAP and should not be considered a substitute for net (loss) income as determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

EBITDA along with a reconciliation to net income is shown within the Results of Operations below.

Results of Operations for the Years Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024

The following table sets forth the components of our results of operations for the years ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

Revenues

Our net revenues were $25.4 million for the year ended March 31, 2025, a decrease of 21.0%, from $32.2 million for the year ended March 31, 2024. The decrease in our net revenues was primarily driven by a decrease in sales volume by 10,846 units, from 69,611 units for the year ended March 31, 2024, to 58,765 units for the year ended March 31, 2025.

Our retail sales revenue decreased by $4.7 million, or 17.7%, from $26.4 million for the year ended March 31, 2024 to $21.7 million for the year ended March 31, 2025. Our wholesale revenue decreased by $2.3 million, or 39.3%, from $5.8 million for the year ended March 31, 2024 to $3.5 million for the year ended March 31, 2025. The decrease in retail sales revenue is mainly due to recent lithium-battery accidents involving E-Bikes and E-Scooters. With an increasing number of lithium-battery explosion incidents in New York, customers are less inclined to purchase E-Bikes.  Consequently, sales have declined as customers opt for oil-powered vehicles over electric vehicles. The decrease in retail sales also attributed in part to the closures and disposition of our retail stores during the year ended March 31, 2025. The decrease in wholesales revenue was driven primarily by the closure of stores by the top two customers who closed their stores in December 2023 due to lack of profitability.

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues decreased by 21.6%, from $19.1 million for the year ended March 31, 2024, to $15.0 million for the year ended March 31, 2025. The decrease in cost of revenues was primarily attributable to more favorable pricing obtained from our suppliers, particularly for batteries, as well as a reduction in sales volume, as discussed previously. These factors collectively contributed to the overall decrease in cost of revenues. The unit cost for battery decreased by 11%, from $112 in the year ended March 31, 2024, to $99 in the year ended March 31, 2025.

Gross Margin

The following table shows our gross profit and gross margin for the years ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

Gross profit for the years ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was $10.5 million and $13.1 million, respectively. Gross margin was 41.1% and 40.7% for the year ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The gross margin remained at the same level for the two periods.

Total Operating Expenses

The following table sets forth the components of our total operating expenses for the years ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

Total operating expenses were $15.0 million for the year ended March 31, 2025, an increase of $5.2 million, or 52.5%, compared to $9.8 million for the year ended March 31, 2024. The increase in operating expenses was attributable to the increase in our payroll expenses, rent, professional fees, product and software development expenses and settlement payments, as more fully discussed below.

Selling Expenses 

Selling expenses primarily consist of payroll expenses, rent, and advertising expenses of retail stores. Total payroll expenses were $3.3 million for the year ended March 31, 2025, compared to $1.6 million for the year ended March 31, 2024. Rent was $2.9 million for the year ended March 31, 2025, compared to $2.4 million for the year ended March 31, 2024. Advertising expenses were $0.3 million for the year ended March 31, 2025, compared to $64,423 for the year ended March 31, 2024. The increase in payroll expenses was primarily due to the increased number of new employees hired for business operations in the first three quarters of the year ended March 31, 2025, despite a reduction in headcounts in the last quarter resulting from closures and dispositions of retail stores. The increase in rental expense was primarily due to the expansion of retail stores to support the Company’s business growth and operational needs. The rise in advertising expense was mainly driven by intensified marketing campaigns and promotional activities aimed at enhancing brand visibility. Total commission expenses were $9,980 for the year ended March 31, 2025, compared to $1.1 million for the year ended March 31, 2024. The decrease in the commission expenses was primarily due to the Company’s discontinuation of marketing referral expenses for promotions as of January 1, 2024.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses increased during the year ended March 31, 2025 compared to the previous year. Professional fees increased to $2.0 million for the year ended March 31, 2025, compared to $1.0 million for the year ended March 31, 2024, primarily attributable to the increase in audit fee, consulting fee, legal fee and IR expenses associated with our initial public offering and ongoing reporting obligations. Payroll expenses increased to $1.5 million for the year ended March 31, 2025 from $1.1 million for the year ended March 31, 2024 primarily due to additional employees hired in operation and accounting departments. Insurance expenses increased to $1.1 million for the year ended March 31, 2025, compared to $0.2 million for the same period of prior year as a result of increased general insurance of the stores and the purchase of directors and officers liability insurance after initial public offering in the year ended March 31, 2025. Software development fee increased to $0.5 million for the year ended March 31, 2025, compared to $0.3 million for the same period in prior year due to the increasing development fee of Fly E-Bike app and the increasing maintenance fee of Go Fly App. There were settlement payments of $1.0 million for the year ended March 31, 2025, in connection with the UL Litigation.

Income Tax Provisions  

Income taxes provision was $0.3 million for the year ended March 31, 2025, a change from $1.2 million income tax provision for the year ended March 31, 2024. This change was due to our pre-tax loss for the year ended March 31, 2025.

Net Income (Loss)

Net loss was $5.3 million for the year ended March 31, 2025, a change of $7.2 million, or 379.2%, from net income of $1.9 million for the year ended March 31, 2024, which was mainly attributable to the reasons discussed above.

EBITDA

The following table sets forth the components of our EBITDA for the years ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

Before interest expenses, income tax, depreciation, and amortization, for the year ended March 31, 2025, our net loss was $3.9 million, a change of $7.4 million, compared to net income of $3.5 million for the year ended March 31, 2024, which was mainly attributable to the decrease in revenue, increase in selling expenses and general and administrative expenses described above. The ratio of EBITDA to revenue was negative 15.2% and 10.9% for the year ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of March 31, 2025, we had cash of $0.8 million. We had working capital of $1.3 million and $0.3 million as of March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. We had net loss of $5.3 million and net income of $1.9 million for the year ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. During the year ended March 31, 2025, net cash used in operating activities of the Company was approximately $10.1 million. As of March 31, 2025, the Company had a current portion of contractual obligation of approximately $8.9 million.

