SEC Form S-3ASR filed by LandBridge Company LLC

As filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on July 1, 2025

Registration No. 333-   

 

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

 

FORM S-3

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

 

 

LandBridge Company LLC

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

 

 

 

Delaware		93-3636146
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

5555 San Felipe Street, Suite 1200

Houston, Texas 77056

Tel.: (713) 230-8864 

(Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, Including Area Code, of Registrant’s Principal Executive Offices)

 

 

Scott L. McNeely

Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer

5555 San Felipe Street, Suite 1200

Houston, Texas 77056

(713) 230-8864

(Name, Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, Including Area Code, of Agent for Service)

 

 

Copies to:

David P. Oelman

Michael S. Telle

Vinson & Elkins L.L.P.

845 Texas Avenue, Suite 4700

Houston, Texas 77002

(713) 758-2222

 

 

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: From time to time after the effective date of this registration statement.

If the only securities being registered on this Form are being offered pursuant to dividend or interest reinvestment plans, please check the following box. ☐

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, other than securities offered only in connection with dividend or interest reinvestment plans, check the following box. ☒

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a registration statement pursuant to General Instruction I.D. or a post-effective amendment thereto that shall become effective upon filing with the Commission pursuant to Rule 462(e) under the Securities Act, check the following box. ☒

If this Form is a post-effective amendment to a registration statement filed pursuant to General Instruction I.D. filed to register additional securities or additional classes of securities pursuant to Rule 413(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 

Large accelerated filer		☐		Accelerated filer		☐
Non-accelerated filer		☒		Smaller reporting company		☒
				Emerging growth company		☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

 

PROSPECTUS

 

LandBridge Company LLC

Class A Shares

Preferred Shares

Depositary Shares

Debt Securities

Warrants

 

 

This prospectus relates to the offer and sale by us, from time to time in one or more offerings, of the securities identified above (the “securities”) of LandBridge Company LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (the “Company,” “we,” “our” or “us”).

This prospectus provides you with a general description of the securities offered hereby, including the Company’s Class A shares representing limited liability company interests (the “Class A shares”), preferred shares representing limited liability company interests (the “preferred shares”), depositary receipts representing fractional preferred shares (the “depositary shares”), debt securities, which may be senior debt securities or subordinated debt securities, and warrants to purchase our Class A shares, preferred shares or our debt securities, and the general manner in which we will offer such securities. More specific terms of any securities that we offer may be provided in a prospectus supplement that describes, among other things, the specific amounts and prices of the securities being offered and the terms of such offering. The prospectus supplement may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus.

We may offer and sell these securities from time to time in amounts, at prices and on terms to be determined by market conditions and other factors at the time of our offerings, including at prevailing market prices or at prices negotiated with buyers. We may offer and sell these securities through agents, through underwriters or dealers or to one or more purchasers, including existing shareholders. For more information about the distribution of securities offered, please see “Plan of Distribution” in this prospectus. Our Class A shares are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) under the symbol “LB.” The last reported sales price of our Class A shares on the NYSE on June 30, 2025 was $67.58 per Class A share.

We are an “emerging growth company” and a “smaller reporting company” under applicable federal securities laws and, as such, we have elected to take advantage of certain reduced public company reporting requirements for this prospectus and future filings. Please see the section titled “Risk Factors.” We also are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NYSE rules and, as a result, qualify for and rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements.

Investing in our Class A shares involves risks. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 2 of this prospectus to read about factors you should consider before investing in our Class A shares. These risks include the following:

 

•

Our revenues are substantially dependent on ongoing oil and natural gas exploration, development and production activity on or around our land. If E&P companies do not maintain drilling, completion and production activities on or around our land, the demand for the use of our land and resources, as well as the royalties we receive from the production of oil and natural gas and related activities on our land, could be reduced, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows and financial position.

 

•

The willingness of E&P companies to engage in drilling, completion and production activities on and around our land is substantially influenced by the market prices of oil and natural gas, which are highly volatile. A substantial or extended decline in oil and natural gas prices may adversely affect our results of operations, cash flows and financial position.

 

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Because a significant portion of our future revenue growth is expected to be derived from WaterBridge (as defined herein), any development that materially and adversely affects its business, operations or financial condition could have a material adverse impact on us.

 

•

Our reliance on WaterBridge’s personnel to manage and operate our business exposes us to certain risks.

 

•

LandBridge Holdings (as defined herein) has the ability to direct the voting of a majority of our common shares (as defined herein) and control certain decisions with respect to our management and business, including certain consent rights and the right to designate more than a majority of the members of our board as long as it and its affiliates beneficially own at least 40% of our outstanding common shares, as well as lesser director designation rights as long as it and its affiliates beneficially own less than 40% but at least 10% of our outstanding common shares. LandBridge Holdings’ interests may conflict with those of our other shareholders.

 

•

LandBridge Holdings, Five Point (as defined herein) and WaterBridge, as well as their affiliates, are not limited in their ability to compete with us, and may benefit from opportunities that might otherwise be available to us.

 

•

There are certain provisions in our Operating Agreement (as defined herein) regarding fiduciary duties of our directors, exculpation and indemnification of our officers and directors and the approval of conflicted transactions that differ from the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”) in a manner that may be less protective of the interests of our public shareholders and restrict the remedies available to shareholders for actions taken by our officers and directors that might otherwise constitute breaches of fiduciary duties if we were subject to the DGCL.

Neither the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

 

 

Prospectus dated July 1, 2025.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

		Page
ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS			ii
GLOSSARY			iii
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION			iv
INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE			v
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS			vi
THE COMPANY			1
RISK FACTORS			2
USE OF PROCEEDS			3
DESCRIPTION OF SHARES			4
DESCRIPTION OF DEPOSITARY SHARES			9
DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES			11
DESCRIPTION OF WARRANTS			14
OUR OPERATING AGREEMENT			15
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION			25
MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS FOR NON-U.S. HOLDERS			27
ERISA CONSIDERATIONS			32
LEGAL MATTERS			35
EXPERTS			35

 

 

We have not authorized anyone to provide you with information different from that contained in this prospectus, any accompanying prospectus supplement or any free writing prospectus we have prepared. We do not take responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. We are offering to sell the securities and seeking offers to buy the securities only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where such offers and sales are lawful. The information in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or of any sale of the securities. Our business, liquidity position, financial condition, prospects or results of operations may have changed since the date of this prospectus.

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control. See the sections titled “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

 

i

ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

This prospectus is part of a registration statement on Form S-3 that we filed with the SEC using a “shelf” registration process. Under this shelf registration process, we may sell from time to time any combination of the securities described in this prospectus from time to time and in one or more offerings of securities. This prospectus only provides you with a general description of us and the securities that we may offer. We may use the shelf registration statement of which this prospectus is a part to sell the securities from time to time through any means described in the section entitled “Plan of Distribution.”

More specific terms of any securities we offer may be provided in a prospectus supplement that describes, among other things, the specific amounts and prices of the securities being offered and other terms of the offering. The prospectus supplement may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus. You should carefully read both this prospectus, any accompanying prospectus supplement and any free writing prospectus prepared by or on behalf of us, together with any information incorporated by reference herein and therein and the additional information described under the heading “Where You Can Find More Information.”

 

ii

GLOSSARY

The following are abbreviations and definitions of certain terms used in this document, many of which are commonly used in the industry:

Brackish water. Water with salinity levels between seawater and freshwater.

Completion. The process of preparing a well for the production of oil and gas by injection high-pressure fluids mixed with proppants to create fractures in reservoir rock to enhance permeability.

Crude oil. A mixture of hydrocarbons that exists in liquid phase in natural underground reservoirs and remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through surface separating facilities.

Delaware Basin. A geological depositional and structural basin in West Texas and southern New Mexico, which is a part of the Permian Basin.

Desert Environmental. Desert Environmental LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, a portfolio company of funds affiliated with Five Point and an affiliate of the Company.

E&P companies. Companies engaged in oil and natural gas exploration and production operations.

East Stateline Ranch. Approximately 103,000 surface acres in Loving and Winkler Counties, Texas and Lea County, New Mexico.

Five Point. Five Point Infrastructure, LLC, formerly known as Five Point Energy LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and our financial sponsor.

LandBridge Holdings. LandBridge Holdings LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and holding company which owns 100% of our Class B shares.

OpCo. DBR Land Holdings LLC, a Delaware limited liability company.

OpCo Unitholder. Redeeming holder of OpCo Units.

OpCo Units. Membership interests in OpCo.

Permian Basin. A large sedimentary basin located in West Texas and southeastern New Mexico.

Produced water. Water produced from an oil and natural gas well alongside crude oil and natural gas.

Produced water handling facilities. Facilities employed for the treatment, handling and disposal of produced water.

Sand mine. An area of land from which sand is being extracted.

WaterBridge. Collectively, WaterBridge NDB Operating LLC and WaterBridge Operating LLC, each (i) a Delaware limited liability company, (ii) a portfolio company of funds affiliated with Five Point and (iii) an affiliate of the Company, and their respective subsidiaries.

 

iii

WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-3 (including the exhibits, schedules and amendments thereto) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), with respect to our securities offered hereby. This prospectus does not contain all of the information set forth in the registration statement and the exhibits and schedules thereto. For further information with respect to the securities offered hereby, we refer you to the registration statement and the exhibits and schedules filed therewith. Statements contained in this prospectus as to the contents of any contract, agreement or other document are summaries of the material terms of such contract, agreement or other document and are not necessarily complete. With respect to each of these contracts, agreements or other documents filed as an exhibit to the registration statement, reference is made to the exhibits for a more complete description of the matter involved. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding registrants that file electronically with the SEC, including the Company. The address of the SEC’s website is www.sec.gov. A copy of the registration statement, of which this prospectus forms a part, and the exhibits and schedules thereto may be downloaded from the SEC’s website.

We are subject to certain information reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and file with or furnish to the SEC periodic reports and other information. We intend to furnish or make available to the SEC annual reports containing our audited financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP and certified by an independent public accounting firm. We also intend to furnish or make available to the SEC quarterly reports containing our unaudited interim financial information for the first three fiscal periods of each fiscal year. Our website is located at www.landbridgeco.com. We make our periodic reports and other information filed with or furnished to the SEC available, free of charge, through our website, as soon as reasonably practicable after those reports and other information are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. Information contained on our website or linked therein or otherwise connected thereto, however, does not constitute part of nor is it incorporated by reference into this prospectus or the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

 

iv

INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE

The SEC allows us to “incorporate by reference” certain of the information that we file after the date of the filing of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, which means that we disclose important information to you by referring you to another document filed separately with the SEC. The information incorporated by reference is deemed to be part of this prospectus, except for any information superseded by information contained expressly in this prospectus. In addition, the information we file later with the SEC will automatically supersede information contained in this prospectus or previously filed with the SEC. You should not assume that (i) the information incorporated by reference in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than the respective date of the documents incorporated by reference or (ii) the information contained in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other that the date on the front page of this prospectus.

The documents listed below and any future filings made by us with the SEC under Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act (excluding any information furnished pursuant to Item 2.02 or Item 7.01 on any Current Report on Form 8-K), including all such documents we may file with the SEC after the date on which the registration statement that includes this prospectus was initially filed with the SEC and prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement and all such documents we may file with the SEC after the effectiveness of the registration statement, are incorporated by reference in this prospectus until the termination of all offerings under this registration statement:

 

•

our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed March 5, 2025;

 

•

the information specifically incorporated by reference into our Annual Report on Form 10-K from our Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, filed April 30, 2025;

 

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our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2025, filed May 5, 2025;

 

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our Current Reports on Form 8-K or Form 8-K/A, as applicable, filed on December  30, 2024, March  12, 2025 and June 12, 2025;

 

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the description of our common shares contained in our Registration Statement on Form 8-A (File No. 001-42150), filed on June 27, 2024 and Exhibit 4.1 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, including any amendments or reports filed for the purpose of updating, changing or otherwise modifying the description;

 

•

the audited financial statements of East Stateline Ranch as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, which are contained in our Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to Form S-1 (File No. 333-284094); and

 

•

the unaudited condensed financial statements of East Stateline Ranch as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2024, which are contained in our Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to Form S-1 (File No. 333-284094).

You can obtain copies of any of these documents, and any exhibit specifically incorporated by reference in those documents, without charge upon written or oral request by requesting them in writing or by telephone at:

LandBridge Company LLC

Attention: Investor Relations

5555 San Felipe Street, Suite 1200

Houston, Texas 77056

(713) 230-8864

Copies of certain information filed by us with the SEC, including our Annual Report on Form 10-K and Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, are also available on our website at www.landbridgeco.com. Information contained on our website or that can be accessed through our website is not incorporated by reference herein.

You should read the information relating to us in this prospectus together with the information in the documents incorporated by reference. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to incorporate information furnished to, but not filed with, the SEC.