We have funded our working capital and other capital requirements in the past primarily by equity contributions from our stockholders and net proceeds received from IPO and equity financing, cash flow from operations, and bank loans. Our ability to repay our current obligation will depend on the future realization of our current assets. Management has considered the historical experience, the economy, trends in the retail industry, the expected collectability of the accounts receivable and the realization of the inventories as of March 31, 2025. Our ability to continue to fund working capital and other capital requirements may be affected by general economic, competitive and other factors, many of which are outside of our control.

On June 7, 2024, we sold 450,000 shares of common stock, at a price of $20.00 per share in our IPO. The gross proceeds of the IPO were $9.0 million, prior to deducting the underwriting discounts, commissions and offering expenses payable by us. Net proceeds received by us from IPO were approximately $7.9 million. On June 25, 2024, we sold an additional 67,500 shares of common stock to the underwriters of our IPO for gross proceeds of $1.4 million upon full exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option and received net proceeds of $1.2 million. On June 4, 2025, Company issued 5,719,111 shares of common stock, at a price of $1.2140 per share in its secondary public offering for gross proceeds of the offering were $6.9 million, prior to deducting the placement agent’s fees and offering expenses payable by the Company.

On July 3, 2025, the Company implemented a 1-for-5 reverse stock split of its issued and outstanding shares of common stock. The reverse stock split reduced the number of shares of common stock issued and outstanding from 24,587,500 to 4,917,500 as of March 31, 2025. The par value per share remained unchanged at $0.01.

As of March 31, 2025, the Company had working capital of approximately $1.3 million and cash of approximately $0.8 million. The main cash outflow for the year ended March 31, 2025 was from net loss of $5.3 million, a decrease in tax payable of $1.5 million, an increase in inventories of $2.5 million, a decrease in operating lease liabilities of $4.9 million, purchase of software from a related party of $0.9 million, purchase of equipment of $1.6 million and an increase in prepayments and other receivables of $2.5 million. As of March 31, 2025, the Company had a current portion of contractual obligation of approximately $8.9 million. These factors raise substantial doubt as to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. For the next 12 months from the issuance date of this report, we plan to alleviate the going concern risk through (i) equity financing to support the Company’s working capital; (ii) other available sources of financing (including debt) from banks and other financial institutions; and (iii) financial support from the Company’s related parties. The issuance and sale of additional equity would result in further dilution to our stockholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed obligations and could result in operating covenants that would restrict our operations. We cannot assure you that financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. In the event that financing sources are not available, or that we are unsuccessful in increasing our gross profit margin and reducing operating losses, we may be unable to implement our current plans for expansion, repay debt obligations or respond to competitive pressures, any of which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and may materially adversely affect our ability to continue as a going concern. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments related to the recoverability and classification of recorded assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities or any other adjustments that might be necessary should we be unable to continue as a going concern.

Our accounts receivable represent primarily accounts receivable from distributors that purchased our EVs and other products. As of March 31, 2025 and 2024, our accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses, was $0.5 million and $0.5 million, respectively. Our accounts receivable turnover period increased from 69 days in the year ended March 31, 2024 to 71 days in the year ended March 31, 2025, which was mainly attributable to the longer payment terms to dealers.

Our accounts payable represent primarily accounts payable to suppliers from whom we purchased accessories and components for our products. As of March 31, 2025 and 2024, our accounts payable were $1.3 million and $1.2 million, respectively. Our accounts payable turnover period increased to 33 days for the year ended March 31, 2025 from 25 days for the year ended March 31, 2024, which was primarily the result of longer payment cycles.

Our prepayments and other receivables primarily represent prepayments to vendors and other service providers. These prepayments and receivables increased by $3.1 million, from $0.6 million as of March 31, 2024, to $3.7 million as of March 31, 2025. This significant increase is mainly due to the launch of Company’s E-bike rental services, which required additional inventory. As a result, during the year ended March 31, 2025, the Company made substantial prepayments to vendors to secure inventory for the new services.

Our inventories primarily include our EVs, their accessories and spare parts. As of March 31, 2025 and 2024, our inventories, net of allowance, were $6.4 million and $5.4 million, respectively. The increase in inventories was primarily due to our preparation for the new rental business. Our inventory turnover days increased to 143 days in the year ended March 31, 2025, from 89 days in the year ended March 31, 2024, which was primarily due to strategic inventory buildup, allowing us to start new services.

As of March 31, 2025 and 2024, the total outstanding amount of loan principal was $7.4 million and $1.6 million, respectively. For the year ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the interest expenses on our outstanding loans amounted to $405,615 and $152,050, respectively. See Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included within this annual report for further information on details of our outstanding loans.

The following table summarizes our cash flow data for the years ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended March 31, 2025 was $10.1 million, which was due to net loss of $5.3 million, a decrease in tax payable of $1.5 million, an increase in inventories of $2.7 million, a decrease in operating lease liabilities of $4.8 million, and an increase in prepayments and other receivables of $2.7 million, partially offset by amortization of right-of-use assets of $5.1 million, an increase in accrued expenses and other payables of $0.5 million, and a decrease in accounts receivables-related parties of $0.2 million.

Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended March 31, 2024 was $4.3 million, which was mainly comprised of net income of $1.9 million, amortization of right-of-use assets of $2.3 million and inventories reserve of $0.5 million, an increase in account payable of $2.5 million, an increase in tax payable of $0.6 million, and an increase of accrued expenses and other payables of $0.3 million, offset by an increase in inventories of $2.0 million, and a decrease in operating lease liabilities of $1.9 million.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $2.9 million for the year ended March 31, 2025, which was due to purchase of properties and equipment  of $1.6 million, purchase of GO FLY App and computer hardware and software from a related party of $1.4 million, and the advance to a related party of $0.5 million, and partially offset by the repayment from a related party of $0.7 million.

Net cash used in investing activities was $3.2 million for the year ended March 31, 2024, which was due to purchase of software from a related party of $1.3 million, the purchase of equipment of $1.3 million, advance to related parties of $0.3 million, a prepayment for purchase of property of $0.5 million and the purchase of property rights of $0.03 million, offset by repayment from related parties of $0.1 million.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $12.5 million for the year ended March 31, 2025, which consisted of net proceeds from the IPO of $9.2 million, and loan proceeds of $7.4 million, partially offset by repayments of loans of $3.7 million and payment of IPO costs of $0.3 million.

Net cash used in financing activities was $0.05 million for the year ended March 31, 2024, which consisted of deferred IPO cost of $0.2 million, repayments of loan payables of $0.6 million, repayments to former related parties on other payables of $0.3 million and payments of former related party loan of $0.2 million, offset by borrowings from loan payable of $1.1 million and capital contributions from stockholders of $0.1 million.

Commitments and Contractual Obligations

The following table presents our material contractual obligations as of March 31, 2025:

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have not entered into any transactions, agreements or other contractual arrangements that would result in off-balance sheet liabilities.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Foreign Exchange Risk

A substantial majority of all of our revenues and expenses are denominated in U.S. dollars. We do not believe that we currently have any significant direct foreign exchange risk and have not used any derivative financial instruments to hedge exposure to such risk. In addition, as our business and operation expand in European and other overseas markets in the future, we may be exposed to increased foreign exchange risks for other currencies.

Interest Rate Risk

Our exposure to interest rate risk primarily relates to the interest expenses on our short-term and long-term bank borrowings. Our short-term and long-term bank borrowings bear interests at fixed rates. We have not been exposed to, nor do we anticipate being exposed to, material risks due to changes in market interest rates. However, our future interest expenses may exceed expectations due to changes in market interest rates. If we were to renew these short-term and long-term bank borrowings, we might be subject to interest rate risk.

Critical Accounting Estimates

An accounting estimate is considered critical if it requires to be made based on assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time such estimate is made, and if different accounting estimates that reasonably could have been used, or changes in the accounting estimate that are reasonably likely to occur periodically, could materially impact the consolidated financial statements.

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make estimates and assumptions. We continually evaluate these estimates and assumptions based on the most recently available information, our own historical experiences and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, actual results could differ from our expectations as a result of changes in our estimates. Some of our accounting policies require a higher degree of judgment than others in their application and require us to make significant accounting estimates.

Estimated Allowance for Inventories

Our estimated allowance for the inventory obsolescence reserves is based on our assessment of realization of inventory. Adjustments are recorded to write down the cost of inventories to the estimated net realizable value due to slow-moving merchandise and obsolescence, which is dependent upon factors such as inventory aging, historical and forecasted consumer demand, and market conditions that impact pricing. As of March 31, 2025 and 2024, we recorded inventory allowance balance of $1,107,569 and $514,021, respectively.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Not applicable.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

The information required by this item appears beginning on page F-1 of this annual report and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.  

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2025. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of March 31, 2025 due to the material weaknesses in financial reporting as described below.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

In our 10-K for the year ended March 31, 2025, we identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. The material weaknesses that have been identified in internal control over financial reporting included our lack of (i) sufficient financial reporting and accounting personnel with appropriate knowledge of generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (the “U.S. GAAP”) and SEC reporting requirements to properly address complex U.S. GAAP accounting issues and to prepare and review our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures to fulfill U.S. GAAP and SEC financial reporting requirements, (ii) formal internal control policies and internal independent supervision functions to establish formal risk assessment process and internal control framework, and (iii) sufficient controls designed and implemented in IT environment and IT general control activities, which are mainly associated with areas of logical access management, change management, computer operation, service organization management as well as cyber security management. To remediate the material weaknesses, we have engaged a third party consultant to perform internal review and assist us to set up more reliable internal control processes. The consultant commenced work in February 2025. We have begun organizing regular training programs for our accounting personnel, with a focus on U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements, in order to improve the competence and awareness of our finance team. In addition, we plan to enhance our IT infrastructure by outsourcing our IT department to a provider to manage PC operations and system monitoring. Furthermore, we are developing and plan to implement an enterprise resource planning system to streamline sales, inventory, financial reporting, and order management. We will devote resources to remediate these material weaknesses as we grow and such resources required for implementing proper internal controls for financial reporting are available. 

We have performed testing to evaluate the operating effectiveness of these remediation measures. Based on the results of our testing, we concluded that these material weaknesses had not been fully remediated as of March 31, 2025. Accordingly, we continue to consider these material weaknesses to be ongoing as of that date.

As of March 31, 2025, we believe that our internal controls over financial reporting were not effective in providing reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting due to the material weaknesses identified above.

This annual report on Form 10-K does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Other than the additional controls added to the revenue process, there was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fourth quarter of March 31, 2025 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. Our management recognizes that any control system, no matter how well designed and operated, is based upon certain judgments and assumptions and cannot provide absolute assurance that its objectives will be met. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs. Similarly, an evaluation of controls cannot provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected.

Item 9B. Other Information

We have adopted an insider trading policy. Our insider trading policy is filed as an exhibit to this annual report and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdiction that Prevent Inspections.

Not applicable.

Part III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

Executive Officers and Directors

Set forth below is certain information with respect to our directors and executive officers:

Set forth below is biographical information about each of the individuals named in the table above:

Zhou Ou, Founder, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Ou founded Fly E-Bike in 2018 and has since served as our Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”). Before founding Fly E-Bike, Mr. Ou operated a motorcycle repair business for over eight years, and previously held a managerial position at a food delivery company. We believe that Mr. Ou’s prior experience in the motorcycle industry and his understanding of the delivery industry, combined with his tenure at our company, qualifies him to serve as our Chairman of the Board.

Shiwen Feng, Director and Chief Financial Officer. Ms. Feng has served as our Chief Financial Officer and a director since November 2024. Ms. Feng is an experienced financial professional with a background in corporate finance, corporate tax management, and project oversight. From October 2021 to October 2024, Ms. Feng served as the manager at PJMG LLC, a consulting services company, where she was responsible for overseeing financial planning, managing corporate structuring, and ensuring compliance with financial regulations. Prior to that, from September 2019 to July 2021, Ms. Feng worked at DGLG Accounting & Tax LLC, an accounting and financial consulting company, first as a staff member assisting with corporate formations, tax compliance, and payroll management, and later as a manager, focusing on financial reporting, monthly bookkeeping, and corporate tax filings. She earned her Master’s degree in Accounting from the Frank G. Zarb School of Business at Hofstra University in 2020 and her Bachelor’s degree in Accounting from Henan University in China in 2019. Ms. Feng was selected to serve as a member of our board of directors because of her experience in the financial services industry.