 

v

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

The information in this prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein includes “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. All statements, other than statements of historical fact, included in this prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein regarding our strategy, future operations, estimated revenues and losses, projected costs, prospects, plans and objectives of management are forward-looking statements. When used in this prospectus and documents incorporated herein, words such as “may,” “assume,” “forecast,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “will,” “plan,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “estimate,” “expect,” “project,” “forecast,” “may,” “objective,” “plan,” “budget” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain such identifying words. These forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations and assumptions about future events and are based on currently available information as to the outcome and timing of future events at the time such statements were made. These forward-looking statements are based on management’s current belief, based on currently available information, as to the outcome and timing of future events. When considering forward-looking statements, you should keep in mind the risk factors and other cautionary statements described under the section entitled “Risk Factors” included elsewhere in this prospectus. By their nature, forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties because they relate to events and depend on circumstances that may or may not occur in the future. Although we believe that the forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein are based on reasonable assumptions, you should be aware that many factors could affect our actual results of operations, cash flows and financial position and could cause actual results to differ materially from those in such forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements may include statements about:

 

•

our customers’ demand for and use of our land and resources;

 

•

the success of WaterBridge in executing its business strategies, including its ability to construct infrastructure, attract customers and operate successfully on our land;

 

•

our customers’ ability to develop our land or any potential acquired acreage to accommodate any future surface use developments;

 

•

our ability to continue the payment of dividends;

 

•

the domestic and foreign supply of, and demand for, energy sources, including the impact of political instability or armed conflict in oil and natural gas producing regions, including the Russia–Ukraine war, as well as the Israel–Hamas conflict and heightened tensions in the Middle East, actions relating to oil price and production controls by the members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, Russia and other allied producing countries, such as announcements of potential changes to oil production levels;

 

•

our reliance on a limited number of customers and a particular region for substantially all of our revenues, including the potential consolidation of such customers within such region;

 

•

our ability to enter into favorable contracts regarding surface uses, access agreements and fee arrangements, including the prices we are able to charge and the margins we are able to realize;

 

•

our business strategies and our ability to execute thereon, including our ability to attract non-traditional energy customers to use our land and resources and to successfully implement our growth plans and manage any resultant growth;

 

•

the costs associated with our acquisitions, and the risk that we may not be able to integrate and/or realize the anticipated benefits and synergies therefrom;

 

•

changes in laws and regulations (or the interpretation thereof), including those related to hydraulic fracturing, accessing water, disposing of wastewater, transferring produced water, interstate brackish water transfer, pipeline construction, taxation, leasing, permitting or drilling and various other environmental matters;

 

vi

•

our level of indebtedness and our ability to service our indebtedness;

 

•

commodity price volatility and trends related to changes in commodity prices, and our customers’ ability to manage through such volatility;

 

•

the level of competition from other companies, including those offering resources that compete with the resources from our land, such as sand and brackish water;

 

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changes in the price charged to our customers and availability of services necessary for our customers to conduct their businesses, as a result of oversupply, government regulations or other factors;

 

•

the development of advances or changes in energy technologies or practices;

 

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our customers’ ability to obtain necessary supplies, raw materials and other critical components on a timely basis, or at all, including any impacts presented by potential tariffs and any reactions thereto in international trade;

 

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our and our customers’ ability to obtain government approvals or acquire or maintain necessary permits, including those related to the development and operation of produced water handling facilities, sand mines and brackish water wells;

 

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operational disruptions and liability related thereto associated with our customers, including those due to environmental hazards, fires, explosions, chemical mishandling or other industrial accidents;

 

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our and our customers’ liquidity and ability to access the capital markets on favorable terms, or at all, which depends on general market conditions, including the impact of inflation, tariffs and international trade, interest rates and related governmental policies and potential economic recession;

 

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condemnation proceedings affecting our land or our customers’ ability to access our land;

 

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our customers’ ability to obtain rights from neighboring landowners on economic terms, or at all, to gain access to our land or transport resources such as sand and brackish water, away from our land, to their point of end use;

 

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uncertainty surrounding potential foreign, federal, state or local legal, regulatory and policy changes, such as with respect to energy production, taxes, proposed tariffs and foreign trade policies, safety and surface uses, as well as the potential for general market volatility and regulatory uncertainty;

 

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the demand for sand and the amount of sand that customers on our land are able to excavate and process, which could be adversely affected by, among other things, operating difficulties and unusual or unfavorable geological conditions;

 

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title defects in the acreage that we acquire;

 

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the markets for surface acreage in the areas in which we operate and own or plan to own, including pricing estimates, availability of land and our ability to acquire such land on favorable terms, or at all;

 

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our ability to recruit and retain key management and other personnel;

 

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changes in effective tax rates, or adverse outcomes resulting from other tax increases or an examination of our income or other tax returns and tax inefficiencies;

 

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the severity and duration of world health events, natural disasters or inclement or hazardous weather conditions, including cold weather, hurricanes, fires, droughts, earthquakes, flooding and tornadoes;

 

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evolving cybersecurity risks, such as those involving unauthorized access, third-party provider defects and service failures, denial-of-service attacks, malicious software, data privacy breaches by employees or service providers, insider or others with authorized access, cyber or phishing-attacks, ransomware, social engineering, physical breaches or other actions; and

 

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other factors discussed elsewhere in this prospectus including in the section titled “Risk Factors.”

 

vii

We caution you that these forward-looking statements are subject to all of the risks and uncertainties, most of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control, incident to the operation of business in our industry. Factors that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results or liquidity and the trading price of our Class A shares are described under the section entitled “Risk Factors” included elsewhere in this prospectus and documents incorporated by reference herein. This information should be considered carefully, together with other information in this report and other reports and materials we file with the SEC. Should one or more of the risks or uncertainties described in this prospectus and documents incorporated by reference herein occur, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, our actual results and plans could differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statements. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make.

All forward-looking statements, expressed or implied, included in this prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein are expressly qualified in their entirety by this cautionary note. This cautionary note should also be considered in connection with any subsequent written or oral forward-looking statements that we or persons acting on our behalf may issue. Except as otherwise required by applicable law, we disclaim any duty to update any forward-looking statements, all of which are expressly qualified by the statements in this section, to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein.

 

viii

THE COMPANY

Land is a fundamental requirement for the development and production of energy and the construction of critical infrastructure. As of July 1, 2025, we owned approximately 277,000 surface acres in and around the Delaware Basin sub-region in the prolific Permian Basin, which is the most active area for oil and natural gas exploration and development in the United States. Access to expansive surface acreage is necessary for oil and natural gas development, solar power generation, power storage, digital infrastructure and non-hazardous oilfield reclamation and solid waste facilities. Further, the significant industrial economy that exists to service and support energy and infrastructure development requires access to surface acreage to support those activities. Our strategy is to actively manage our land and resources to support and encourage energy and infrastructure development and other land uses that will generate long-term revenue and free cash flow for us and returns to our shareholders.

We share a financial sponsor, Five Point, and our management team with WaterBridge. WaterBridge is one of the largest water midstream companies in the United States and operates a large-scale network of pipelines and other infrastructure in the Delaware Basin. These relationships provide our shared management team visibility into key areas of oil and natural gas production and long-term trends, which we leverage to encourage and support the development of critical infrastructure on our land and generate additional revenue for us. We receive royalties for each barrel of produced water that WaterBridge handles on our land as well as surface use payments for infrastructure constructed on our land. For additional information about our company, please read the documents listed under “Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference.”

 

1

RISK FACTORS

An investment in our securities involves a significant degree of risk. Before you invest in our securities you should carefully consider those risk factors described under, but not limited to, the heading “Risk Factors” in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K on file with the SEC, any subsequently filed Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q or Current Reports on Form 8-K (other than the portions of those documents not deemed to be filed, which are incorporated herein by reference), and those risk factors that may be included in any applicable prospectus supplement, together with all of the other information included in this prospectus, any prospectus supplement, any free writing prospectus and the documents we incorporate by reference herein and therein, in evaluating an investment in our securities. If any of these risks were actually to occur, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected, the market or trading price of our securities could decline and you could lose all or part of your investment in the offered securities. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also significantly impair our business operations and financial condition. Please see also “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

 

2

USE OF PROCEEDS

Except as otherwise set forth in any accompanying prospectus supplement, we expect to use the net proceeds from the sale of securities offered hereby to acquire from OpCo corresponding securities to be issued by OpCo with substantially similar economic terms as the securities issued by us, and OpCo expects to use such net proceeds for general corporate purposes, including, among other things, to repay or refinance indebtedness, to repurchase or redeem securities or to fund capital expenditures, additions to working capital, investments in our subsidiaries, future or existing projects and/or acquisitions. Any specific allocation of the net proceeds of an offering of securities to a specific purpose will be determined at the time of the offering and will be described in an accompanying prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus, as applicable.

 

3

DESCRIPTION OF SHARES

As of July 1, 2025, 25,155,419 Class A shares are issued and outstanding and 51,213,492 Class B shares representing limited liability company interests (“Class B shares” and, together with Class A shares, “common shares”) are issued and outstanding and no preferred shares are issued and outstanding.

The following summary of Class A shares, Class B shares and preferred shares does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the provisions of applicable law and to our First Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement (the “Operating Agreement”) and our certificate of formation, which are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.

Class A shares

Voting Rights. Except as provided by applicable law or in our Operating Agreement, holders of Class A shares are entitled to one vote per share held of record on all matters to be voted upon by our shareholders generally. Holders of our Class A shares and Class B shares vote together as a single class on all matters presented to our shareholders for their vote or approval, except with respect to the amendment of certain provisions of our Operating Agreement that would alter or change the powers, preferences or special rights of the Class B shares so as to affect them adversely, which amendments must be approved by a majority of the votes entitled to be cast by the holders of the Class B shares affected by the amendment, voting as a separate class, or as otherwise required by applicable law. The holders of Class A shares do not have cumulative voting rights in the election of directors.

Dividend Rights. Holders of our Class A shares are entitled to ratably receive, in proportion to the Class A shares held by them, dividends (payable in cash, shares or otherwise) when and if declared by our board of directors, from time to time in its discretion, out of funds legally available for that purpose, subject to any statutory or contractual restrictions on the payment of dividends and to any prior rights and preferences that may be applicable to any outstanding preferred shares. To the extent OpCo makes distributions to us and the OpCo Unitholders, including LandBridge Holdings, we intend to pay dividends in respect of our Class A shares out of some or all of such dividends, if any, remaining after the payment of taxes and other expenses. However, because our board of directors may determine to pay or not pay dividends in respect of our Class A shares based on the factors described above, holders of our Class A shares may not necessarily receive dividends, even if OpCo makes such distributions to us.

Liquidation Rights. Upon our liquidation, dissolution, distribution of assets or other winding up, the holders of Class A shares are entitled to receive ratably the assets available for distribution to the shareholders after payment of liabilities and the liquidation preference of any of our outstanding preferred shares.

Other Matters. Class A shares have no preemptive or conversion rights and are not subject to further calls or assessment by us. There are no sinking fund provisions applicable to the Class A shares. All outstanding Class A shares are fully paid and non-assessable.

Class B shares

Generally. OpCo Unitholders will have a number of votes in us equal to the aggregate number of OpCo Units that they hold. Class B shares cannot be transferred except in connection with a permitted transfer of a corresponding number of OpCo Units and vice versa.

Voting Rights. Except as provided by applicable law or in our Operating Agreement, holders of our Class B shares are entitled to one vote per share held of record on all matters to be voted upon by our shareholders generally. Holders of our Class A shares and Class B shares vote together as a single class on all matters presented to our shareholders for their vote or approval, except with respect to the amendment of certain

 

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provisions of our Operating Agreement that would alter or change the powers, preferences or special rights of Class B shares so as to affect them adversely, which amendments must be approved by a majority of the votes entitled to be cast by the holders of the shares affected by the amendment, voting as a separate class, or as otherwise required by applicable law. The holders of Class B shares do not have cumulative voting rights in the election of directors.

Dividend Rights. Holders of our Class B shares do not have any right to receive dividends, unless the dividend consists of our Class B shares or of rights, options, warrants or other securities convertible or exercisable into or redeemable for Class B shares paid proportionally with respect to each outstanding Class B share and dividends consisting of Class A shares or of rights, options, warrants or other securities convertible or exercisable into or redeemable or exchangeable for Class A shares on the same terms is simultaneously paid to the holders of Class A shares.

Liquidation Rights. Holders of our Class B shares do not have any right to receive any distribution upon our liquidation, dissolution or other winding up.

Other Matters. Class B shares have no preemptive or conversion rights and are not subject to further calls or assessment by us. There are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the Class B shares. All currently outstanding Class B shares are fully paid and non-assessable.

Preferred Shares

Pursuant to our Operating Agreement, our board of directors by resolution may establish and issue from time to time one or more classes or series of preferred shares, with such number, powers, preferences, rights, qualifications, limitations, restrictions and designations, which may include distribution rates, relative voting rights, conversion or exchange rights, redemption rights, liquidation rights and other relative participation, optional or other special rights, qualifications, limitations or restrictions as may be fixed by our board of directors without any further shareholder approval, subject to any limitations prescribed by law. The rights with respect to a series of preferred shares may be more favorable to the holder(s) thereof than the rights attached to our common shares. It is not possible to state the actual effect of the issuance of any preferred shares on the rights of holders of our common shares until our board of directors determines the specific rights attached to such preferred shares. Except as provided by law or in a preferred share designation, the holders of preferred shares will not be entitled to vote at or receive notice of any meeting of shareholders. The effect of issuing preferred shares may include, among other things, one or more of the following:

 

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restricting any dividends in respect of our Class A shares;

 

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diluting the voting power of our common shares, including our Class A shares, or providing that holders of preferred shares have the right to vote on matters as a separate class;

 

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impairing the liquidation rights of our Class A shares; or

 

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delaying or preventing a change of control of us.

In addition, if we issue preferred shares, OpCo will concurrently issue to us an equal number of preferred units, corresponding to the preferred shares issued by us, and such preferred units will have substantially the same rights to distributions and other economic rights as those of our preferred shares.

Transfer Agent and Registrar

Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company serves as the registrar and transfer agent for the Class A shares.

 

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Transfer of common shares

Upon the transfer of a common share in accordance with our Operating Agreement, the transferee of the common share shall be admitted as a member with respect to the class of common shares transferred when such transfer and admission are reflected in our books and records. Each transferee:

 

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automatically becomes bound by the terms and conditions of our Operating Agreement;

 

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represents that the transferee has the capacity, power and authority to enter into our Operating Agreement; and

 

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makes the consents, acknowledgements and waivers contained in our Operating Agreement.

We will cause any transfers to be recorded on our books and records from time to time (or shall cause the registrar and transfer agent to do so, as applicable).