Rui Feng, Chief Operating Officer. Mr. Feng joined us as a retail store manager in 2018 and was responsible for overseeing our supply chain, implementing effective customer strategies, and ensuring legal compliance. He has served as our Chief Operating Officer since December 2022. Prior to joining us, Mr. Feng owned and operated a restaurant for four years, which provided him with valuable experience in managing a business.

Ke Zhang, Chief Human Resource Officer. Mr. Zhang has served as our Chief Human Resource Officer since December 2022. Mr. Zhang previously served as our director and resigned from this position on September 1, 2023. He joined us as a retail store manager in 2018, where he was responsible for overseeing various HR functions, including recruiting, employee training and development and managing our benefits system.

Bin Wang, Director. Mr. Wang has served as a director since June 2024. Mr. Wang has over 30 years of management experience in the financial industry. He currently serves as the Managing Director of Eon Capital International Ltd, a Hong Kong corporate advisory service company. He has also been a member of the board of directors of Maison Solutions Inc., a Nasdaq-listed company, since 2023. Previously, from 2018 to 2020, Mr. Wang was the Chairman and CEO of Alberton Acquisition Corp., a Nasdaq-listed company. From 2010 to 2012, he served as Independent Board Director in Sky Digital Stores Corp. (OTC: SKYC), participating in the company’s public listing process. From 2007 to 2018, Mr. Wang provided corporate advisory services to dozens of corporate clients in the US and Asia. Mr. Wang began his financial career at Chemical Bank in 1994 when he served as a commercial banking manager for the bank’s Asian market. From 1996 to 2000, he served as Vice President and Team Leader of Chase International Financial Services, to promote the bank’s business in Asia-Pacific region. After Chase merged with JPMorgan in 2000, Mr. Wang continued to work at JPMorgan Chase until late 2006, playing a wide range of management roles in the development and growth of international business. Mr. Wang graduated from Northwestern Polytechnic University in 1980, obtained his Master of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering from Xi’an Jiaotong University in 1983, and earned his Master of Arts degree in economics from Illinois State University in 1992. Mr. Wang was selected to serve as a member of our board of directors because of his extensive senior-level management experience in the financial services industry and his profound knowledge of our business and the industry as a whole.

Lun Feng, Director. Mr. Feng has served as a director since June 2024. Since August 2015, Mr. Feng has held the position of executive director at Si Fang Yu Feng Investment Co., Ltd., a Chinese investment management company. From June 2009 to June 2021, he served as the chairman of the board of directors at Beijing Wan Tong Li Ti Zhi Cheng Investment Co., Ltd., a Chinese investment management company. Additionally, Mr. Feng currently serves as an independent director at three public companies listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange. These companies include Bank of Xi’an Co., Ltd., Shanghai Xinnanyang Only Education and Technology Co., Ltd., and Bona Film Group Co., Ltd. Mr. Feng received his bachelor’s degree in political economy from Northwest University (China) in 1982. Mr. Feng was selected to serve as a member of our board of directors because of his extensive senior-level management experience of public companies, his board experience and his extensive knowledge of our business and industry.

Zanfeng Zhang, Director. Mr. Zhang has served as a director since August 2024. Mr. Zhang has over 25 years of experience in finance and investment management. Since November 2017, he has served as Managing Director at IDG Capital, an investment and asset management company, where he oversees post-investment management and risk control. From August 2014 to July 2017, Mr. Zhang co-founded and served as the Chief Financial Officer of Beijing Jiufang Rugao Information Technology Co., Ltd., an internet startup providing community-based online-to-offline (O2O) life services and a fresh produce B2C (business-to-consumer) platform, where he oversaw financing activities. Prior to that, he co-founded and served as Chief Operating Officer of Beijing Panteng Technology Co., Ltd., a smart hardware startup, from September 2013 to August 2014, where he secured early-stage funding and led its market expansion. Earlier in his career, Mr. Zhang held senior financial roles at Ruijing Hengtong (Beijing) Investment Consulting Co., Ltd. from July 2008 to August 2013, and at Peugeot China Co., Ltd. from June 2003 to July 2008. Mr. Zhang holds a Master’s degree in Business Management from Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University and a Bachelor’s degree in Accounting from East China Jiaotong University. Mr. Zhang was selected to serve on the Board due to his extensive expertise in finance and investment management.

Information about the Board of Directors

Our board of directors oversees our business and affairs and monitors the performance of management. In accordance with corporate governance principles, the board does not involve itself in day-to-day operations. The directors keep themselves informed through discussions with our CEO and other key executives, by reading the reports and other materials that we send them, and by participating in board and committee meetings. Directors hold office until their successors have been elected and qualified or until he or she resigns or have been removed or disqualified.

Our board of directors are divided into three classes of directors, with the classes as nearly equal in number as possible, and with the directors serving three-year terms. The term of office of the Class I director, consisting of Lun Feng, will expire at our 2025 annual meeting of stockholders. The term of office of the Class II directors, consisting of Zanfeng Zhang and Bin Wang, will expire at our 2026 annual meeting of stockholders. The term of office of the Class III directors, consisting of Zhou Ou and Shiwen Feng, will expire at our 2027 annual meeting of stockholders. As a result, approximately one-third of our board of directors will be elected each year. The classification of directors will have the effect of making it more difficult for stockholders to change the composition of our board of directors. Our amended and restated bylaws also provide that, subject to any rights of holders of preferred stock to elect additional directors under specified circumstances, the number of directors will be fixed exclusively pursuant to a resolution adopted by our board of directors.

Committees of the Board of Directors

We have established an Audit Committee, a Compensation Committee and a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. We have adopted a charter for each of the three committees. Each committee’s members and functions are described below.

Audit Committee. Our Audit Committee consists of three independent directors. The members of the Audit Committee are Bin Wang, Lun Feng and Zanfeng Zhang, with Mr. Wang serving as the committee chair. The Audit Committee consists exclusively of directors who are financially literate. Mr. Wang is considered an “audit committee financial expert” as defined by the SEC’s rules and regulations.

The Audit Committee responsibilities include:

Compensation Committee. Our Compensation Committee consists of three independent directors. The members of the Compensation Committee are Lun Feng, Bin Wang and Zanfeng Zhang, with Mr. Feng serving as the committee chair. The committee has primary responsibility for:

Nominating and Governance Committee. The Nominating and Governance Committee consists of three independent directors. The members of the Nominating and Governance Committee are Zanfeng Zhang, Bin Wang and Lun Feng, with Mr. Zhang serving as the committee chair. The Nominating and Governance Committee’s responsibilities include:

The Nominating and Governance Committee will consider stockholder recommendations for candidates for the board of directors.

Involvement in Certain Legal Proceedings

None of our directors and executive officers have been involved in any of the following events during the past ten years:

Code of Business Conduct and Ethics

We have adopted a written code of business conduct and ethics that applies to our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions. A copy of the code is made available in the Corporate Governance section of our website, which is located at flyebike.com. Our stockholders are also able to review these documents by accessing our public filings at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. If we make any substantive amendments to, or grant any waivers from, the code of business conduct and ethics for any officer or director, we will disclose the nature of such amendment or waiver on our website or in a current report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC.

Trading Policies

On May 3, 2024, we adopted insider trading policies and procedures governing the purchase, sale, and/or other dispositions of our securities by directors, officers and employees, which are reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and applicable Nasdaq listing standards (the “Insider Trading Policy”).

Clawback Policy

Our board of directors has adopted a clawback policy that covers our executive officers, who are defined as our chief executive officer, president, chief financial officer, principal accounting officer (or the controller, if no such accounting officer exists), any vice-president in charge of a significant principal business unit, division, or function (such as sales, administration, or finance), and any other officer or person who performs a policy-making function.

This clawback policy pertains to incentive-based compensation, which includes any compensation that is granted, earned, or vested wholly or in part based on the achievement of a financial reporting measure. It mandates the recovery of such compensation from an executive officer in cases where we must prepare an accounting restatement due to material noncompliance with U.S. financial reporting requirements under the securities laws. This includes any necessary restatement to correct an error in previously issued financial statements that is material to those statements, or that would result in a material misstatement if the error were corrected in the current period or left uncorrected.

The Compensation Committee will make determinations regarding “materiality” for the purposes of this policy.

The incentive-based compensation eligible for recovery under this policy includes compensation received during the three completed fiscal years immediately preceding the date we are required to prepare an accounting restatement, as outlined above. This applies provided that the individual served as an executive officer at any time during the performance period relevant to the incentive-based compensation.

Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports 

Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act requires the Company’s officers, directors and persons who beneficially own more than ten percent of its common stock to file reports of ownership and changes in ownership with the SEC. These reporting persons are also required to furnish the Company with copies of all Section 16(a) forms they file. Based solely on our review of such forms furnished to us, we believe that the applicable reporting requirements of Section 16(a) have been satisfied.

Item 11. Executive Compensation

The following table shows the compensation awarded to or earned during the years ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 by our chief executive officer. Other than as listed below, we did not have any officers that received more than $100,000 in compensation during the years ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. The person listed in the following table is referred to herein as the “named executive officer.”

Narrative Disclosure to Summary Compensation Table

Zhou Ou, Chief Executive Officer

Mr. Ou has entered into an employment agreement with one of our subsidiaries, FLYEBIKE Inc, dated April 1, 2023. Under the agreement, Mr. Zhou Ou serves as the Chief Executive Officer of the Company and receives a monthly base salary of $8,333. He is also entitled to reimbursement for authorized and reasonable business expenses. The agreement allows for at-will termination by either party. If Mr. Ou’s employment is terminated due to death or disability, he or his estate will receive salary and benefits through the termination date. The Company may terminate the agreement for cause, releasing it from all further obligations except for accrued salary and benefits through the termination date. “Cause” includes failure or neglect by Mr. Ou to perform duties, disobedience to orders, misconduct such as misappropriation of funds, personal profit from Company transactions, misrepresentation, legal violations, acts involving moral turpitude or unethical conduct, disloyalty including aiding a competitor, failure to devote full-time efforts to the Company, not working exclusively for the Company, non-cooperation in investigations, breaches of the employment agreement or the Company rules, and any other act of misconduct or omission. The agreement includes covenants for non-disclosure, non-solicitation, and non-competition. For two years post-termination, Mr. Ou agrees not to solicit the Company’s customers or engage in competing business activities within New York State.

In order to support our operations and allocate more resources towards our development, Mr. Ou received compensation at the level of a store manager for the years ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

Shiwen Feng, Chief Financial Officer

Mr. Feng has entered into an employment agreement with the Company, dated November 7, 2024. Under the agreement, Ms. Feng serves as the Chief Financial Officer of the Company and receives a monthly base salary of $ $6,667. She will also be entitled to reimbursement for authorized and reasonable expenses. The agreement allows for at-will termination by either party, provided, however, a minimum of two weeks’ advance written notice is required in the event of resignation by Ms. Feng. If Ms. Feng’s employment is terminated due to death or disability, she or her estate will receive salary and benefits through the termination date. The Company may terminate the agreement for cause, releasing it from all further obligations except for accrued salary and benefits through the termination date. “Cause” includes failure or neglect by Ms. Feng to perform duties, disobedience to orders, misconduct such as misappropriation of funds, personal profit from Company transactions, misrepresentation, legal violations, acts involving moral turpitude or unethical conduct, disloyalty including aiding a competitor, failure to devote full-time efforts to the Company, not working exclusively for the Company, non-cooperation in investigations, breaches of the employment agreement or the Company rules, and any other act of misconduct or omission. The agreement includes covenants for non-disclosure, non-solicitation, and non-competition. For two years post-termination, Ms. Feng agrees not to solicit the Company’s customers or engage in competing business activities within New York State. Ms. Feng will not receive any additional compensation as a director in addition to her compensation as the Chief Financial Officer of the Company.