Upon a shareholder’s election of a broker, dealer or other person to serve as nominee, agent or in some other representative capacity for such beneficial owner, we intend to treat such nominee holder as the absolute owner of the applicable common shares until we are notified of the revocation of such election. In that case, the beneficial holder’s rights are limited solely to those that it has against the nominee holder as a result of any agreement between the beneficial owner and the nominee holder. Such treatment may limit the beneficial owner’s recourse against us with respect to matters taken by the nominee holder pursuant to such agreement. To the extent a shareholder nominates a broker, dealer or other person to act as nominee, agent or in some other representative capacity for such shareholder, such shareholder should coordinate with such representative to communicate its intention with respect to exercising its rights as a shareholder.

Common shares are securities and any transfers are subject to the laws governing the transfer of securities. Until a common share has been transferred on our books, we and the transfer agent may treat the record holder of the common share as the absolute owner for all purposes, except as otherwise required by law or stock exchange regulations.

Listing

Our Class A shares are listed on the NYSE under the symbol “LB.”

OpCo LLC Agreement

The OpCo limited liability company agreement (the “OpCo LLC Agreement”), as amended, is filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, and the following description of the OpCo LLC Agreement is qualified in its entirety by reference thereto.

Under the OpCo LLC Agreement, each holder of an OpCo Unit, subject to certain limitations, has a Redemption Right to cause OpCo to acquire all or a portion of its OpCo Units (along with the cancellation of a corresponding number of our Class B shares) for, at OpCo’s election, (i) Class A shares at a redemption ratio of one Class A share for each OpCo Unit redeemed, subject to applicable conversion rate adjustments, or (ii) cash in an amount equal to the Cash Election Amount of such Class A shares, subject to the Equity Offering Condition. OpCo will determine whether to issue Class A shares or pay cash in an amount equal to the Cash Election Amount in lieu of the issuance of Class A shares based on facts in existence at the time of the decision, which we expect would include the relative value of the Class A shares (including the trading price for the Class A shares at the time), the cash purchase price, the availability of other sources of liquidity (such as an issuance of additional common shares) to acquire the OpCo Units and alternative uses for such cash. Alternatively, upon the exercise of the Redemption Right, we (instead of OpCo) will have the Call Right to, for administrative convenience, acquire each tendered OpCo Unit directly from the redeeming OpCo Unitholder for, at our election, (x) one Class A share, subject to applicable conversion rate adjustments, or (y) cash in an amount equal to the Cash Election Amount of such Class A shares, subject to the Equity Offering Condition. We may exercise the Call Right only if

 

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an OpCo Unitholder first exercises its Redemption Right, and an OpCo Unitholder may exercise its Redemption Right in its discretion. As the sole managing member of OpCo, our decision to pay the Cash Election Amount upon an exercise of the Redemption Right or Call Right may be made by a conflicts committee consisting solely of independent directors. In connection with any redemption of OpCo Units pursuant to the Redemption Right or acquisition of OpCo Units pursuant to the Call Right, a corresponding number of Class B shares held by the redeeming OpCo Unitholder will be automatically cancelled.

In September 2024, the OpCo LLC Agreement was amended to, among other things, provide that so long as a redeeming holder and its affiliates own at least 40% of the voting power of the Company, (i) OpCo may elect to settle a redemption by such holder in cash only to the extent that, prior to or contemporaneously with making such election, the Company issues a number of Company Equity Securities (as defined in the OpCo LLC Agreement) at least equal to the number of OpCo Units subject to such redemption and contributes to OpCo an amount in cash equal to the net proceeds received by the Company from the issuance of such Company Equity Securities, and (ii) the Company may make a cash election in connection with its exercise of the Call Right with respect to a redemption by such holder only to the extent that, prior to or contemporaneously with making such election, the Company issues a number of Company Equity Securities at least equal to the number of OpCo Units subject to such redemption (in each case, the “Equity Offering Condition”).

Our acquisition (or deemed acquisition for U.S. federal income tax purposes) of OpCo Units pursuant to an exercise of the Redemption Right or the Call Right is expected to result in adjustments to the tax basis of the tangible and intangible assets of OpCo, and such adjustments will be allocated to us. These adjustments would not have been available to us absent such acquisition or deemed acquisition of OpCo Units and, to the extent the adjustments are allocable to assets of OpCo other than its interest in DBR REIT, are expected to produce tax deductions from depletion, depreciation and amortization that reduce the amount of cash tax that we would otherwise be required to pay in the future.

Our Operating Agreement contains provisions effectively linking each OpCo Unit with one of our Class B shares such that Class B shares cannot be transferred without transferring an equal number of OpCo Units and vice versa.

As the OpCo Unitholders cause their OpCo Units to be redeemed, holding other assumptions constant, our membership interest in OpCo will be correspondingly increased, the number of Class A shares outstanding will be increased, and the number of Class B shares will be decreased.

“Cash Election Amount” means, with respect to the Class A shares to be delivered to the redeeming OpCo Unitholder by OpCo pursuant to the Redemption Right or the Call Right, as applicable, (i) the amount of cash that would be received if the number of Class A shares to which the redeeming OpCo Unitholder would otherwise be entitled were sold at a per share price equal to the trailing 10-day volume weighted average price of a Class A share on such redemption date, net of actual or deemed offering expenses or (ii) if the Class A shares no longer trade on a securities exchange or automated or electronic quotation system, an amount equal to the Fair Market Value (as defined in the OpCo LLC Agreement) of one Class A share that would be obtained in an arms’ length transaction for cash between an informed and willing buyer and an informed and willing seller, neither of whom is under any compulsion to buy or sell and without regard to the particular circumstances of the buyer or seller.

Under the OpCo LLC Agreement, subject to the obligation of OpCo to make tax distributions and to reimburse us for our corporate and other overhead expenses, we have the right to determine when dividends will be paid to the OpCo Unitholders and the amount of any such dividends.

If we authorize dividends, such dividends will be paid to the OpCo Unitholders generally on a pro rata basis in accordance with their respective percentage ownership of OpCo Units.

 

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The OpCo Unitholders, including us, are allocated their proportionate share of any taxable income or loss of OpCo pursuant to the OpCo LLC Agreement and will generally incur U.S. federal, state and local income taxes on their proportionate share of any net taxable income of OpCo. Net profits and net losses of OpCo generally will be allocated to OpCo Unitholders on a pro rata basis in accordance with their respective percentage ownership of OpCo Units, except that certain non-pro rata adjustments will be required to be made to reflect built-in gains and losses and tax depletion, depreciation and amortization with respect to such built-in gains and losses. The OpCo LLC Agreement provides, to the extent cash is available and subject to the terms of any current or future debt or other arrangements, for pro rata tax distributions to the OpCo Unitholders in an amount generally intended to allow such holders to satisfy their respective income tax liabilities with respect to their allocable share of the income of OpCo, based on certain assumptions and conventions, provided that the distribution will be sufficient to allow us to satisfy our actual tax liabilities.

The OpCo LLC Agreement provides that, except as otherwise determined by us or in connection with the exercise of the Call Right, at any time we issue a Class A share or any other equity security, the net proceeds received by us with respect to such issuance, if any, shall be concurrently invested in OpCo, and OpCo shall issue to us one OpCo Unit or other economically equivalent equity interest. Conversely, if at any time any Class A shares are redeemed, repurchased or otherwise acquired, OpCo shall redeem, repurchase or otherwise acquire an equal number of OpCo Units held by us, upon the same terms and for the same price, as the Class A shares are redeemed, repurchased or otherwise acquired.

Under the OpCo LLC Agreement, the members have agreed that LandBridge Holdings, Five Point and WaterBridge, as well as their affiliates, will be permitted to engage in business activities or invest in or acquire businesses that may compete with our business or do business with any client of ours.

 

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DESCRIPTION OF DEPOSITARY SHARES

This section describes the general terms and provisions of the depositary shares. The applicable prospectus supplement will describe the specific terms of the depositary shares offered by that prospectus supplement and any general terms outlined in this section that will not apply to those depositary shares.

We may issue depositary receipts representing interests in shares of a particular series of preferred shares that are called depositary shares. We will deposit the preferred shares of a series that are the subject of depositary shares with a depositary to be named in the applicable prospectus supplement, which will hold the preferred shares for the benefit of the holders of the depositary shares, in accordance with a deposit agreement between the depositary and us. The holders of depositary shares will be entitled to all the rights and preferences of the preferred shares to which the depositary shares relate, including dividend, voting, conversion, redemption and liquidation rights, to the extent of their interests in the preferred shares.

While the deposit agreement relating to a particular series of preferred shares may have provisions applicable solely to that series of preferred shares, all deposit agreements relating to preferred shares we issue will include the following provisions:

Dividends and Other Distributions

Each time we pay a cash dividend or make any other type of cash distribution with regard to preferred shares of a series, the depositary will distribute to the holder of record of each depositary share relating to that series of preferred shares an amount equal to the dividend or other distribution per depositary share the depositary receives. If there is a distribution of property other than cash, the depositary either will distribute the property to the holders of depositary shares in proportion to the depositary shares held by each of them, or the depositary will, if we approve, sell the property and distribute the net proceeds to the holders of the depositary shares in proportion to the depositary shares held by them.

Withdrawal of Preferred Shares

A holder of depositary shares will be entitled to receive, upon surrender of depositary receipts representing depositary shares, the number of whole or fractional shares of the applicable series of preferred shares, and any money or other property, to which the depositary shares relate.

Redemption of Depositary Shares

Whenever we redeem preferred shares held by a depositary, the depositary will be required to redeem, on the same redemption date, depositary shares constituting, in total, the number of preferred shares held by the depositary that we redeem, subject to the depositary’s receiving the redemption price of those preferred shares. If fewer than all the depositary shares relating to a series are to be redeemed, the depositary shares to be redeemed will be selected by lot or by another method we determine to be equitable.

Voting

Any time we send a notice of meeting or other materials relating to a meeting to the holders of a series of preferred shares to which depositary shares relate, we will provide the depositary with sufficient copies of those materials so they can be sent to all holders of record of the applicable depositary shares, and the depositary will send those materials to the holders of record of the depositary shares on the record date for the meeting. The depositary will solicit voting instructions from holders of depositary shares and will vote or not vote the preferred shares to which the depositary shares relate in accordance with those instructions.

 

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Liquidation Preference

In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the holder of each depositary share will be entitled to what the holder of the depositary share would have received if the holder had owned the number of preferred shares (or fraction of a share) that is represented by the depositary share.

Conversion

If shares of a series of preferred shares are convertible into Class A shares or other of our securities or property, holders of depositary shares relating to that series of preferred shares will, if they surrender depositary receipts representing depositary shares and appropriate instructions to convert them, receive the Class A shares or other securities or property into which the number of preferred shares (or fractions of shares) to which the depositary shares relate could at the time be converted.

Amendment and Termination of a Deposit Agreement

We and the depositary may amend a deposit agreement, except that an amendment that materially and adversely affects the rights of holders of depositary shares, or would be materially and adversely inconsistent with the rights granted to the holders of the preferred shares to which they relate, must be approved by holders of at least two-thirds of the outstanding depositary shares. No amendment will impair the right of a holder of depositary shares to surrender the depositary receipts evidencing those depositary shares and receive the preferred shares to which they relate, except as required to comply with law. We may terminate a deposit agreement with the consent of holders of a majority of the depositary shares to which it relates. Upon termination of a deposit agreement, the depositary will make the whole or fractional preferred shares to which the depositary shares issued under the deposit agreement relate available to the holders of those depositary shares. A deposit agreement will automatically terminate if:

 

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all outstanding depositary shares to which it relates have been redeemed or converted; or

 

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the depositary has made a final distribution to the holders of the depositary shares issued under the deposit agreement upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up.

Miscellaneous

There will be provisions: (1) requiring the depositary to forward to holders of record of depositary shares any reports or communications from us that the depositary receives with respect to the preferred shares to which the depositary shares relate; (2) regarding compensation of the depositary; (3) regarding resignation of the depositary; (4) limiting our liability and the liability of the depositary under the deposit agreement (usually with respect to failure to act in good faith, gross negligence or willful misconduct); and (5) indemnifying the depositary against certain possible liabilities.

 

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DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES

We may offer debt securities in one or more series, which may be senior debt securities or subordinated debt securities and which may be convertible into another security.

The following description briefly sets forth certain general terms and provisions of the debt securities. The particular terms of the debt securities offered by any prospectus supplement and the extent, if any, to which the following general terms and provisions may apply to the debt securities, will be described in an accompanying prospectus supplement. Unless otherwise specified in an accompanying prospectus supplement, our debt securities will be issued in one or more series under an indenture to be entered into between us and a trustee to be determined at a later date. A form of the indenture is attached as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. The terms of the debt securities will include those set forth in the indenture applicable to such debt securities and those made a part of the indenture by the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 (“TIA”). You should read the summary below, any accompanying prospectus supplement and the provisions of the applicable indenture in their entirety before investing in our debt securities.

The aggregate principal amount of debt securities that may be issued under the applicable indenture is unlimited. The prospectus supplement relating to any series of debt securities that we may offer will contain the specific terms of the debt securities. These terms may include, among others, the following:

 

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the title and aggregate principal amount of the debt securities and any limit on the aggregate principal amount of such series;

 

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any applicable subordination provisions for any subordinated debt securities;

 

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the maturity date(s) or method for determining the same;

 

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the interest rate(s) or the method for determining the same;

 

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the dates on which interest will accrue or the method for determining dates on which interest will accrue and dates on which interest will be payable and whether interest will be payable in cash, additional securities or some combination thereof;

 

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whether the debt securities are convertible or exchangeable into other securities and any related terms and conditions;

 

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redemption or early repayment provisions;

 

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authorized denominations;

 

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if other than the principal amount, the principal amount of debt securities payable upon acceleration;

 

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place(s) where payment of principal and interest may be made, where debt securities may be presented and where notices or demands upon us may be made;

 

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the form or forms of the debt securities of the series, including such legends as may be required by applicable law;

 

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whether the debt securities will be issued in whole or in part in the form of one or more global securities and the date as of which the securities are dated if other than the date of original issuance;

 

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whether the debt securities are secured and the terms of such security;

 

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the amount of discount or premium, if any, with which the debt securities will be issued;

 

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any covenants applicable to the particular debt securities being issued;

 

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any additions or changes in the defaults and events of default applicable to the particular debt securities being issued;

 

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the guarantors of each series, if any, and the extent of the guarantees (including provisions relating to seniority, subordination and release of the guarantees), if any;

 

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the currency, currencies or currency units in which the purchase price for, the principal of and any premium and any interest on, the debt securities will be payable;

 

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the time period within which, the manner in which and the terms and conditions upon which we or the holders of the debt securities can select the payment currency;

 

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our obligation or right to redeem, purchase or repay debt securities under a sinking fund, amortization or analogous provision;

 

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any restrictions or conditions on the transferability of the debt securities;

 

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provisions granting special rights to holders of the debt securities upon the occurrence of specified events;

 

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additions or changes relating to compensation or reimbursement of the trustee of the series of debt securities;

 

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provisions relating to the modification of the indenture both with and without the consent of holders of debt securities issued under the applicable indenture and the execution of supplemental indentures for such series; and

 

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any other terms of the debt securities (which terms shall not be inconsistent with the provisions of the TIA, but may modify, amend, supplement or delete any of the terms of the applicable indenture with respect to such series of debt securities).

General

We may sell the debt securities, including original issue discount securities, at par or at a substantial discount below their stated principal amount. Unless we inform you otherwise in a prospectus supplement, we may issue additional debt securities of a particular series without the consent of the holders of the debt securities of such series or any other series outstanding at the time of issuance. Any such additional debt securities, together with all other outstanding debt securities of that series, will constitute a single series of securities under the applicable indenture.

We will describe in an accompanying prospectus supplement any other special considerations for any debt securities we sell that are denominated in a currency or currency unit other than U.S. dollars. In addition, debt securities may be issued where the amount of principal and/or interest payable is determined by reference to one or more currency exchange rates, commodity prices, equity indices or other factors. Holders of such securities may receive a principal amount or a payment of interest that is greater than or less than the amount of principal or interest otherwise payable on such dates, depending upon the value of the applicable currencies, commodities, equity indices or other factors. Information as to the methods for determining the amount of principal or interest, if any, payable on any date, and the currencies, commodities, equity indices or other factors to which the amount payable on such date is linked will be described in an accompanying prospectus supplement, as applicable.

The U.S. federal income tax consequences and special considerations, if any, applicable to any such series will be described in an accompanying prospectus supplement, as applicable.

We expect most debt securities to be issued in fully registered form without coupons and in denominations of $2,000 and any integral multiple of $1,000 in excess thereof. Subject to the limitations provided in the applicable indenture and in an accompanying prospectus supplement, debt securities that are issued in registered form may be transferred or exchanged at the designated corporate trust office of the trustee, without the payment of any service charge, other than any tax or other governmental charge payable in connection therewith.

 

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Global Securities

Unless we inform you otherwise in an accompanying prospectus supplement, the debt securities of a series may be issued in whole or in part in the form of one or more global securities that will be deposited with, or on behalf of, a depositary identified in an accompanying prospectus supplement, as applicable. Unless and until a global security is exchanged in whole or in part for the individual debt securities, a global security may not be transferred except as a whole by the depositary for such global security to a nominee of such depositary or by a nominee of such depositary to such depositary or another nominee of such depositary or by such depositary or any such nominee to a successor of such depositary or a nominee of such successor.

Governing Law

The indenture and the debt securities shall be construed in accordance with and governed by the laws of the State of New York.

 

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DESCRIPTION OF WARRANTS

We may issue warrants for the purchase of our Class A shares, preferred shares or our debt securities. We may issue warrants independently or together with other securities, and they may be attached to or separate from the other securities. Each series of warrants will be issued under a separate warrant agreement that we will enter into with a bank or trust company, as warrant agent, as may be detailed in an accompanying prospectus supplement. The warrant agent will act solely as our agent in connection with the warrants and will not assume any obligation, or agency or trust relationship, with you.

The prospectus supplement relating to any particular issue of warrants will describe the terms of those warrants, including, when applicable:

 

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the offering price;

 

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the currency or currencies, including composite currencies, in which the purchase price and/or exercise price of the warrants may be payable;

 

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the number of warrants offered;

 

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the exercise price and the amount of securities you will receive upon exercise;

 

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the procedure for exercise of the warrants and the circumstances, if any, that will cause the warrants to be automatically exercised;

 

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the rights, if any, we have to redeem the warrants;

 

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the date on which the right to exercise the warrants will commence and the date on which the warrants will expire;

 

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the name of the warrant agent; and

 

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any other material terms of the warrants.

Each issue of warrants will be evidenced by warrant certificates. After warrants expire, they will become void. The prospectus supplement related to the warrants may provide for the adjustment of the exercise price of the warrants.

Warrants may be exercised at the appropriate office of the warrant agent or any other office indicated in the applicable accompanying prospectus supplement. Before the exercise of warrants, holders will not have any of the rights of holders of the securities purchasable upon exercise and will not be entitled to payments made to holders of those securities.

The description in an accompanying prospectus supplement of any warrants we offer will not necessarily be complete and will be qualified in its entirety by reference to the applicable warrant agreement, which will be filed with the SEC as appropriate. For more information on how you can obtain copies of any warrant agreement if we offer warrants, see “Where You Can Find More Information.” We urge you to read the applicable warrant agreement and any accompanying prospectus supplement in their entirety, as applicable.

 

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OUR OPERATING AGREEMENT

Organization and Duration

We were formed as a Delaware limited liability company on September 27, 2023 and will remain in existence until dissolved in accordance with our Operating Agreement.

Purpose

Under our Operating Agreement, we are permitted to engage in any business activity that lawfully may be conducted by a limited liability company organized under Delaware law and, in connection therewith, to exercise all of the rights and powers conferred upon us pursuant to the agreements relating to such business activity.

Agreement to be Bound by our Operating Agreement; Power of Attorney

By purchasing our common shares and such transfer being reflected on our transfer agent’s books and records, you will be admitted as a member of our limited liability company and will be deemed to have agreed to be bound by the terms of our Operating Agreement.

Pursuant to our Operating Agreement, each shareholder and each person who acquires a common share from a shareholder grants to certain of our officers (and, if appointed, a liquidator) a power of attorney to, among other things, execute and file documents required for our qualification, continuance or dissolution. The power of attorney also grants certain of our officers and board of directors, as applicable, the authority to make certain amendments to, and to make consents and waivers under and in accordance with, our Operating Agreement.

Amendment of Our Operating Agreement

Amendments to our Operating Agreement may be proposed only by or with the consent of our board of directors. To adopt a proposed amendment, our board of directors is required to call a meeting of our shareholders to consider and vote upon the proposed amendment or, prior to when LandBridge Holdings and certain of its affiliates under common control no longer beneficially own or control the voting of more than 40% of our outstanding common shares (the “Trigger Event”), may seek written approval of the holders of the number of common shares required to approve the amendment. An amendment must be approved by (i) prior to the Trigger Event, the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of our then-outstanding common shares and (ii) after the Trigger Event, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 66 2/3% of our then-outstanding common shares.

Prohibited Amendments. No amendment may be made that would:

 

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enlarge the obligations of any shareholder without such shareholder’s consent, unless approved by at least a majority of the type or class of common shares so affected;

 

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provide that we are not dissolved upon an election to dissolve our company by our board of directors that is approved by holders of a majority of outstanding common shares;

 

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change the term of existence of our company; or

 

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give any person the right to dissolve our company other than our board of directors’ right to dissolve our company with the approval of holders of a majority of the total combined voting power of our outstanding common shares.

No Shareholder Approval. Our board of directors may generally make amendments to our Operating Agreement without the approval of any shareholder or assignee to reflect:

 

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a change in our name, the location of our principal place of our business, our registered agent or our registered office;

 

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the admission, substitution, withdrawal or removal of shareholders in accordance with our Operating Agreement;

 

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the merger of our company or any of its subsidiaries into, or the conveyance of all of our assets to, a newly formed entity if the sole purpose of that merger or conveyance is to effect a mere change in our legal form into another limited liability entity;

 

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a change that our board of directors determines to be necessary or appropriate for us to qualify or continue our qualification as a company in which our members have limited liability under the laws of any state;

 

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a change in our legal form from a limited liability company to a corporation;

 

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an amendment that our board of directors determines, based upon the advice of counsel, to be necessary or appropriate to prevent us, members of our board of directors or our officers, agents or trustees from in any manner being subjected to the provisions of the Investment Company Act of 1940, the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, or “plan asset” regulations adopted under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”) whether or not substantially similar to plan asset regulations currently applied or proposed;

 

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an amendment that our board of directors determines to be necessary or appropriate for the authorization of additional securities;

 

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any amendment expressly permitted in our Operating Agreement to be made by our board of directors acting alone;

 

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an amendment effected, necessitated or contemplated by a merger agreement that has been approved under the terms of our Operating Agreement;

 

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any amendment that our board of directors determines to be necessary or appropriate for the formation by us of, or our investment in, any corporation, partnership or other entity, as otherwise permitted by our Operating Agreement;

 

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a change in our fiscal year or taxable year and related changes;

 

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an amendment that sets forth the designations, rights, preferences, and duties of any class or series of shares; and

 

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any other amendments substantially similar to any of the matters described in the clauses above.

In addition, our board of directors may make amendments to our Operating Agreement without the approval of any shareholder or assignee if our board of directors determines that those amendments:

 

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do not adversely affect the shareholders in any material respect;

 

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are necessary or appropriate to satisfy any requirements, conditions or guidelines contained in any opinion, directive, order, ruling or regulation of any federal or state agency or judicial authority or contained in any federal or state statute;

 

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are necessary or appropriate to facilitate the trading of common shares or to comply with any rule, regulation, guideline or requirement of any securities exchange on which the Class A shares are or will be listed for trading, compliance with any of which our board of directors deems to be in the best interests of us and our shareholders;

 

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are necessary or appropriate for any action taken by our board of directors relating to splits or combinations of common shares under the provisions of our Operating Agreement; or

 

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are required to effect the intent expressed in this prospectus or the intent of the provisions of our Operating Agreement or are otherwise contemplated by our Operating Agreement.

 

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Termination and Dissolution

We will continue as a limited liability company until dissolved pursuant to our Operating Agreement. We will dissolve upon: (1) the election of our board of directors to dissolve us, if approved by the holders of a majority of our outstanding common shares; (2) the entry of a decree of judicial dissolution of the Company; or (3) at any time that we no longer have any shareholders, unless our business is continued in accordance with the Delaware LLC Act.

Upon dissolution, our affairs will be wound up and our assets, including the proceeds from any liquidation thereof, will be applied and distributed in the following manner: (i) first, to creditors (including to the extent permitted by law, creditors who are members) in satisfaction of our liabilities, (ii) second, to establish cash reserves for contingent or unforeseen liabilities and (iii) third, to the members in proportion to the number of Class A shares owned by each of them, subject to any preferential rights held by preferred shareholders, if any.

Books and Reports

We are required to keep appropriate books and records of our business at our principal offices, which may be kept electronically. The books and records will be maintained for both tax and financial reporting, as well as general company purposes. For financial reporting and tax purposes, our fiscal year is the calendar year. Our Operating Agreement provides that our shareholders have the right, subject to certain restrictions stated therein, to obtain access to certain of our books and records, including our share ledger and list of shareholders, upon reasonable demand for any purpose reasonably related to such shareholder’s interest as a shareholder. We will use commercially reasonable efforts to furnish to shareholders an annual report containing audited consolidated financial statements and a report on those consolidated financial statements by our independent public accountants. We will be deemed to have made any such report available if we file such report with the SEC on EDGAR or make the report available on a publicly available website that we maintain.

Anti-Takeover Effects of Delaware Law and Our Operating Agreement

The following is a summary of certain provisions of our Operating Agreement that may be deemed to have an anti-takeover effect and may delay, deter or prevent a tender offer or takeover attempt via proxy contest or otherwise, or the removal of our incumbent officers and directors, that a shareholder might consider to be in its best interest, including those attempts that might result in a premium over the market price for the Class A shares. These provisions may also have the effect of preventing changes in our management. These provisions are designed to encourage persons seeking to acquire control of us to first negotiate with us. We believe that the benefits of increased protection and our potential ability to negotiate with the proponent of an unfriendly or unsolicited proposal to acquire or restructure us outweigh the disadvantages of discouraging these proposals because, among other things, negotiation of these proposals could result in an improvement of their terms and the promotion of shareholder interests.

Issuance of Additional Interests

Our Operating Agreement authorizes us to issue an unlimited number of additional limited liability company interests of any type without the approval of our shareholders, subject to the rules of the NYSE. Any issuance of additional Class A shares or other limited liability company interests would result in a corresponding decrease in the proportionate ownership interests in us represented by, and could adversely affect the cash distributions related to and market price of, Class A shares then outstanding. These additional limited liability company interests may be utilized for a variety of corporate purposes, including future offerings to repay debt obligations, raise additional capital and fund corporate acquisitions. The existence of authorized but unissued limited liability company interests could render more difficult or discourage an attempt to obtain control over us by means of a proxy contest, tender offer, merger or otherwise.

 

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Delaware Business Combination Statute-Section 203

We are a limited liability company organized under Delaware law. Some provisions of Delaware law may delay or prevent a transaction that would cause a change in our control.