Outstanding Option Awards

As of March 31, 2025, there were no option or stock awards outstanding.

Employee Benefit Plans

2024 Plan

On May 3, 2024, our Board approved the Fly-E Group Inc. 2024 Omnibus Incentive Plan, subject to stockholder approval. On February 10, 2025, our Board approved Amendment No. 1 of the plan (“Amendment No. 1”) to increase the number of shares available for grant under the plan and add a provision providing for an automatic increase to the plan’s share reserve every year, commencing on April 1, 2026, and continuing on the first day of each of the Company’s fiscal years through the tenth anniversary of the plan’s effective date (the 2024 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as amended by Amendment No. 1, the “2024 Plan”). On March 10, 2025, the Company’s stockholders approved and adopted the 2024 Plan.

The following is a summary of the material terms of the 2024 Plan. 

Plan Administration

The 2024 Plan will be administered by our Compensation Committee. Our board of directors will retain the authority under the 2024 Plan to exercise any or all of the powers and authorities related to the administration and implementation of the 2024 Plan.

Award Eligibility

Awards under the 2024 Plan may be made to our or any of our affiliates’ employees, officers and directors, as well as to consultants and advisors currently providing services to us or any of our affiliates at the time of such award. As of the date of this annual report, the Company engages approximately 55 employees, four (4) officers, five (5) directors, and five (5) consultants and advisers.

Shares Subject to the 2024 Plan

Subject to adjustment in accordance with the terms of the 2024 Plan, the number of shares of our common stock available for issuance under the 2024 Plan is the sum of (A) 740,000, plus (B) an increase commencing on April 1, 2026, and continuing annually on each anniversary thereof until the tenth anniversary of the plan effective date, equal to the lesser of (i) 8% of the total number of all classes of the Company’s common stock outstanding on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year and (ii) such smaller number of shares as determined by the Board or the Committee (the “Share Limit”).

Reversion of Shares

If any shares covered by an award are not purchased or are forfeited or expire, or if any award otherwise terminates without delivery of any shares subject to the award or is settled in cash in lieu of shares, then the number of shares counted against the Share Limit with respect to such award will, to the extent of any such forfeiture, termination, expiration or settlement, again be available for issuance under the 2024 Plan.

Awards

The 2024 Plan provides for the grant of awards of stock options, stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), restricted stock, restricted stock units, deferred stock units, unrestricted stock, dividend equivalent rights, and other equity-based awards.

Stock Options

Stock options granted under the 2024 Plan may be nonqualified stock options or incentive stock options within the meaning of Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). Each option will become vested and exercisable at such times and under such conditions as our Compensation Committee may approve consistent with the terms of the 2024 Plan. No option may be exercisable more than ten years after the option grant date. Our Compensation Committee may include in the option agreement provisions specifying the period during which an option may be exercised following termination of the grantee’s service.

The exercise price per share of our common stock for each option granted under the 2024 Plan may not be less than 100%, or 110% in the case of an incentive stock option granted to a stockholder who owns more than ten percent of our voting stock, of the fair market value of a share of our common stock on the option grant date, except in the case of an option granted upon assumption of, or in substitution for, outstanding awards previously granted under a compensatory plan by a business entity acquired or to be acquired by us or an affiliate of ours or with which we or an affiliate has combined or will combine. Payment of the exercise price for shares purchased pursuant to the exercise of an option may be made in such forms as are approved by our Compensation Committee. These forms may include, in our Compensation Committee’s discretion, cash, cash equivalents, shares of our common stock and net issuance.

Restricted Stock, Restricted Stock Units, and Deferred Stock Units

Restricted stock is an award of our common stock on which vesting restrictions are imposed that subject such shares of our common stock to a substantial risk of forfeiture, as defined in Section 83 of the Code. A restricted stock unit is an award that represents a conditional right to receive shares of our common stock in the future and that may be made subject to the same types of restrictions and risk of forfeiture as restricted stock. A deferred stock unit is a restricted stock unit that may be settled at some point in the future at a time or times consistent with the requirements of Section 409A of the Code.

Stock Appreciation Rights

A SAR is a right to receive upon exercise, in the form of common stock, cash or a combination of common stock and cash, the excess of the fair market value of one share of common stock on the exercise date over the grant price of the SAR. SARs may be granted in conjunction with all or a part of any option or other award granted under the 2024 Plan, or without regard to any option or other award. Upon exercise of a SAR, the holder will be entitled to receive, in the specified form of consideration, the excess of the fair market value of one share of our common stock on the exercise date over the exercise price of the SAR, as determined by our Compensation Committee. The exercise price of a SAR may not be less than the fair market value of a share of our common stock on the grant date.

Dividend Equivalent Rights

Dividend equivalent rights entitle the grantee to receive cash, shares of our common stock, or a combination of both equal to the amount of that the grantee would have received had the grantee held a specified number of shares of our common stock during the period. Dividend equivalent rights may be granted independently or in connection with the grant of any equity-based award, except that no dividend equivalent right may be granted in connection with, or related to an option or SAR.

Other Equity-Based Awards

Our Compensation Committee may grant other types of equity-based or equity-related awards in such amounts and subject to such terms and conditions as our Compensation Committee may determine, including unrestricted stock and dividend equivalent rights which are described in more detail in the 2024 Plan.

Changes to Capital Structure

In the event of a merger, reorganization, recapitalization, reclassification, stock split, reverse stock split, spin-off combination of shares, exchange of shares, stock dividend or other distribution payable in capital stock, or other increase or decrease in such shares effected without the receipt of consideration by us, then the number and kind of shares for which grants of options and other awards may be made under the 2024 Plan may be adjusted proportionately and accordingly by our Compensation Committee.