Our Operating Agreement does not elect to have Section 203 of the DGCL, which restricts certain business combinations with interest shareholders in certain situations, apply to us. In general, this statute prohibits a publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in a business combination with an interested shareholder for a period of three years after the date of the transaction by which that person became an interested shareholder, unless the transaction is approved by the board of directors before the date the interested shareholder attained that status;

 

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upon consumption of the transaction that resulted in the shareholder becoming an interested shareholder, the interested shareholder owned at least 85% of the voting shares of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction commenced; or

 

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on or after such time the business combination is approved by the board of directors and authorized at a meeting of shareholders by at least two-thirds of the outstanding shares that is not owned by the interested shareholder.

For purposes of Section 203 of the DGCL, a business combination includes a merger, asset sale or other transaction resulting in a financial benefit to the interested shareholder, and an interested shareholder is a person who, together with affiliates and associates, owns, or within three years prior, did own, 15% or more of voting shares.

Other Provisions of Our Operating Agreement

Our Operating Agreement provides that our board of directors shall consist of not less than nine directors, as the board of directors may from time to time determine. We have a single class of directors, and directors are subject to re-election on an annual basis at each annual meeting of shareholders.

After the Trigger Event, our board of directors will be divided into three classes that are as nearly equal in number as is reasonably possible and each director will be assigned to one of the three classes; provided that LandBridge Holdings shall have the right to designate the initial class assigned to each director immediately following the occurrence of the Trigger Event. After the Trigger Event, at each annual meeting of shareholders, a class of directors will be elected for a three-year term to succeed the directors of the same class whose terms are then expiring. We believe that classification of our board of directors will help to assure the continuity and stability of our business strategies and policies as determined by our board of directors following the Trigger Event. The classified board provision could increase the likelihood that incumbent directors will retain their positions after the Trigger Event. The staggered terms of directors may delay, defer or prevent a tender offer or an attempt to change control of us, even though a tender offer or change in control might be viewed by our shareholders to be in their best interest.

Our Operating Agreement does not provide for cumulative voting in the election of directors, which means that the holders of a majority of our issued and outstanding common shares can elect all of the directors standing for election, and the holders of the remaining common shares will not be able to elect any directors. LandBridge Holdings’ initial beneficial ownership of greater than 50% of our common shares means LandBridge Holdings will be able to control matters requiring shareholder approval, which includes the election of directors.

In addition, our Operating Agreement provides that after the Trigger Event, the affirmative vote of the holders of not less than two-thirds in voting power of all then-outstanding common shares entitled to vote generally in the election of our board of directors, voting together as a single class, shall be required to remove any director from office, and such removal may only be for “cause” (prior to such time, a director or the entire

 

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board of directors may be removed, with or without cause, at any time, by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the total combined voting power of all of our outstanding common shares then entitled to vote at an election of directors).

After the Trigger Event, all vacancies, including newly created directorships, may, except as otherwise required by law or, if applicable, the rights of holders of a series of preferred shares, only be filled by the affirmative vote of a majority of directors then in office, even if less than a quorum (prior to such time, vacancies may also be filled by shareholders holding a majority of the then-outstanding common shares entitled to vote generally in the election of directors voting together as a single class).

Pursuant to our Operating Agreement, preferred shares may be issued from time to time, and the board of directors is authorized to determine and alter all designations, preferences, rights, powers and duties thereof without limitation. See “Description of Shares—Preferred Shares.”

Consent Rights

Pursuant to our Operating Agreement, for so long as LandBridge Holdings and certain affiliates beneficially own at least 40% of our outstanding common shares, we have agreed not to take, and will take all necessary action to cause our subsidiaries not to take, the following direct or indirect actions (or enter into an agreement to take such actions) without the prior consent of LandBridge Holdings:

 

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increasing or decreasing the size of our board of directors, committees of our board of directors or boards and committees of our subsidiaries;

 

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terminating our chief executive officer or removing the Chairman of our board of directors and/or hiring or appointing either of their successors;

 

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agreeing to or entering into any transaction that would result in a change of control of the Company or enter into definitive agreements with respect to a change of control transaction;

 

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incurring debt for borrowed money (or liens securing such debt) in an amount that would result in outstanding debt that exceeds our Adjusted EBITDA for the four quarter period immediately prior to the proposed date of the incurrence of such debt by 4.00 to 1.00;

 

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authorizing, creating (by way of reclassification, merger, consolidation or otherwise) or issuing any equity securities of any kind (other than pursuant to any equity compensation plan approved by our board of directors or a committee of our board of directors or intra-company issuances among the Company and our subsidiaries);

 

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making any voluntary election to liquidate or dissolve or commence bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings or the adoption of a plan with respect to any of the foregoing or any determination not to oppose such an action or proceeding commenced by a third party;

 

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selling, transferring or disposing of assets outside the ordinary course of business in a transaction or series of transactions with a fair market value in excess of 2% of our Consolidated Net Tangible Assets (as defined in the Operating Agreement) determined as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal quarter or year, as applicable, immediately, prior to the proposed date of the consummation of such transaction or such series of transactions; and

 

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any amendment, modification or waiver of the consent rights described in the clauses above.

Additionally, for so long as LandBridge Holdings and certain affiliates beneficially own at least 10% of our outstanding common shares, we and our subsidiaries may not, without the approval of LandBridge Holdings, make any amendment, modification or waiver of our Operating Agreement or any other of our governing documents that materially and adversely affects LandBridge Holdings.

 

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Ability of Our Shareholders to Act

Prior to the Trigger Event, special shareholder meetings may be called at the request of our shareholders holding a majority of the then-outstanding common shares entitled to vote generally in the election of directors voting together as a single class. After the Trigger Event, our Operating Agreement will not permit our shareholders to call special shareholders meetings. Special meetings of shareholders may also be called by a majority of the board of directors or a committee of the board of directors that has been duly designated by the board of directors and whose powers include the authority to call such meetings. Written notice of any special meeting so called shall be given to each shareholder of record entitled to vote at such meeting not less than 10 or more than 60 days before the date of such meeting, unless otherwise required by law.

Prior to the Trigger Event, our Operating Agreement will allow our shareholders to act by written consent in lieu of a meeting of such shareholders, subject to the rights of the holders of any series of our preferred shares with respect to such series. After the Trigger Event, our shareholders may not act by written consent and may only take action at a duly called annual or special meeting of our shareholders.

Our Operating Agreement establishes advance notice procedures with respect to shareholder proposals and nominations of persons for election to our board of directors, other than nominations made by or at the direction of our board of directors or any committee thereof. In addition to any other applicable requirements, our Operating Agreement provides that for business to be properly brought before an annual meeting by a shareholder, including proposals to nominate candidates for election as directors at a meeting of shareholders, such shareholder must have given timely notice thereof in proper written form to our corporate secretary. To be timely, a shareholder’s notice must be delivered to or mailed to and received at our principal executive offices (i) in the case of an annual meeting, not less than 90 days nor more than 120 days prior to the anniversary of the date on which we first made publicly available (whether by mailing, by filing with the SEC or by posting on an internet website) our proxy materials for the immediately preceding annual meeting of shareholders; provided, however, that in the event that no annual meeting of shareholders was held in the previous year, or the annual meeting is called for a date that is not within 30 days before or after such anniversary date, notice by a shareholder in order to be timely must be so received not earlier than the close of business on the 120th day and not later than the close of business on the later of the 90th day prior to such annual meeting or the tenth day following the day on which public disclosure of the date of the annual meeting was made and (ii) in the case of a special meeting, not earlier than the close of business on the 120th day prior to such special meeting and not later than the close of business on the later of the 90th day prior to such special meeting or the tenth day following the day on which public disclosure of the date of the special meeting was made. Pursuant to our Operating Agreement, any shareholder who intends to solicit proxies in support of any director nominees must comply with the content requirements of Rule 14a-19 of the Exchange Act at the time such shareholder complies with the earlier deadlines in the advance notice provisions of the Operating Agreement. For any nominations or any other business to be properly brought before an annual or special meeting by LandBridge Holdings or any other person that becomes party to, or bound by the provisions of, the Shareholder’s Agreement, such person must submit notice thereof not later than the later of the close of business on the 30th day prior to the date the we first file our preliminary or definitive proxy statement related to such meeting pursuant to the Exchange Act or the tenth day following the day on which public announcement is first made of the date of the special meeting, and we and such person shall cooperate reasonably and in good faith with respect to the inclusion of such matters to be considered at such meeting.

Duties of Officers and Directors

Our Operating Agreement provides that our business and affairs shall be managed under the direction of our board of directors, which shall have the power to appoint our officers. Our Operating Agreement further provides that the authority and function of our board of directors and officers shall be identical to the authority and functions of a board of directors and officers of a corporation organized under the DGCL, except as expressly modified by the terms of the Operating Agreement. Finally, our Operating Agreement provides that except as

 

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specifically provided therein, the fiduciary duties and obligations owed to our limited liability company and to our members shall be the same as the respective duties and obligations owed by officers and directors of a corporation organized under the DGCL to their corporation and stockholders, respectively, except as expressly modified by the terms of the Operating Agreement.

There are certain provisions in our Operating Agreement that modify duties and obligations owed by our directors and officers from those required under the DGCL and provide for exculpation and indemnification of our officers and directors that differ from the DGCL. First, our Operating Agreement provides that to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, our directors or officers will not be liable to us. In contrast, under the DGCL, a director or officer would be liable to us for (i) breach of the duty of loyalty to us or our shareholders, (ii) intentional misconduct or knowing violations of the law that are not done in good faith, (iii) improper redemption of shares or declaration of dividends, or (iv) a transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit.

Second, our Operating Agreement provides that we must indemnify our directors and officers for acts or omissions to the fullest extent permitted by law. In contrast, under the DGCL, a corporation can only indemnify directors and officers for acts or omissions if the director or officer acted in good faith, in a manner he or she reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation, and, in a criminal action, if the officer or director had no reasonable cause to believe his or her conduct was unlawful.

Third, our Operating Agreement provides that in the event a potential conflict of interest exists or arises between any of our directors, officers, equity owners or their respective affiliates, including LandBridge Holdings, Five Point and WaterBridge, on the one hand, and us, any of our subsidiaries or any of our public shareholders, on the other hand, a resolution or course of action by our board of directors shall be deemed approved by all of our shareholders, and shall not constitute a breach of the fiduciary duties of members of the board to us or our shareholders, if such resolution or course of action is (i) approved by a conflicts committee or other committee of our board of directors, as applicable, which is composed entirely of independent directors, (ii) approved by shareholders holding a majority of our common shares that are disinterested parties, (iii) determined by our board of directors to be on terms that, when taken together in their entirety, are no less favorable than those generally provided to or available from unrelated third parties or (iv) determined by our board of directors to be fair and reasonable to us, taking into account the totality of the relationships between the parties involved (including other transactions that may be particularly favorable or advantageous to us). In contrast, under the DGCL, a corporation is not permitted to automatically exempt board members from claims of breach of fiduciary duty under such circumstances.

Fourth, our Operating Agreement provides that, in our capacity as the managing member of OpCo, our board of directors may approve amendments to the OpCo LLC Agreement relating to the mechanics of a redemption of OpCo Units (together with the cancellation of a corresponding number of Class B shares) for Class A shares without any duty to us.

In addition, our Operating Agreement provides that all conflicts of interest described in the prospectus relating to our initial public offering have been deemed to have been specifically approved by all of our shareholders.

Election of Members of Our Board of Directors

Prior to the Trigger Event, members of our board of directors will be elected by the holders of a majority of our issued and outstanding voting common shares entitled to vote generally thereon voting together as a single class. Our board of directors currently consists of 10 directors, serving as a single class and subject to re-election on an annual basis at each annual meeting of shareholders. After the Trigger Event, our board will be divided into three classes that are, as nearly as possible, of equal size. Each class of directors is elected for a three-year term of office, with the terms staggered so that the term of only one class of directors expires at each annual meeting;

 

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provided that LandBridge Holdings shall have the right to designate the initial class assigned to each director immediately following the occurrence of the Trigger Event. The initial terms of the Class I, Class II and Class III directors will expire at the first, second and third, respectively, annual meeting following the Trigger Event. After the Trigger Event, any vacancy on the board of directors may be filled by a majority of the directors then in office, even if less than a quorum, subject to the rights of holders of a series of our preferred shares, if applicable.

Removal of Members of Our Board of Directors

Prior to the Trigger Event, a director or the entire board of directors may be removed, with or without cause, at any time, by holders of a majority of the total combined voting power of all of our outstanding common shares then entitled to vote at an election of directors. After the Trigger Event, the affirmative vote of the holders of not less than two-thirds in voting power of all our then-outstanding common shares entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, voting together as a single class, shall be required to remove any or all of the directors from office, and such removal may only be for “cause.” After the Trigger Event, any vacancy in the board of directors caused by any such removal may only be filled by the affirmative vote of a majority of directors then in office. Prior to the Trigger Event, vacancies may also be filled by shareholders holding a majority of our then-outstanding common shares entitled to vote generally in the election of directors voting together as a single class.

Limited Liability

The Delaware LLC Act provides that a member who receives a distribution from a Delaware limited liability company and knew at the time of the distribution that the distribution was in violation of the Delaware LLC Act shall be liable to the company for the amount of the distribution for three years. Under the Delaware LLC Act, a limited liability company may not make a distribution to a member if, after the distribution, all liabilities of the company, other than liabilities to members on account of their shares and liabilities for which the recourse of creditors is limited to specific property of the company, would exceed the fair value of the assets of the company. For the purpose of determining the fair value of the assets of a company, the Delaware LLC Act provides that the fair value of property subject to liability for which recourse of creditors is limited shall be included in the assets of the company only to the extent that the fair value of that property exceeds the nonrecourse liability.

Our subsidiaries currently conduct business only in the states of Texas and New Mexico. We may decide to conduct business in other states, and maintenance of limited liability for us, as a member of our operating subsidiaries, may require compliance with legal requirements in the jurisdictions in which the operating subsidiaries conduct business, including qualifying our subsidiaries to do business there. Limitations on the liability of shareholders for the obligations of a limited liability company have not been clearly established in certain jurisdictions. We will operate in a manner that our board of directors considers reasonable and necessary or appropriate to preserve the limited liability of our shareholders.

Forum Selection

Our Operating Agreement provides that unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware does not have jurisdiction, the Superior Court of the State of Delaware, or, if the Superior Court of the State of Delaware does not have jurisdiction, the United States District Court for the District of Delaware, in each case, subject to that court having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named defendants therein) will, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, be the sole and exclusive forum for:

 

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any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf;

 

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any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, other employees or agents to us or our shareholders;

 

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any action asserting a claim against us or any director or officer or other employee of ours arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware LLC Act or our Operating Agreement; or

 

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any action asserting a claim against us or any director or officer or other employee of ours that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine.

Our Operating Agreement provides that, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, the United States District Court for the District of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. This provision would not apply to claims brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act, the Securities Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Our Operating Agreement also provides that any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in our shares will be deemed to have notice of, and to have consented to, these exclusive forum provisions. This choice of forum provision may limit a shareholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees or agents, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and such persons. Alternatively, if a court were to find these provisions of our Operating Agreement inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our results of operations, cash flows and financial position.

Limitations on Liability and Indemnification of Directors and Officers

Our Operating Agreement provides that to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, our directors or officers will not be liable to us. Our Operating Agreement also provides that we must indemnify our directors and officers for acts and omissions to the fullest extent permitted by law. We are also expressly authorized to advance certain expenses (including attorneys’ fees and disbursements and court costs) to our directors and officers and carry directors’ and officers’ insurance providing indemnification for our directors and officers for some liabilities.

We are party to separate indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. Each indemnification agreement will provide, among other things, for indemnification to the fullest extent permitted by law against liabilities that may arise by reason of such director’s or executive officer’s service to us. The indemnification agreements will provide for the advancement or payment of all expenses to the indemnitee, subject to certain exceptions. We intend to enter into indemnification agreements with our future directors.

We believe that these indemnification provisions, agreements and insurance are useful to attract and retain qualified directors and officers.

Corporate Opportunity

Under our Operating Agreement, to the extent permitted by law:

 

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officers and directors and their respective affiliates and LandBridge Holdings, Five Point and WaterBridge, as well as their officers, directors and affiliates (each an “Unrestricted Party”) have the right to, and have no duty to abstain from, exercising such right to, engage or invest in the same or similar business as us, do business with any of our clients, customers or vendors or employ or otherwise engage any of our officers, directors or employees;

 

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if any Unrestricted Party acquires knowledge of a potential business opportunity, transaction or other matter, they have no duty to offer or communicate such corporate opportunity to us, our shareholders or our affiliates;

 

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we have renounced any interest or expectancy in, or in being offered an opportunity to participate in, such corporate opportunities; and

 

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in the event that any of our directors and officers who is also a director, officer or employee of LandBridge Holdings or any its affiliates, including Five Point and WaterBridge, acquire knowledge of such a corporate opportunity or is offered such a corporate opportunity, provided that this knowledge

 

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was not acquired using confidential information and such person acted in good faith, then such person is deemed to have fully satisfied such person’s fiduciary duty and is not liable to us if LandBridge Holdings or any its affiliates, including Five Point and WaterBridge, pursues or acquires the corporate opportunity or if such person did not present the corporate opportunity to us.

Our Operating Agreement further provides that, at any time LandBridge Holdings beneficially owns less than 40% of our common shares, any amendment to or adoption of any provision inconsistent with our Operating Agreement’s provisions governing the renouncement of business opportunities must be approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds of our then-outstanding common shares.

Shareholder’s Agreement

We are party to a shareholder’s agreement dated July 1, 2024 (the “Shareholder’s Agreement”) with LandBridge Holdings. As discussed further below, the Shareholder’s Agreement provides certain rights to LandBridge Holdings.

Our Shareholder’s Agreement provides that the parties thereto will use their respective reasonable efforts (including voting or causing to be voted all of our common shares beneficially owned by each) so that no amendment is made to our Operating Agreement in effect as of the date of the Shareholder’s Agreement that would add restrictions to the transferability of our common shares by LandBridge Holdings that are beyond those provided for in our Operating Agreement, the Shareholder’s Agreement or applicable securities laws, unless such amendment is approved by LandBridge Holdings.

The Shareholder’s Agreement provides that, subject to compliance with applicable law and NYSE rules, for so long as LandBridge Holdings and certain affiliates beneficially own at least 40% of our outstanding common shares, LandBridge Holdings shall be entitled to designate a number of directors equal to a majority of the board of directors, plus one director; and for so long as LandBridge Holdings and such affiliates beneficially own at least 30%, 20% and 10% of our outstanding common shares, LandBridge Holdings shall be entitled to designate at least three directors, two directors and one director, respectively. So long as LandBridge Holdings is entitled to designate one or more nominees to the board and notifies the board of directors of its desire to remove, with or without cause, any director previously designated by it to the board, we are required to take all necessary action to cause such removal. Further, so long as LandBridge Holdings has the right to designate at least one director to our board of directors, it will also have the right to appoint a number of board observers, who will be entitled to attend all meetings of the board in a non-voting, observer capacity, equal to the number of directors LandBridge Holdings is entitled to appoint.

The Shareholder’s Agreement will terminate upon LandBridge Holdings and its affiliates party thereto ceasing to beneficially own at least 10% of our common shares.

 

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PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

We may sell the securities being offered hereby in one or more of the following ways from time to time:

 

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underwritten transactions;

 

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privately negotiated transactions;

 

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exchange distributions and/or secondary distributions;

 

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sales in the over-the-counter market;

 

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ordinary brokerage transactions and transactions in which the broker solicits purchasers;

 

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transactions in which broker-dealers may agree with us to sell a specified number of such securities at a stipulated price per security;

 

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a block trade (which may involve crosses) in which the broker or dealer so engaged will attempt to sell the securities as agent but may position and resell a portion of the block as principal to facilitate the transaction;

 

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purchases by a broker or dealer as principal and resale by such broker or dealer for its own account pursuant to this prospectus;

 

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short sales and delivery of our Class A shares to close out short positions;

 

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sales by broker-dealers of our Class A shares that are loaned or pledged to such broker-dealers;

 

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“at-the-market” offerings into an existing trading market in accordance with Rule 415 under the Securities Act;

 

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a combination of any such methods of sale; and

 

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any other method permitted pursuant to applicable law.

We may prepare prospectus supplements that will disclose the terms of the offering, including the name or names of any underwriters, dealers or agents, the purchase price of the securities, any underwriting discounts and other items constituting compensation to underwriters, dealers or agents.

We may fix a price or prices of our securities at:

 

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market prices prevailing at the time of any sale under this registration statement;

 

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prices related to market prices; or

 

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negotiated prices.

We may change the price of the securities offered from time to time.

If we use underwriters in an offering, we will execute an underwriting agreement with such underwriters and will specify the name of each underwriter and the terms of the transaction (including any underwriting discounts and other terms constituting compensation of the underwriters and any dealers) in a prospectus supplement. If we use an underwriting syndicate, the managing underwriter(s) will be specified on the cover of the prospectus supplement. If we use underwriters for a sale of securities, the underwriters will acquire the securities for their own accounts. The underwriters may resell the securities from time to time in one or more transactions, including negotiated transactions, at a fixed public offering price or at varying prices determined at the time of sale. Any public offering price and any discounts or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to dealers may be changed from time to time. Unless otherwise set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement, the obligations of the underwriters to purchase the offered securities will be subject to conditions precedent and the underwriters will be obligated to purchase all of the offered securities if any are purchased.

 

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If dealers are used in an offering, we may sell the securities to the dealers as principals. The dealers then may resell the securities to the public at varying prices that they determine at the time of resale. The names of the dealers and the terms of the transaction will be specified in a prospectus supplement, as applicable.

If agents are used in an offering, the names of the agents and the terms of the agency will be specified in a prospectus supplement. Unless otherwise indicated in a prospectus supplement, the agents will act on a best-efforts basis for the period of their appointment.

Dealers and agents named in a prospectus supplement may be underwriters as defined in the Securities Act and any discounts or commissions they receive from us and any profit on their resale of the securities may be treated as underwriting discounts and commissions under the Securities Act. We will identify in the applicable prospectus supplement any underwriters, dealers or agents and will describe their compensation. We may enter into agreements with the underwriters, dealers and agents to indemnify them against specified civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act.

Underwriters, dealers or agents and their associates may engage in other transactions with and perform other services for us in the ordinary course of business.

If so indicated in a prospectus supplement, we will authorize underwriters or other persons acting as our agents to solicit offers by institutional investors to purchase securities pursuant to contracts providing for payment and delivery on a future date. We may enter contracts with commercial and savings banks, insurance companies, pension funds, investment companies, educational and charitable institutions and other institutional investors. The obligations of any institutional investor will be subject to the condition that its purchase of the offered securities will not be illegal at the time of delivery. The underwriters and other agents will not be responsible for the validity or performance of contracts.

In addition, we may enter into derivative transactions with third parties, or sell securities not covered by this prospectus to third parties in privately negotiated transactions. If the applicable prospectus supplement so indicates, in connection with those derivatives, the third parties may sell securities covered by this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement, including in short sale transactions. If so, the third party may use securities pledged by us or borrowed from us or others to settle those sales or to close out any related open borrowings of shares, and may use securities received from us in settlement of those derivatives to close out any related open borrowings of shares. The third party in such sale transactions will be an underwriter and, if not identified in this prospectus, will be named in the applicable prospectus supplement (or a post-effective amendment).

In addition, we may otherwise loan or pledge securities to a financial institution or other third party that in turn may sell the securities short using this prospectus and an applicable prospectus supplement. Such financial institution or other third party may transfer its economic short position to investors in our securities or in connection with a concurrent offering of other securities.

The specific terms of any lock-up provisions in respect of any given offering will be described in any applicable prospectus supplement.

To the extent required, this prospectus may be amended or supplemented from time to time to describe a specific plan of distribution.

 

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MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS FOR NON-U.S. HOLDERS

The following is a summary of the material U.S. federal income tax considerations related to the purchase, ownership and disposition of our Class A shares by a non-U.S. holder (as defined herein) that holds our Class A shares as a “capital asset” within the meaning of Section 1221 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended from time to time (the “Code”) (generally property held for investment). This summary is based on the provisions of the Code, U.S. Treasury regulations, administrative rulings and judicial decisions, all as in effect on the date hereof, and all of which are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect. We cannot assure you that a change in law will not significantly alter the tax considerations that we describe in this summary. We have not sought any ruling from the Internal Revenue Services (the “IRS”) with respect to the statements made and the conclusions reached in the following summary, and there can be no assurance that the IRS, your tax advisor or a court will agree with such statements and conclusions.

This summary does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be relevant to non-U.S. holders in light of their personal circumstances. In addition, this summary does not address the Medicare tax on certain investment income, U.S. federal estate or gift tax laws, any state, local or non-U.S. tax laws or any tax treaties or any other tax law other than the U.S. federal income tax law. This summary also does not address tax considerations applicable to investors that may be subject to special treatment under the U.S. federal income tax laws, such as:

 

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banks, insurance companies or other financial institutions;

 

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tax-exempt or governmental organizations;

 

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tax-qualified retirement plans;

 

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“qualified foreign pension funds” as defined in Section 897(l)(2) of the Code (or any entities all of the interests of which are held by a qualified foreign pension fund) or any other person that is subject to special rules or exemptions under the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act;

 

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dealers in securities or foreign currencies;

 

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persons whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar;

 

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“controlled foreign corporations,” “passive foreign investment companies,” and corporations that accumulate earnings to avoid U.S. federal income tax;

 

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traders in securities that use the mark-to-market method of accounting for U.S. federal income tax purposes;

 

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persons subject to the alternative minimum tax;

 

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entities or arrangements treated as partnerships or other pass-through entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes or holders of interests therein;

 

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persons deemed to sell our Class A shares under the constructive sale provisions of the Code;

 

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persons that acquired our Class A shares through the exercise of employee stock options or otherwise as compensation or through a tax-qualified retirement plan;

 

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certain former citizens or long-term residents of the United States; and

 

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persons that hold our Class A shares as part of a straddle, appreciated financial position, synthetic security, hedge, conversion transaction or other integrated investment or risk reduction transaction.

PROSPECTIVE INVESTORS ARE ENCOURAGED TO CONSULT THEIR TAX ADVISORS WITH RESPECT TO THE APPLICATION OF THE U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX LAWS TO THEIR PARTICULAR SITUATION, AS WELL AS ANY TAX CONSEQUENCES OF THE PURCHASE, OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF OUR CLASS A SHARES ARISING UNDER THE U.S. FEDERAL ESTATE OR GIFT TAX LAWS OR UNDER THE LAWS OF ANY STATE, LOCAL, NON-U.S. OR OTHER TAXING JURISDICTION OR UNDER ANY APPLICABLE INCOME TAX TREATY.

 

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Non-U.S. Holder Defined

For purposes of this discussion, a “non-U.S. holder” is a beneficial owner of our Class A shares that is not, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, a partnership or any of the following:

 

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an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States;

 

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a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia;

 

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an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income tax regardless of its source; or

 

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a trust (i) whose administration is subject to the primary supervision of a U.S. court and which has one or more “United States persons” (within the meaning of Section 7701(a)(30) of the Code) who have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (ii) which has made a valid election under applicable U.S. Treasury regulations to be treated as a United States person.