Change of Control

Except as otherwise provided in the applicable award agreement, upon the occurrence of a change of control of our Company in which outstanding awards are not being assumed or continued, all outstanding shares of restricted stock, restricted stock units, deferred stock units, dividend equivalent rights and performance-based awards will be deemed to have vested and any underlying shares of our common stock will be deemed delivered immediately before the change of control; and either or both of the following actions shall be taken: (i) at our Compensation Committee’s discretion, all options and SARs will become exercisable fifteen days before the change of control (with any exercise of an option or SAR during such fifteen day period to be contingent upon the consummation of the change of control) and terminate upon the change of control to the extent not exercised; and/or (ii) at our Compensation Committee’s discretion, all options, SARs, shares of restricted stock, restricted stock units, deferred stock units, dividend equivalent rights and/or performance-based awards will be canceled and cashed out in connection with the change of control. Other equity-based awards will be governed by the terms of the applicable award agreement.

If we experience a change of control in which outstanding awards that are not exercised prior to the change of control will be assumed or continued by the surviving entity, then, except as otherwise provided in the applicable award agreement, in another agreement with the grantee, or as otherwise set forth in writing, upon the occurrence of the change of control, the 2024 Plan and the awards granted under the 2024 Plan will continue in the manner and under the terms so provided in the event of the change of control to the extent that provision is made in writing in connection with such change of control for the assumption or continuation of such awards, or for the substitution for such awards with new awards, with appropriate adjustments as to the number of shares (disregarding any consideration that is not common stock) and exercise prices of options and SARs.

Plan Amendment and Termination

The Compensation Committee may adopt, amend and rescind rules relating to the administration of the 2024 Plan, and our board of directors may amend, suspend, or terminate the 2024 Plan at any time; provided, that, no such amendment or termination will be made that materially and adversely impairs the rights of any participant with respect to any award granted under the 2024 Plan without the participant’s consent, other than amendments that are necessary to permit the granting of awards in compliance with applicable laws. The 2024 Plan will automatically terminate the day before the tenth (10^th) anniversary of the Plan Effective Date, unless earlier terminated by our board of directors or in accordance with the terms of the 2024 Plan.

New Plan Benefits

All awards to be made under the 2024 Plan are discretionary, subject to the terms of the 2024 Plan. The benefits and amounts that will be received or allocated under the 2024 Plan are generally not determinable at this time.

Director Compensation

The following table sets forth information as to the compensation paid to our directors in the year ended March 31, 2025:

Director Agreements

Each of the Company’s independent directors, Bin Wang, Lun Feng and Zanfeng Zhang, has entered into an Independent Director Agreement (each, an “Independent Director Agreement”). Under the Independent Director Agreement between us and each of our independent directors, Mr. Zhang is entitled to an annual cash fee of $30,000, Mr. Wang and Mr. Feng each is entitled to an annual cash fee of $50,000.

We will also reimburse each independent director for pre-approved reasonable business-related expenses incurred in good faith in connection with the performance of the director’s duties for us. As also required under each Independent Director Agreement, we have separately entered into a standard indemnification agreement with each of our directors, the term of which began on the date of the director’s appointment.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owner and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our common stock as of July 15, 2025 by:

All information with respect to beneficial ownership has been furnished by the respective 5% or more stockholders, directors or executive officers, as the case may be. Each person is deemed to own beneficially shares of common stock that are issuable upon exercise of options, warrants or upon conversion of convertible securities if they are exercisable or convertible within 60 days of July 15, 2025. Except as otherwise indicated each person has the sole power to vote and dispose of all shares of common stock listed opposite his or her name. Unless otherwise noted, the mailing address of each listed beneficial owner is c/o Fly-E Group, Inc., 136-40 39^th Avenue, Flushing, NY 11354.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

We have adopted the 2024 Plan in order to grant equity-based and other incentive awards to our officers, employees, directors, consultants and advisers. There are 740,000 shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under the 2024 Plan. We have not issued any grants or awards under the 2024 Plan.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

In addition to the compensation arrangements in the section titled “Executive Compensation,” except as set forth below, during our last two fiscal years, we have not entered into any material transactions or series of transactions that would be considered material in which any director or executive officer or beneficial owner of 5% or more of any class of our capital stock, or any immediate family member of any of the preceding persons, had a direct or indirect material interest: 

From April 1, 2023 to March 31, 2025, our Chairman and CEO, Mr. Ou, provided financial support to the Company by advancing funds and making various payments on behalf of the Company totaling $3,274,924. These amounts payable to Mr. Ou are unsecured, bear no interest and do not have a maturity date. From April 1, 2023 to March 31, 2025, the Company repaid a total of $1,207,404 to Mr. Ou, including repayment of amounts owed to Mr. Ou prior to April 1, 2022. From April 1, 2023 to March 31, 2025, the Company transferred $2,263,630 of the payable balance along with a cash contribution of $136,370 from Mr. Ou as capital contribution. As of March 31, 2025 and 2024, the remaining balance of these payables was nil and $92,229, respectively. From August 9, 2024 to September 17, 2024, the Company advanced $477,771 to Mr. Ou, Chairman and CEO of the Company, for personal use. This advance is unsecured, bears no interest and does not have a maturity date. As of March 31, 2025, the advance was paid back in full.

From April 1, 2023 to March 31, 2025, Mr. Rui Feng, our Chief Operating Officer, advanced a total of $8,711 to the subsidiaries of the Company to support their business operations. These amounts payable to Mr. Feng are unsecured, bear no interest and do not have a maturity date. From April 1, 2023 to March 31, 2025, the Company repaid $8,711 to Mr. Feng. As of March 31, 2025, the Company has paid off all amounts owed to Mr. Feng.

From April 1, 2023 to March 31, 2025, Mr. Ke Zhang, our Chief Human Resource Officer, advanced an aggregate of $52,802 to the subsidiaries of the Company to support their business operations. These amounts payable to Mr. Zhang are unsecured, bear no interest and do not have a maturity date. From April 1, 2023 to March 31, 2025, the Company repaid $52,802 to Mr. Zhang. As of March 31, 2025, the Company has paid off all amounts owed to Mr. Zhang.