If a partnership (including an entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) holds our Class A shares, the tax treatment of a partner in the partnership generally will depend upon the status of the partner, upon the activities of the partnership and upon certain determinations made at the partner level. Accordingly, we urge partners in partnerships (including entities or arrangements treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes) considering the purchase of our Class A shares to consult their tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal income tax considerations of the purchase, ownership and disposition of our Class A shares by such partnership.

LandBridge Company LLC U.S. Federal Income Taxation

Although we were formed as a limited liability company, we have elected to be taxed as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Thus, we are generally obligated to pay U.S. federal income tax on our worldwide net taxable income.

Dividends and Other Distributions

We expect to make dividends to our Class A shareholders in amounts determined from time to time by our board of directors. In the event we distribute cash or other property to our Class A shareholders, such dividends will constitute “dividends” for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent paid from our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. To the extent such dividends exceed our current and accumulated earnings and profits, the dividends will be treated as a non-taxable return of capital to the extent of the non-U.S. holder’s tax basis in our Class A shares (and will reduce such tax basis, but not below zero) and thereafter as capital gain from the sale or exchange of such Class A shares. See “—Gain on Sale or Other Taxable Disposition of Class A Shares.”

Subject to the withholding requirements under FATCA (as defined herein) and with respect to effectively connected dividends, each of which is discussed below, any distribution made to a non-U.S. holder on our Class A shares generally will be subject to U.S. withholding tax at a rate of 30% of the gross amount of the distribution unless an applicable income tax treaty provides for a lower rate. To receive the benefit of a reduced treaty rate, a non-U.S. holder must provide the applicable withholding agent with an IRS Form W-8BEN or IRS Form W-8BEN-E (or other applicable or successor form) certifying qualification for the reduced rate.

Dividends paid to a non-U.S. holder that are effectively connected with a trade or business conducted by the non-U.S. holder in the United States (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, are treated as attributable to a permanent establishment maintained by the non-U.S. holder in the United States) generally will be taxed on a net income basis at the rates and in the manner generally applicable to United States persons (as defined under the Code). Such effectively connected dividends will not be subject to U.S. withholding tax

 

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(including backup withholding described below) if the non-U.S. holder satisfies certain certification requirements by providing the applicable withholding agent with a properly executed IRS Form W-8ECI certifying eligibility for exemption. If the non-U.S. holder is a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, it may also be subject to a branch profits tax (at a 30% rate or such lower rate as specified by an applicable income tax treaty) on its effectively connected earnings and profits (as adjusted for certain items), which will include effectively connected dividends.

Gain on Sale or Other Taxable Disposition of Class A Shares

Subject to the discussion below under “—Backup Withholding and Information Reporting” and “—Additional Withholding Requirements under FATCA,” a non-U.S. holder generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax or withholding on any gain realized upon the sale or other disposition of our Class A shares unless:

 

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the non-U.S. holder is an individual who is present in the United States for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the calendar year in which the sale or disposition occurs and certain other conditions are met;

 

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the gain is effectively connected with a trade or business conducted by the non-U.S. holder in the United States (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, is attributable to a permanent establishment maintained by the non-U.S. holder in the United States); or

 

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our Class A shares constitute United States real property interests in the event that we are or become a United States real property holding corporation (“USRPHC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes at any time during the shorter of (i) the five-year period ending on the date of disposition or (ii) the non-U.S. holder’s holding period for the Class A shares, and as a result, such gain is treated as effectively connected with a trade or business conducted by the non-U.S. holder in the United States.

A non-U.S. holder described in the first bullet point above will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at a rate of 30% (or such lower rate as specified by an applicable income tax treaty) on the amount of such gain, which generally may be offset by U.S. source capital losses, provided the non-U.S. holder has timely filed U.S. federal income tax returns with respect to such losses.

A non-U.S. holder whose gain is described in the second bullet point above or, subject to the exceptions described in the next paragraph, the third bullet point above generally will be taxed on a net income basis at the rates and in the manner generally applicable to United States persons (as defined under the Code) unless an applicable income tax treaty provides otherwise. If the non-U.S. holder is a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes whose gain is described in the second bullet point above, then such gain would also be included in its effectively connected earnings and profits (as adjusted for certain items), which may be subject to a branch profits tax (at a 30% rate or such lower rate as specified by an applicable income tax treaty).

With respect to the third bullet point above, generally, a corporation is a USRPHC if the fair market value of its United States real property interests equals or exceeds 50% of the sum of the fair market value of its worldwide real property interests and its other assets used or held for use in a trade or business. We believe that we currently are, and expect to remain for the foreseeable future, a USRPHC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. However, provided that our Class A shares are and continue to be “regularly traded on an established securities market” (within the meaning of the U.S. Treasury regulations), only a non-U.S. holder that actually or constructively owns, or owned at any time during the shorter of the five year period ending on the date of the disposition or the non-U.S. holder’s holding period for the Class A shares, more than 5% of our Class A shares will be treated as disposing of a U.S. real property interest and will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on any gain realized on the disposition of our Class A shares a as a result of our status as a USRPHC. If our Class A shares were not considered to be regularly traded on an established securities market, each non-U.S. holder (regardless of the percentage of shares owned) would be treated as disposing of a U.S. real property interest and would be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a taxable disposition of our Class A shares (as described in the preceding paragraph), and a 15% withholding tax would apply to the gross proceeds from such disposition.

 

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NON-U.S. HOLDERS SHOULD CONSULT THEIR TAX ADVISORS WITH RESPECT TO THE APPLICATION OF THE FOREGOING RULES TO THEIR OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF OUR CLASS A SHARES, INCLUDING REGARDING POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE INCOME TAX TREATIES THAT MAY PROVIDE FOR DIFFERENT RULES.

Backup Withholding and Information Reporting

Any dividends paid to a non-U.S. holder must be reported annually to the IRS and to the non-U.S. holder. Copies of these information returns may be made available to the tax authorities in the country in which the non-U.S. holder resides or is established. Payments of dividends to a non-U.S. holder generally will not be subject to backup withholding if the non-U.S. holder establishes an exemption by properly certifying its non-U.S. status on an IRS Form W-8BEN or IRS Form W-8BEN-E (or other applicable or successor form).

Payments of the proceeds from a sale or other disposition by a non-U.S. holder of our Class A shares effected by or through a U.S. office of a broker generally will be subject to information reporting and backup withholding (at the applicable rate) unless the non-U.S. holder establishes an exemption by properly certifying its non-U.S. status on an IRS Form W-8BEN or IRS Form W-8BEN-E (or other applicable or successor form) and certain other conditions are met. Information reporting and backup withholding generally will not apply to any payment of the proceeds from a sale or other disposition of our Class A shares effected outside the United States by a non-U.S. office of a broker. However, unless such broker has documentary evidence in its records that the non-U.S. holder is not a United States person and certain other conditions are met, or the non-U.S. holder otherwise establishes an exemption, information reporting will apply to a payment of the proceeds of the disposition of our Class A shares effected outside the United States by such a broker if it has certain relationships within the United States.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Rather, the U.S. federal income tax liability (if any) of persons subject to backup withholding will be reduced by the amount of tax withheld. If backup withholding results in an overpayment of taxes, a refund may be obtained, provided that the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.

Additional Withholding Requirements under FATCA

The Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (Sections 1471 through 1474 of the Code), and the U.S. Treasury regulations and administrative guidance issued thereunder (“FATCA”), impose a 30% withholding tax on any dividends paid on our Class A shares and, subject to the U.S. Treasury regulations discussed below, on proceeds from sales or other dispositions of our common shares, if paid to a “foreign financial institution” or a “non-financial foreign entity” (each as defined in the Code) (including, in some cases, when such foreign financial institution or non-financial foreign entity is acting as an intermediary), unless (i) in the case of a foreign financial institution, such institution enters into an agreement with the U.S. government to withhold on certain payments, and to collect and provide to the U.S. tax authorities substantial information regarding U.S. account holders of such institution (which includes certain equity and debt holders of such institution, as well as certain account holders that are non-U.S. entities with U.S. owners); (ii) in the case of a non-financial foreign entity, such entity certifies that it does not have any “substantial United States owners” (as defined in the Code) or provides the applicable withholding agent with a certification identifying the direct and indirect substantial United States owners of the entity (in either case, generally on an IRS Form W-8BEN-E); or (iii) the foreign financial institution or non-financial foreign entity otherwise qualifies for an exemption from these rules and provides appropriate documentation (such as an IRS Form W-8BEN-E). Foreign financial institutions located in jurisdictions that have an intergovernmental agreement with the United States governing these rules may be subject to different rules. Under certain circumstances, a holder might be eligible for refunds or credits of such taxes. While gross proceeds from a sale or other disposition of our common shares paid after January 1, 2019, would have originally been subject to withholding under FATCA, proposed U.S. Treasury regulations provide that such payments of gross proceeds do not constitute withholdable payments. Taxpayers may generally rely on

 

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these proposed U.S. Treasury regulations until they are revoked or final U.S. Treasury regulations are issued. Non-U.S. holders are encouraged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the effects of FATCA on an investment in our Class A shares.

INVESTORS CONSIDERING THE PURCHASE OF OUR CLASS A SHARES ARE URGED TO CONSULT THEIR OWN TAX ADVISORS REGARDING THE APPLICATION OF THE U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX LAWS (INCLUDING ANY POTENTIAL FUTURE CHANGES THERETO) TO THEIR PARTICULAR SITUATIONS AND THE APPLICABILITY AND EFFECT OF ANY OTHER TAX LAWS, INCLUDING U.S. FEDERAL ESTATE AND GIFT TAX LAWS AND ANY STATE, LOCAL OR NON-U.S. TAX LAWS AND TAX TREATIES.

 

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ERISA CONSIDERATIONS

The following is a general summary of certain considerations associated with the acquisition and holding of securities offered hereunder by employee benefit plans that are subject to Title I of ERISA, plans, individual retirement accounts and other arrangements that are subject to Section 4975 of the Code or employee benefit plans that are governmental plans (as defined in Section 3(32) of ERISA), certain church plans (as defined in Section 3(33) of ERISA), non-U.S. plans (as described in Section 4(b)(4) of ERISA) or other plans that are not subject to the foregoing but may be subject to provisions under any other federal, state, local, non-U.S. or other laws or regulations that are similar to such provisions of ERISA or the Code (collectively, “Similar Laws”), and entities whose underlying assets are considered to include “plan assets” of any such plan, account or arrangement (each, a “Plan”).

This summary is based on the provisions of ERISA and the Code (and related regulations and administrative and judicial interpretations) as of the date of this prospectus. This summary does not purport to be complete, and no assurance can be given that future legislation, court decisions, regulations, rulings or pronouncements will not significantly modify the requirements summarized below. Any of these changes may be retroactive and may thereby apply to transactions entered into prior to the date of their enactment or release. This discussion is general in nature and is not intended to be all inclusive, nor should it be construed as investment or legal advice. Each time we offer, issue or sell securities, we may provide a supplement to this prospectus that contains supplemental information to this summary.

General Fiduciary Matters

ERISA and the Code impose certain duties on persons who are fiduciaries of a Plan subject to Title I of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code (an “ERISA Plan”) and prohibit certain transactions involving the assets of an ERISA Plan and its fiduciaries or other interested parties. Under ERISA and the Code, any person who exercises any discretionary authority or control over the administration of an ERISA Plan or the management or disposition of the assets of an ERISA Plan, or who renders investment advice for a fee or other compensation to an ERISA Plan, is generally considered to be a fiduciary of the ERISA Plan. We and our affiliates will not act in a fiduciary capacity with respect to any Plan’s investment in our securities.

In considering an investment in a security offered pursuant hereto with a portion of the assets of any Plan, a fiduciary should consider the Plan’s particular circumstances and all of the facts and circumstances of the investment and determine whether the acquisition and holding of such security is in accordance with the documents and instruments governing the Plan and the applicable provisions of ERISA, the Code, or any Similar Law relating to the fiduciary’s duties to the Plan, including, without limitation:

 

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whether the investment is prudent under Section 404(a)(1)(B) of ERISA and any other applicable Similar Laws;

 

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whether, in making the investment, the ERISA Plan will satisfy the diversification requirements of Section 404(a)(1)(C) of ERISA and any other applicable Similar Laws;

 

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whether the investment is permitted under the terms of the applicable documents governing the Plan;

 

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whether in the future there may be no market in which to sell or otherwise dispose of the security;

 

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whether the acquisition or holding of such security will constitute a “prohibited transaction” under Section 406 of ERISA or Section 4975 of the Code (please see discussion under “—Prohibited Transaction Issues” below); and

 

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whether the Plan will be considered to hold, as plan assets, (i) only such security or (ii) an undivided interest in our underlying assets (please see the discussion under “—Plan Asset Issues” below).

 

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Prohibited Transaction Issues

Section 406 of ERISA and Section 4975 of the Code prohibit ERISA Plans from engaging in specified transactions involving plan assets with persons or entities who are “parties in interest,” within the meaning of ERISA, or “disqualified persons,” within the meaning of Section 4975 of the Code, unless an exemption is available. A party in interest or disqualified person who engages in a non-exempt prohibited transaction may be subject to excise taxes and other penalties and liabilities under ERISA and the Code. In addition, the fiduciary of the ERISA Plan that engages in such a non-exempt prohibited transaction may be subject to penalties and liabilities under ERISA and the Code. The acquisition and/or holding of our securities by an ERISA Plan with respect to which the issuer or certain other parties is considered a party in interest or a disqualified person may constitute or result in a direct or indirect prohibited transaction under Section 406 of ERISA and/or Section 4975 of the Code, unless the investment is acquired and is held in accordance with an applicable statutory, class or individual prohibited transaction exemption.

Because of the foregoing, our securities (including interests therein) should not be acquired or held by any person investing “plan assets” of any Plan, unless such acquisition and holding will not constitute a non-exempt prohibited transaction under ERISA and the Code or a similar violation of any applicable Similar Laws.