On March 6, 2021, the Company and DGLG Accounting and Tax LLC (“DGLG”) entered into an engagement letter, wherein the Company engaged DGLG as a consultant to assist the Company in its IPO planning, financing and tax services. Mr. Guo is a partner at DGLG. In December 2022, the Company hired Mr. Guo as its former CFO. Under the terms of the engagement agreement with DGLG, the Company has agreed to compensate DGLG for consulting services based on an hourly fee arrangement. For the years ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, DGLG’s consulting fees were $225,000 and $100,000, respectively. For the years ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company paid DGLG a total of $61,050 and $123,000, respectively, for tax services. As of March 31, 2025, the Company did not owe any amount to DGLG.

On April 1, 2023, the Company agreed to retain the services of PJMG LLC (“PJMG”), a company in which Mr. Guo, the Company’s former CFO who resigned on November 6, 2024, holds over 50% of the equity interests as a consultant following the completion of its IPO. PJMG was engaged to provide compliance consulting services related to accounting, finance, and management, as well as to oversee market planning and development, follow-on fundraising, and investor relationship management from June 2024 to May 2025. The service fee is $45,000 for the first month and from the second month the fees are $15,000 per month. To secure these services, the Company prepaid a total of $120,000 to PJMG as of March 31, 2025. During the year ended March 31, 2025, the Company paid PJMG a total of $372,047 for consulting services. $312,047 was expensed as consulting expenses during the year ended March 31, 2025.

Fly E Bike SRL, a company formed under the laws of the Dominican Republic and in which Mr. Ou holds over 50% of the equity interests, is a distributor for the Company. During the years ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, Fly E Bike SRL purchased certain EV products from the Company in the amount of $42,010 and $326,914, respectively. As of March 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had accounts receivable from Fly E Bike SRL in the amounts of $37,465 and $326,914, respectively. In addition, during the year ended March 31, 2025, the Company advanced a total of $143,455 to Fly E Bike SRL. Such advance is unsecured, bears no interest and does not have a maturity date. As of July 15, 2025, the advance was paid back in full.

In December 2023, the Company engaged DF Technology US Inc (“DFT”) for certain technology services. Mr. Guo, the Company’s former CFO, owns over 50% of the equity interest in DFT. As of March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024, the accumulative payments to DFT for development of the ERP system were $2,500,000 and $1,554,000, respectively. During the fiscal year of 2025, the Company started to use part of the ERP system which was valued at $2,310,000 and treated that part as computer hardware and software and started for depreciation. As of March 31, 2025 and 2024, construction in progress was nil and $275,000, respectively, and primarily relating to the cost incurred to develop the software by DFT. As of March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024, the Company had a prepayment of nil and $1,279,000, respectively, to DFT. In July 2024, the Company engaged DFT, a former related party, to develop a new APP, GO FLY APP, for the rental business. The total contract price for the GO FLY APP is $500,000, and the GO FLY APP was delivered on September 5, 2024.

Director Independence

We believe that each of our directors, Messrs. Wang, Feng, and Zhang, is an independent director under the Nasdaq listing rules.

Related Party Transaction Policy

Our Company has adopted a written Audit Committee Charter, which contains the procedures used to identify, review, approve and disclose, if necessary, any transaction in which (i) the Company is a participant and (ii) a related person has or will have a direct or indirect material interest.

Once a related party transaction in which the aggregate amount involved will or may be expected to exceed the lesser of $120,000 or 1% of the Company’s total assets at year-end for the last two completed fiscal years if the Company qualifies as a smaller reporting company in any calendar year has been identified, the Audit Committee or the full board must review the transaction for approval or ratification. In determining whether to approve or ratify a related party transaction, the Audit Committee or the full board shall consider all relevant facts and circumstances, including the following factors: (i) the materiality and character of the related person’s direct or indirect interest; (ii) the commercial reasonableness of the terms; (iii) any Company contractual obligations; (iv) the benefit or perceived benefit, or lack thereof, to the Company; (v) the opportunity cost of alternate transactions; and (vi) the actual or apparent conflict of interest of the related person.

Any director who has a direct or indirect material interest in the proposed related person transaction may be present during initial presentation of the related person transaction to the Audit Committee or the board, but should not participate in the Audit Committee or the board action regarding whether to approve or ratify the transaction. If, however, a proposed transaction arises in which all directors are deemed to have a direct or indirect material interest in the transaction, the interested directors may participate in the consideration and approval of the proposed transaction, and the Company may enter into any such related person transaction that is approved in accordance with the provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services 

The following table sets forth the fees billed by Marcum Asia CPAs LLP (“Marcum Asia”), our registered independent public accounting firm, for 2025 and 2024 for the categories of services indicated.

Our policy is to pre-approve all audit and permissible non-audit services performed by the independent accountants. These services may include audit services, audit-related services, tax services and other services. The pre-approval is made by the audit committee of the board of directors. Our board approved all services that our independent accountants provided to us prior to our IPO. Following the completion of our IPO, such services were reviewed and approved by the Audit Committee.

Part IV

Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

(a) The following documents are filed as part of this report:

(1) Financial Statements:

(2) Financial Statement Schedules:

All financial statement schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or the amounts are immaterial and not required, or the required information is presented in the financial statements and notes thereto beginning on page F-1.

(3) Exhibits

We hereby file as part of this report the exhibits listed in the attached Exhibit Index. Exhibits which are incorporated herein by reference can be inspected on the SEC website at www.sec.gov.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

Not Applicable.

EXHIBIT INDEX

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this annual report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this annual report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

FLY-E GROUP, INC.

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of

Fly-E Group, Inc.

Explanatory Paragraph – Going Concern

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As more fully described in Note 1, the Company has incurred significant losses and significant cash outflows from operating and investing activities, and needs to raise additional funds to meet its obligations and sustain its operations. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Marcum Asia CPAs LLP

Marcum Asia CPAs LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2022 (such date takes into account the acquisition of certain assets of Friedman LLP by Marcum Asia CPAs LLP effective September 1, 2022).

New York, New York
July 15, 2025

NEW YORK OFFICE ● 7 Penn Plaza ● Suite 830 ● New York, New York ● 10001

Phone 646.442.4845 ● Fax 646.349.5200 ● www.marcumasia.com

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 

FLY-E GROUP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS 

(Expressed in U.S. dollars, except for the number of shares)