Plan Asset Issues

Additionally, a fiduciary of a Plan should consider whether the Plan will, by investing in our equity securities, be deemed to own an undivided interest in our assets, with the result that we would become a fiduciary of the Plan and our operations would be subject to the regulatory restrictions of ERISA, including its prohibited transaction rules, as well as the prohibited transaction rules of the Code and any other applicable Similar Laws.

The Department of Labor (the “DOL”) regulations, as modified by Section 3(42) of ERISA (together, the “Plan Asset Regulations”) provide guidance with respect to whether the assets of an entity in which ERISA Plans acquire equity interests would be deemed “plan assets” under some circumstances. Under the Plan Asset Regulation, an entity’s assets generally would not be considered to be “plan assets” if, among other things:

 

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equity interests acquired by ERISA Plans are “publicly offered securities” (as defined in the Plan Asset Regulations)—i.e., the equity interests are part of a class of securities that is widely held by 100 or more investors independent of the issuer and each other, are “freely transferable” (as defined in the Plan Asset Regulations), and are either registered under certain provisions of the federal securities laws or sold to the ERISA Plan as part of a public offering under certain conditions;

 

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the entity is an “operating company” (as defined in the Plan Asset Regulations)—i.e., it is primarily engaged in the production or sale of a product or service, other than the investment of capital, either directly or through a majority-owned subsidiary or subsidiaries; or

 

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there is no significant investment by “benefit plan investors,” as defined in the Plan Asset Regulations to mean that immediately after the most recent acquisition by an ERISA Plan of any equity interest in the entity, less than 25% of the total value of each class of equity interest (disregarding certain interests held by persons (other than benefit plan investors) with discretionary authority or control over the assets of the entity or who provide investment advice for a fee (direct or indirect) with respect to such assets, and any affiliates thereof) is held by ERISA Plans, IRAs and certain other Plans (but not including governmental plans, foreign plans and certain church plans), and entities whose underlying assets are deemed to include plan assets by reason of a Plan’s investment in the entity.

Due to the complexity of these rules and the excise taxes, penalties and liabilities that may be imposed upon persons involved in non-exempt prohibited transactions, it is particularly important that fiduciaries, or other persons considering acquiring and/or holding our equity securities on behalf of, or with the assets of, any Plan, consult with their counsel regarding the potential applicability of ERISA, Section 4975 of the Code and any Similar Laws to such investment and whether an exemption would be applicable to the investment in such

 

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securities. Purchasers of our securities have the exclusive responsibility for ensuring, and will be deemed (and in certain cases may be required) to represent, that their acquisition and holding of such securities complies with the fiduciary responsibility rules of ERISA and does not violate the prohibited transaction rules of ERISA, the Code or applicable Similar Laws. The sale of any security to a Plan is in no respect a representation or recommendation by us or any of our respective affiliates or representatives that such an investment meets all relevant legal requirements with respect to investments by any such Plan or that such investment is appropriate or advisable for any such Plan.

 

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LEGAL MATTERS

The validity of the issuance of the securities offered in this prospectus will be passed upon for us by Vinson & Elkins L.L.P., Houston, Texas. Any underwriters or agents will be advised by counsel to be named in the applicable prospectus supplement.

EXPERTS

The consolidated financial statements of LandBridge Company LLC as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, incorporated by reference in this prospectus and elsewhere in the registration statement, have been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report. Such financial statements are incorporated by reference in reliance upon the report of such firm, given their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.

The financial statements of Wolf Bone Ranch Partners LLC as of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, have been incorporated by reference herein and in the registration statement, in reliance upon the report of KPMG LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, incorporated by reference herein, and upon the authority of said firm as experts in accounting and auditing.

The financial statements of East Stateline Ranch as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, incorporated by reference in this prospectus and elsewhere in the registration statement, have been audited by Weaver and Tidwell, LLP, independent auditors, as stated in their report. Such financial statements are included in reliance upon the report of such firm, given their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.

Estimates of our reserves and related future net revenues related to our properties as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, incorporated by reference and included elsewhere in the registration statement, were based upon reserve reports prepared by our independent petroleum engineers, W.D. Von Gonten & Co. We have included these estimates in reliance on the authority of such firm as an expert in such matters.

 

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Prospectus

 

 

July 1, 2025

 

PART II

INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS

 

Item 14.

Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution.

The following table sets forth an itemized statement of the amounts of all fees and expenses, other than underwriting discounts and commissions, incurred by us in connection with the resale of the securities being registered hereby.

 

SEC registration fee		$		*
Accounting fees and expenses			*	*
Legal fees and expenses			*	*
Printing and engraving expenses			*	*
Transfer agent and registrar fee			*	*
Miscellaneous			*	*
Total		$		*

 

*	The registrant is deferring payment of the registration fee, in reliance on Rule 456(b) and Rule 457(r).

**

Other than the SEC registration fee, the expenses of the issuance and distribution of the securities cannot be determined at this time. The estimates of our expenses in connection with securities offered and sold pursuant to this registration statement will be included in the applicable prospectus supplement.

 

Item 15.

Indemnification of Directors and Officers.

Our Operating Agreement provides that to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, our directors or officers will not be liable to us. Our Operating Agreement also provides that we must indemnify our directors and officers for acts and omissions to the fullest extent permitted by law. We are also expressly authorized to advance certain expenses (including attorneys’ fees and disbursements and court costs) to our directors and officers and carry directors’ and officers’ insurance providing indemnification for our directors and officers for some liabilities.

We have entered into separate indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. Each indemnification agreement provides, among other things, for indemnification to the fullest extent permitted by law against liabilities, that may arise by reason of such director’s or executive officer’s service to us. The indemnification agreements provide for the advancement or payment of all expenses to the indemnitee, subject to certain exceptions. We intend to enter into indemnification agreements with our future directors and/or executive officers.

We have purchased, and will maintain, customary insurance covering our officers and directors against various liabilities asserted, including certain liabilities arising under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, and expenses incurred in connection with their activities and capacity as our officers and directors or any of our direct or indirect subsidiaries.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling us pursuant to the foregoing provisions, we have been informed that in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.

 

Item 16.

Exhibits.

(a) Exhibits

 

II-1

The following documents are filed as exhibits to this registration statement:

 

Exhibit Number		Description
3.1		Certificate of Formation of LandBridge Company LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-279893) filed with the SEC on May 31, 2024).
3.2		Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of LandBridge Company LLC, dated as of July  1, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-42150) filed with the SEC on July 3, 2024).
4.1		Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of July  1, 2024, by and among LandBridge Company LLC and LandBridge Holdings LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-42150) filed with the SEC on July 3, 2024).
4.2		Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of December  19, 2024, by and among LandBridge Company LLC and each of the other signatories thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-42150) filed with the SEC on December 23, 2024).
4.3*		Form of Indenture for debt securities between the registrant and the trustee to be named therein.
5.1*		Opinion of Vinson & Elkins L.L.P. as to the legality of the securities being registered.
10.1†		LandBridge Company LLC Long Term Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-42150) filed with the SEC on July 3, 2024).
10.2†		Form of Restricted Share Unit Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-42150) filed with the SEC on July 16, 2024).
10.3		DBR Land Holdings LLC Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement, dated as of July  1, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-42150) filed with the SEC on July 3, 2024).
10.4		Amendment No. 1 to Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of DBR Land Holdings LLC, dated as of July  1, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-42150) filed with the SEC on October  4, 2024).
10.5†		Form of Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-279893) filed with the SEC on June 7, 2024).
10.6		Shareholder’s Agreement, dated as of July  1, 2024, by and among LandBridge Company LLC and LandBridge Holdings LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-42150), as amended, filed with the SEC on July 3, 2024).
10.7		Master Reorganization Agreement, dated as of July  1, 2024, by and among LandBridge Company LLC, LandBridge Holdings LLC, DBR Land LLC and DBR Land Holdings LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-42150), as amended, filed with the SEC on July 3, 2024).
10.8		Amended and Restated Services Agreement, dated effective February 27, 2019, by and among WaterBridge Resources LLC, WaterBridge Management Company LLC, WaterBridge Co-invest LLC, WaterBridge Holdings LLC, each of the entities listed on Schedule I thereto, each of the entities listed on Schedule II thereto and each of the entities listed on Schedule III thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-279893) filed with the SEC on May 31, 2024).

 

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Exhibit Number		Description
10.9		Credit Agreement, dated as of July 3, 2023, by and between DBR Land LLC, as borrower, the guarantors from time to time party thereto, Texas Capital Bank, as administrative agent and letter of credit issuer, and the lenders from time to time party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-279893) filed with the SEC on May 31, 2024).
10.10		First Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of May  10, 2024, by and between DBR Land LLC, as borrower, the guarantors listed therein, Texas Capital Bank, as administrative agent and letter of credit issuer, and the lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-279893) filed with the SEC on May 31, 2024).
10.11		Second Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of November  4, 2024, among DBR Land LLC, as borrower, the guarantors party thereto, Texas Capital Bank, as administrative agent and letter of credit issuer, and the lenders party thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-42150) filed with the SEC on November 7, 2024).
10.12#		Form of Common Shares Purchase Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-42150) filed with the SEC on November 22, 2024).
21.1		List of subsidiaries of LandBridge Company LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (File No. 333-279893) filed with the SEC on March 5, 2025).
23.1*		Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP, independent registered public accounting firm to LandBridge Company LLC.
23.2*		Consent of Weaver and Tidwell, L.L.P., independent auditors to East Stateline Ranch.
23.3*		Consent of KPMG LLP, independent auditors to Wolf Bone Ranch Partners LLC.
23.4*		Consent of W.D. Von Gonten & Company for its report as of December 31, 2024.
23.5*		Consent of Vinson & Elkins L.L.P. (included as part of Exhibit 5.1 hereto).
24.1*		Power of Attorney (included on the signature page of this Registration Statement).
25.1**		Statement of Eligibility on Form T-1 of the Trustee for the debt securities Indenture.
99.1		Report of W.D. Von Gonten & Company, independent reserve engineer, as of December  31, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-279893)  filed with the SEC on June 26, 2024).
99.2		Report of W.D. Von Gonten & Company, independent reserve engineer, as of December  31, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (File No.  333-279893) filed with the SEC on March 5, 2025).
101.INS		Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema With Embedded Linkbase Documents.
104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document).
107*		Calculation of Filing Fee Table.

*	Filed herewith.

**	To be filed pursuant to Section 305(b)(2) of the Trust Indenture Act, as amended.

 

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†	Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

#	Certain confidential information contained in this agreement has been omitted because it is both (i) not material and (ii) the type of information that the Company treats as private or confidential.

(b) Financial Statement Schedule

No financial schedules are provided because the information either is not required or is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto incorporated by reference herein.

 

Item 17.

Undertakings.

 

a)

The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:

 

(1)

To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:

 

(i)

To include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act;

 

(ii)

To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of this registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in this registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b) of the Securities Act if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than 20% change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the effective registration statement; and

 

(iii)

To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in this registration statement or any material change to such information in this registration statement;

Provided, however, that paragraphs (1)(i), (1)(ii) and (1)(iii) above do not apply if the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in reports filed with or furnished to the SEC by the registrant pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act that are incorporated by reference in the registration statement, or, as to a registration statement on Form S-3, is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) of the Securities Act that is a part of the registration statement.

 

(2)

That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof;

 

(3)

To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering;

 

(4)

That, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act to any purchaser:

 

(i)

if the registrant is relying on Rule 430B of the Securities Act:

 

(A)

Each prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) of the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of the registration statement as of the date the filed prospectus was deemed part of and included in the registration statement; and

 

(B)

Each prospectus required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2), (b)(5), or (b)(7) of the Securities Act as part of a registration statement in reliance on Rule 430B relating to an

 

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offering made pursuant to Rule 415(a)(1)(i), (vii), or (x) of the Securities Act for the purpose of providing the information required by Section 10(a) of the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the earlier of the date such form of prospectus is first used after effectiveness or the date of the first contract of sale of securities in the offering described in the prospectus. As provided in Rule 430B of the Securities Act, for liability purposes of the issuer and any person that is at that date an underwriter, such date shall be deemed to be a new effective date of the registration statement relating to the securities in the registration statement to which that prospectus relates, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such effective date, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such effective date.

 

(5)

That, for the purpose of determining liability of the registrant under the Securities Act to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities, the undersigned registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser:

 

(i)

Any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424 of the Securities Act;

 

(ii)

Any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned registrant;

 

(iii)

The portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant; and

 

(iv)

Any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned registrant to the purchaser.

 

b)

The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each filing of the registrant’s annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan’s annual report pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act) that is incorporated by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

 

c)

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

 

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Houston, State of Texas, on July 1, 2025.

 

POWER OF ATTORNEY

Each person whose signature appears below appoints Scott L. McNeely and Harrison Bolling, and each of them, any of whom may act without the joinder of the other, as his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) to this registration statement and any registration statement (including any amendment thereto) for this offering that is to be effective upon filing pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and all other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or would do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or any of them or their or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this registration statement has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities indicated below on July 1, 2025.

 

Name		Title
/s/ Jason Long Jason Long		President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer); Director
/s/ Scott L. McNeely Scott L. McNeely		Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)
/s/ Jason Williams Jason Williams		Executive Vice President, Chief Administrative Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)
/s/ David Capobianco David Capobianco		Director, Chairman of the Board
/s/ Matthew Morrow Matthew Morrow		Director
/s/ Frank Bayouth Frank Bayouth		Director
/s/ Ben Moore Ben Moore		Director

 

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Name		Title
/s/ Kara Goodloe Harling Kara Goodloe Harling		Director
/s/ Charles Watson Charles Watson		Director
/s/ Ty Daul Ty Daul		Director
/s/ Valerie P. Chase Valerie P. Chase		Director
/s/ Andrea Nicolás Andrea Nicolás		Director

 

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